CONTENTS

1. Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses ...... 1 Embryology, Anatomy, and Histology of the Nasal Cavity...... 1 Embryology...... 1 Anatomic Borders...... 1 Histology...... 1 Embryology, Anatomy, and Histology of the Paranasal Sinuses ...... 5 Embryology...... 5 Anatomic Borders...... 5 Histology...... 7 Classification...... 7 Developmental Lesions...... 8 Heterotopic Central Nervous System (Glial) Tissue ...... 8 Encephaloceles...... 11 Nasal Dermoid Sinus and Cyst ...... 15 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia ...... 16 Noninfectious Inflammatory and Tumor-Like Processes ...... 19 Sinonasal Inflammatory Polyps...... 19 Paranasal Sinus Mucocele ...... 27 Sinonasal Hamartomas ...... 30 Respiratory Epithelial Adenomatoid Hamartoma ...... 32 Seromucinous Hamartoma ...... 35 Chondro-osseous and Respiratory Epithelial Hamartomas...... 39 Nasal Chondromesenchymal Hamartoma...... 40 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis ...... 40 Myospherulosis...... 49 Extranodal Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy ...... 51 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia...... 54 Eosinophilic Angiocentric Fibrosis ...... 54 Sarcoidosis...... 55 Rhinophyma...... 55 Relapsing Polychondritis ...... 56 Pyogenic Granuloma/Lobular Capillary Hemangioma...... 57 Fungal Diseases...... 61 Fungal Rhinosinusitis ...... 61 Noninvasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis: Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis...... 61 Fungus Ball...... 65

ix Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Head and Neck

Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis: Acute Invasive FRS...... 66 Chronic Invasive and Chronic Granulomatous FRS ...... 67 Sinonasal Mucormycosis ...... 69 Rhinosporidiosis ...... 72 Other Fungi...... 74 Bacterial Diseases ...... 76 Bacterial Rhinoscleroma ...... 76 Sinonasal Botryomycosis ...... 82 Miscellaneous Sinonasal Bacterial Infections...... 84 Protozoal Diseases...... 85 Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis ...... 85 Amebiasis ...... 87 Viral Diseases...... 87 Rhinosinusitis ...... 87 Allergic Rhinosinusitis ...... 90 Infectious Rhinosinusitis ...... 90 Viral Rhinosinusitis...... 90 Bacterial Sinusitis...... 90 Atrophic Rhinosinusitis ...... 90 Aspirin Intolerance or Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease...... 91 Nonallergic Rhinosinusitis with Eosinophilia Syndrome and Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis Syndrome ...... 91 2. Oral Cavity and Jaw ...... 103 Embryology, Anatomy, and Histology...... 103 Embryology...... 103 Anatomy ...... 103 Histology...... 105 Classification...... 108 Developmental Lesions...... 108 Heterotopias (Choristomas) and Hamartomas...... 108 Fordyce Granules ...... 108 Ectopic Thyroid Tissue and Lingual Thyroid ...... 109 Oral Choristoma ...... 111 Tori and Exostoses ...... 112 Oral Cavity Cysts ...... 113 Oral Lymphoepithelial Cyst...... 113 Nasopalatine Duct Cyst ...... 114 Infectious Diseases of the Oral Cavity...... 116 Fungal Disease: Candidiasis...... 116

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Other Fungi...... 117 Viruses...... 118 Human Papillomavirus...... 119 Epstein-Barr Virus...... 120 Cytomegalovirus...... 120 Herpes Virus...... 120 Bacteria and Spirochetes...... 120 Gonorrhea...... 121 Syphilis...... 121 Epithelial Inflammatory or Tumor-Like Processes: Reactive Epithelial and Epithelial-Related Proliferations...... 122 Verruca Vulgaris ...... 122 Condyloma Acuminatum...... 122 Oral Mucosal Condyloma Acuminatum ...... 122 Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia...... 124 Oral Hairy Leukoplakia...... 125 Verruciform Xanthoma ...... 126 Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia...... 129 Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia ...... 129 Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia ...... 132 Mesenchymal Lesions ...... 134 Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma ...... 134 Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma...... 138 Irritation Fibroma...... 139 Giant Cell Fibroma ...... 142 Giant Cell Lesions...... 144 Central and Peripheral Giant Cell Granulomas ...... 144 Oral Fibrosing Lesions...... 152 Oral Submucous Fibrosis ...... 152 Gingival Fibromatosis...... 152 Vascular Lesions ...... 157 Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma)...... 157 Congenital Epulis (Congenital Granular Cell Tumor)...... 160 Benign Fibro-osseous Lesions of Craniofacial Bones...... 161 Fibrous Dysplasia ...... 161 Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia...... 169 Pigmented Lesions ...... 169 Exogenous Pigmentations ...... 170 Endogenous Pigmentations...... 172

