XXth International Conference of Young Geologists
Abstract Book
ICYG 2019
April, 3 - 5 2019 Herľany (Slovakia)
Edited by
Tomáš Bakalár Jakub Bazarnik Margaréta Gregáňová Iwona Klonowska Ľubomír Štrba Barbara Zahradníková SCIENTIFIC BOARD doc. Mgr. Julián Kondela, PhD. Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice, Slovakia doc. RNDr. Marianna Kováčová, PhD. Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia dr hab. inż. Maciej Manecki, prof AGH Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
ORGANISING COMMITTEE Ľubomír Štrba Tomáš Bakalár Iwona Klonowska Jakub Bazarnik Jaroslaw Majka Igor Ďuriška Barbara Zahradníková Margaréta Gregáňová Leonard Zahradník
The conference is organized by GEOLOGICAL CLUB Bratislava, Slovakia
under the auspices and financial support of the Slovak Geological Society Slovak Commission for UNESCO Slovak Caves Administration
© Comenius University in Bratislava ISBN: 978-80-223-4703-7 REVIEWERS
Tomáš Bakalár Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia František Bakoš GREEN VIEW s. r. o., Bratislava, Slovakia Jakub Bazarnik Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Kraków, Poland Mirosława Bazarnik Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland Martin Bednarik Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Jaroslav Blaško Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Pavel Bosák Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Martin Brček Faculty of Civil Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Bibiana Brixová Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Igor Broska Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Andrej Čerňanský Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Marián Dyda retired; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Shah Wali Faryad Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Maciej Górka Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland Renáta Górová Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Jan Hinkelman Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia František Hrouda Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Matúš Hyžný Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Petr Jeřábek Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Mária Kaňuchová Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia Peter Koďera Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Marianna Kováčová Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Ján Kráľ retired; State Geological Institute of Dyonýz Štúr, Bratislava, Slovakia Zlatko Kvaček Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Piotr Lenik Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Cracow, Poland Alexander Lewerentz Geological Survey of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden Ondrej Lexa Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Michał Lupa AGH – University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland Jozef Madzin Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Juraj Maglay State Geological Institute of Dyonýz Štúr, Bratislava, Slovakia Juraj Majzlan Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany Jozef Michalík Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Radek Mikuláš Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Tomáš Mikuš Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Ján Milička Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Rastislav Milovský Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Igor Miňo University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia Henrieta Pavolová Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia Vladislav Rapprich Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic Martin Sabol Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Rafał Sikora Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Kraków, Poland Dušan Starek Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
Andrzej Szydło Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Kraków, Poland Katarína Šarinová Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Michal Šujan Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Adam Tomášových Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Peter Uhlík Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Rastislav Vojtko Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
We would like to thank to the reviewers for their valuable comments. Their contribution increased the additional value of the conference and the quality of the contributions.
XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Contents
Preface ...... 11 Tomáš Bakalár, Henrieta Pavolová and Igor Miňo: Effect of zeolite particle size on Mn sorption capacity ...... 13 Christopher Barnes, Jarosław Majka, David Schneider, Katarzyna Walczak, Michał Bukala and Karolina Kośminśka: A multi-method geochronological approach to constrain subduction and exhumation of the Vaimok Lens, Seve Nappe Complex, Scandinavian Caledonides ...... 16 Jakub Bazarnik, Jarosław Majka, William C. McClelland, Karolina Kośminśka, Karsten Piepjohn, Synnøve Elvevold, Justin V. Strauss and Magdalena Pańczyk: The age of metaigneous basement of the West Ny-Friesland Terrane, Northern Svalbard . 18 Melike Bilgin, Peter Joniak and Lars W. van den Hoek Ostende: General diversity of Neogene rodents: an exercise with the NOW data ...... 20 Agnieszka Bracławska: Seismic activity changes in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland ...... 21 Vladimír Budinský, Julián Kondela and Marta Prekopová: Possibilities of application of seismic refraction method in geologically problematic sites (case study from Kraľovany quarry) ...... 23 Jaroslav Buša, Vladimír Greif, Rudolf Tornyai, Martin Maľa and Martin Bednarik: Landslide monitoring by Persistent Scatterer Interferometry - Case study of the Kosice Basin, Slovakia ...... 24 Maciej Dwornik: Effect of location and permeability of weak zone on thermal sensors measurements in the levee ...... 27 Tomáš Fuksi: Onshore-offshore gradients in the composition of molluscan assemblages in the Vienna and Danube basin during the Middle Miocene ...... 29 Daria Glukhova: Gold in Archaean greenstone belts of Fennoscandia ...... 31 Jan Hinkelman: Relevance of eusociality in (paleo)zoogeographical context ...... 33 Katarzyna Kądziołka, Jakub Kierczak, Anna Potysz, Anna Pietranik, Artur Sobczyk, Anna Wojas and Vojtech Ettler: Application of magnetic susceptibility and ground-penetrating radar for assessing soil pollution in the former metal smelting area ...... 35
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Piotr Kałuża, Jerzy Zasadni and Piotr Kłapyta: Mapping the Most Extensive Glaciation in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians), case study of the mouth of Białka Valley ...... 38 Peter Kiss, Natália Hudáčková, Andrej Ruman, Zuzana Heřmanová, Lóránd Silye and Michal Kučera: Evidence of allopatric speciation among planktic foraminifera from Miocene sediments of the Central Paratethys ...... 40 Anna Koteja and Jakub Matusik: Photoactive hybrid nanomaterials derived from layered minerals ...... 42 Rafał Kubik and Piotr Kenis: Capabilities of the QEMSCAN® system based on mineralogical characterization of detrital raw materials from Lower Silesia, Poland – preliminary results ...... 45 Klaudia Kupčíková: Analysis of tectonic structure of the Spišská Magura region, Central-Carpathian Paleogene Basin, Slovakia ...... 48 Anton Latyshev, Roman Veselovskiy, Anna Fetisova, Aleksander Pasenko and Vladimir Pavlov: Paleomagnetic constraints on the timing and duration of the emplacement of the Cu-Ni-Pt- bearing intrusions of the Norilsk region, the Siberian Traps province ...... 50 Damian Gerard Lodowski: Magnetic susceptibility, geochemistry and microfacies of the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition in the Giewont section (Western Tatra Mts., High-Tatric succession, Poland) – preliminary results ...... 52 Ľubica Luhová, Rastislav Milovský and Monika Orvošová: Isotopic effects in cryogenically broken stalagmites ...... 54 Martin Maľa, Ján Vlčko, Martin Bednarik, Vladimír Greif, Rudolf Tornyai, Lucia Dunčková, Ivan Dostál and Jaroslav Buša: Engineering- geological survey of slope deformation in Ruská Nová Ves ...... 56 Dmitriy A. Mamontov and Olga A. Gavrilova: Towards the exospore structure of the Tripartites incisotrilobus and Monilospora subcrenata from the Visean of Central Russia ...... 58 Paulina Maziarz and Jakub Matusik: Enhanced removal efficiency of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by kaolin impregnated with zerovalent iron particles ...... 61 Maria Młynarska, Abigail Barker, Stanisław Mazur and Jarosław Majka: Geochemical constraints on the tectonic affinity of the Leszczyniec Unit, Sudetes, Bohemian Massif ...... 64
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Hezbullah Moiny and Shah Wali Faryad: Thermal evolution of crustal xenoliths in metagranitoid from Hindu Kush (Afghanistan) . 66 Łukasz Nowak: Morphogenetic map of lava flows in the Volcanoes Valley, Peruvian Andes ...... 69 Aleksei Pakhalko and Kashin Sergey: The role of metasomatism in PGE-bearing rocks formation of the Vuruchuaivench massif, Monchegorsk Complex (Kola Peninsula, Russia) ...... 71 Ľuboš Polák, Sergyi Kurylo and Jozef Vlasáč: Mineralogy of the iron ore deposit Poniky-Holý vrch (North Veporicum Unit, Slovak Republic) ...... 74 Tomáš Potočný, Petr Jeřábek and Dušan Plašienka: Preliminary results of crystallographic orientation analysis of marbles from the Bôrka Nappe, Meliaticum, Western Carpathians ...... 76 Arkadiusz Przybyło and Anna Pietranik: Zircon populations in rhyolites from Organy Wielisławskie: insight from SEM-MLA analyses ...... 78 Katarína Pukanská, Karol Bartoš and Ľubomír Kseňak: Monitoring of geological structures and cave morphology with non-contact surveying technologies and methods ...... 80 Ksenia Pustovoyt: The Early Middle Togo-Khudukh Floristic Assemblage from Central Mongolia ...... 82 Bartosz Puzio, Urszula Solecka, Maciej Manecki and Tomasz Bajda: Thermodynamics of pyromorphite – vanadinite solid solution series ...... 84 Sergey Rud'ko, Anton Kuznetsov, Petr Petrov and Oleg Petrov: Variations of δ13С and 87Sr/86Sr in the Vendian Dalnaya-Taiga Group of the Ura Uplift (Southern Middle Siberia). On the way to the global correlation of climatic and biotic events ...... 86 Damian Rudziński and Marcin Krajewski: Low and high-frequency sedimentary sequences in the Upper Jurassic reef succession from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (South Poland) ...... 88 Karolina Rybka and Jakub Matusik:
Mg/Al LDH formation via transformation of minerals through the AlCl3 hydrolysis ...... 91 Przemysław Rzepka:
The chemical nature of CO2 adsorption on zeolites ...... 93
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Vladimír Šimo: Excavating micro-patterns of boring sponge trace fossil (Entobia) in the Early Albian hardground of the Manín Formation from the Butkov Quarry (Central Western Carpathians, Slovakia) ...... 94 Piotr Siwek and Marek Wendorff: The Cergowa Sandstone – an example of turbidity hyperpycnal flow deposits: case study from Stasiana and Iwla sections, the Outer Carpathians, near Dukla town ...... 98 Krzysztof Szamałek, Karol Zglinicki and Michał Pilaszkiewicz: New potential areas of mineral raw materials in Malayan Archipelago, prospective research - a review ...... 101 Kinga Ślósarczyk: The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in surface and groundwater from water intakes with induced infiltration in the region of Silesian Foothills, Poland ...... 104 Lucia Šmídová: Mimicry during Mesozoic: aberrant family of cockroaches sheds new light on the evolution of Dictyoptera ...... 105 Maxim Tkachenko: “Hard-to-recover reserves” of groundwater ...... 107
Geovanna Vásquez, Pavel Veis, Silvana Hidalgo and Cesar Costa Vera: Quantitative Elemental Analysis of Volcanic Ashes by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ...... 109 Jozef Vlasáč and Tomáš Mikuš: The Cd-bearing Ag-rich tetrahedrite from the epithermal Au-Ag mineralization at Rudno nad Hronom ...... 112 Peter Vršanský: First spies: strong external but weak internal defense of earliest ant nests ...... 114 Kinga Walaszek: Mineralogical - petrographical characteristics of polymetallic ores from the Madrigal inactive mine in Peru ...... 116 Adam Zakrzewski, Adam Kowalski and Mirosław Kuś: Organic residues inside Bronze Age pottery vessels from Pielgrzymowice – biomarker approach ...... 118 Dmitry Zastrozhnov and Andrey Zastrozhnov: Wind or water: what was the driving force in the formation of the Late Quaternary Baer Knolls in the Caspian Depression? ...... 121
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Karol Zglinicki, Paweł Kosiński and Piotr Kłapyta: Contemporary costal sediments of the Waropen Regency (Indonesia) – preliminary research ...... 124 Grzegorz Ziemniak, Jarosław Majka and Maciej Manecki: A statistical approach to discordant detrital zircon data from Scandinavian Caledonides 127 Lucia Žatková, Rastislav Milovský, Radovan Kyška-Pipík and Martina Vargicová: Molecular stratigraphy of glacial lake sediments: case study from Tatra Mts.,Slovakia ... 129
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Preface
International Conference of Young Geologists is annually organised mainly for master and PhD students and young scientific workers in all the fields of geology and geosciences, focused on but not limited to general geology, sedimentology, structural geology, geomorphology, mineralogy, geochemistry, economic geology, petrology, paleontology, geophysics, hydrogeology, engineering geology, geoinformatics, geoengineering, and environmental sciences. Considering the thematic diversity and international participation, this conference brings a unique opportunity not only to present scientific results but also to view the direction in each discipline from various scientific workplaces as well as the availability and use of different methodologies. It brings the possibility of interdisciplinary and international collaboration and broadening scientific focus and results of geologists, prospective geologists and their colleagues from related disciplines. The conference with original title “The Scientific Conference of Students and Doctoral Students” was organized in Herľany for the first five years. Since 2005 the conference venue has been rotating among Košice region – Herľany, Bratislava region – Svätý Jur and Southern Poland region and three faculties: Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice (Slovakia), Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow (Poland) and Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava (Slovakia), provide scientific guarantee of the conference every year. The XXth International Conference of Young Geologists - ICYG 2019 was organized in the Education Training Facility of the Technical University of Košice in Herľany (Slovakia) on April 3-5, 2019 and so 20th anniversary of the conference were celebrated at the place where the conference was organized for the first time. The conference was organized under the auspices and with the financial support of the Slovak Commission for UNESCO and is also financially supported by Slovak Geological Society and Slovak Caves Administration this year and Doc. Mgr. Julian Kodela, PhD., Dr hab. inż. Maciej Manecki, prof. AGH and doc. Mgr. Marianna Kováčová, PhD. took over the guarantee of the conference on behalf of the faculties this year. This year 85 participants from 8 countries (Slovakia, Poland, Canada, Czech Republic, Russia, Norway, Sweden and Ecuador) attended the conference and presented 49 papers in two days. Student presentations (39 lectures) were also evaluated this year. The expert committee M. Kováčová, M. Manecki and L. Vizi awarded the Geological Club’s Rudolf Mock Award for the best student work to Peter Kiss from the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava.
