DOCSLIB.ORG

Adaptation and Agronomic Studies with Phormium, Phormium Tenax

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Adaptation and Agronomic Studies with Phormium, Phormium Tenax ADAPTATION AND AGRONCIIIC S'IUDIES WITH PHORKIUM, PHORKIUM TENAX FORSTER, IN WESTERN OREGOB Cecil Richard Stanton A THESIS submitted to r CllEGC.tl STATE COLLEGE in partial tull'Ulaent of the requirement& tor the degree ot MASTER OF SC:mlCE Jme 1960 • Itil!r Redacted for Privacy Redacted for Privacy Redacted for Privacy Redacted for Privacy il}r tldt,fi hdEHrftdr AGKllOWLEOOEMENTS The 'Writer wishes to express sincere apprec:iation to Dr. w. H. Foo~ for his guidance and encouragement during the atudy and in the preparation of the thesis. Gratitude is extended to Ik's. J. R. Cowan and F. H. Smith for their advice and suggestions in the preparation of thistmsis.. A spacial acknowledgement is due Hr. D • .w. Fishler and Mr. E. G. Nelson of the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture for the initial planning and establishment of the experiments in the study. In addition I am indebted to Mr. J. A. Meyers aDd Mr. Y. P. Puri for their help in the .field and laborat017 work. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements Introduction•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• , 1 Review of Literature••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·•••••••••••• ·) Kethoda and Kateriala•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~••••••••••• 9 Locationa••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 Cottma.n Nu.raeriea. ••••• , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •.• • 9 Wollam Nurseey... • •••• ".-. •• .••••••••••••••••••••••• ,. _. ••12 Adaptational Plantings•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••!) Geaney Hurser.r•••••••··-···•••·••••••••••••••••••••••••14 Tenmile Hurser.y ••••••••••••••••••••, •••••••••••••••••••l4 Clatskanie Nuraeey••••.••••••••• • •••••••••••••••••••••••15 Camp Adair Nurser.r•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l5 Kedto~ Planting•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l6 Experimental Vethoda ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l6 Adaptation Stud7•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••16 Coffman Fertilizer St~··•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l8 Wollam Cutting T.rial•••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••••••••••21 Fan-Planting Experimenta •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••25 Var1ety" Experi.JDenta •••••••• .••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2$ Experimental Reaulta •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••29 Adaptation Study•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 Coffman Fertilizer Trial••••••••••••••••.••• •••••••••••••••34 Wollam Cutting Trial••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••38 Fan-Planting Experimenta ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••)9 Variety' '1\-iala ••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••41. Di•cussion.....................................................43 Summar,y and Conclusions ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••$0 Bibliogra.phy'....................................................)) Appendix..................... ., 4 ••••••••••• ·• • .