xi Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Head and Neck

Black Hairy Tongue...... 174 Myospherulosis...... 177 Odontogenic Cysts...... 178 Dentigerous Cyst...... 178 Eruption Cyst...... 185 Glandular Odontogenic Cyst...... 185 Lateral Periodontal Cyst ...... 186 Periapical Cyst...... 187 Selective Autoimmune, Allergic, Systemic, and Cutaneous-Type Diseases Affecting the Oral Cavity...... 189 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis ...... 189 Lichen Planus...... 189 Aphthous Stomatitis ...... 190 Radiation-Associated Changes...... 192 3. Pharynx...... 207 Embryology, Anatomy, and Histology...... 207 Embryology...... 207 Anatomy ...... 207 Anatomic Borders...... 207 Histology...... 209 Classification...... 212 Developmental Cystic Lesions: Nasopharyngeal Cysts...... 212 Rathke Pouch Cyst...... 215 Thornwaldt Cyst ...... 216 Pharyngeal Hamartomas, Choristomas, and Teratomatous Lesions...... 219 Nasopharyngeal Hamartomas ...... 219 Pharyngeal/Nasopharyngeal Central Nervous System Heterotopias ...... 219 Nasoharyngeal Dermoid, or Teratoid, Lesions ...... 219 Lymphangiomatous Polyp of the Tonsil ...... 222 Salivary Gland Anlage Tumor...... 224 Infectious Diseases ...... 224 Tonsillitis...... 224 Peritonsillar Abscess...... 228 Lemierre Disease/Syndrome...... 230 EBV-Related Diseases and Infectious Mononucleosis...... 230 Human Papillomavirus...... 235 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome...... 235 HIV-Related Lymphoid Changes of Nasopharyngeal and Palatine Tonsils. . . . 237

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AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infectious Diseases ...... 245 Cytomegalovirus...... 245 Herpes Simplex Virus...... 245 Measles Infection ...... 248 Fungus Infections...... 248 Bacteria and Spirochetes...... 248 Reactive, Inflammatory, and Tumor-Like Lesions ...... 250 Tangier Disease...... 250 4. Neck ...... 263 Anatomy...... 263 Classification...... 263 Cystic (Non-neoplastic Lesions of the Neck)...... 264 Branchial Anomalies...... 264 First Branchial Anomalies...... 267 Second Branchial Anomalies ...... 269 Third Branchial Anomalies...... 279 Fourth Branchial Anomalies...... 280 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst...... 280 Cervical Thymic Cyst...... 285 Bronchogenic Cysts ...... 287 Dermoid Cyst...... 292 Infectious Diseases ...... 292 Mycobacterial Tuberculosis Infection...... 292 Scrofula...... 294 Mycobacterial Spindle Cell Pseudotumor ...... 297 Actinomycosis...... 298 Cat Scratch Disease ...... 300 Bacillary Angiomatosis...... 302 Other Infectious Diseases...... 305 Inflammatory and Tumor-Like Lesions ...... 306 Sarcoidosis...... 306 5. Larynx and Trachea...... 319 Embryology, Anatomy, and Histology: Larynx ...... 319 Embryology...... 319 Anatomy ...... 319 Histology...... 320 Laryngeal Cartilages...... 322 Embryology, Anatomy, and Histology: Trachea ...... 324 Embryology...... 324

