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Le Processus Du Raisonnement Géopolitique Et La UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL LE PROCESSUS DU RAISONNEMENT GÉOPOLITIQUE ET LA CONSTRUCTION IDENTITAIRE CHEZ L'ÉLITE POLITIQUE RUSSE: LES NARRATIFS GÉOPOLITIQUES RUSSES CONCERNANT LA GÉORGIE ET L'UKRAINE (1999-2014) THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DU DOCTORAT EN SCIENCE POLITIQUE PAR IRAK'LI GELUK' ASHVILI MAI 2017 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de cette thèse se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.1 0-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.)) ii REMERCIEMENTS Je voudrais remercier mon directeur de recherche, Monsieur Jacques Lévesque (UQAM), pour son soutien continu durant chacune des étapes de mon travail de recherche, pour ses conseils judicieux, ses encouragements et son expertise dont il a su me faire bénéficier. Il m'a toujours incité à développer ma propre approche, tout en rn' éclairant par sa rigueur intellectuelle. Je tiens également à remercier mon codirecteur de recherche, Monsieur Paul Robinson (Université d'Ottawa), pour le soutien également constant, ses précieux conseils, sa disponibilité et ses encouragements dont il a lui aussi su me faire bénéficier. Je le remercie de rn 'avoir soutenu et encouragé à poursuivre mes études supérieures. _______________________________________________________J iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... ii LISTE DES FIGURES .................................................................................................................. vi LISTE DES TABLEAUX ............................................................................................................. vii LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... ix NOTES SUR LA TRANSLITÉRATION ...................................................................................... xi RÉSUMÉ ...................................................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problématique et justification du projet de recherche . .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 1.2 Questions, objectifs et hypothèses de recherche . .... 5 1.2.1 Principale question de recherche . 5 1.2.2 Objectif principal . 6 1.2.3 Deux volets de questions . .... 6 1.2.4 Hypothèses centrales.............................................................. 9 1.3 Brève revue de la littérature . ... 10 1.4 Cadre théorique, la méthodologie et les données . .. 21 1.4.1 Choix du cadre théorique et de la méthodologie . ... .. 21 1.4.2 Modèle d'analyse................................................................. 24 1.4.3 Données à analyser............................................................... 29 1.4.4 Acteurs à étudier (les élites politiques russes) . .. .. 31 1.4.5 Choix d'étude de cas et les événements à considérer........................ 32 1.4.6 Période à étudier . .. .. 34 CHAPITRE! MISE EN CONTEXTE POLITIQUE . 35 1.1 Système politique russe . 36 1.2 Développement du contexte politique et évolution du système politique russe . .. 38 1.3 Partis politiques russes . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 43 1.3.1 Partis du pouvoir et leurs leaders . 43 1.3.2 Partis d'opposition............................................................. 47 1.3.2.1 Parti communiste de la Fédération de Russie (KPRF) .. ..... .... 47 1.3.2.2 Iabloko ..... ..... ....... ...... ... .. .... .. ..... .... ... .. ...... .......... 50 1.3.2.3 Parti libéral-démocrate de Russie (LDPR) . .. 52 1.3.2.4 Union des forces de droite (UFD) . ........................ 55 1.3.2.5 Rodina et Russie juste . ... .. .. 56 CHAPITRE II NARRATIFS GÉOPOLITIQUES DES ÉLITES POLITIQUES RUSSES À L'ÉGARD DE LA GÉORGIE (1999-2008) .................................................................................... 60 2.1. Mise en perspective générale . 60 2.2. Narratifs géopolitiques des élites politiques russes à l'égard de la Géorgie (1999-2003) ....................................................................................................... 63 iv 2.2.1. Mise en contexte politique . .. ... 63 2.2.2. Narratif du KPRF à l'égard de la Géorgie (1999-2003) . .. .. .. 