11 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
The third day was traditionally dedicated to field trip which was focused on the localities of the Slovak Karst mainly. The participants had the opportunity to listen to the professional commentary of Prof. RNDr. Dušan Plašienka, DrSc. and RNDr. Ľudovít Gaál, PhD. at localities Zádiel Gorge, Meliata and Domica Cave and the excursion was completed by wine tasting in the pleasant surroundings of the nearby Granarium (Jablonov nad Turňou). We are looking forward to new discoveries, highly scientific and inspiring contributions from students and young geologists, as well as the unforgettable friendly atmosphere that accompanies this conference every year at the XXI. ICYG in Poland in April 2020.
12 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Effect of zeolite particle size on Mn sorption capacity
TOMÁŠ BAKALÁR1, HENRIETA PAVOLOVÁ1 and IGOR MIŇO2
1 – Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia, [email protected], [email protected] 2 – Department of the Environment, Veterinary Legislation and Economy, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia, [email protected]
This work investigates the use of specific zeolite based sorbents to lower the high manganese level below the limit given by the Decree No. 247/2017 of the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic laying down details on drinking water quality, drinking water quality control, monitoring program and risk management of drinking water supply in Slovakia which is 50.0 μg per litre in drinking water. Unfortunately, this limit value of manganese is exceeded in more than 50% of monitored sources of groundwater and surface water based on the data from the Information System for Monitoring the Environment of the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute. This is the reason why not only new technologies have to be developed but also the existing ones have to be evolved in order to make them more efficient, more low-cost and more easy to use. The investigated technology is not novel but the reason for the study was the high manganese concentration in most of natural water in Slovakia and to test the efficacy of Slovakia-based natural zeolite in the removal of Mn from aqueous systems – making it more efficient, reducing costs, improving the economic viability, though the economic aspect is not the merit of the study, and making it simpler. Zeolites are aluminosilicates, naturally occurring minerals, with an open framework crystal structure. Zeolites are widely used in many applications, for example as molecular sieves, adsorbents, surfactants, as well as for removal of cations from acid mine water and industrial wastewater. Natural zeolites have high capacity in removing heavy metals from contaminated water, are relatively cheap, safe, and environmentally friendly adsorbents. The zeolite quarry, where the samples used for study were obtained from, is located in Nižný Hrabovec (SK) and is considered to be one of the largest deposits and cleanest zeolite areas in Europe (Zeocem, 2017). Natural zeolite ZeoCem Micro 20 and Micro 50 (Zeocem, 2017) with mean particle size of 20 µm and 50 µm, respectively, and the main component of clinoptilolite were used in the experiments. Solutions of Mn were prepared from analytic grade manganese sulphate monohydrate (ITES Vranov, Ltd., SK). Analytic grade HCl and NaOH, used to adjust pH, were also obtained from ITES Vranov, Ltd. (SK). The sorption experiments were realised with a series of flasks containing 100 cm3 (V) of Mn -3 solution at different initial concentrations (C0 = 0.001 to 1 g.dm ) and a fixed dosage -3 -1 of sorbent (Ca = 1 g.dm ), agitated for 2 hours in a rotary shaker at 200 min , with a temperature control at 25 °C, sufficient for the metal ions adsorption to reach an equilibrium. The initial pH of the solution was 7. The solutions were settled and analysed for Mn content by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) iCE 3300 Thermo Scientific (USA)
13 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
-1 with deuterium correction background. The amounts of metal adsorbed qe (kg.kg ) were calculated from the difference between the initial metal concentration C0 and metal -3 concentration at equilibrium Ce (g.dm ) in the solution according to equation qe = (C0 – 3 Ce).V/ma, with ma (g) is the weight of adsorbent, V (dm ) is the volume of solution. All the experiments were performed in triples and the result was taken as the average value of each experiment. The experiments were analysed using adsorption isotherms which provide an adequate description of Mn adsorption equilibria on zeolites. The Freundlich (1906), Langmuir (1916), and Redlich-Peterson (1959) isotherms were used. The parameters of the isotherms for Mn adsorption onto ZeoCem Micro 20 and Micro 50 are presented in Table 1. The isotherms and parameters are as follows:
1 n 3/n -1/n - Freundlich: qe K f C e , with Kf (m .kg ) is adsorption capacity, n is intensity (1); the isotherm represents sorption taking place on a heterogeneous surface with interaction between the adsorbed molecules (Albadarin et al., 2011),
-1 - Langmuir: qe q m a L C e1 a L C e , with qm (kg.kg ) is maximum sorption capacity, aL (m3.kg-1) is adsorption energy; the isotherm represents sorption taking place on a homogenous surface within the adsorbent (Günay et al., 2007),
3 -1 3 - - Redlich-Peterson: qe K R C e1 a R C e , with KR (m .kg ) and aR (m .kg ) are constants, β (1) is exponent; the isotherm is used as a compromise between the Langmuir and Freundlich systems (Albadarin et al., 2011).
Table 1. Sorption capacities of studied Mn sorbents. Adsorbent ZeoCem Micro 20 ZeoCem Micro 50 kf 0.0922 0.0978 Freundlich isotherm n 2.3523 2.8910 R2 0.8701 0.9335 qm 4.6019 2.1588 Langmuir isotherm aL 0.0009 0.0015 R2 0.9517 0.9390 kR 1.7166 1.4950 b 18.2342 15.0638 Redlich-Peterson isotherm R β 0.5778 0.656 R2 0.9535 0.9728
The adsorption study was conducted with two sorbents based on zeolite. Based on the correlation coefficients we evaluated the equilibrium and selected the most suitable isotherm. The study confirmed that the experimental data are best described by Redlich- Peterson isotherm for both ZeoCem Micro 20 and Micro 50 and ZeoCem Micro 20 with smaller mean particle size has a higher sorption capacity for Mn, which might be caused
14 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) by the particle size of the adsorbent. Further studies will concentrate on searching for other sorbents, especially those based on natural materials from Slovakia and their comparison under different conditions, especially varying pH and temperature as well as their modifications.
Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of Slovak Republic under the grant No. 1/0515/18.
References Albadarin, A.B., Al-Muhtaseb, A.H., Al-laqtah, N.A., Walker, G.M., Allen S.J. & Ahmad, M.N.M. 2011 Biosorption of toxic chromium from aqueous phase by lignin: mechanism, effect of other metal ions and salts. Chemical Engineering Journal, 169, 1–3, 20–30. Freundlich, H.M.F. 1906. Über die Adsorption in Lösungen. Zeitschrift fuer Physikalische Chemie, 57(A), 385– 470. Günay, A., Arslankaya, E. & Tosun, I. (2007). Lead removal from aqueous solution by natural and pretreated clinoptilolite: Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics. Journal of Hazardous Material, 146, 1–2, 362–371. Langmuir, I. 1916. The constitutuion and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. Part I. Solids. Journal of American Chemical Society, 38, 11, 2221–2295. Redlich, O. & Peterson, D.L. 1959. A useful adsorption isotherm. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 63, 6, 1024–1024. Zeocem, 2017. Zeocem, a.s. Bystré [online], [cited 24.2.2017], available on-line: http://www.zeocem.com/sk/.
15 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
A multi-method geochronological approach to constrain subduction and exhumation of the Vaimok Lens, Seve Nappe Complex, Scandinavian Caledonides
CHRISTOPHER BARNES1, JAROSŁAW MAJKA1,2, DAVID SCHNEIDER3, KATARZYNA WALCZAK1, MICHAŁ BUKAŁA1 and KAROLINA KOŚMINŚKA1,4
1 – AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] 2 – Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Villavägen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. 3 – The University of Ottawa, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 25 Templeton St., K1N 7N9 Ottawa, Canada. 4 – The University of Iowa, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 115 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City 52242, USA
The Vaimok Lens of the high-pressure Seve Nappe Complex, Scandinavian Caledonides, comprises metasedimentary rocks that host eclogitized mafic bodies. The proto-environment is interpreted to be the rifted, dyke-intruded continental margin of Baltica. The Vaimok Lens is defined by a pervasive S2 foliation that formed during exhumation of the rocks from ultra- high pressure conditions. The lens is also bounded by shear zones that accommodated transport of the Caledonian nappes during the final continental collisional stage. Both the S2 foliation and the bounding shear zones are defined by the alignment of white mica. Relic monazite is also found within the metasedimentary rocks and are incompletely replaced by apatite + allanite + clinozoisite. The reaction products are aligned with the S2 foliation. Accessory zircon is also found within many metasedimentary samples. Accordingly, we applied in-situ monazite Th-U-total Pb dating, zircon LA-ICP-MS depth-profile U-Pb dating and in-situ white mica 40Ar/39Ar geochronology to metapsammitic and metapelitic rocks of the Vaimok Lens in order to resolve the timing of subduction and exhumation. Results of the monazite geochronology indicate that subduction of the Vaimok Lens occurred at 498 ± 10 Ma. Monazite with the Caledonian age-signature formed via dissolution-reprecipitation of Neoproterozoic monazite and records prograde garnet growth in high-pressure conditions as it contains low Y2O3 (mean: 0.18 wt%) and high SrO (mean: 0.35 wt%) with respect to the Neoproterozoic monazite (means: 0.70 Y2O3 wt% and 0.18 SrO wt%). Monazite remained stable during initial exhumation as demonstrated by a subordinate monazite population (mean Y2O3 wt% of 3.03) that crystallized at 479 ± 29 Ma in response to partial dissolution of garnet. As exhumation proceeded, Ca-rich fluids infiltrated the rocks, resulting in breakdown of monazite to form apatite + allanite + clinozoisite that crystallized along the S2 foliation. Detrital zircon grains within the metasediments were also affected by the Ca- rich fluids as the fluids facilitated dissolution-reprecipitation of the zircon. This process led to the formation of thin (<10 μm) reprecipitated zircon rims that are enriched in Light Rare Earth Elements, U, Th, and P and have subtle Eu anomalies in the rims (Eu/Eu* ≈ 0.6-1.2), all with respect to the cores. The rims chemically record the breakdown of monazite within the rocks in high-
16 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) pressure conditions. Three samples constrained the timing of this event at 480 ± 22 Ma, 479 ± 38 Ma and 475 ± 26 Ma. In-situ 40Ar/39Ar geochronology was applied to white micas defining the S2 foliation, targeting samples with tabular, undeformed white mica grains, as well as high-strain samples with white mica fish and S-C fabrics. The undeformed samples yielded cooling ages between c. 480-460 Ma whereas the high-strain samples track deformation of the samples between c. 455-435 Ma, both in response to exhumation of the Vaimok Lens. White mica samples dated from the bounding shear zones resolve the timing of the final collisional stage and emplacement of the Vaimok Lens between c. 420-405 Ma.
Acknowledgement: Research funded by NCN project no. 2014/14/E/ST10/00321
17 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
The age of metaigneous basement of the West Ny-Friesland Terrane, Northern Svalbard
JAKUB BAZARNIK1, JAROSŁAW MAJKA2,3, WILLIAM C. MCCLELLAND4 KAROLINA KOŚMIŃSKA3,4, KARSTEN PIEPJOHN5, SYNNØVE ELVEVOLD6, JUSTIN V. STRAUSS7 and MAGDALENA PAŃCZYK8
1 – Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Carpathian Branch; Skrzatów 1, 31-560 Kraków, Poland; [email protected]; 2 – Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752-36 Uppsala, Sweden; 3 – Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH-UST, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; 4 – Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa 52242, Iowa City, USA; 5 – Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hanover, Germany; 6 – Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway; 7 – Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, HB6105 Fairchild Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA 8 – Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Laboratory Division, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland
The West Ny-Friesland Terrane (Svalbard’s Eastern Basement Province) is dominated by the Atomfjella Antiform (Witt-Nilsson et al., 1998) which consists of four Caledonian thrust-sheets, from bottom to top: the Finlandveggen (Eskolabreen and Smutsbreen units), Rekvika (Flåtan – Instrumentberget, Polhem and Rittervatnet units), Nordbreen (Bangenhuk and Vassfaret unit) and the Dirksodden nappes (Sørbreen unit) (Gee and Tebenkov, 2004; Hellman et al., 2001). Each thrust (nappe) is composed of orthogneiss basement and metasedimentary cover. Previous studies of Paleoproterozoic basement comprising granitic gneiss exhibited ages ca. 1750 Ma that is obtained using conventional U-Pb zircon dating techniques (Johansson et al., 1995; Larionov et al., 1995; Johansson and Gee, 1999). Both felsic rocks and their metasedimentary cover are cut by numerous mafic dykes. Here, we report results of ion microprobe dating on zircon from felsic rocks, collected during the CASE 18 Expedition in 2015 and subsequently processed in the Micro-Analyses Laboratory at PGI-NRI in Warszawa, Poland. The samples of metagranite and augen gneiss from the Bangenhuk unit yielded ages of 1753±8 Ma and 1749±5 Ma, respectively. A metagranite from the Sørbreen unit gave an age of 1742±3 Ma, whereas a gneiss from the Flåtan – Instrumentberget unit an age of 1744±3 Ma. Interestingly, two metaigneous rocks from the Polhem unit yielded ages of 2002±4 Ma and 2004±3 Ma. In contrast, a metagabbro dyke that cuts orthogneiss of the Bangenhuk unit yielded an age of 1373±4 Ma (Bazarnik et al., 2019). The obtained ages are uncommon for the Svalbard’s Basement Provinces, but similar ages are reported from crystalline basement of the Kronprins Christian Land, northernmost East Greenland (Kalsbeek et al., 1999, 2008, Upton et al., 2005). Therefore, we propose a close paleogeographic link between the Proterozoic basement of West Ny-Friesland and Northeast Greenland during pre-Caledonian time.
18 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Acknowledgement: This research is supported by the internal grant of the PGI-NRI (61.2899.1601.00.0) and the NCN grant no. 2015/19/N/ST10/02646.