••••••••••••••••••, , ADAPTAl'ION AND AGRONWIC STUDIES WITH PHOHMIUI4, PHORi4lUM TENAX FORSTER, IN WESTERN OREGON mRODUCTION Phormium. tenax, commonly known as phormium, New Zealand nu, New Zealand hemp, or the Harakeke lily, is indigenous to the island$ of New Zealand, and the N<;>rfolk Islands. A perennial monocotyledon, phormium has been el8$Si.:f1ed by Hutchinson (91 p. 1$)) ae a D1EI&lber of the family Agavaeeae, but otbe~ taxonomists have placed it 1n the Liliaceae. Phormium is recoetn:ized in world commerce as a source of fiber for the cordage indust17. According to Dewq and Goodloe (6, p. 21) 1 the fiber i.s slightly inferior in strength to abaca and sisal, but it has been blended with these f'ibertf or substituted for th• for lilllited use·· The :Maoris, one of the aborigines. o·f New Zealand, made extensive use of phormium and practiced selection and eu1 tivation of the plant long befol'le tbe arr1val of foreigners to NEnlr Zealand. I 'Captain Cook, the P.hglish explorer, first described it and intro­ duced the plant and .its fiber to Europe. As a reeult of his and other explorations, a small exportation or phormium fiber !tom New Zealand was established during the nineteenth oentuJ7. Phormium muBt necessarily still be classed ae Qne of the mnor fiber erops of the world. However, it is the ·only known hard fiber plant that grows well 1n tempQ'l"ate climates, and therefore it aseumes strategic importance for those countries that now must 2 import their entire supply or hard fibers from tropical region~. The United States is one or these illporting countries, With about 390 million pounds imported in 1956. Although orn81l8ntal plantings of phor:ad.wn were aade along the West Coast many years ago, virtually no organized research work had been done to ascertain 1ts potential as a tal"'l crop. Consequently, the United States Depart­ ment or Agriculture began research on phormium in 1949 with pl.lllt­ inga along the Pacific Coast. The general. objecti"fes or the work were to study the range or adaptation, dete:naine the general cultural requirements, and select and establish high yielding "farieties with good fiber quality. The VOI"k baa been a cooper&• tive project between the United States Department of Agriculture and the Oregon Agricultural Experillent Station. Within the general objecti"fes of the overall research progra on pbondum, the objecti"fes or the research described here were1 (1) to detel'lline the efteota of the co1a0n tertUising elements on growth and related characteristics or the plant and its fiber, (2) to eatabliah the range of adaptation under Oregon en"firomaental conditiona, ( 3) to detendne the optiaDI height above the ground for cutting the leaves and the optimuJl frequency or cutting the leaves, (4) to detel'lline the optiaum size and number of rhizOM divisions or fans }/ for planting, and (5) to canpare proaiaing varietal selections. !/ A tan 1a the coJIIIIIOn term for a rhizome division which is teminated with a tan-shaped structure of shoot and lea"fu. 3 REVIEW OF tr.rERA'l'tJRE Some knowledge or the range of adaptation ot phol'llium has been acquired through obeenation ot ornamental plantings in several countriesj including the tJnited States. The aost promising area tor phormiu production in_the United States appeared to be the coastal region ot California and Ore~Jon, Rovner,. into1"'188tlon on the optimum and lild:ting factors of the env1ronment under field conditions is not weU known tor this region, and especially ' information concerning the northern limits ot prodUction is lacking. Atkinson (1, p. 284) stated that although phormiull in Nev Zealand vas found growing in se'feral environments, the moet lumriant plants were located in fertile, weU-drained, allu'V'iU nata.. Accord­ ing to Dewey (5, P• 48-50), the beat phom1Uil producing areas of New Zealand were very unll"orm in temperature,. seldam _ris1ng above 65 degrees l'ahrenheit or tall1ng much below freezing. Dewey obsened that pbormium grew mostly in reela:l.med swamps where the water did not stand on the surface,. but where the water table was not o-.e:r three teet below the surface. Some varieties, holfe-ter, grew well in the uplands. Devey also stated that phormiwn could not be grown in the Vnited States because of unfavorable temperature and moisture relationship•• Po~le (11, p. 6.3-69), in an ecological study, f .ound that the •tability of a atand ot phormiWil was very dependent on the st&tua ot