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MAMBU: a MELANESIAN MILLENNIUM English Rendering, Kago ROlltledge Library Editj()1lJ MAMBU ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY Routledge Library Editions Anthropology and Ethnography SOUTH PACIFIC AND AUSTRALASIA In 9 Volumes II The Great Village Behhaw II Under the Ivi Tree Belshaw III The Chimbu Brown IV Mambu Burridge V Sorcerers of Dobu Fortune VI Migrations, Myth and Magic from the Gilbert Islands Grimble VII A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term Malinowski VIII Rautahi Metge IX Coming into Being among the Australian Aborigines Montagu MAMBU A Melanesian Millennium KENELM BURRIDGE I~ ~~o~;~;n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in 1960 Reprinted in 2004 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Transferred to Digital Printing 2009 ROlll/edRe is all imp"illt oltbe 7~1)'lor & P'·,lIIci.r Group © 1960 Kenelm Burridge All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any f()rm or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing tfom the publishers. The publishers have made every effort to contact authors/copyright holders of the works reprinted in l?out/edge Librctry EditiQ/IJ - AllthropoloRY alld Ethllography. This has not been possible in every case, however, and we would welcome correspondence from those individuals/companies we have been unable to trace. These reprints are taken from original copies of each book. In many cases the condition of these originals is not perfect. The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of these reprints, but wishes to point out that certain characteristics of the original copies will, of necessity, be apparent in reprints thereof. British Librdry Cat.dog/lillg ill Pub/icatioll Dd/a A CIP catalogue record tor this book is available tfom the British Library Mambu ISBN 0-415-32556-0 (set) ISBN 0-41S-.BOS5-X Miniset: South Pacific and Australasia Series: Routledge Library Editions - Anthropology and Ethnography This page intentionally left blank KENELM BURRIDGE MAMBU A MELANESIAN MILLENNIUM LONDON METHUEN & CO LTD 86 ESSEX STREET wc2 First published in 1960 © Kenelm Burridge 1960 Printed in Great Britain by The Camelot Press Ltd., Southampton Catalogue No. 2/6356/11 To my Father's Memory This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements The field research on which this book is based was carried out as a Scholar of The Australian National University under the supervision of the late Professor S. F. Nadel. For permission to use materials which have already been published I have to thank the Editors of Oceania, Man, South Pacific, The South­ western Journal of Anthropology, American Anthropologist, and Annali Lateranensi. I thank Dr R. G. Lienhardt for his con­ stant encouragement, Dr Rodney Needham for reading the first draft, Mrs C. R. Barber for help with German texts, Drs F. G. Bailey and D. F. Pocock for suggestions and com­ ments, Mr J. Jardine for many pungent criticisms, Madame Berthe Oudinot for many kindnesses whilst writing under rather difficult circumstances in Baghdad, my son for his for­ bearances and Mr A. Ewing and Father Cornelius Van Baar for their generous hospitality and company. My friends in Tangu and in other parts of New Guinea­ villagers, labourers, missionaries, planters, traders, and administrative officers-were always kind, patient, helpful, and understanding. I should like them to know that I value their friendship, and that though in writing about anyone some measure of criticism is implicit, I have written this book mainly for them in the hope that they will find the notion of the myth-dream helpful and useful in their work. Vll This page intentionally left blank Contents PREFACE page XV PROLOGUE 1 I THE NEW GUINEA SCENE 14 II THE PEOPLE [i] 45 III THE PEOPLE [ii] 72 IV THE PEOPLE [iii] 112 V THE MYTH-DREAM [i] 147 VI THE MYTH-DREAM [ii] 177 VII THE MYTH-DREAM [iii] 208 VIII CARGO 246 APPENDIX A 285 APPENDIX B 289 INDEX 291 ix This page intentionally left blank Illustrations PLATES Tangu, a traditional and conventional representation of man frontispiece Bak'n in taros facing page 24 A household prepares to wash sago 25 A hunter apportions his kill-a cassowary 25 An ageing manager with his second wife's family 40 Confirmed bachelor of Riekitzir stitching roof thatch 40 An 'informal' feast in the garden 40 An ambitious young manager with his first-born 41 Village in Wanitzir 88 Village in Riekitzir 88 Catechist going to a dance 89 Tangu mission station on a Sunday 89 An administrative officer on his rounds 89 Old man of Riekitzir 104 A mother teaches her child to walk 105 Babe asleep in the gardens 105 In Tangu: a young traditionalist 152 On the coast: an older progressive 152 Gepam 153 Manam islanders dancing 168 Manam island: after the dance, ready for prayers 168 