References Bazarnik, J., Majka, J., McClelland, W.C., Strauss, J.V., Kośmińska, K., Piepjohn, K., Elvevold, S., Czupyt, Z. & Mikuš, T. 2019. U-Pb zircon dating of metaigneous rocks from the Nordbreen Nappe of Svalbard’s Ny- Friesland suggests their affinity to Northeast Greenland. Terra Nova submitted. Gee, D.G. & Tebenkov, A.M. 2004. Svalbard: a fragment of the Laurentian margin. In: The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of Eastern Baltica (D.G. Gee and V. Pease, eds). Geological Society of London, Memoir, 30, 191-206. Hellman, F.J., Gee, D.G. & Witt-Nilsson, P. 2001. Late Archean basement in the Bangenhuken Complex of the Nordbreen Nappe, western Ny-Friesland, Svalbard. Polar Research, 20, 49-59. Johansson, Å. & Gee, D.G. 1999. The late Palaeoproterozoic Eskolabreen granitoids of southern Ny Friesland, Svalbard Caledonides – geochemistry, age and origin. Geol. Fören. Stockholm Förh., 121, 113-126. Johansson, Å., Gee, D.G., Björklund, L. & Witt-Nilsson, P. 1995. Isotope studies of granitoids from the Bangenhuken Formation, Ny Friesland Caledonides, Svalbard. Geological Magazine, 132, 303-320. Kalsbeek, F., Higgins, A.K., Jepsen, H.F., Frei, R., & Nutman, A.P. 2008. Granites and granites in the East Greenland Caledonides. In: The Greenland Caledonides: Evolution of the Northeast Margin of Laurentia (A.K. Higgins, J.A. Gilotti and M.P. Smith, eds). Geological Society of America Memoir, 202, 227-249. Kalsbeek, F., Nutman, A.P., Escher, J.C., Friderichsen, J.D., Hull, J.M., Jones, K.A. & Pedersen, S.A.S. 1999. Geochronology of granitic and supracrustal rocks from the northern part of the East Greenland Caledonides: ion microprobe U–Pb zircon ages. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 184, 31-48. Larionov, A.N., Johansson, Å., Tebenkov, A.M. & Sirotkin, A.N. 1995. U-Pb Zircon ages from the Eskolabreen Formation, southern Ny Friesland, Svalbard. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 75, 247-257. Upton, B.G.J., Rämö, O.T., Heaman, L.M., Blichert-Toft, J., Kalsbeek, F., Barry, T.L. & Jepsen, H.F. 2005. The Mesoproterozoic Zig-Zag Dal basalts and associated intrusions of eastern North Greenland: mantle plume– lithosphere interaction. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 149, 40-56. Witt-Nilsson, P., Gee, D.G. & Hellman, F.J. 1998. Tectonostratigraphy of the Caledonian Atomfjella Antiform of northern Ny Friesland, Svalbard. Norsk Geologisk Tidskrift, 78, 67-80.
19 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
General diversity of Neogene rodents: an exercise with the NOW data
MELIKE BILGIN1, PETER JONIAK2 and LARS W. VAN DEN HOEK OSTENDE3
1 – Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia, [email protected] 2 – Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia, [email protected] 3 – Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands, [email protected]
Fossil rodents have been demonstrated to be a very useful tool for dating terrestrial sediments, biogeographical studies and assessing the biodiversity of the past. Particularly in Europe, they have been established as an important tool in reconstructing the Caenozoic history of the continent. The diversity of rodents varies in each region, which suggests different palaeoenvironments. While, during the early Miocene, central Europe is dominated by the eomyids and the glirids, eastern Europe was dominated by the hamsters. However, the lack of change in overall diversity at the MN 3/MN 4 transition in central Europe and the Iberian Peninsula is remarkable. This is known to represent the largest turnover in rodent faunas. The more remarkable is that there is a marked rise in eastern Europe. The turnover involved the entrance of cricetid taxa in western Europe, ending the so-called Cricetid Vacuum. These taxa were, however, already present in eastern Europe during most of the early Miocene. The hamster immigrants (Democricetodon, Megacricetodon and Eumyarion) were a sign of the bridges between continents and changing palaeoecology in MN 4. This changed the balance, the reign of eomyids was overturned and a new reign would begin. In the Iberian Peninsula, we see an increase in the number of taxa in MN 7+8 or, in local stratigraphy, the late Aragonian. This increase is related to more humid conditions in the area in the onset to the Vallesian. MN9 is a different story for rodents because of the period of murids would begin as Parapodemus and Progonomys. They were not just dominant, but also represent diverse elements in the late Miocene. During MN 13, dry conditions prevailed in southern Europe. Nevertheless, we note a sharp increase in the number of genera in the Iberian Peninsula. In part, this may be caused by African immigrants in this period. The three different regions; the Iberian Peninsula, central and eastern Europe all have a different story. The story is explained by using the NOW database which contains information about Cenozoic land mammal taxa and localities. Central Europe mostly shows more diversity. Eastern Europe has more indigenous species and still holds many questions. Despite being best sampled, Iberia shows a low diversity, which is probably related to it being a peninsula. Acknowledgement: This work was carried with financial support from the APVV-16-0121. PJ is supported by Slovak Scientific Grant Agency (VEGA 1/0702/17 and VEGA 1/0164/19). LHO acknowledges the support of Tübitak under the visiting researcher program.
20 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Seismic activity changes in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland
AGNIESZKA BRACŁAWSKA1
1 – Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Bedzinska Str., 41-200, Sosnowiec, [email protected]
Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland is one of the most seismically active mining areas in the world. This region has an inhomogeneous distribution of earthquakes and is very complicated in tectonic terms, therefore, it is a very interesting region for seismologists. In the USCB tremor epicenters do not occur uniformly throughout the whole basin. They are grouped in several regions belonging to different structural units and are separated by regions where strong shocks are not observed. The mining exploitation of coal deposits in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) causes an imbalance in the distribution of the rock mass stress and tension, both in the immediate and distant surroundings of mine workings (Patyńska &Stec, 2017). Consequently, there is the occurrence of strong seismic events in this region. In some mines in the region tremors reach magnitudes up to 4.0 (local magnitude) and are thought to be of mining-tectonic origin rather than pure mining (Stec, 2007). This study presents the results of statistical analysis of time series for events recorded by Upper Silesian Regional Seismological Network operated by Central Mining Institute
(CMI). The seismic database contains events for ML > 2.0 recorded during the period 1987 – 2017 in different regions of the USCB: the main syncline area, the main anticline area, the Rybnik Coal District, the Kazimierz syncline area and the Bytom syncline area. For the needs of the study, a time series of seismic activity between 1987 – 2017 for ML > 2.0 has been prepared. The statistical analysis showed that the level of seismic activity that occurred in the whole USCB and several regions, corresponding to its structural units, was changed during the analysed period. It can be observed that the changes in seismic activity are not uniform throughout the entire USCB. The most active area, in terms of the number of shocks, is the main syncline area, while the least shocks were noted in the Kazimierz syncline. The changes in seismic activity depends both on the intensity of exploitation and on the variability of the lithological and tectonic structure, as well as on the accumulation of stresses occurring in the rock mass. In general, during the studied period, the number of events ranged from 77 shocks/quarter in the fourth quarter of 1996 to 519 shocks/quarter in the second quarter of 2014. The analysis also showed that the number of the strongest tremors has increased in recent years. The magnitudes range of tremors allows us to assume that their origin is twofold: pure mining and mining-tectonic (Marcak & Mutke, 2013).
21 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
References Marcak, H. & Mutke, G. 2013. Seismic activation of tectonic stresses by mining. Journal of Seismology, 17, 1139–1148. Patyńska, R. & Stec, K. 2017. Regional rockburst indicator for structural units of Upper Silesia Coal Basin. Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica, 39, 3. DOI: 10.1515/sgem-2017-0027 Stec, K. 2007. Characteristics of seismic activity of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland. Geophysical Journal International, 168, 757–768.
22 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Possibilities of application of seismic refraction method in geologically problematic sites (case study from Kraľovany quarry)
VLADIMÍR BUDINSKÝ1, JULIÁN KONDELA1 and MARTA PREKOPOVÁ1
1 – Institute of Geosciences, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice, Letna 9, Košice, 040 01, Slovakia; [email protected]
The safety of mining is affected mainly by the prevailing natural and technical processes in the affected localities. Geological work related to rocks exploitation can lead to activation of various mass movements as landslides. The subsequent deterioration of the walls of the quarry can lead to unexpected consequences that affect the entire mining process. Significant mass activity which covered an area bigger than 96,900 m2 occurred during March 2013 in Kraľovany-Rieka dolomite quarry (Northern Slovakia) (Šimeková et al., 2013). As the area near the quarry was planned for highway and the nearby lakes were used for recreation, the moving rock mass attracted the attention the specialists and the public as well. The Slovak geological survey began with kinematics monitoring and distinguished three different directions of movements. The aim of our study is the geological reconstruction of the site including an analysis of the internal structure of the quarry, the position and geometry of the sliding plane and determination of the water level in the area by nondestructive methods such as seismic refraction and tomography, ground vibration monitoring and geological documentation. Four differently oriented 138 m long seismic profiles with 24 geophones each, were planned to investigate the geological contact (possible sliding plane) between carbonates and granodiorites. The field data were measured by Terraloc Mk8 24 channel seismograph with 10 Hz vertical geophones and successively processed using ReflexW Sandmeier software Version 7.2.2. The final model depicting the surface of the granodiorites and thicknesses of the carbonate body was constructed in the Petrel modeling software. Seismic refraction enabled differentiation of two refraction boundaries. The first boundary lying within dolomites can be associated with differences in tectonic disturbance of these rocks. The second boundary corresponds with contact between overlying dolomites and granodiorites. The tomographic profiles highlighted the spatial position of three geological units identified according to the refraction boundaries. Lateral changes of the velocities within tomographic as well as refraction profiles indicate the presence of several steep N-S and E-W oriented faults. Comparing to other applied methods (geological mapping, ground vibration monitoring), seismic refraction and especially tomography provided overall insight into the spatial distribution of tectonic structures and morphology of granodiorites.
Acknowledgement: This abstract was published with the support of the Austria - Slovakia Action, Cooperation in Science and Education within a project: “Glacial - fluvial dynamics along the Alpine-Carpathian belt during the Quaternary”. N.r.: 2018-03-15-001.
References Šimeková, J., Liščák, P., Ondrejka, P., Frašta, M., Kopecký, M., Ţilka, A., Kováčik, M., Pauditš, P. & Balík, D. 2013. Monitoring of the rockslide kinematics in the Kraľovany Village. ŠGÚDŠ, Geologické práce, Správy, 122, 7-27.
23 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Landslide monitoring by Persistent Scatterer Interferometry - Case study of the Kosice Basin, Slovakia
JAROSLAV BUŠA1, VLADIMÍR GREIF1, RUDOLF TORNYAI1, MARTIN MAĽA1 and MARTIN BEDNARIK1
1 – Department of Engineering Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia, [email protected]
Landslides belong to the most significant geodynamic phenomena in the Slovak Republic. According to the recent data more than 21 029 slope failures (mostly landslides) have been registered in the Slovak part of the Western Carpathians. They cover an area of 2 576 km2 which represent 5.25 % of the total area of Slovakia. The landslides are concentrated especially in the Flysch and Neovolcanic regions (Petro et al. 2014). In our case, we interested urban area between Prešov and Košice, in the Kosice Basin. The Kosice Basin from geological viewpoint represents north-eastern promontory of the Pannonian Basin aggregate. The Kosice Basin is of a longitudinal north-south trending form with the southern part twisted south-westwards and transiting to Hungary. Geological structure of the Kosice Basin is relatively complex and formed during more stages (Kaličiak et al., 1991; 1996). Present shape was formed during the accumulation of Neogene sedimentary formations. In the northern part of the Kosice Basin Neogene sediments are underlain by Paleogene sediments and underlying pre-Tertiary complex in the whole basin is represented by different Palaeozoic-Mesozoic rocks (Pereszlényi et al. 1999). Total study acreage represents approximately 2 271 km2. The State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr registered 1066 landslides in this area. Total landslide area represents 280.7 km2, what is 12.35 % of total study area. The landslides in Kapušany, Ruská Nová Ves, Nižná Myšľa or landslide in the Dargovských hrdinov housing estate (also known as Furča is part of the town of Košice), are some famous landslides situated there. Nowadays, we can identify activity of landslide from space by satellites with synthetic aperture radar. In our paper, we used method PS InSAR (Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) and images from satellite Sentinel-1A (European Space Agency). PS InSAR is an advanced technique of a multitemporal satellite radar interferometry that has been proven as an operational tool for low-cost, wide-area coverage and millimeter precision ground deformation monitoring. It has been developed at Politecnico di Milano (Ferretti et al., 2000; 2001). Analyses were carried out on the set of Single Look Complex (SLC), where we used 67 images from ascending (relative orbit No. 102) and 57 images from descending orbit (relative orbit No. 153) in the period from 3. 12. 2014 to 21. 5. 2017. Master images was selected for ascending orbit 11. 3. 2016 and descending orbit 2. 5. 2016. The digital elevation model SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) 30x30 m was used for removal errors from topography. From ascending/descending dataset was generated 21 870/24 100 PS points.
24 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
For PS points is typical velocity in mm. year, which is basis for the assessment of activity landslide. In summary, we detected 182 landslides within PS points, what it represents 17.1 % from all landslides in study area. In the end, we can summarize this method is useful in the urban area affected by landslides between Prešov and Košice from a regional of view.
Figure 1. Map of the count of PS points in the registered database of landslides.
Acknowledgement: This work was partially supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (VEGA) within the project No. 1/0503/19; 1/0650/19 and supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-0129-12, No. APVV-16-0146.
References Ferretti, A., Prati, C., Rocca, F. 2000. Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 38, 5, 2202 – 2212. Ferretti, A., Prati, C., Rocca, F. 2001. Permanent scaatteres in SAR interferometry. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 38, 5, 2202 – 2212 Kaličiak, M., Baňacký, V., Jacko, S., Janočko, J., Karoli, S., Molnár, J., Petro, Ľ. 1991. Geologická mapa Slanských vrchov a Košickej kotliny - severná časť, 1:50 000. Publ. GS SR, Bratislava.