the water table. Poole indicated that the arti:tic1al dra1ning ot nampa in New Zealand bas often resulted in an extension ot the phoraiUJl producing areas associated with theae swalllp8. Under · natural conditions there appeared to be a delicate balance among the phond1lll etam, the water table, and the in'tasion of the area by other epecies. Critchfield (4., p. 172-18h) reported that phondUII grew in Nev Zealard on a wide range of soils, and from eea level to 4000 teet elevation. Critchfield disclosed that phonnium vas found growing in areas where preoipitation varied froa a> to 150 inches ennuallr. Phormium has been introduced into other parts of the world fl"mml Hew Zealand. In Brazil (7, P• 7) phormium has been auccesaf'uU7 produced at three thcmsand teet elevation in the State of San Paul6. The aoil vas developed under toreat am vas considered to be fertile. The climate ot thie region was deacribed as temperate and damp in th.e winter, woh l1ke New Zealand. Phoraiull prodQotion in Argentina was reported by Quartino (12, p. 20) to be 1n the delta lands of the country, In Argentina phormium vas found to withatand several ween of nooding, but extended flooding or extreme drouth were quite detriaental. The best area tor production in Argentina, with low, rich alluvial soU flooded periodically, was silllUar to the best areas of Nev Ze$nd. Baarer (8, P• 361-362) indicated that phormium ncmr1shes in aw8JDpy regiona ot South Devon in England. Songster (14, P• 167) disclosed that phol'lliwn vas toond growing well in scae locations in Britain that were drier than the best areas in New Zealand. The plant also appeared to be scaevhat salt tolerant, since it was found along coastal lagoons and meadows 'Where the roots might have been subnerged intenrd.ttently by the incoming tides. From the Natal coast of South Africa, Berend (2, P• 1400) reported that phormium has been grown mder most environmental conditions found in that area) but it has done best whore there is 50 to 15 inches of precipitation, e~ distributed throughout the 79ar. As in moat other locatiollll of phormium production, growth of phormium in Natal was best on rich, alluvial, well-drained flats. Little experimental work has been reported on the requirements of phormi:um for mineral nutrients under
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plants for Landscapes
    Plus 10 Water-Saving Tips for your Garden your for Tips Water-Saving 10 Plus 5 Printed on recycled paper recycled on Printed © 2014 San Diego County Water Authority Water County Diego San 2014 © sdbgarden.org sdbgarden.org thegarden.org tted landscape that looks beautiful and saves water. saves and beautiful looks that landscape tted retrofi or new a for ideas get Landscapes ese gardens are excellent places to to places excellent are gardens Th ese Cajon. El in Garden Conservation Water the and Encinitas Many of the plants in this guide are labeled and on display at the San Diego Botanic Garden in in Garden Botanic Diego San the at display on and labeled are guide this in plants the of Many 0 WaterSmartSD.org Plants for for Plants Nifty agencies member 24 its and hese Nift y 50 plants have been selected because they are attractive, T oft en available in nurseries, non-invasive, easy to maintain, long- term performers, scaled for residential landscapes and, once estab- lished, drought-tolerant. In fact, these plants thrive in San Diego’s semi- arid climate and can help restore regional authenticity to your home. What’s exciting is that authentic also means sustainable. Plants native to Mediterranean climate zones love it here as much as you do. Th ey adapted over thousands of years, and the animal species that depend on them for food and habitat adapted, too. In fact, there are thousands of ground cov- ers, grasses, succulents, perennials, shrubs, vines and trees to choose from. For more information, go to WaterSmartSD.org.
