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Ix CONTENTS 1. Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses CONTENTS 1. Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses ........................................ 1 Embryology, Anatomy, and Histology of the Nasal Cavity .................... 1 Embryology. 1 Anatomic Borders. 1 Histology. 1 Embryology, Anatomy, and Histology of the Paranasal Sinuses ................ 5 Embryology. 5 Anatomic Borders. 5 Histology. 7 Classification. 7 Developmental Lesions. 8 Heterotopic Central Nervous System (Glial) Tissue . 8 Encephaloceles .................................................... 11 Nasal Dermoid Sinus and Cyst . 15 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia . 16 Noninfectious Inflammatory and Tumor-Like Processes . 19 Sinonasal Inflammatory Polyps ....................................... 19 Paranasal Sinus Mucocele . 27 Sinonasal Hamartomas . 30 Respiratory Epithelial Adenomatoid Hamartoma ......................... 32 Seromucinous Hamartoma . 35 Chondro-osseous and Respiratory Epithelial Hamartomas .................. 39 Nasal Chondromesenchymal Hamartoma. 40 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis ..................................... 40 Myospherulosis. 49 Extranodal Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy . 51 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia .......................................... 54 Eosinophilic Angiocentric Fibrosis . 54 Sarcoidosis. 55 Rhinophyma. 55 Relapsing Polychondritis ............................................ 56 Pyogenic Granuloma/Lobular Capillary Hemangioma ..................... 57 Fungal Diseases ...................................................... 61 Fungal Rhinosinusitis . 61 Noninvasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis: Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis ........... 61 Fungus Ball ....................................................... 65 ix Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Head and Neck Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis: Acute Invasive FRS. 66 Chronic Invasive and Chronic Granulomatous FRS ....................... 67 Sinonasal Mucormycosis ............................................ 69 Rhinosporidiosis . 72 Other Fungi. 74 Bacterial Diseases .................................................... 76 Bacterial Rhinoscleroma . 76 Sinonasal Botryomycosis ............................................ 82 Miscellaneous Sinonasal Bacterial Infections. 84 Protozoal Diseases. 85 Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis . 85 Amebiasis ........................................................ 87 Viral Diseases. 87 Rhinosinusitis . 87 Allergic Rhinosinusitis .............................................. 90 Infectious Rhinosinusitis ............................................ 90 Viral Rhinosinusitis. 90 Bacterial Sinusitis .................................................. 90 Atrophic Rhinosinusitis ............................................. 90 Aspirin Intolerance or Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease .............. 91 Nonallergic Rhinosinusitis with Eosinophilia Syndrome and Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis Syndrome . 91 2. Oral Cavity and Jaw .................................................... 103 Embryology, Anatomy, and Histology .................................... 103 Embryology. 103 Anatomy . 103 Histology. 105 Classification. 108 Developmental Lesions. 108 Heterotopias (Choristomas) and Hamartomas. 108 Fordyce Granules .................................................. 108 Ectopic Thyroid Tissue and Lingual Thyroid . 109 Oral Choristoma . 111 Tori and Exostoses ................................................. 112 Oral Cavity Cysts .................................................... 113 Oral Lymphoepithelial Cyst .......................................... 113 Nasopalatine Duct Cyst ............................................. 114 Infectious Diseases of the Oral Cavity .................................... 116 Fungal Disease: Candidiasis .......................................... 116 x Contents Other Fungi. 117 Viruses. 118 Human Papillomavirus .............................................. 119 Epstein-Barr Virus .................................................. 120 Cytomegalovirus. 120 Herpes Virus ...................................................... 120 Bacteria and Spirochetes. 120 Gonorrhea. 121 Syphilis .......................................................... 121 Epithelial Inflammatory or Tumor-Like Processes: Reactive Epithelial and Epithelial-Related Proliferations. 122 Verruca Vulgaris ................................................... 122 Condyloma Acuminatum. 122 Oral Mucosal Condyloma Acuminatum ................................ 122 Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia .......................................... 124 Oral Hairy Leukoplakia. 125 Verruciform Xanthoma ............................................. 126 Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia. 129 Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia ................................... 129 Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia . 132 Mesenchymal Lesions . 134 Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma . 134 Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma ...................................... 138 Irritation Fibroma. 139 Giant Cell Fibroma . 142 Giant Cell Lesions. 144 Central and Peripheral Giant Cell Granulomas . 144 Oral Fibrosing Lesions. 152 Oral Submucous Fibrosis ............................................ 152 Gingival Fibromatosis. 152 Vascular Lesions ..................................................... 157 Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma) .................... 157 Congenital Epulis (Congenital Granular Cell Tumor) ...................... 160 Benign Fibro-osseous Lesions of Craniofacial Bones ......................... 161 Fibrous Dysplasia .................................................. 161 Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia .......................................... 169 Pigmented Lesions ................................................... 169 Exogenous Pigmentations ........................................... 170 Endogenous Pigmentations .......................................... 172 xi Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Head and Neck Black Hairy Tongue. 174 Myospherulosis. 177 Odontogenic Cysts ................................................... 178 Dentigerous Cyst. 178 Eruption Cyst ..................................................... 185 Glandular Odontogenic Cyst ......................................... 185 Lateral Periodontal Cyst . 186 Periapical Cyst. 187 Selective Autoimmune, Allergic, Systemic, and Cutaneous-Type Diseases Affecting the Oral Cavity .......................................... 189 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis ..................................... 189 Lichen Planus ..................................................... 189 Aphthous Stomatitis . 190 Radiation-Associated Changes .......................................... 192 3. Pharynx .............................................................. 207 Embryology, Anatomy, and Histology .................................... 207 Embryology. 207 Anatomy . 207 Anatomic Borders. 207 Histology. ..
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