25 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Kaličiak, M., Baňacký, V., Jacko, S., Janočko, J., Karoli, S., Petro, Ľ., Spišiak, Z., Vozár, J., Žec, B., Ivanička, J., Vass, D. 1996. Geologická mapa Slanských vrchov a Košickej kotliny - južná časť, M 1:50 000. Publ. GS SR, Bratislava. Pereszlényi, M., Pereszlényiová, A., Masaryk, P. 1999. Geological setting of the Kosice Basin in relafion to geothermal energy resources. Bulletin d'Hydrogeologie, 17, 115-122. Petro, Ľ., Jánová, V., Žilka, A., Ondrejka, P., Liščák, P., Balík, D. 2014. Landslide in Nižná Mysľa Village (Eastern Slovakia). Landslide Science for a Safer Geoenvironment, Vol. 3: Targeted Landslides. - Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. 305-311.
26 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Effect of location and permeability of weak zone on thermal sensors measurements in the levee
MACIEJ DWORNIK1
1 –AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, Al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, [email protected]
Earthen levee is one of the most popular methods to protect human lives and infrastructure. These constructions should be in good condition to fulfill their function. Earthen levees can be damaged by natural processes such as weathering and human and animal activities. It is a reason to create the monitoring system of the condition of levees. Dense set of thermal sensors placed inside a levee is one of the tested methods in the ISMOP project (www.ismop.pl). This method assumes that a temperature difference between infiltrated fluid and ground exists. Close to the weak zone, where permeability has a greater value than in the surrounding ground, the measured temperature should be significantly different from the homogeneous part (Dwornik et al., 2018). Numerical modelling was the method used to test the possibility of weak zone detection during flood. Weak zone was represented as a horizontal body (0.1 x 11.5 m) with permeability 10-, 100- and 1000-times higher than permeability in the levee. Three positions of potential weak zone were tested: 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 meters above the ground level. Numerical calculations were done by Itasca Flac 2D software. The values of soil parameters, air and water temperature and water level distribution were like a real experiment conducted in Czernichów near Krakow during ISMOP project (Mościcki et al., 2014). The results of numerical calculations show limitations of thermal sensors using. Temperature anomalies were mainly visible in the initial moments of high-water level. When value of permeability of weak zone is low or temperature contrast between water and levee is not enough, the infiltrated water quickly reaches ground temperature. Results also show, that, for tested initial condition, it is very difficult to locate the weak zone correctly. For all the three positions of weak zone, the differences were clearly visible for the biggest permeability of weak zone and only for sensors located close to the edges of levee.
Acknowledgement: This work was financed by AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, as a part of statutory project no 11.11.140.613. Data used in this work were collected as part of the ISMOP project, sponsored by NCBiR under Grant no. PBS1/B9/18/2013. References Dwornik, M., Franczyk, A. & Leśniak, A. 2018 Identification of zones of increased permeability using numerical modelling of temperature distribution - an ISMOP case study. In: E3S Web of Conferences, 4th International Conference on Applied Geophysics, 66, 1-8, DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20186603002 www.ismop.pl
27 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Mościcki, J.W., Bania, G., Ćwiklik, M. & Borecka A. 2014 DC resistivity studies of shallow geology in the vicinity of Vistula river flood bank in Czernichów Village (near Kraków in Poland). Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica, 36 (1), 63–70
28 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Onshore-offshore gradients in the composition of molluscan assemblages in the Vienna and Danube basin during the Middle Miocene
TOMÁŠ FUKSI1,2
1 – Earth Science Institute, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, P.O.Box 106, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia, [email protected] 2 – Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic, Nám. Ľ. Štúra 1, 812 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
The composition of benthic assemblages was strongly affected by environmental, climatic and oceanographic changes at the Badenian/Sarmatian boundary (Midlde Miocene, Serravallian) (Badenian/Sarmatian extinction event, BSEE, Kováč et al., 2004, 2007; Harzhauser & Piller, 2007; Holcová, 2008), with significant regional-scale species extinctions, disappearance of reefs. The environments in the Pannonian Basin System were also subjected to increasing water-column stratification during the Late Badenian as indicated by increasing abundance of benthic foraminifers adapted to hypoxic conditions and by increasing δ18O between planktonic and benthic foraminifers (Báldi, 2006; Kováč et al., 2007). The Middle Miocene molluscan assemblages in the Vienna and Danube basins (Central Paratethys) provide an opportunity to evaluate community changes along bathymetric gradients in the two basins prior to and during the Badenian/Sarmatian extinction event. Taxonomic composition and abundances of the molluscan assemblages from these basins were used to infer paleoenvironment and to compare spatial and temporal gradients in the molluscan composition between several sections near Rohožník in the NE Vienna Basin and two sections in the NW Danube Basin (Dubová and Trstín). We identify onshore-offshore gradients in the NW Danube Basin (on the eastern border of Malé Karpaty Mountains). The locality Dubová was characterized by shallow, peritidal (mudflats with Crassostrea) to upper shoreface (seagrass) sandy environment with relatively stable conditions. The location at Trstín captures not only sediments originating in shoreface, seagrass environments (with highly diverse molluscan assemblages), similarly as in Dubová, but also deeper, inner- to middle shelf, organic-rich muds (with less diverse molluscan assemblages). Badenian assemblages at Rohožník (VB) are generally diverse but relatively uneven, with high abundance of C. gibba. The onshore-offshore gradient at Rohožník ranges from the Corbula-oyster assemblages (sandy inner shelf) through the Alvania-Corbula assemblage and the Corbula-Nassarius assemblage (muddy middle shelf) in the central and NW part of the Rohožník sector. Molluscan assemblages with superdominance of C. gibba in the Vienna basin document the effect of hypoxia, either due to river-induced eutrophication and/or higher isolation of the Vienna Basin with respect to currents from the open sea. Molluscan assemblages in the Danube basin, with the dominance of the Turritella assemblages in aphotic non-
29 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) vegetated environments, show also organic enrichment, but no clear signs of hypoxic or anoxic events. In contrast to the Vienna Basin, deeper environments in the NW Danube Basins were not dominated by Corbula gibba. This difference between basins can be related to higher river-borne nutrient supply in the Vienna Basin and/or stronger circulation in the Danube Basin, which was probably less isolated from open marine currents during the Late Badenian. The Upper Badenian molluscan assemblages display a higher compositional heterogeneity in molluscan assemblages than Sarmatian assemblages (i.e., inner-to-outer shelf molluscan communities from the Upper Badenian sediments of the Vienna and Danube basins are different whereas there are no major differences between these basins during the Early Sarmatian), possibly reflecting overall shallowing of the environment and thus a smaller bathymetric range. The compositional differences between the two basins observed based on molluscan assemblages during the Late Badenian were thus lost during the Early Sarmatian. The mollusks inhabiting both nearshore and deeper-shelf habitats in both basins were equally strongly affected by the Badenian/Sarmatian extinction event. The Early Sarmatian assemblages show relatively monotonous assemblages dominated by small rissoid herbivorous gastropods. Higher proportions of Valvata socceni in the Danube Basin can indicate lower water salinity.
Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the VEGA 135/16.
References Báldi, K. 2006. Paleoceanography and climate of the Badenian (Middle Miocene, 16.4–13.0 Ma) in the Central Paratethys based on foraminifera and stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) evidence. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 95, 119-142. Harzhauser, M. & Piller, W.E. 2007. Benchmark data of a changing sea—palaeogeography, palaeobiogeography and events in the Central Paratethys during the Miocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 8-31. Holcová, K. 2008. Foraminiferal species diversity in the Central Paratethys - a reflection of global or local events? Geologica Carpathica, 59, 71-85. Kováč, M., Baráth, I., Harzhauser, M., Hlavatý, I. & Hudáčková, N., 2004. Miocene depositional systems and sequence stratigraphy of the Vienna Basin. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 246, 187-212. Kováč, M., Andreyeva-Grigorovich, A., Bajraktarevic, Z., Brzobohaty, R., Filipescu, S., Fodor, L., Harzhauser, M., Nagymarosy, A., Oszczypko, N., Pavelic, D., Rögl, F., Saftic B., Sliva L. & Studencka B., 2007. Badenian evolution of the Central Paratethys Sea: paleogeography, climate and eustatic sea-level changes. Geologica Carpathica, 58, 579-606.
30 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Gold in Archaean greenstone belts of Fennoscandia
DARIA GLUKHOVA1
1 – A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Saint-Petersburg, [email protected]
Archaean rocks comprise much of the eastern and northern parts of the Fennoscandian Shield and were divided into five provinces–the Karelian, Belomorian, Kola, Murmansk and Norrbotten provinces. The Archaean of the Fennoscandian Shield is dominated by the Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite rocks (TTG) association covering about 80% of the area, with subordinate greenstone belts, paragneisses, granulite complexes and migmatitic amphibolites. (Hölttä et al., 2008). Archaean greenstone belts are important pieces of crust that preserve the supracrustal sequences of the early Earth (Condie, 1994). Until the end of the 1970's only a few gold deposits were known in the Fennoscandian Shield and there were no clear ideas about the regional gold potential. However, intensive exploration in the 1980's led to the discovery of a number of economically interesting gold deposits and zones of good potential, in addition to the opening of a number of gold mines: Enäsen (1984) and Björkdal (1988; 6.54 Mt with 2.8 g/t) in Sweden; as well as Bidjovagge (the mineable ore reserves were 1 Mt with 2 g/t Au in year 1985) in Norway; and Saattopora (1988; 0.68 Mt with 3.6 g/t) in Finland (Eilu, 2012). Archaean gold occurrences are known in the Ilomantsi and Kuhmo greenstone belts in Finland, formed between 2.9-2.7 Ga. Supracrustal rocks comprise narrow, bifurcating zones attaining 50 to 100 km in length but only a few kilometers in width within an extensive gneiss-granitoid complex. The gold potential of the more extensive greenstone belts occurring to the east in contiguous parts of Russian territory has not been studied in detail and the existence of gold deposits has not been reported in the literature. Both belts exhibit complex deformation and metamorphism, which attained amphibolite facies conditions (Nurmi et al., 1991). Gold mineralization occurred relatively late in crustal evolution under retrogressive metamorphic conditions. Gold occurs in quartz ± tourmaline veins and also disseminated in pervasively altered quartz-sericite schists, typically containing Fe-sulfides and minor Te and Bi minerals (Kojonen & Johanson, 1994). Although these belts have significant economic potential and exploration is currently focused on them, only a few showings have been evaluated by drilling yet. Mineral Exploration Network Ltd. (Finland) is located in Eastern Finland and includes established gold mineralization in well-known gold districts. Three groups of prospects – Suomussalmi (0,09 Mt with 1.2 g/t Au), Kuhmo (1,3 Mt and 2.9 g/t Au) and Ilomantsi (5 Mt and 0.61 g/t) are located within the same named Archaean greenstone belts. The complex of works during field work from 2013 till 2016 in the particular area includes: collection and analysis of all available data; soil, till, boulders and outcrop sampling; ground
31 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) magnetic, induced polarization and resistivity surveys; prospecting diamond drilling; geochemical XRF and ICP-MS + LA assays. Gold mineralization has been intensively investigated during the last few years and major advances have been made in the understanding of the geological control and genesis of gold deposits. Such studies have mostly been directed towards the geological setting, wall-rock alteration, light stable isotopes and fluid inclusions associated with gold mineralization, whereas geochemical studies concerning systematic analysis of a wide range of elements are few. Mineral Exploration Network Ltd. is a junior company with the aim to carry out an intensive gold exploration in the territory of Finland. The strategy of this company is to attract partners for scoping drilling of existing targets, continue the assessment of exploration potential of the existing projects, acquire new exploration areas in Finland, expand exploration activity into Sweden, Norway and possibly into Russia.
References Condie, K.C. 1994. Archaean Crustal Evolution, 11, 528 pp. Hölttä, Heilimo, Huhma, Kontinen, Mertanen, Mikkola, Paavola, 2008. The Archaean Karelia and Belomorian Provinces, Fennoscandian Shield. Evolution of Archaean Crust and Early Life, 48 pp. Eilu, P. 2012. Mineral deposits and metallogeny of Fennoscandia. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper, 53, 401 pp. Kojonen, K., Johanson, B. & Pakkanen, L.1994 Three new telluride minerals from Archean gold deposits in the Hattu schist belt, Ilomantsi, eastern Finland, 209-210. Nurmi, P.A., Lestinen, P. & Niskavaara, H. 1991. Geochemical characteristics of mesothermal gold deposits in the Fennoscandian Shield, and a comparison with selected Canadian and Australian deposits. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin, 351, 101 pp.
32 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Relevance of eusociality in (paleo)zoogeographical context
JAN HINKELMAN1
1 – Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia [email protected]
Eusociality is a complex societal organization and/or system of gene transfer that is characterized by cooperative brood care, differentiation into castes and overlap of generations (Darwin, 1859; Hamilton, 1964; Michener, 1974; Wilson, 1975), and as such has evolved in ants and paper wasps (Hines et al., 2007), parasitic Encyrtidae (Ivanova-Kasas, 1972; Giron et al., 2006), bees (Batra, 1966; Michener, 1974), gall thrips (Crespi, 1992), aphids (Aoki, 1977), extinct cockroach family Socialidae (Vršanský, 2010), Mastotermitidae (Watson et al., 1977; Nalepa and Lenz, 2000; Vršanský and Aristov, 2014), Eutermites (Bartz, 1979; Abe, 1987), Austroplatypus beetle (Kent and Simpson, 1992), snapping shrimp (Duffy, 1996), blesmols (Sherman et al., 1991; Bromham and Harvey, 1996) as well as some carnivores and primates. The goal of this research was to better understand how the geographical distribution of extant eusocial groups was influenced by processes of dispersion, origination, phylogeny, radiation and extinction. Geographical distribution of fossils from all 18 (12) eusocial groups was examined. EDNA fossil insect database was used to evaluate fossil localities of eusocial insect groups (EDNA https://fossilinsectdatabase.co.uk/search.php active 2018-10-09). In order to show the distribution of fossil localities, both paleogeographic (Early and Late Cretaceous) and modern maps were used from Scotese (2001). Localities that contain fossils of Synalpheus shrimp, blesmols and humans were surveyed using literature. The collected data showed two distinct patterns. Firstly, fossil localities which contain eusocial groups show variable distribution with the majority located in the Northern hemisphere (Laurasia) and only few in the Southern hemisphere (Gondwana). Secondly, there is a significant rise of fossil localities with eusocial groups during the Cenozoic. The variable distribution could be due to preservational bias in the Southern hemisphere, and it is possible that eusocial groups were widespread and diverse so in Gondwana as in Laurasia. The rise of eusocial group fossils during the Cenozoic could be caused by ecological release after K/Pg extinction and further diversification of angiosperms. This research confirmed that biotic and abiotic changes have had a strong influence on geographical distribution of organisms in the past and present.