    [Show full text]
  • Leafing Through History
    Leafing Through History Leafing Through History Several divisions of the Missouri Botanical Garden shared their expertise and collections for this exhibition: the William L. Brown Center, the Herbarium, the EarthWays Center, Horticulture and the William T. Kemper Center for Home Gardening, Education and Tower Grove House, and the Peter H. Raven Library. Grateful thanks to Nancy and Kenneth Kranzberg for their support of the exhibition and this publication. Special acknowledgments to lenders and collaborators James Lucas, Michael Powell, Megan Singleton, Mimi Phelan of Midland Paper, Packaging + Supplies, Dr. Shirley Graham, Greg Johnson of Johnson Paper, and the Campbell House Museum for their contributions to the exhibition. Many thanks to the artists who have shared their work with the exhibition. Especial thanks to Virginia Harold for the photography and Studiopowell for the design of this publication. This publication was printed by Advertisers Printing, one of only 50 U.S. printing companies to have earned SGP (Sustainability Green Partner) Certification, the industry standard for sustainability performance. Copyright © 2019 Missouri Botanical Garden 2 James Lucas Michael Powell Megan Singleton with Beth Johnson Shuki Kato Robert Lang Cekouat Léon Catherine Liu Isabella Myers Shoko Nakamura Nguyen Quyet Tien Jon Tucker Rob Snyder Curated by Nezka Pfeifer Museum Curator Stephen and Peter Sachs Museum Missouri Botanical Garden Inside Cover: Acapulco Gold rolling papers Hemp paper 1972 Collection of the William L. Brown Center [WLBC00199] Previous Page: Bactrian Camel James Lucas 2017 Courtesy of the artist Evans Gallery Installation view 4 Plants comprise 90% of what we use or make on a daily basis, and yet, we overlook them or take them for granted regularly.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Flammability Across the Vascular Plant Phylogeny, with Special Emphasis on the Genus Dracophyllum
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Patterns of flammability across the vascular plant phylogeny, with special emphasis on the genus Dracophyllum A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of philosophy at Lincoln University by Xinglei Cui Lincoln University 2020 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of philosophy. Abstract Patterns of flammability across the vascular plant phylogeny, with special emphasis on the genus Dracophyllum by Xinglei Cui Fire has been part of the environment for the entire history of terrestrial plants and is a common disturbance agent in many ecosystems across the world. Fire has a significant role in influencing the structure, pattern and function of many ecosystems. Plant flammability, which is the ability of a plant to burn and sustain a flame, is an important driver of fire in terrestrial ecosystems and thus has a fundamental role in ecosystem dynamics and species evolution. However, the factors that have influenced the evolution of flammability remain unclear.
    [Show full text]
  • ENNZ: Environment and Nature in New Zealand
    ISSN: 1175-4222 ENNZ: Environment and Nature in New Zealand Volume 10, Number 1, September 2016 2 ENNZ: Environment and Nature in New Zealand Vol 10, No 1, Sep 2016 About us ENNZ provides a forum for debate on environmental topics through the acceptance of peer reviewed and non-peer reviewed articles, as well as book and exhibition reviews and postings on upcoming events, including conferences and seminars. Contact If you wish to contribute articles or reviews of exhibitions or books, please contact: Dr. Vaughan Wood, 16a Hillcrest Place, Christchurch 8042, New Zealand. Ph: 03 342 8291 [email protected] Chief editor Dr. Vaughan Wood Founding editor Dr. James Beattie Associate editors Dr. Charles Dawson Dr. Catherine Knight Dr. Julian Kuzma Dr. Robert Peden Dr. Paul Star Dr. Jonathan West Dr. Joanne Whittle 3 ENNZ: Environment and Nature in New Zealand Vol 10, No 1, Sep 2016 ENNZ website http://environmentalhistory-au-nz.org/category/ennz Publisher History Programme, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand. Thanks Thanks to Libby Robin and Cameron Muir, both of the Australian National University, and the Fenner School of Environment and Society for hosting this site. ISSN: 1175-4222. 4 ENNZ: Environment and Nature in New Zealand Vol 10, No 1, Sep 2016 Contents 5 Vaughan Wood, “Editor’s Introduction” 7 Linda Tyler, “Illustrating the Grasses and the Transactions: John Buchanan’s Development of Technologies for Lithography in Natural History” 23 Julia Wells, “A Physician to the Sultan’: The East African Environment in the Writings of a New Zealand Doctor” 40 Vaughan Wood, “The History of the Phormium Flax Industry in Canterbury” 52 Paul Star, “Review: Alan F.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomological Aspects of Yellow-Leaf Disease of Phormium
