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Phd Post Defence.Pdf (7.507Mb) Steam Storage for Flexible Biomass Power Generation Matthias Quirin Johannes Stark Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Media Submitted: January 2021 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of De Montfort University for degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University Leicester Institute of new Energy Systems, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt Steam storage for flexible biomass CHP plants II Declaration I declare that the content of this submission is my own work. The contents of the work have not been submitted for any other academic or professional award. I acknowledge that this thesis is submitted according to the conditions laid down in the regulations. Furthermore, I declare that the work was carried out as part of the course for which I was registered at De Montfort University, United Kingdom from October 2015 until January 2021. I draw attention to any relevant considerations of rights of third parties. Steam storage for flexible biomass CHP plants III Steam storage for flexible biomass CHP plants IV Abstract Due to the widespread installation of renewable energy plants, with the aim of a decarbonised electricity supply, the proportion of this generation has increased significantly in recent years. However, these plants increase the variability of electricity generation. This variable power generation leads to challenges in the operation of the power grid, e.g. to local grid bottlenecks and grid overloads. To counteract this variable, and to a certain extent, unpredictable power generation, storage devices or flexible power plants are necessary. Several biogas plants have already been modified in such a way that demand-driven and flexible power plant operation is possible. In response to the need for flexibility, the presented research aims at flexible power generation for solid biomass-fuelled CHP plants. By integrating a steam storage device into the biomass CHP plant, the steam turbines should be enabled to operate with a flexible, demand-dependent steam mass flow in order to adapt their power output to the grid demand. The main research questions are, which storage system is most suitable, what the key parameters of the flexible plant are and what impact it has on the grid and markets. The storage system as well as utilization in biomass CHP plants are novel concepts. Especially the operation parameter for the specific boundaries of these plant technologies have not been investigated before. A combination of two or more technologies to separately store the latent and sensible energy of superheated steam was identified as necessary. A utility analysis, supported by a Delphi study with experts, was carried out. In this case, a steam accumulator (SA) combined with a solid thermal store (STS) has proven to be the most suitable storage device for the given requirements. A MATLAB/SIMULINK model for the flexible biomass CHP plant was developed and validated to investigate the proposed system. Parameter studies were conducted to determine the key values of the flexible plant, such as energy capacity, charge/discharge time and efficiency. A storage configuration consisting of a 100 m³ SA and 12.3 m³ STS is capable of reducing the electricity production by 3.5–3.7 MWh during charging. During discharge, an additional amount of 1.8–1.9 MWh is generated. A system efficiency of 76–92 % was achieved. Flexible operation depending on prices in the short-term electricity markets causes a reduction of between 0.5% and 2% of the total revenue of the plant of due to process losses related to the operating the storage facility. The feed-in tariff structure has had a significant impact on this revenue shortfall. The flexible operation allows a temporary peak reduction of 28% (from 19.2 MW to 13.7 MW). Compared to competing technologies such as pumped hydro, batteries or hydrogen storage systems, the proposed flexible biomass CHP plant system is competitive. It was shown that an operation Steam storage for flexible biomass CHP plants V similar to flexible biogas plants is possible. The operation of already existing flexible biogas plants can also be improved by using the proposed solution. Steam storage for flexible biomass CHP plants VI Acknowledgements I would deeply thank Prof Rick Greenough and Prof Wilfried Zörner. Rick has guided me through all of this work. His constructive feedback, as well as his detailed knowledge about academic research, gave me support at all times. Wilfried provided me with important comments and guidance throughout the research to significantly improve my research findings. Without their support, this work would have not been possible. I am also very grateful to my colleagues at the Institute for New Energy Systems, especially Dr Christoph Trinkl, Dr Hermann Riess, Dr Christoph Reiter, Mathias Ehrenwirth, Norbert Grösch and Abdessamad Saidi, who helped me in so many places and with so many questions. I would like to express special thanks to my long-time office colleague, Katharina Bär. We have been on this journey together through so many ups and downs and I am so grateful for the motivation we have given each other on so many occasions. I would also like to thank my former colleagues Andreas Reichel and Dr Martin Deckner, who mentored me during my first job as an engineer. They gave me an understanding of the mindset of an engineer and laid the foundation for my future career. The motivation and support from my mother, friends and family helped me to continue my work and made everything easier. I would also like to thank my father who to taught me never to give up. His support and guidance throughout most time of my life was a major motivation to achieve my goals. Steam storage for flexible biomass CHP plants VII Steam storage for flexible biomass CHP plants VIII Publications by the Author in Connection with this Research Stark, M., Sonnleitner, M., Zörner, W. & Greenough, R., 2016. Approaches for Dispatchable Biomass Plants with Particular Focus on Steam Storage Devices. Chemical Engineering & Technology, Issue 40(2), 227-237. Stark, M., Trinkl, C., Zörner, W. & Greenough, R., 2018. Methodological Evaluation of Storage Systems for Flexible Power Generation from Solid Biomass. Chemical Engineering & Technology, Issue 41(11), 2168-2176. Stark, M., Conti, F., Saidi, A. & Zörner, W., 2019. Steam Storage systems for Flexible biomass CHP Plants - Evaluation and inital model based calculation. Biomass and Bioenergy, Issue 128, pp. 1-9. Stark, M., Philipp, M., Saidi, A., Trinkl, C., Zörner, W., Greenough, R., 2018. Steam Accumulator Integration for Increasing Energy Utilisation of Solid Biomass-Fuelled CHP Plants in Industrial Applications. Chemical Engineering Transactions, Issue 70, pp. 2137-2142. Stark, M., Philipp, M., Saidi, A., Trinkl, C., Zörner, W., Greenough, R., 2019. Design Parameters of Steam Accumulators for the Utilization in Industrial Solid Biomass-Fuelled CHP Plants. Chemical Engineering Transactions, Issue 76, pp. 817-822. Hechelmann, R., Seevers, J., Otte, A., Sponer, J. & Stark, M. 2020, Renewable Energy Integration for Steam Supply of Industrial Processes—A Food Processing Case Study. Energies, Issue 13(1), pp. 2532. Steam storage for flexible biomass CHP plants IX Table of Contents Declaration............................................................................................................................ III Abstract .................................................................................................................................V Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. VII Publications by the Author in Connection with this Research ................................................IX Table of Contents...................................................................................................................X List of Figures .................................................................................................................... XIV List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... XIX Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... XXII Symbols ........................................................................................................................... XXIII Subscripts ........................................................................................................................ XXIV Glossary ........................................................................................................................... XXV 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Research Approach ................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Methodology and Identified Research Gaps ............................................................ 4 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Demand for Flexible Power Generation ................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Electricity Markets ............................................................................................
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