References Aoki, S. 1977. Colophina clematis (Homoptera, Pemphigidae) an aphid species with "soldiers". Kontyu 45, 276- 282. Abe, T. 1987. Evolution of life types in termites. In: Evolution and Coadaptation in Biotic Communities (Kawano, S., Conell, J. H. & Hidaka, T. eds.) 125-148 (University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo).
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Bartz, S.H. 1979. Evolution of eusociality in termites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 76, 5764-5768. Batra, S.W.T. 1966. Nests and social behavior of halictine bees of India. Indian Journal of Entomology 28, 375- 393. Crespi, B.J. 1992. Eusociality in Australian Gall Thrips. Nature, 6397, 724-726. Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 502 (Clowes and Sons, London). Duffy, J.E. 1996. Eusociality in a coral-reef shrimp. Nature, 381, 512-514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/381512a0 Giron, D., Ross, K.G. & Strand, M.R. 2006. Presence of soldier larvae determines the outcome of competition in a polyembryonic wasp. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20, 1, 165-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01212.x Hamilton, W.D. 1964. The genetical theory of social behavior, I, II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1-52. Hines, H.M., Hunt, J.H., O’Connor, T.K., Gillespie, J.J., & Cameron S.A. 2007. Multigene phylogeny reveals eusociality evolved twice in vespid wasps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 104, 9, 3295-3299. Ivanova-Kasas, O.M. 1972. Polyembryony in insects. In: Developmental systems vol. (1). Insects (Counce and Waddington, eds.) 243-271 (Academic Press, New York). Kent, D.S. & Simpson, J.A. 1992. Eusociality in the beetle Austroplatypus incompertus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Naturwissenschaften, 79, 86-87. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/BF01131810 Michener, C. D., 1974. The social behavior of the bees: a comparative study. 404 (Harvard University Press). Nalepa, C.A. & Lenz, M. 2000. The ootheca of Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt (Isoptera: Mastotermitidae): homology with cockroach oothecae. The Royal Society, Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 267, 1809-1813. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1214 Vršanský, P. & Aristov, D. 2014. Termites (Isoptera) from the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary: Evidence for the longevity of their earliest genera. European Journal of Entomology, 111, 137-141. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/eje.2014.014 Vršanský, P. 2010. Cockroach as the earliest eusocial animal. Acta Geologica Sinica, 84, 793-808. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00261.x Watson, J.A.L., Metcalf, E.C. & Sewell, J.J. 1977. A re-examination of the development of castes in Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt (Isoptera). Australian Journal of Zoology, 25, 25-42. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ZO9770025 Wilson, E.O., 1975. Sociobiology. 349 (Harvard University Press).
34 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Application of magnetic susceptibility and ground- penetrating radar for assessing soil pollution in the former metal smelting area
KATARZYNA KĄDZIOŁKA1, JAKUB KIERCZAK1, ANNA POTYSZ1, ANNA PIETRANIK1, ARTUR SOBCZYK1, ANNA WOJAS2 and VOJTECH ETTLER3
1 – Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Pl. Maksa Borna, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 – Institute of Geophysics, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland, [email protected] 3– Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Charles University, Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic, [email protected]
Soil and water pollution are some of the most common geohazards resulting from the general human presence in the environment. Especially former smelting areas have been recognized to be seriously polluted with numerous metallic elements as a consequence of a low quality pyrometallurgical process (Kierczak et al., 2013; Ettler, 2016). Unfortunately, most of these sites are also places of cultural heritage and are protected by the status of an archaeological site. For this reason, they should not be a subject of a standard geochemical sampling used for pollution assessment as it disturbs the anthropogenic layers. Nevertheless, some methodology for working in this kind of a shallow, human-influenced environment should be introduced. In order to address this issue, a broad spectrum of geochemical and geophysical methods concerning subsurface pollution, especially in the recognition of the areas of toxic metals accumulation, was applied. Analyses were conducted in the historical smelting area of the Leszczyna vicinity in southwestern Poland. This region has long been associated with copper mining, currently carried in the New Copper Basin on the Fore-Sudetic Monocline. In the past, the Old Copper Basin located in the North-Sudetic Basin was an important center of copper mining. Mining started early in the Middle Ages due to near-surface ore appearance. Copper ores in the vicinity of Leszczyna belong to the strata-bound type where copper deposits are associated with silicates, carbonates and sulfides within sedimentary rocks, in this case, shales and marls. Metal smelting in the area started in the 19th century, due to the activity of the Stilles Glück mine and smelter and stopped 50 years ago. Serious surface modifications and wide presence of pyrometallurgical slags, as well as mining waste in the forest environment, are the remnants of this production. Over a hundred years of deposition, wastes got partially incorporated into the soil system. It was recognized that slags are commonly present in the soil in macroscopically visible size as well as in small fractions, 50-200 µm, which, due to higher reaction surface, are subject to weathering at a higher level (Fig. 1).
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Figure 1. (left) Small fraction of slag particles found within soil samples in the area of raised apparent magnetic susceptibility; (right) Model presenting various morphology in the near-smelter area
In the first step the contamination level was determined. Geochemical analyses included elements (major and minor), lead isotope and leaching study (SPLP - Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure, EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) extractions and Acid Neutralizing Potential test. Leaching tests – SPLP and EDTA extractions, were applied to test the slag and rock leaching potential as well as the potential to release bioavailable metals. The wastes are deposited not only within areas exposed to water and plant acids but also areas covered in vegetation. The second step was the Acid Neutralizing Potential test (ANP) in order to determine the acid neutralization capacity of slag as low pH supports metal leaching. In the primary geophysical study magnetics (magnetic susceptibility survey) as well as ground penetrating radar (GPR) were applied in order to recognize the low-depth (topsoil) areas of magnetic minerals accumulation as well as measure the vertical depth of slag. High metal concentrations were found within slags and copper-bearing rocks. Metals are concentrated within metallic and crystalline phases both of which react in a different way when subjected to leaching (Potysz et al 2018). Several types of metallic phases in slags were distinguished, among which phases of Cu-Fe-S assemblage are the susceptible to weathering mostly (Kądziołka et al 2019) generating main source for copper release. Based on the soil geochemistry a high concentration of heavy metals, especially in the near-surface areas, but also within the soil profiles, was discovered. Namely copper, cobalt, nickel, barium and mercury are of high concern. Not all of these elements originated from slags. It was found that copper and barium pollution is probably related to slags presence but base rocks are more enriched in cobalt and mercury. A wide range of apparent magnetic susceptibility (8.4 – 625.7∙10-5) was found on small intervals (within 10 – 20 meters) which presented the areas of heavy metal accumulation. The highest amounts were found in the stream valley and near the historical smelter. High apparent magnetic susceptibility results are associated with areas of a strong weathering and oxidation as slags phase composition does not include magnetic minerals. Numerous GPR profiling (determined by the morphology of the area; Fig. 1) allowed 2D and pseudo-3D modelling that granted an insight into the subsurface. The focus
36 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) was laid on a low-depth (up to 5 meters) transformation and layout of layers which led to differentiation of the depth of wastes occurrence. Application of magnetic susceptibility and GPR analyses allowed a better characterization of the study area as well as the determination of polluted areas. It was possible to find the areas most affected by the ongoing weathering. Nevertheless, for future studies, more than geophysical methods should be implemented as the first stage of our research - geochemical mapping and modelling still provided more exact data.
Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the Polish Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education within Diamentowy Grant (decision: DI2015 023345) with funds for science in 2016-2018.
References Ettler, V. 2016. Soil contamination near non-ferrous metal smelters: A review. Applied Geochemistry, 64, 56-74. Kądziołka, K., Kierczak, J. & Pietranik, A. 2019. Mineralogical characteristics of metallic phases in copper slags from the Old Copper Basin, Poland. Przegląd Geologiczny, in press. Kierczak, J., Potysz, A., Pietranik, A., Tyszka, R., Modelska, M., Néel, C., Ettler, V. & Mihaljevič, M. 2013. Environmental impact of the historical Cu smelting in the Rudawy Janowickie Mountains (south-western Poland). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 124, 183-194. Potysz, A. Kierczak, J., Pietranik, A. & Kądziołka, K. 2018 - Mineralogical, geochemical, and leaching study of historical Cu-slags issued from processing of the Zechstein formation (Old Copper Basin, southwestern Poland). Applied Geochemistry, 98: 22-35.
37 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Mapping the Most Extensive Glaciation in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians), case study of the mouth of Białka Valley
PIOTR KAŁUŻA1, JERZY ZASADNI1 and PIOTR KŁAPYTA2
1 – AGH University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, [email protected], [email protected] 2 – Jagiellonian University, Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, [email protected]
The problem of the Most Extensive Glaciation (MEG) in Tatra Mts. was discussed in the literature for more than a century and considerable number of contradictory theories has been developed. Highly degraded patches of glacial till covers located in the lower parts of valleys and foreland beyond limits of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are classified as the sediments of MEG. These sediments are poorly expressed in morphology in contrast to fresh shaped moraines of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). MEG till covers grade into proglacial outwash fans and gravel covers without clear change of sedimentological and morphological characteristics – diamicton of granitic material whit subdued relief. The results of detailed field mapping as well as clast shapes analysis (19 sites) and boulders size measurements (ca. 1000 boulders) allow determination of sedimentological and morphological criteria that pave the way for mapping of the extent of MEG in Tatra Mts. All the results were obtained on the Hurkotne site in the mount of Białka Valley, beyond the moraine system of the largest glacier during the LGM (13 km long). Hurkotne site located 210 meters above present-day valley bottom is the place where probably the oldest preserved glacial sediments in Polish Tatra Mts occur. Based on proposed criteria three morphostratigraphic units can be distinguished in the study area. Our results show that for both MEG and LGM unit maximum length of boulders a-axis reaches 4-5 m. It is possible to distinguish water-laid sediments from till covers using clast shape analysis and maximal boulder size. Boulders with a-axis longer than 1.5 m are typical for till covers and in water-laid sediments length of the a-axis never exceed 1.5 m. This distinction prevents from shifting the extent of pre-LGM glaciations far away to Tatras foreland as a result of interpretation of fluvioglacial sediments as a glacial till. Moreover, there is also a possibility to distinguish two subunits in MEG unit: the older and younger ones. These subunits are differentiated in terms of number of granite boulders observed directly on the topographic surface. Younger subunit is characterized by large number of surficial boulders in contrast to lack of boulders exposed on the surface in older subunit, where boulders can be observed only on the steeper slopes and erosional undercuts where they emerged to the surface due to mass movement processes. Younger subunit in MEG unit probably represents the Penultimate glaciation, and the large difference in relative height above valley bottom suggests old age of glacial sediments located on the Hurkotne site.
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All that information shows that mapping of the MEG in Tatra Mts. requires not only sedimentological and morphological criteria. Also feedback between neotectonic activity of the massif, glacial erosion and valley morphology evolution control extent of glaciations that should be taken into account.
Acknowledgement: This research was founded by AGH-UST statutory grant no. 15.11.140.626
39 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Evidence of allopatric speciation among planktic foraminifera from Miocene sediments of the Central Paratethys
PETER KISS1,2, NATÁLIA HUDÁČKOVÁ1, ANDREJ RUMAN1, ZUZANA HEŘMANOVÁ3, LÓRÁND SILYE4 and MICHAL KUČERA2
1 – Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; [email protected] 2 – MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str., D-28359 Bremen, Germany; [email protected] 3 – National Museum, Prague, Václavské náměstí 1700/68, 110 00 Praha 1, Czech Republic, [email protected] 4 – Department of Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Str. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Praeorbulina glomerosa circularis (Blow, 1964), Orbulina suturalis (Brönnimann, 1951) and Velapertina indigena (Luczkowska, 1955) are significant species of planktic foraminifera, that occurred in the intercontinental subtropical Central Paratethys during the middle Miocene, throughout the Badenian (Langhian, Serravallian) stage. Their prolific abundance and excellent preservation in marine sediments represent one of the most important sources of fossil record for reconstructing the history of Cenozoic depositional environments in the Western Carpathians region. Regardless of their biostratigraphical and paleoceanological significance, the relatedness between the Praeorbulina-Orbulina lineage (Blow, 1956) and Velapertina is unclear. This is because their ambiguous external test morphology is created by the presence of one ultimate spherical chamber that encompasses the older parts of their calcareous test. To avoid the restrictions caused by their external resemblance, we performed a computed tomography (CT) scanning using a SkyScan 1172 tomographic microscope to study their speciation by reconstructing their complete growth trajectories. Like many other groups of marine organisms, planktic foraminifera build calcareous shells which formation is a continuous natural process (Hemleben et al., 1989). Their morphogenesis is accompanied by sequential adding of species-specific number of chambers that are arranged on trochospiral whorls (Brummer et al., 1987). Therefore, by tracing the chambers of P. glomerosa circularis, O. suturalis and V. indigena, backward from the last to the first identifiable chamber (proloculus), we revealed the morphology of the prolocular, juvenile, neanic, adult and terminal stages (sensu Brummer et al., 1987). The presented study aims to fill the knowledge gap concerning the origin of enigmatic species V. indigena. Their peculiar growth trajectory bears important morphological differences from the development models of P. glomerosa circularis and O. suturalis, thus providing evidence of convergent evolution. Our results show that the spherical chamber of V. indigena evolved independently from the phylogenetic lineage of Praeorbulina-Orbulina. A fundamental ecological question arises from such a conclusion: Why is it good to be
40 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) spherical? Furthermore, we show the disadvantage of classification of planktic foraminifera that is based on the terminal stage morphology. With the application of the recent classification, the preadult ontogenetic stages of the investigated specimens could be incorrectly classified into several species.