    January-February, 1952 NEW ZEALAND SCIENCE REVIEW Entomological Aspects of Yellow-Leaf Disease of THE yellow-leaf disease of Phor­ Phormium the insects belonging to the vector mium has been recognized for at group one in particular fell under least forty years. In many areas, it R. A. CUMBER suspicion because of its almost com­ has been responsible for the termina­ which might cause the condition by plete restriction to Phormium as a tion of fibre production, and half of indirect means or through toxic host plant and because of its preval­ those remaining in the North Island effects. ence in the badly affected areas. are seriously threatened by inroads of the disease. In the South Island Oliarus atkinsoni Myers—Vector the outbreaks have been much less of the Yellow-leaf Disease extensive. Both Phormium tenax J. G. Myers (1924) described a Forst, and P. colensoi Hook. f.. are Cixiid bug, O. atkinsoni, from a affected. series of specimens collected at Wai- There have been numerous at- kanae and Wellington, stating: "This temps to discover the cause of the large and sluggish species has gone yellow-leaf condition. Physiological a step further than Oliarus oppositus factors and the question of fungal, in its preference for ground herbage bacterial, and virus pathogens have as distinct from bushes, and is found been studied. A. H. Cockayne, in the only in flax swamps, apparently at­ early stages of his association with tached to the flax itself, where it may the problem, reached the conclusion he found sitting ... on the shaded that the condition was a physiologi­ side of the leaf." Myers dedicated cal one, but later the rapid spread the species to its discoverer E.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the RNZIH
    The 2006 Banks Memorial Lecture: Cultural uses of New Zealand native plants Sue Scheele1 In this talk I examine those plants of that early period, but as the essential to human survival in climate changed it all but died out. Aotearoa – those of importance It was also inadequate for winter to Mäori before the arrival of warmth. By the time Cook arrived, Europeans, for food, clothing, there were only a few plants left, shelter, and medicine. Despite all with small pieces used for purposes the knowledge that has been lost, such as ear ornaments for people of there is a vast amount one could high status. explore on any of these subjects. I can imagine the relief of those So this is a selective overview, early settlers at fi nding the large once over lightly, but I hope enough Fig. 1 Phormium tenax ‘Maeneene’, a acreages of harakeke, common to enrich your appreciation of our harakeke selected for its weaving properties. in many places, especially as fantastic fl ora. Photo: Sue Scheele. they experimented and exploited And because this presentation is And there’s that word ‘fl ax’ being its properties. The very name a memorial to Joseph Banks, what used which has caused no end of harakeke comes from the proto- better place to start than with his confusion since. Our New Zealand Polynesian, fara meaning Pandanus remarks on Cook’s fi rst voyage in fl ax bears no relationship to the fl ax – the strappy leaved plant used for 1769. Banks kept a good journal used in Europe or elsewhere, the plaiting containers in Polynesia – of his observations of New Zealand perennial herb Linum, except that and keke meaning strong.
    [Show full text]
  • Polysaccharides from New Zealand Native Plants: a Review of Their Structure, Properties, and Potential Applications
    plants Review Polysaccharides from New Zealand Native Plants: A Review of Their Structure, Properties, and Potential Applications Susan M. Carnachan, Tracey J. Bell, Simon F. R. Hinkley and Ian M. Sims * Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand; [email protected] (S.M.C.); [email protected] (T.J.B.); [email protected] (S.F.R.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-4-4630062 Received: 20 May 2019; Accepted: 6 June 2019; Published: 9 June 2019 Abstract: Water-soluble, non-starch polysaccharides from plants are used commercially in a wide range of food and non-food applications. The increasing range of applications for natural polysaccharides means that there is growing demand for plant-derived polysaccharides with different functionalities. The geographical isolation of New Zealand and its unique flora presents opportunities to discover new polysaccharides with novel properties for a range of applications. This review brings together data published since the year 2000 on the composition and structure of exudate gums, mucilages, and storage polysaccharides extracted from New Zealand endemic land plants. The structures and properties of these polysaccharides are compared with the structures of similar polysaccharides from other plants. The current commercial use of these polysaccharides is reviewed and their potential for further exploitation discussed. Keywords: novel polysaccharide; characterization; rheology; New Zealand; applications 1. Introduction The geological isolation of New Zealand has resulted in its distinctive flora and fauna, with about 80% of the more than 2300 species of vascular plants being endemic.