Tangu dancing 169 Before the dance: examining harvest exchanges 169 Kenapai-a manager 216 An old man of Mangigumitzir 217 An old man of Wanitzir 217 An old man of Manam 217 xi ILLUSTRATIONS K waling going to a dance facing page 232 Planting yams: preparing the earth 233 Tangu maid-going to draw water 233 MAPS AND DIAGRAMS 1 Sand drawing page 10 2 General map of Melanesia 15 3 Map showing Tangu and Manam island 46 4 Map illustrating the Primal Myth 157 5 Diagram illustrating the Primal Myth 170 XII Author's Note Vernacular words and Pidgin English words are italicized. It will be obvious which words are Pidgin and which vernacular. Because there is no generally accepted way of spelling Pidgin words, and because Pidgin plurals are inelegant in an English text I have anglicized certain spellings and given them English plurals. xiii This page intentionally left blank Preface ambu is the name ofa native of New Guinea, a Kanaka who in the late 'thirties of this century led what has Mcome to be known as a 'Cargo' movement. Most of his activities took place in the Bogia region of the Madang District in the Australian Trust Territory of New Guinea. Mambu was a rebel, a radical, a man sufficiently able to free himself from the circumstances of his time to grasp what he thought to be valuable in tradition and weld it to his perception of what he would have liked the future to be. Because he could, in a sense, transcend himself and become the new man he saw as well as persuade others of the truth of his vision, he symbolizes the main theme of this book. Cargo movements, often described as millenarian, messianic, or nativistic movements, and also called Cargo cults, are serious enterprises of the genre of popular revolutionary activities. Mystical, combining politico-economic problems with expressions of racial tension, Cargo cults compare most directly with the Ghost-dance cults of North America,l and the 'prophetist' movements among African peoples. 2 Typic­ ally, participants in a Cargo cult engage in a number of strange and exotic rites and ceremonies the purpose of which is, apparently, to gain possession of European manufactured goods such as axes, knives, aspirins, china plate, razor blades, coloured beads, guns, bolts of cloth, hydrogen peroxide, rice, tinned foods, and other goods to be found in a general depart­ ment store. These goods are known as 'cargo', or, in the Pidgin 1 See for example: James Mooney, The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890, 14th Report, Bureau of American Ethno­ logy, pp. 653-947; Leslie Spier, The Prophet Dance of the Northwest and its Derivatives: the source of the Ghost Dance, General Series in Anthropology, No.1, Menasha, Wisconsin, 1935. 2 See for example: Hengt G. M. Sundkler, Bantu Prophets in South Africa, Missionary Research Series, No. 14, Lutterworth Press, -London, 1948. xv MAMBU: A MELANESIAN MILLENNIUM English rendering, kago. Large decorated houses, or 'aero­ planes' or 'ships' made of wood, bark, and palm thatch bound together with vines, may be built to receive the goods, and participants may whirl, shake, chant, dance, foam at the mouth, or couple promiscuously in agitated attempts to obtain the cargo they want, not from a shop or trade store, but directly from the mystical source supposedly responsible for manufacture and distribution. Men of European descent have been threatened and even attacked because, though it is obvious that they know how to gain possession of the articles in question, how to tap the source, it would seem to many participants that they have not cared to reveal their 'secret' to their less fortunate black-skinned brothers. As a corollary, too, participants often assert that all manufactured goods were originally meant to be distributed to everyone, but that white men, being greedy, have in various ways intercepted the cargo en route, holding it for their own use. Though comparatively tiny in scale-which, however, makes them more easily appreciated as a total phenomenon-Cargo cults are movements of positive protest and dynamic aspira­ tion whose study can provide insights of value into such convulsions as the French and Russian revolutions, and the more gradually emergent African and Asian nationalisms. The questions they ask are to be encountered in studies of millenarian, revivalist, and enthusiastic movements every­ where, whether they have occurred within the Christian tradi­ tion or outside it. And the villager or peasant, robust and secure in his tradition, self-reliant wherever he may be living, has much the same problems as the Melanesian when the panoply of the modern industrialized State, with its officials, services, laws, cliches, slogans, and immense material wealth, begins to intrude upon the simple dignities of his native country fastness.
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