Acknowledgement: We thank the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-16-0121 and APVV-15- 0575) for funding.
References Blow, W.H. 1956. Origin and evolution of the genus Orbulina d´Orbigny. Micropaleontology, 1, 2, 57–70. Brummer, G.J.A., Hemleben, C. & Spindler, M. 1987. Ontogeny of extant spinose planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinidae): A concept exemplified by Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady) and G. ruber (d´Orbigny). Marine Micropaleontology, 12, 16, 357–381. Hemleben, Ch., Spindler, M. & Anderson, O.R. 1989. Modern Planktonic Foraminifera. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 337 pp. Luczkowska, E. 1955. Tortonian Foraminifera from the Chodenice and Grabowiec Beds in the vicinity of Bochnia. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 23, 77–156.
41 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Photoactive hybrid nanomaterials derived from layered minerals
ANNA KOTEJA1 and JAKUB MATUSIK1
1 – AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30 30-059 Krakow, Poland, [email protected]
The organic modification of clays involves intercalation of organic molecules into the interlayer space of a mineral (Fig.1A). The resultant complex shares the properties of the host and the guest component, leading to a versatile material with many potential applications (de Paiva et al. 2008). Photoactive molecules, such as azobenzenes (Az) were also used for clay modification. The Az molecule occurs in the form of a stretched trans isomer and under the UV radiation it transforms to a bended cis isomer (Fig.1B). The photoactivity of crystalline Az is hampered because of the dense packing of molecules and lack of space for their rotation. Immobilization of Az on a solid support leads to the separation of molecules and thus enables their free isomerization (Gentili et al. 2004). The Az isomerization in the interlayer space of clays might induce the structural changes of the complex. Such photoactive materials may find application as nanoswitching devices controlled remotely with light (Russew & Hecht 2010). The research goal was to synthesize photoactive materials based on layered minerals and azobenzenes, their thorough characterization and explaining the processes and interactions occurring under the UV and Vis light. The host minerals were: montmorillonite – SWy from Wyoming deposit (USA), beidellite – BId from Idaho deposit (USA), kaolinite – M from Maria III deposit (Poland), and a synthetic layered α–zirconium phosphate – ZrP. A two step modification procedure was performed: (1) pre–intercalation of cationic benzylalkylammonium surfactants (BCn, n=12, 14, 16); (2) intercalation of azobenzene (Az). All materials were characterized with the use of X–ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The final materials were treated with UV light (365 nm) and visible light (Vis). The isomerization reaction of azobenzene was monitored with FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopy and the structural changes with XRD.
Presence of BCn molecules was attested by new bands in the FTIR spectra in the 3100 – 2800 cm-1 and 1480 – 1450 cm-1 regions, corresponding to the C–H vibrations. The reaction with Az led to the appearance of bands in the 3100 – 3000 cm-1 and 800 – 600 cm-1 regions.
The BCn intercalation caused an increase of the basal spacing values (d001). The d001 values of SWy– and BId–BCn were in the range of ~17–26 Å, indicating a monolayer or bilayer arrangement of molecules. The reaction with Az increased the d001 by further ~8–10 Å.
The M–BCn d001 values were equal to ~48 Å, and increased to ~50–55 Å after Az intercalation. The BCn molecules were arranged perpendicularly to the mineral layer, yet the broad and low intensity peaks suggested low intercalation efficiency and disordered arrangement of molecules. The ZrP–BCn materials showed the d001 in the range of 30–36 Å.
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nd rd The sharp and intense d001 peaks and the presence of 2 and 3 order reflections revealed a high ordering of the BCn molecules, arranged perpendicularly to the ZrP surface. Reaction with Az did not change the XRD pattern of the ZrP–BCn. The UV irradiation induced the Az isomerization as revealed by the UV–Vis and FTIR spectroscopy. In the UV–Vis spectra two bands were visible which corresponded to the trans– Az (at 340 nm) and the cis–Az (at 440 nm). The intensity of the latter band increased under the UV irradiation, and the spectra were fully recovered after visible light treatment. Similarly, in the FTIR spectra, two bands were characteristic for trans–Az (at 778 and 693 cm-1) and two for cis–Az (at 760 and 704 cm-1). The intensity increase of cis–Az bands and the simultaneous decrease of trans–Az bands were clearly visible (Fig.1C). The time needed for maximum Az isomerization varied from 5–40 minutes, and for the re– isomerization from 1.5 to 30 h. The isomerization rate depended mostly on the type of co– intercalated surfactant, and was as follows: BC12>BC14>BC16. The smaller surfactant size offers a larger space for Az, thus the Az molecules can isomerize freely. Among the host structures, the ZrP provided the most favorable conditions for efficient Az isomerization. A reversible trans–cis conversion of Az upon alternating UV and Vis radiation was also examined. In the smectite and ZrP based materials the spectra were fully recovered after multiple cycles of UV/Vis irradiation, showing that the materials are durable, and the structures are stable. For the kaolinite derivatives the Az bands intensity decreased gradually after each UV/Vis cycle, and finally were not visible in the spectra, due to the Az evaporation. Only in the case of the BId sample, clear and regular basal spacing shifts were observed under the UV irradiation. The d001 value decreased by 0.5–2.5 Å, and the largest photoresponse was observed for the intercalates with smaller BCn molecule. The BId layer charge stabilized the location of BCn molecules, thus the alkyl chains were not rearranged during Az isomerization and the reaction directly influenced the interlayer distance. This mechanism did not work for the SWy, because it possesses a twice larger cation exchange capacity, thus the amount of BCn molecules was larger, the interlayer environment was more constrained and hampered the Az isomerization. For the kaolinite intercalates the chaotic arrangement of molecules led to very irregular and small d001 shifts. In the ZrP intercalate, the BCn molecules served as pillars, which fixed the interlayer distance and the Az isomerization could not influence the d001 values. The performed modifications allowed the successful intercalation of photoactive molecules into the interlayer space of clays and the ZrP phase. Azobenzene isomerized freely and reversibly under the UV/Vis irradiation. Efficient isomerization was pronounced in samples with low packing density of the molecules. The structural photoresponse was visible for the BId sample, due to the presence of layer charge and low cation exchange capacity. The careful selection of host material, guest compounds and modification procedures may lead to the synthesis of a photoactive material with desired properties.
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Figure 1. Graphical representation of a modified smectite (A), Az isomerization (B) and its effect on the FTIR spectra (C).
References de Paiva, L.B., Morales, A.R. & Valenzuela Díaz, F.R. 2008. Organoclays: Properties, preparation and applications. Applied Clay Science, 42, 8-24. Gentili, P.L., Costantino, U., Vivani, R., Latterini, L., Nocchetti, M. & Aloisi, G.G. 2004. Preparation and characterization of zirconium phosphonate–azobenzene intercalation compounds. A structural, photophysical and photochemical study. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 14, 1656-1662. Russew, M.-M. & Hecht, S. 2010. Photoswitches: From Molecules to Materials. Advanced Materials, 22, 3348- 3360.
44 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Capabilities of the QEMSCAN® system based on mineralogical characterization of detrital raw materials from Lower Silesia, Poland – preliminary results
RAFAŁ KUBIK1 and PIOTR KENIS1
1 – PORT Polish Center for Technology Development Sp. z o.o., Stablowicka 147 Str., 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland, [email protected]
Detrital raw materials occur in various locations in Poland and are a subject of exploitation and mineral processing, especially in Lower Silesia. According to present knowledge a lot of locations in Poland have not been sufficiently investigated. These sediments are characterized by a high content of heavy minerals that is connected with their resistance to weathering and erosion (Łuszczkiewicz, 1988; 1990; 1999; 2002). Heavy minerals during processing are treated as waste; therefore they can be even pre-concentrated on landfills. These minerals are a subject to research of many specializations within the Earth's sciences and have a great economic importance, primarily as raw materials and carriers of rare earth elements (REE), playing a huge role in today's industry and modern technologies. Rare earth elements, i.e. the lanthanides and scandium group, are used in electronic industry in the production of smartphones, LCD screens, tablet displays etc. These elements are also commonly used for the production of magnets, accumulators, wind turbines and are also found in car catalysts (Grand View Research, 2015). This study presents advantages of comprehensive mineralogical characterization of heavy minerals in detrital raw materials from Poland, using scanning electron microscopy technique coupled with QEMSCAN system, based on Quanta 650 FEG microscope. The initial analyzes have been performed in Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Material and Geological Analysis being part of PORT Polish Center for Technology Development. Local elemental composition analyses were performed by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) technique using two Bruker XFlash detectors with a resolution of 133 eV. Data collected from EDS analyzes were transferred trough previously created QEMSCAN mineral library to get the final results (Kubik, 2018). Data generated by the QEMSCAN instrument are large; therefore this system offers great research opportunities. The elemental composition in combination with backscattered electron (BSE) brightness and X-ray count rate information is converted into mineral phases. By mapping the sample surface, textural properties and contextual information such as particle and mineral grain size and shape, mineral associations, mineral liberation, elemental deportment, porosity, and matrix density can be calculated, visualized, and reported numerically. Data processing capabilities include combining multiple phases into mineral groups, resolving mixed spectra (boundary phases), image-based filtering, and particle-based classification. Quantitative reports can be generated for a selected number of samples or individual particles, and for particle classes.
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The implementation of the research delivers a lot of new data about detrital raw materials in Lower Silesia. The research is in progress and the initial data confirm the presence of REE in the material. The results of analyses of heavy mineral concentrate show that predominated mineral is monazite (80-90% of the whole sample mass). Other distinguished mineral is zircon. REE detected in monazite are La and Ce. Moreover, the presence of thorium was also detected. Obtained data allowed to assess grain size distribution, which show that about 70% of concentrate weight are grains in range 40 – 100 µm, only 5% of grains are < 40 µm and about 25% of sample mass are grains between 100 and 200 µm. The only microscope with QEMSCAN system in Poland is dedicated to measurements of this material for the first time; nevertheless the method finds application in the study of heavy minerals in other countries and shows great potential for data supply (Zhang et al., 2015; Grammatikopoulos et al., 2011). The results of this research can certainly be considered as a reference to the topics that have not been under investigation for many years. Previous research of detrital heavy minerals from Poland, especially from Lower Silesia, was performed relatively long time ago and didn’t include such advanced techniques that could bring comprehensive information. The global demand for rare earth elements is constantly growing which allows defining this type of deposits as potentially strategic and requiring research with the most advanced techniques. The results can be used to assess the economic potential of strategic elements in wastes in case of their recovery.
Figure 1. SEM image and EDS spectra of heavy minerals concentrate from wastes after processing of detrital raw materials in Lower Silesia. Heavy minerals are represented by monazite and zircon containing Ce, La and Th. Acknowledgement: The research is financed by PORT Sp. z o.o. and is a part of the internal task titled: "Wastes from detrital raw materials processing in Lower Silesia as a source of rare earth elements", with the acronym: REECoup.
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References Grammatikopoulos, T., Mercer, W., Gunning, Ch. & Prout S. 2011. Quantitative characterization of the REE minerals by QEMSCAN from The Nechalacho heavy rare earth deposit, Thor Lake project, NWT, Canada. SGS Minerals Services, Technical Paper, 2011-07. Kubik, R. 2018. Creation and development of QEMSCAN analysis procedure based on Polish copper ores investigation. 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Conference Proceedings, 59-66. Łuszczkiewicz, A. 1988. Odpady z płukania żwirów jako znaczące źródło minerałów ciężkich. Mat. Symp. Optymalizacja Wykorzystania Surowców Mineralnych w Procesach Przeróbki i Przetwórstwa. Centrum Podst. Probl. Gosp. Sur. Mineral. i Energią, PAN, Kraków, 154-165. Łuszczkiewicz, A. 1990. Minerały ciężkie w żwirach i piaskach eksploatowanych na Dolnym Śląsku. Fizykochemiczne Problemy Mineralurgii, 23, 27-39. Łuszczkiewicz, A. 1999. Minerały ciężkie ze złoża kruszyw naturalnych w Rakowicach koło Lwówka Śląskiego. Prace Nauk. Instyt. Górni. Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 87, 27-38. Łuszczkiewicz, A. 2002. Poznawcze i technologiczne aspekty występowania minerałów ciężkich w surowcach okruchowych. Prace naukowe Instytutu Górnictwa Politechniki Wrocławskiej, Monografia, 77-134 . Rare Earth Elements Market Analysis And Segment Forecasts To 2020, 2015. Grand View Research. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/rare-earth-elements-market Zhang, X., Pease, V., Omma, J. & Benedictus, A. 2015. Provenance of Late Carboniferous to Jurassic sandstones for southern Taimyr, Arctic Russia: A comparison of heavy mineral analysis by optical and QEMSCAN methods. Sedimentary Geology, 329, 166-179.