    [Show full text]
  • 5, and J. Chris Pires
    American Journal of Botany 99(2): 330–348. 2012. Q UALITY AND QUANTITY OF DATA RECOVERED FROM MASSIVELY PARALLEL SEQUENCING: EXAMPLES IN 1 ASPARAGALES AND POACEAE P . R OXANNE S TEELE 2 , K ATE L. HERTWECK 3 , D USTIN M AYFIELD 4 , M ICHAEL R. MCKAIN 5 , J AMES L EEBENS-MACK 5 , AND J. CHRIS P IRES 3,6 2 Department of Biology, 6001 W. Dodge Street, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68182-0040 USA; 3 National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, 2024 W. Main Street, Suite A200, Durham, North Carolina 27705-4667 USA; 4 Biological Sciences, 1201 Rollins St., Bond LSC 311, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA; and 5 Plant Biology, 4504 Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA • Premise of the study: Genome survey sequences (GSS) from massively parallel sequencing have potential to provide large, cost-effective data sets for phylogenetic inference, replace single gene or spacer regions as DNA barcodes, and provide a plethora of data for other comparative molecular evolution studies. Here we report on the application of this method to estimat- ing the molecular phylogeny of core Asparagales, investigating plastid gene losses, assembling complete plastid genomes, and determining the type and quality of assembled genomic data attainable from Illumina 80 – 120-bp reads. • Methods: We sequenced total genomic DNA from samples in two lineages of monocotyledonous plants, Poaceae and Aspara- gales, on the Illumina platform in a multiplex arrangement. We compared reference-based assemblies to de novo contigs, evaluated consistency of assemblies resulting from use of various references sequences, and assessed our methods to obtain sequence assemblies in nonmodel taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Cordyline and Phormium
    CORDYLINE AND PHORMIUM GORDON R. LEWTHWAITE San Fernando Valley State College THE SAN DIEGO CONFERENCE and New Zealand may be a little thinly threaded together in these pages, but threaded together they are. For this bicentenary of San Diego's founding is also the bicentenary of Captain James Cook's first visit to New Zealand in 1769, an event which issued in the discovery of two plants which now flourish in California gardens, Cordyline australis and Phormium tenax. But Cook's discovery was not the first time these species caught the eye of man. Perhaps a thousand years earlier-if current dating holds good-the Polynesians sought compensation for their lost Cordyline terminalis, the ti (or ti pore) of the myriad isles of tropical Oceania. Not that the cordylines were confined to Oceania. In wild form or tame, they flourished across a broad swath of tropical Asia and the Pacific, and, as Sauer pointed out, they were probably first domesticated in the ancient culture hearth he postulates for Southeast Asia. 1 The Polynesians preserved C. termi­ nalis in more than a dozen varieties-Henry, indeed, pronounced it "perhaps the most notable of all Polynesian plants"2-and various ti not only provided foliage for thatch and oven, hula skirts, and sacred temple grounds, but they also provided saccharine­ rich roots for a relish. Their very name, Cordyline, in fact refers to the club shape of their root. But when the Polynesian ancestors of the Maori came to New Zealand, they all but lost their favorite ti root. True enough, some ti pore grew in the warmer parts of the north, but not very extensively; in fact, some think they were confined to the far north of Auckland peninsula3 and even there they were "a very occasional 'occasional' " in the diet4-a sugary morsel to boost the warrior's energy on the warpath.
