Cambridge University Press 0521524172 - Sperm Collection and Processing Methods: A Practical Guide Edited by Rajasingam S. Jeyendran Index More information Index acrosome 2, 117 testicular sperm extraction (TESE) 90–6 alloplastic spermatocele procedures 87 transurethral resection of the ejaculatory anejaculation 14, 38, 40, 86–7 ducts (TURED) 58–61 sperm procurement methods 38, 40–9 vasovasostomy 62–75 electrical procedures 43–8 mechanical procedures 40–3 bladder neck reconstruction 32 pharmacological procedures 48–9 bromocriptine, azoospermia treatment 52–3 vs. retrograde flow of semen 30 brompheniramine, retrograde flow of semen antegrade ejaculatory duct canalization and treatment 31 balloon dilation 61–2 cabergoline, azoospermia treatment 53 antisperm antibodies 115, 116 capacitation reaction 6, 107, 117 aspermia 29 in vitro induction 141–2 assisted reproductive technology (ART) 108–9, centrifugation 113–14 141 density gradient centrifugation 129–34 sperm processing procedures 110, 141–53 colloidal silica-based density gradient 130–3 in vitro sperm capacitation induction iodixanol-based density gradient 133–4 141–2 sperm swim-up procedure 125–6 see also specific techniques chymotrypsin treatment 115–16 autonomic dysreflexia 44 coitus interruptus 27 azoospermia 14, 38, 50, 85–6 colloidal silica-based density gradient nonobstructive 50, 51–3, 86 centrifugation 130–3 obstructive 53–84, 85–6 continuous gradient 131 sperm procurement methods 38, 50–84 discontinuous, multiphase gradients 132–3 alloplastic spermatocele procedures 87 column adherence procedure 134–7 antegrade ejaculatory duct canalization and glass wool column filter (GWCF) procedure balloon dilation 61–2 136–7 epididymovasostomy 75–84 Sephadex column filtration procedure 135–6 medical (hormonal) management 51–3 cryopreservation 111, 119–22 microepididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) epididymal sperm 146 88–9 history of 120 percutaneous sperm aspiration (PESA) methodology 121–2 89–90 manual freezing method 122 testicular fine-needle aspiration (TFNA) programmed freezing method 121–2 100–1 specimens with low sperm count or motility testicular microdissection (TMD) 96–9 149–53 157 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521524172 - Sperm Collection and Processing Methods: A Practical Guide Edited by Rajasingam S. Jeyendran Index More information 158 Index cryopreservation (cont.) glycerol equilibrium 138–9 testicular sperm 146 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), thawing and processing azoospermia semen 137–9 treatment 52 testicular and epididymal sperm 146–8 human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), density gradient centrifugation 129–34 azoospermia treatment 51 colloidal silica-based density gradient 130–3 human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG), iodixanol-based density gradient 133–4 azoospermia donor semen 119, 120, 139 treatment 52 hypogonadism 51–3 ejaculation 12, 13 hypospermia 30 ejaculatory duct obstruction 53–61 diagnosis 54–7 imipramine 49 seminal vesicle aspiration method 56 retrograde flow of semen treatment 31, 32 seminal vesiculography 56–7 impotence 15 sperm count interpretation 57 in vitro fertilization (IVF), sperm processing transrectal ultrasound 55–6 procedures 109, 143 intervention procedures 57–84 intracavernous injections 20–1 antegrade ejaculatory duct canalization and side-effects 21 balloon dilation 61–2 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), sperm transurethral resection of the ejaculatory processing ducts (TURED) 58–61 procedures 109, 121, 143–4 electroejaculation 43–8 intrauterine insemination (IUI), sperm processing procedure 45–8 procedures 109, 110, 123–40 risks 44 column adherence procedure 134–7 ephedrine sulfate, retrograde flow of semen density gradient centrifugation method treatment 31 129–34 epididymal blowout 57, 63 semen thawing and processing 137–9 epididymal sperm aspiration 144–5 sperm migration method 124–9 see also microepididymal sperm aspiration iodixanol 133 (MESA) iodixanol-based density gradient centrifugation epididymis 5, 63 133–4 epididymovasostomy 75–84 complications 83 Kallmann’s syndrome 51 preoperative assessment 75–6 procedure 76–82 masturbation 13, 15, 16–18 erection 6, 15 mechanical aid 22–3 procedure 16–17 fertilization 107, 109 home sample procurement 17 see also in vitro fertilization with assistance 18–22 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), azoospermia intracavernous injection 20–1 treatment 51–2 oral medication 18–19 subcutaneous injection 21–2 galactose treatment 116 microepididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) 88–9 gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), sperm vs. percutaneous sperm aspiration (PESA) 89 processing minoxidil, intracavernous injection 20 procedures 143 glass wool column filter (GWCF) procedure non-obstructive azoospermia 50, 51–3, 86 136–7 see also azoospermia © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521524172 - Sperm Collection and Processing Methods: A Practical Guide Edited by Rajasingam S. Jeyendran Index More information 159 Index obstructive azoospermia 53–84, 85–6 see also cryopreservation; retrograde flow of see also azoospermia; ejaculatory duct semen; sperm; sperm procurement obstruction methods orgasm 11 seminal pouch collection method 14, 24–7 laboratory procedure 25–7 papaverine, intracavernous injection 20 gravitational semen removal 25–6 pentoxifylline treatment 116–17 needle aspiration 26–7 percutaneous sperm aspiration (PESA) 89–90 pipetting semen through pouch 26 vs. microepididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) 89 semen aspiration 26 phentolamine, intracavernous injection 20 patient procedure 25 phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, retrograde seminal vesicle aspiration 56 flow of seminal vesiculography 56–7 semen treatment 31 seminiferous tubules 5 physostigmine, subcutaneous injection 22 Sephadex column filtration procedure 135–6 postcoital voiding insemination 30 sildenafil citrate (Viagra) 18–19 postmortem sperm procurement 102–3 sperm 1 priapism 21 capacitation reaction 6, 107 prostaglandins, intracavernous injection 20 natural filtering 108 prostate gland 5 production rate 4 protein supplementation 112–13 route through female reproductive tract 6 pseudoephridrine hydrochloride, retrograde flow route through male reproductive tract 4–5 of semen volume 2 treatment 31 see also semen psychoactive drugs 49 sperm count cryopreservation of specimens with low sperm rectal probe electrostimulation (RPE) 43–8 count 149–53 procedure 45–8 interpretation 57 risks 44 sperm migration method 124–9 rete testis 5 swim-down procedure 128–9 retrograde flow of semen 14, 28–37 swim-up procedure 124–8, 129 diagnosis 29–30 with centrifugation 125–6 medical treatment 30–2 without centrifugation 126–8 agents 31 sperm motility 6 side-effects 31 cryopreservation of specimens with low sperm postcoital voiding insemination 30 motility 149–53 sperm retrieval from urine 33–7 sperm processing methods 8, 108–9 physiochemical urine modification 33 for assisted reproductive techniques 110, sperm recovery procedures 34–7 141–53 statistics 29 gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) 143 surgical techniques 32 in vitro fertilization 143 vs. anejaculation 30 in vitro sperm capacitation induction 141–2 sample collection see sperm procurement intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) methods 143–4 semen 11 for intrauterine insemination 110, 123–40 analysis 7 column adherence procedure 134–7 production 11–13 density gradient centrifugation method emission 11–12 129–34 expulsion (ejaculation) 12, 13 semen thawing and processing 137–9 nervous mediation 12–13 sperm migration method 124–9 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521524172 - Sperm Collection and Processing Methods: A Practical Guide Edited by Rajasingam S. Jeyendran Index More information 160 Index sperm processing methods (cont.) testicular fine-needle aspiration (TFNA) 91, 100–1 general procedures 109–10, 111–22 TFNA mapping 101–2 sperm washing 111, 112–15 testicular microdissection (TMD) 96–9 treatment procedure 115–19 testicular sperm extraction (TESE) 90–6, 104 see also cryopreservation disadvantage 91–2 sperm procurement methods 1–2, 7–8, 13–14 procedure 92–4 clinical semen collection 14, 38–9 thawing procedure anejaculatory men 38, 40–9 semen 137–9 azoospermic men 38, 50–84 testicular and epididymal sperm 146–8 clinical sperm collection 14, 85–104 transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) 55–6 patient semen collection 13–14, 15–23 transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts with assistance 14, 24–37 (TURED) 58–61 postmortem sperm procurement 102–3 tricyclic antidepressants 49 see also specific methods Sperm Select system 127–8 urethra 5 sperm washing 111, 112–15 urine, sperm retrieval from 33–7 centrifugation 113–14 physiochemical urine modification 33 methodology 114–15 sperm recovery procedures 34–7 viscosity reduction 112–13 spermatogenesis 3–4 vacuum tumescence constriction therapy (VTCT) dysfunction 50, 51 22–3 spermatogonia 3–4 side-effects 23 spinal cord injury 41, 44 vaginal drainage 27–8 spousal assistance 24 vas deferens 5 see also seminal pouch collection method vasovasostomy 62–75 subcutaneous injections 21–2 complications 73–4 preoperative assessment 62–4 TEST yolk 117–19 procedures 64–73 media preparation 118–19 Viagra 18–19 methodology 118 vibratory stimulation of the penis 40, 41–3 testicles 2–3, 64 viscosity reduction 112–13 sperm production 4 testicular biopsy sperm extraction 144–6 ZSC II system 127, 128 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org.