47 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Analysis of tectonic structure of the Spišská Magura region, Central-Carpathian Paleogene Basin, Slovakia
KLAUDIA KUPČÍKOVÁ1
1 – Institute of Geosciences, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia, [email protected]
The Spišská Magura region is a part of the Central Carpathian Paleogene Basin (CCP Basin) interpreted as fore-arc basin (Kazmer et al., 2003). It belongs to the segments with the most complicated tectonic history. The sedimentary fill of the basin consists of basal Borové Fm. containing up to 100 m thick succession of conglomerate, sandstone, and nummulitic sandstone. These sediments are overlain by more than 500 m thick mudstone belonging to the Huty Fm. that contain huge (more than 200 m) wedge of conglomerates (Tokáreň Congl.) and several thinner intervals of similar conglomerates and sandstones indicating active synsedimentary tectonics. The mudstone of Huty Fm. is capped by rhythmically alternating mudstones and sandstones belonging to the Zuberec Fm. Missing uppermost parts of the usual CCP Basin fill (Biely Potok Fm.) as well as vitrinite reflectance data (Kotulová et al., 1998) suggest intense uplift and erosion after the deposition. In this contribution, we present the methodology applied for elucidating the tectonic history of the Spišská Magura region. The study is based on the integration of several techniques including interpretation from orthogonal maps and GeoMappApp that display faults as linear features. Other used techniques were geophysical data (gravimetry, electrical sounding) and all available geological data including tectonic and lithological maps. Based on these data we mapped tectonic lineations and tried to understand the relationship between their types. The interpretation made by this methodology will be verified in the field by structural analysis (see also Vojtko et al. 2010). The mapping of the lineations from the orthogonal map at scale 1:50 000 and comparison of them with the lineations (faults) from tectonic and geological maps from the Spišská Magura region, available interpretations of gravimetry measurements as well as 2D seismic sections suggests following groups of faults and their mutual relationships in the analyzed area: Fault group 1 of NE-SW direction is the oldest tectonic structures in the area; Fault group 2 has WNW-ESE direction and deforms the faults from group 1; the first two groups of faults are deformed by fault group 3 of NNW-SSE direction. The youngest fault system (fault group 4) seems to be a system of faults with N (NNE) – S (SSW) orientation. The faults of this group deform all the previous types of faults. The morphology of valleys and ridges suggests that these faults also acted as strike-slip faults. The movement along these faults probably caused the rotation of large blocks in the analyzed region demonstrated by a change of bedding orientation in these blocks (see also Vojtko et al. 2010).
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References Kazmer, M., Dunkl, I., Frisch, W., Kuhlemann, J. & Ozsvárt, P. 2003. The Palaeogene forearc basin of the Eastern Alps and Western Carpathians: Subduction erosion and basin evolution. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 413-428. Kotulová, J., Biroň, A. & Soták, J. 1998. Organic and illite-smectite diagenesis of the Central Carpathian Paleogene Basin: Implications for thermal history. XVI Congress of Carpath-Balcan Geological Association, Abstracts, 293. Vojtko, R., Tokárová, E., Sliva & Pešková I. 2010. Reconstruction of Cenozoic paleostress fields and revised tectonic history in the northern part of the Central Western Carpathians (the Spišská Magura and Východné Tatry Mountains). Geol. Carpathica, 61, 3, 211-225.
49 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Paleomagnetic constraints on the timing and duration of the emplacement of the Cu-Ni-Pt-bearing intrusions of the Norilsk region, the Siberian Traps province
ANTON LATYSHEV1,2, ROMAN VESELOVSKIY1,2, ANNA FETISOVA1,2, ALEKSANDER PASENKO1 and VLADIMIR PAVLOV1
1 – Institute of the Physics of the Earth RAS, 10-1 B. Gruzinskaya street, Moscow, Russia, [email protected] 2 – Lomonosov Moscow State University, Geological Faculty, 1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia
The Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province (LIP) is an object of the exceptional scientific interest due to huge Cu-Ni-PGE deposits, which are related to the trap intrusions. According to the recent U-Pb isotopic data, the whole tuff-lava pile of the Siberian Traps (up to 3.5 km in thickness) erupted during 1-2 Myr at the Permian-Triassic boundary (Burgess et al., 2017). Despite the continuous investigation, the origin of ore-bearing intrusions and their relationship with lavas are still widely discussed. In particular, different models of ore genesis predict different age correlation between ore-bearing intrusions and volcanic formations. We performed the detailed paleomagnetic investigation of the ore-bearing intrusions of the Norilsk type, including the most economically important Norilsk-1, Talnakh and Kharaelakh intrusions, their satellites and some intrusive bodies which are prospective for the new deposits (e.g. Arylakh and Chernogorsky intrusions). We obtained the mean paleomagnetic directions for each intrusion and compared them with the directions of the lava flows of the most complete volcanic sections of the Norilsk region (Pavlov et al., 2019). Based on the geomagnetic secular variations analysis, we obtained the new constraints on the timing of ore-bearing intrusions emplacement and suggested the correlation scheme of intrusions with the volcanic section of the Norilsk region. The proximity of paleomagnetic directions of all studied intrusions to those of the Morongovsky-Mokulaevsky volcanic formations points out that the emplacement of these lavas and intrusions occurred during the same stage of magmatic activity. Furthermore, in some cases economically important intrusions, weakly mineralized bodies and barren sills demonstrate statistically indistinguishable paleomagnetic directions and consequently, can be formed during the same magmatic event. We distinguished three major discrete events with close but statistically different directions which correspond to the emplacement of three main ore-bearing intrusions (Norilsk-1, Talnakh and Kharaelakh). Since the secular geomagnetic variations recorded within each intrusion are not averaged, it is supposed that the duration of each magmatic event did not exceed a few thousand years. Our correlation scheme is consistent with some models of ore origin (Rad’ko, 2016; Naldrett, 2003), though the genetic interpretation is to be the subject of special work. Finally, we
50 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) believe that paleomagnetic method can be used as an independent and promising tool for the analysis of other Cu-Ni-bearing magmatic complexes.
Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Limited Liability Company “Norilskgeologiya” (project NG-172/17) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants 18-35-20058, 18-05-70094).
References Burgess, S.D., Muirhead, J.D. & Bowring, S.A. 2017. Initial pulse of Siberian Traps sills as the trigger of the end‐Permian mass extinction. Nature Communications, 8(1), 164. Doi : 10.1038/s41467‐017‐00083‐9. Naldrett, A.J. 2003. Magmatic sulfide deposits of Nickel-Copper and platinum-metal ores. St. Petersburg, 487 pp. Pavlov, V.E, Fluteau, F., Latyshev, A.V., Fetisova, A.M., Elkins-Tanton, L.T., Black, B.A., Burgess, S.D. & Veselovskiy, R.V. 2019. Geomagnetic Secular Variations at the Permian-Triassic Boundary and Pulsed Magmatism During Eruption of the Siberian Traps. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 20. Doi:10.1029/2018GC007950 Rad’ko, V.A. 2016. The facies of intrusive and effusive magmatism in the Norilsk region. St. Petersburg: Cartographic factory of VSEGEI, 226 pp. (in Russian).
51 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Magnetic susceptibility, geochemistry and microfacies of the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition in the Giewont section (Western Tatra Mts., High-Tatric succession, Poland) – preliminary results
DAMIAN GERARD LODOWSKI1
1 –Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]
The Giewont section is located in the Polish part of the Western Tatra Mountains, within the Giewont Nappe of the High-Tatric Unit. The upper part of the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone Formation and its contact with the Wysoka Turnia Limestone Formation (Lefeld et al., 1985) has been studied. Magnetic susceptibility (MS), gamma-ray spectrometry (GRS) and geochemical and microfacies analyses were performed. An integration of these methods allowed to study the evolution of depositional and environmental conditions during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition. Clastic input, palaeoproductivity, and redox proxies were discussed and compared to other Western Tethyan sections. Shallow marine carbonates of the Tithonian–earliest Cretaceous age are exposed in the northern slopes of the Mt. Giewont, in the basal part of the Kirkor’s Gully. Lithostratigraphic scheme and biostratigraphically calibrated δ13C data correlate well with data from Mały Giewont section (Pszczółkowski et al., 2016). The microfacies analysis was based on variations in microfossil assemblages and microtextures. The analysis revealed a relatively stable depositional environment. Relatively shallow-water Saccocoma-oncoid microfacies with ammonites and benthic foraminifers represented a dominant feature throughout the studied section. The uppermost part of the section consists of fine-grained detrital limestones with thinly-coated grains and rare fauna. Relatively stable environmental conditions were supported by δ13C data, which revealed only slight oscillations throughout the section (see Fig. 1). Heavy δ13C values suggest rather low organic carbon accumulation rate; the highest δ13C values observed in the topmost part of the section correspond with detrital limestone occurrence. Clastic input proxies (see Th on Fig. 1) revealed the decreasing contribution of terrigenous material through the section. The magnetic susceptibility data showed the generally decreasing, but fluctuating trend (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, no obvious correlation between magnetic susceptibility and clastic input proxies was observed. It may be caused by a relatively high content of authigenic magnetic grains in the studied section. K and U contributions correlated with lithogenic proxies only partly, implying their authigenic origin. Generally, low U content suggests oxidized bottom-water conditions.
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Figure 1. Lithostratigrapy and δ13C, MS (magnetic susceptibility) and GRS (gamma ray spectrometry) data from the Giewont section.
Acknowledgement: Investigations were financially supported by the National Science Center, Poland (project no.: 2016/21/B/ST/10/02941 – project leader: J. Grabowski; PGI-NRI, Warsaw).
References Lefeld, J., Gaździcki, A., Iwanow, A., Krajewski, K.& Wójcik, K. 1985. Jurassic and Cretaceous lithostratigraphic units of the Tatra Mountains. Studia Geologica Polonica, 84, 1–92. Pszczółkowski, A., Grabowski, J. & Wilamowski, A. 2016. Integrated biostratigraphy and carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic shallow water carbonates of the High-Tatric Unit (Mały Giewont area, Western Tatra Mountains, Poland). Geological Quarterly, 60, 893–918.
53 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Isotopic effects in cryogenically broken stalagmites
ĽUBICA LUHOVÁ1, RASTISLAV MILOVSKÝ2 and MONIKA ORVOŠOVÁ3
1 – Earth Science Institute, Ďumbierska 1, Banská Bystrica, 974 11, Slovakia, [email protected] 2 – Earth Science Institute, Ďumbierska 1, Banská Bystrica, 974 11, Slovakia, [email protected] 3 – Slovak Museum of Nature Protection and Speleology, Školská 4, Liptovský Mikuláš, 031 01, Slovakia, [email protected]
A special type of cryogenically broken and overgrown stalagmites was found in many caves at different altitudes around Slovakia. These kinds of broken stalagmites might be a very good tool for reconstructing paleoclimate and detecting past permafrost, they record information about climate during interglacial and partly also glacial periods. During the ice age, when the permafrost was formed, an input of water to the cave was restricted and cave halls and passages became undercooled. During the interglacial the permafrost thawed and water drip was re-established. Since the cave was still cooled below freezing point, penetrating water froze in cave halls as ice monoliths. During freezing, in ice monolith were formed cryogenic cave carbonates (CCC, Žák et al., 2004; Orvošová et al., 2014) and ice attachments (Žák et al., 2018). Further contractions and movements of the ice caused cryogenic destruction of speleothems, wall rocks, and floor flowstones. After final ice melting, some of the broken stalagmites were overgrown by new ones from the renewed drip. The aim of this work is to prove by means of stable isotopes, that these kinds of stalagmites were really broken by ice, not by earthquakes. If they were broken seismically, there should not be any change in isotope composition between old and new stalagmite, because the earthquake would not influence the isotopic composition of rainwater. On the contrary, buildup of ice was caused by climatic cooling, which usually has strong isotope effect and should be pronounced in C and O isotope profile. We collected four cryogenically broken and overgrown stalagmites from the Zlomiská Cave (48°59'18", 19°40'53"). The cave is situated in the northern slopes of the Low Tatras mountain ridge in central Slovakia and is formed in the Triassic Gutenstein limestone. All the samples were collected near the CCC occurrences, suggesting the presence of ice bodies. The substantial rise of stable isotope values was observed towards the end of old stalagmite, by 1 – 2 ‰ for δ18O and 2 – 3 ‰ for δ13C. For both elements it most likely indicates cooling - oxygen becomes always relatively heavier in stadials and glacials due to planetary ice amount effect, and carbon due to attenuation of soil CO2 production and prevalence of heavy rock- derived carbon. The buildup of permafrost is very likely at this point. The renewed growth of the new discordant phase begins with anomalously heavy C and O and continues with abrupt fall to lighter values of C and O. Similar fluctuations are observed through growth of old phase but without destruction of stalagmite, and we tentatively correlate them with Greenland interstadials.
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Our results provide the evidence that stalagmites suspected for cryogenic breaking show discontinuities in isotope profiles, the process which is hardly explainable by seismic breaking. Instead, the climatically forced buildup of ice and subsequent breaking is suggested. Cryogenically broken and overgrown stalagmites help us date some important events, for example, the beginning of the growth of the old phase, the buildup of the permafrost, the beginning of the growth of the new phase after melting of the ice monolith. In the future broken-overgrown speleothems may be a good tool for detecting permafrost.
Acknowledgements: This study was supported by research grant VEGA 2-0067-19.
References Orvošová, M., Deininger, M. & Milovský, R. 2014. Permafrost occurrence during the Last Permafrost Maximum in the Western Carpathian Mountains of Slovakia as inferred from cryogenic cave carbonate. Boreas, 43, 3, 750–758, DOI: 10.1111/bor.12042. Žák, K., Lipták, L., Fillipi, M., Orvošová, M., Hercman, H. & Matoušková, Š., 2018. Cryogenic carbonates and cryogenic speleothem damage in the Za Hájovnou Cave (Javoříčko Karst, Czech Republic). Geological Quarterly, accepted. Žák, K., Urban, J., Cílek, V. & Hercman, H. 2004. Cryogenic cave calcite from several Central European caves: age, carbon and oxygen isotopes and a genetic model. Chem. Geol., 206, 119–136, ISSN 1338-7189.