    [Show full text]
  • TURF REPLACEMENT PROGRAM MMWD LYL Approved Plant List
    LANDSCAPE YOUR LAWN (LYL) TURF REPLACEMENT PROGRAM MMWD LYL Approved Plant List Attached is the current MMWD list of approved plants for the The values are obtained by determining the area of a circle using Landscape Your Lawn (LYL) Program. the plant spread or width as the diameter. To find the area of a circle, square the diameter and multiply by .7854. Squaring the This list is taken from the Water Use Classification of Landscape diameter means multiplying the diameter by itself. For example, a Species (WUCOLS IV) – a widely accepted and commonly used plant with a 5 foot spread would be calculated as follows: source of information on landscape plant water needs. Plants that .7854 x 5 ft diameter x 5 ft diameter = 20 sq ft (values are rounded are listed in WUCOLS IV as “low” or “very low” water use for the Bay to the nearest whole number). Area have been included on this list. However, plants that are considered invasive and are found on the MMWD Invasive Plant List For values not provided, please refer to reputable gardening books are not included in this list and will not be allowed for the LYL or nurseries in order to determine the diameter of the plant at program. maturity, or conduct an internet search using the botanical name and “mature size”. Any plants used in turf conversion that are not on this plant list will not count toward the 50 percent plant coverage requirement nor CA Natives will they be eligible for a rebate under LYL Option 1. Native plants are perfectly suited to our climate, soil, and animals.
    [Show full text]
  • A 15Th Century Mäori Textile Fragment from Kaitorete Spit, Canterbury, and the Evolution of Mäori Weaving
    SHORTER COMMUNICATION A 15TH CENTURY MÄORI TEXTILE FRAGMENT FROM KAITORETE SPIT, CANTERBURY, AND THE EVOLUTION OF MÄORI WEAVING CHRIS JACOMB NZ Historic Places Trust RICHARD WALTER University of Otago SHERIDAN EASDALE NZ Historic Places Trust DILYS JOHNS University of Auckland DAVID O’CONNELL Te Runanga o Taumutu DAN WITTER AND ALISON WITTER Witter Archaeology Recent salvage excavations at an eroding early 15th century site on the Canterbury coast resulted in the discovery of a range of carbonised fibre artefacts that had been preserved in a simple, burned-out shelter. Included in the assemblage were fragments of textiles that, because of the weaving technique used and stylistic relationships to historic examples, may be specimens of a whäriki ‘floor mat’, a small kete ‘bag’, a tätua ‘belt’ and a fragment of finely woven material that may be part of a cloak, waist garment or shoulder cape. These will be described fully elsewhere, but the latter fragment is worthy of a short note in advance of a more complete report. The weave patterns of the fragment are indistinguishable from those of Mäori garments recorded ethnographically. The discovery of these fragments provides insights into the history and development of Mäori weaving technology. In particular, they demonstrate the presence in 15th century New Zealand of both a specialised weaving technology known as whatu aho pätahi ‘single pair twining’ and the preparation of soft, pliable fibres for weaving. In January 2000, Dan and Alison Witter discovered the remains of a burnt shelter with associated cooking fires and a flounder bone midden at the western end of Kaitorete Spit, near Banks Peninsula (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Harakeke: Enhancing Maori Student Engagement and Achievement in a Mainstream Primary School
    http://waikato.researchgateway.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. HARAKEKE: ENHANCING MAORI STUDENT ENGAGEMENT AND ACHIEVEMENT IN A MAINSTREAM PRIMARY SCHOOL A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education By Diana Anderson Hamilton, New Zealand Centre for Science and Technology Education Research December 2009 Abstract Ministry of Education research indicates that the inclusion of culture and te reo Maori in teaching can help improve Maori student education. If students can find the links between what is being taught and the relevance to their own lives then information will be easier to retain. Research has also shown that environmental education provides relevant learning that can connect students to their world. Maori indigenous knowledge (IK) and environmental education (EE) share many commonalities. One such similarity is the relationship between tangata (people) and nature. While the sometimes destructive nature of this relationship has lead to global environmental issues, this study explores the combination of IK and EE to enhance Maori student engagement and achievement in a mainstream primary school.
    [Show full text]