xiii Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Head and Neck

Anatomy ...... 324 Histology...... 324 Classification...... 324 Developmental Lesions...... 324 Laryngomalacia...... 324 Tracheopathia Osteochondroplastica...... 325 Hamartomas, Choristomas, and Ectopias...... 327 Infectious Diseases ...... 328 Granulomatous Laryngopharyngitis ...... 329 Viruses...... 330 Bacteria...... 331 Fungi ...... 333 Protozoa ...... 334 Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases...... 334 Angioedema/Allergic Laryngitis ...... 334 Sarcoidosis...... 335 Autoimmune Diseases...... 335 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis ...... 335 Relapsing Polychondritis ...... 338 Tumor-Like Processes ...... 339 Vocal Cord Nodules and Polyps ...... 339 Laryngocele and Saccular Cyst ...... 340 Other Laryngeal Cysts ...... 342 Contact Ulcer of the Larynx...... 342 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia...... 345 Laryngeal Amyloidosis...... 347 Subglottic Stenosis ...... 349 Rheumatoid Nodule...... 351 Teflon Granuloma...... 351 Reactive Epithelial Changes...... 354 Radiation-Associated Changes...... 357 Laryngeal Manifestations of Dermatologic Disorders ...... 360 Epidermolysis Bullosa ...... 360 Pemphigus ...... 360 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid ...... 360 6. Salivary Glands...... 369 Embryology, Anatomy, and Histology...... 369 Embryology...... 369 Anatomy ...... 369

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Histology...... 371 Classification...... 375 Developmental Lesions...... 375 Accessory Parotid Glands...... 375 Salivary Gland Heterotopia (Ectopias, Choristomas)...... 375 Salivary Gland Hamartomas and Adenomatoid Hyperplasia ...... 377 Salivary Cysts ...... 377 Salivary Duct Cyst and Mucous Retention Cyst ...... 377 Mucus Extravasation Phenomenon (Extravasation Mucocele)...... 379 Ranula ...... 380 Lymphoepithelial Cysts...... 381 Polycystic (Dysgenetic) Disease ...... 382 Metaplasia and Hyperplasia...... 382 Oncocytic Metaplasia and Oncocytosis...... 382 Sialadenosis...... 385 Infectious, Inflammatory, and Reactive Diseases ...... 386 Acute Sialadenitis and Viral Parotitis (Mumps)...... 386 Chronic Nonautoimmune Sialadenitis ...... 386 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Salivary Gland Disease ...... 387 Lymphoepithelial Sialadenitis ...... 390 Sjögren Syndrome...... 390 IgG4-Related Sialadenitis ...... 394 Sarcoidosis...... 396 Tumor-Like Lesions...... 398 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia...... 398 Subacute Necrotizing Sialadenitis...... 399 Extranodal Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy (Rosai- Dorfman Disease) ...... 400 Intercalated Duct Lesion...... 401 7. Ear and Temporal Bone...... 413 Embryology, Anatomy, and Histology...... 413 Embryology...... 413 Anatomy ...... 414 Histology...... 417 Classification...... 420 Congenital Abnormalities...... 420 Accessory Tragus ...... 420 Branchial Cleft Anomalies...... 421

xv Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Head and Neck

Tumor-Like Lesions of the External Ear Region...... 421 Keloid ...... 421 Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Chronicus Helicis...... 425 Idiopathic Cystic Chondromalacia of the Auricular Cartilage ...... 426 Exostosis...... 429 Synovial Chondromatosis of the Temporomandibular Joint...... 430 Kimura Disease and Epithelioid Hemangioma...... 433 Infectious Diseases of the External Ear ...... 436 Necrotizing External Otitis ...... 436 Infectious and Inflammatory Lesions of the Middle Ear and Temporal Lobe. . . . 438 Otitis Media ...... 438 Otic (Aural) Polyp...... 444 Cholesteatoma ...... 446 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis...... 450 Heterotopias of the Middle Ear and Mastoid...... 453 Middle Ear Salivary Gland Heterotopia...... 453 Middle Ear Neuroglial Heterotopia...... 454 Acquired Encephalocele...... 454 Autoimmune, Degenerative, and Systemic Diseases ...... 455 Relapsing Polychondritis ...... 455 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis ...... 457 Tophaceous Gout ...... 458 Tophaceous Pseudogout ...... 459 Osteosclerosis...... 461 Paget Disease of Bone ...... 463 Ménière Disease ...... 463 Developmental Defects of the Middle Ear and Temporal Bone ...... 464 Index ...... 477

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