69 2.2.3. Narratif du LDPR à l'égard de la Géorgie (1999- 2003) ............... 75 2.2.4. Narratif d'Iabloko à l'égard de la Géorgie (1999- 2003) .. .. .... ... ..... 82 2.2.5. Narratif de I'UFD à l'égard de la Géorgie (1999- 2003) ................ 88 2.2.6. Narratif du PtR à l'égard de la Géorgie (1999-2003) ..................... 93 2.2.7. Narratif du Kremlin et de son parti à l'égard de la Géorgie (1999- 2003) ···················································································· 96 2.2.8. Bilan de la période (1999-2003) ........................................... 101 2.3. Narratifs géopolitiques des élites politiques russes à l'égard de la Géorgie (2004-2007) .. .. .. .... ... .. .................. ... ............ ...... ...... .. ........ ............ ........... 116 2.3.1. Mise en contexte politique................................................... 116 2.3.2. Narratif du KPRF à l'égard de la Géorgie (2004-2007) . ... ... ....... 125 2.3.3. Narratif du LDPR à l'égard de la Géorgie (2004-2007) . ... .. .. 129 2.3.4. Narratif de Rodina à l'égard de la Géorgie (2004-2007) . .. .. 136 2.3.5. Narratif du Kremlin et de son parti à l'égard de la Géorgie (2004-2007) ................................................................................... 140 2.3.6. Bilan de la période (2004-2007) . ............ .... ...... .. ....... ........ .. 145 2.4. Narratifs géopolitiques des élites politiques russes à l'égard de la Géorgie (2008) ............................................................................................................................... 162 2.4.1. Mise en contexte politique .. .. .. .. 162 2.4.2. Narratif du KPRF à l'égard de la Géorgie (2008) . ... .. ... ..... .. 167 2.4.3. Narratif du LDPR à l'égard de la Géorgie (2008) ........................ 172 2.4.4. Narratif de Russie juste à l'égard de la Géorgie (2008) . .. ... ... .. 175 2.4.5. Narratif du Kremlin et de son parti à l'égard de la Géorgie (2008) .... 180 2.4.6. Bilan de la période (2008) . ... .... .. 186 CHAPITRE III NARRATIFS GÉOPOLITIQUES DES ÉLITES POLITIQUES RUSSES À L'ÉGARD DE L'UKRAINE (2004-2014) ............................................................................... 201 3.1 Narratifs géopolitiques des élites politiques russes à l'égard de l'Ukraine (2004-2005) ··································································································· 201 3.1.1 Mise en contexte politique................................................... 201 3.1.2 Narratif du KPRF à l'égard de l'Ukraine (2004-2005) . .. .. ..... ... 208 3 .1.3 Narratif du LDPR à l'égard de 1' Ukraine (2004-2005) . ............ 213 3.1.4 Narratif de Rodina à l'égard de l'Ukraine (2004-2005).. ... ........ ..... 217 3.1.5 Narratif géopolitique du Kremlin de son parti à l'égard de l'Ukraine (2004- 2005) ........................................................................... 221 3.1.6 Bilan de la période (2004-2005) . ... ...... ... 225 3.2 Narratifs géopolitiques des élites politiques russes à l'égard de l'Ukraine (2005-2010) ................................................................................................... 237 3.2.1 Mise en contexte politique.................................................... 237 3.2.2 Narratif du KPRF à l'égard de l'Ukraine (2005-2010) ................... 243 3.2.3 Narratif du LDPR à l'égard de l'Ukraine (2005-201 0).. ... .. ..... ... 249 3.2.4 Narratif de Rodina et de Russie juste à l'égard de l'Ukraine (2005-2010) ··················································································· 253 v 3.2.5 Narratif géopolitique du Kremlin de son parti à l'égard de l'Ukraine (2005- 2010) ............................................................................ 258 3.2.6 Bilan de la période (2005-2010) ............................................ 263 3.3 Narratifs géopolitiques des élites politiques russes à l'égard de l'Ukraine (2013-2014) .................................................................................................. 277 3.3.1 Mise en contexte politique..................................................... 277 3.3.2 Narratif du KPRF à l'égard de l'Ukraine (2013-2014) ...................
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