55 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Engineering- geological survey of slope deformation in Ruská Nová Ves
MARTIN MAĽA1, JÁN VLČKO1, MARTIN BEDNARIK1, VLADIMÍR GREIF1, RUDOLF TORNYAI1, LUCIA DUNČKOVÁ1, IVAN DOSTÁL1 and JAROSLAV BUŠA1
1 - Department of Engineering Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, [email protected]
This post deals with slope deformation, which belongs to the cadaster of Ruska Nová Ves which is located in eastern Slovakia about 4 km from the county town of Prešov. This is a relatively large, slipper landslide which was activated after heavy rainfall in 2010. The probable cause of activation this slope deformation was overwetting quaternary clay sediments and subsequent overwetting of the neogeneous clays found in subsoil. With overwetting is connected significant degradation of their shear parameters. The landslide itself is directly threatening the high voltage mast No. 63, which belongs to SEPS a.s. Stabilization of this landslide took place in two stages in the past, in 2012 and 2013. Nevertheless, there is a constant movement on this landslide. The main aim of this paper was to evaluate the engineering-geological settings and slope stability. To achieve of this goal, were recovered and documented the drilling cores of the two new boreholes. These new borehols are located in the central area of the landslide. Samples of soil for laboratory testing were also taken. Laboratory work consisted of the identification the basic physical characteristics which are required for classification of the soil according to the relevant technical standard. The shear parameters of the soils were determined on a Tecnotest box shear device. The survey also included a monitoring, in which inclinometric measurements and groundwater level measurements were performed. The measured data was evaluated and based on the obtained information, the slope deformation was mathematically modeled. Stability calculations were made for two computational situations. They included a stability assessment with residual shear strength values with a groundwater level at depths of 2 and 4 m, on a 810 m computation profile. Deformation zones were constructed as folded, located at depths of 6-7 m and 11-12 m. Stability assessment was carried out in the GEO 5 environment. The conclusion of this paper is devoted to the idealized design of slope stabilization measures (Fig.1).
Acknowledgement: This post was created thanks to the support of project APPV 0129/12 and project VEGA 1/0559/17.
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Figure 1. Area of interest with idealized design of slope stabilization measures
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Towards the exospore structure of the Tripartites incisotrilobus and Monilospora subcrenata from the Visean of Central Russia
DMITRIY A. MAMONTOV1 and OLGA A. GAVRILOVA2
1 – Department of Palaeontology, Geological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Leninskie gory 1, Moscow, Russia; [email protected] 2 – Komarov Botanical Institute of the RAS, 197376, Professor Popov street 2, Saint Petersburg, Russia Federation; e-mail: [email protected]
The Carboniferous dispersed species Tripartites incisotrilobus (Waltz, 1938; Potonie & Kremp, 1956) and Monilospora subcrenata (Waltz, 1938; Byvscheva, 1985) have remarkable auriculate morphology among the Visean miospores of the northern hemisphere. The continuous variation in auriculae of these ones leads to the difficulties in separation of the species. Some palynologists suggested the M. subcrenata is junior synonym of T. incisotrilobus (Karczewska & Turnau, 1974). In contrary, Oshurkova (2003) noted the M. subcrenata should be assigned to cavate miospores while the T. incisotrilobus is cited previously as acavate ones. However, the original protologue of the genus Monilospora contains no data concerning exospore split (Hacquebard & Barss, 1957). There is still an open issue whether the cavum occurs into the exospore of the two species. The miospore specimens examined in this study were collected from type localities: borehole 1P\A from the southern wing of Moscow Syneclise (T. incisotrilobus) and borehole Bugrovka 9 from the Volgo-Ural Region (M. subcrenata). Fifty specimens of each species were examined in light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser microscopy (CLSM). In an attempt to see exospore features the virtual 3D models and optical sections through the miospores have been visualized using the Zen2011 imaging software (Gavrilova et al. 2018). The nondestructive technique of confocal laser microscopy allows seeing very fine features of the exospore structure that remained understudied before. Virtual reconstructions and optical sections from CLSM show the sparse density of the exospore in the inner part of the cingulum (Figure 1). This feature is less perceptible in LM observations. Karczewska & Turnau (1974) argued the exospore of T. incisotrilobus comprised two ‘zones: inner zone thick and homogenous, outer one thinner and wrinkled’. However, our results demonstrate the exospore of the auriculae, and cingulum is apparently consisting of two layers with different optical density. The inner layer is thinner while the outer is thicker with processes on the tips of equatorial cingulum or auriculae. The results obtained from the current study are preliminary. The exospore stratification will be analysed accurately using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nevertheless, current data demonstrate that the M. subcrenata lacks any distinct cavum into the exospore confirming this species is quite similar to T. incisotrilobus. The clear cavum is well observed
58 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) by CLSM reconstructions of few cavate grains of Densosporites which is morphologically close to acavate miospores of Monilospora.
Figure 1. A, C – CLSM virtual reconstructions of the miospores: Monilospora subcrenata (A) and Tripartites incisotrilobus (C) showing fluorescent exospore. B, C – optical sections through the same miospores. Arrows point on the thinnest inner layer of exospore.
Acknowledgement: The study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research nos. 19-04-00498.
References Byvsheva T.V. 1985. Spores from deposits of the Tournaisian and Visean stages from Russian Plate. Atlas of spore and pollen of Phanerozoic oil and gas-bearing strata of the Russian and Thuranian Plates. Transactions of VNIGNI, 253, 80–158 (In Russian) Gavrilova, O.A., Zavialova, N., Tekleva, M. & Karasev, E. 2018. Potential of CLSM in studying some modern and fossil palynological objects. Journal of Microscopy, 269, 291-309 https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12639
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Hacquebard, P.A. & Barss, M.S. 1957. A Carboniferous spore assemblage, in coal from the South Nahanni River Area, Northwest Territories. Geological survey of Canada Bulletin, 40, 1–63 Karczewska, J. & Turnau, E. 1974. Preservation and variability of Tripartites incisotrilobus (Naumova) emend. and Murospora aurita (Waltz) Playford. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 19, 2, 291–302. Luber, A.A. & Waltz, I.E. 1938. Classification and stratigraphic value of spores of some Carboniferous coal deposits in USSR. Transactions of the Central Geological and Prospecting Institute,105, 3–44 (In Russian) Oshurkova, M.V. 2003. Morphology, classification and description of form-genera of Late Paleozoic miospores. VSEGEI Press, Sankt-Petersburg, 377 pp. Potonie, R. & Kremp, G. 1956. Die Sporae Dispersae des Ruhrkarbons Ihre Morphographie und Stratigraphie mit Ausblicken auf Arten Anderer Gebiete und Zeitabschnitte. Palaeontographica Abt. B., 39, 4–6, 35–191.
60 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Enhanced removal efficiency of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by kaolin impregnated with zerovalent iron particles
PAULINA MAZIARZ1 and JAKUB MATUSIK1
1 –Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry, Faculty Of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland, [email protected]; [email protected]
The zerovalent iron (Fe0) is an engineered nanomaterial, which has recently been studied because of very high efficiency in contaminants removal from water. The Fe0 particles have a core-shell structure, consisting of metallic iron core surrounded by nanometer size shell made of iron oxide (Zhang et al., 2013). These components are responsible for different adsorption mechanisms, i.e. reduction by Fe0 as well as electrostatic interaction/surface complexation on iron oxide shell (Zhang et al., 2005). The Fe0 particles were found to be effective adsorbents of both organic and inorganic pollutants (Azzam et al., 2016; Fan et al., 2009). However, the Fe0 particles aggregate easily and are unstable in water solutions which hinder the possibility of their application. For this reason, recent studies have been focused on the synthesis and application of composites consisting of Fe0 particles and e.g. mineral host phases (Ezzatahmadi et al., 2017). In this work the Fe0/kaolin minerals composite was synthesized for Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from aqueous solution. The resulted materials were thoroughly characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR),
N2 adsorption/desorption as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In particular, the effect of composites dosage on Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal at the concentration of 0.01 mmol/L was investigated. As a host for the Fe0 particles, naturally occurring kaolin sample (H) from Polish deposit Dunino was chosen. The H sample contained both halloysite and kaolinite. The Fe0 particles were synthesized by reducing Fe-precursor in ethanol (99%) solution. In the experiment, ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) was used as the Fe-precursor, while sodium borohydride (NaBH4) was the reducing agent. The synthesis procedure was designed to control the loading of FeOx on kaolin surface which was set to 10% and 25% (HFe0-10, HFe0-25). The obtained black suspension was washed with ethanol and dried for 6 h at 60°C. The preliminary adsorption experiment was carried out for Pb(II) and Cd(II) in single-element solution and initial pH of 5.0±0.2. The adsorbates initial concentrations (Cin) were 0.1 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L and the adsorbents dosage was equal to 20 g/L. In the next step, the removal efficiency at low Cin of Pb(II) and Cd(II) was investigated. The Cin was equal to 0.01 mmol/L. The experiment was also carried out as the function of adsorbents dosage (2 g/L and 5 g/L). The Pb(II) and Cd(II) concentrations were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method.
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The successful synthesis of Fe0 particles was confirmed by appearance of characteristic reflections in the XRD pattern at 2.03 Å (Wen et al., 2014). It was observed, that the intensity of this peak increased with the increase of Fe0 loading on the mineral surface. The changes in the position of kaolin minerals basal spacing peak at 7.20 Å was not observed. This confirmed that the Fe0 particles were synthesized exclusively on the kaolin minerals surface, without alteration of the interlayer space. These results are in agreement with FTIR spectra. The SEM images of adsorbents showed, plate-like and tubular particles characteristic for kaolin minerals – kaolinite and halloysite. The observed sphere-like particles, formed on the mineral surface, were recognized as Fe0 particles. Additionally, the observed fibrous phase was identified as iron oxyhydroxide (Fe(O)OH). This suggested partial oxidation of Fe0 particles. The N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms revealed a small increase of initial surface area (47.4 m2/g) after impregnation with Fe0 up to 50.6 m2/g and 51.1 m2/g, for HFe0- 10 and HFe0-25, respectively. The results showed that the impregnation of mineral surface with Fe0 particles increased the removal efficiency for both Pb(II) and Cd(II). The highest removal efficiency was observed for the HFe0-25. In the case of 10 mmol/L Cin the Pb(II) removal efficiency was higher in comparison to Cd(II) and equal to 91% and 58%, respectively. A similar trend was also observed in the case of HFe0-10. These results showed that the studied materials had higher affinity towards Pb(II) than Cd(II). For the Pb(II) concentration of 0.1 mmol/L, for both the HFe0-10 and the HFe0-25, the equilibrium concentration was below detection limit. While in the case of 0.1 mmol/L concentration of Cd(II), the removal efficiency was equal to 99% and 97%, respectively. The impregnation of H sample with the Fe0 particles also influenced positively the Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal at the Cin of 0.01 mmol/L. The Pb(II) concentration was below detection limit (<0.0001 mg/L) in the experiment carried out with Pb(II) at a dosage of 2 g/L for both the HFe0-10 and the HFe0-25. In the case of Cd(II) removal by impregnated composites (2 g/L) the Cd(II) concentration was equal to 0.008 mg/L and 0.0017 mg/L, for the HFe0-10 and the HFe0-25, respectively. The results allowed to conclude that kaolin minerals composites can be successfully applied as efficient Pb(II) and Cd(II) adsorbents. Therefore, further studies on chemical stability and reuse of the studied composites should be investigated.
Acknowledgement: This project was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland under a research project awarded by Decision No. 2016/21/N/ST10/00390.
References Azzam, A.M., El-Wakeel, S.T., Mostafa, B.B. & El-Shahat, M.F. 2016. Removal of Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni from aqueous solution using nano scale zero valent iron particles. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4, 2196-2206. Ezzatahmadi, N., Ayoko, G.A., Millar, G.J., Speight, R., Yan, C., Li, J., Li, S., Zhu, J. & Xi, Y. 2017. Clay- supported nanoscale zero-valent iron composite materials for the remediation of contaminated aqueous solutions: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 312, 336-350. Fan, J., Guo, Y., Wang, J. & Fan, M. 2009. Rapid decolorization of azo dye methyl orange in aqueous solution by nanoscale zerovalent iron particles. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166, 904-910.
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Wen, Z., Zhang, Y. & Dai, C. 2014. Removal of phosphate from aqueous solution using nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI). Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 457, 433-440. Zhang, Y., Su, Y., Zhou, X., Dai, C. & Keller, A.A. 2013. A new insight on the core–shell structure of zerovalent iron nanoparticles and its application for Pb(II) sequestration. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 263, 685-693. Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Amrhein, C. & Frankenberger Jr, W.T. 2005. Removal of Selenate from Water by Zerovalent Iron. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 487–495.
63 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Geochemical constraints on the tectonic affinity of the Leszczyniec Unit, Sudetes, Bohemian Massif
MARIA MŁYNARSKA1, ABIGAIL BARKER2, STANISŁAW MAZUR3 and JAROSŁAW MAJKA1,2
1 – AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection; al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2 – Department of Earth Sciences; Uppsala University, Villavagen 16, Uppsala SE-752-36, Sweden 3 – Institute of Geological Sciences PAN, Research Centre in Cracow,; Senacka 1, 31-002 Krakow, Poland
The Leszczyniec unit is the uppermost thrust sheet of the Karkonosze-Izera nappe complex that is associated with the Saxothuringian suture in the West Sudetes, Bohemian Massif (e.g. Mazur & Aleksandrowski, 2001). It is represented by a differentiated suite of metabasites and trondhjemitic gneisses (e.g. Kryza & Mazur, 1995) of the late Cambrian age (Oliver et al., 1993; the recent authors’ investigation). The whole Karkonosze-Izera Massif is interpreted as a stack of tectonic units assembled by Variscan thrusting during the collision between the Saxothuringian and Teplá–Barrandian terranes (e.g. Mazur & Aleksandrowski, 2001; Jeřábek et al., 2016). The characteristic, nappe structure of the Karkonosze-Izera Massif recorded subduction and underplating of imbricated thrust sheets, derived from the Saxothuringian lower plate, to the base of the upper plate that has been interpreted as a northern prolongation of the Tepla-Barrandian domain (Mazur & Aleksandrowski, 2001; Jeřábek et al., 2016). The origin of the uppermost allochthon, corresponding to the Leszczyniec Unit is still uncertain. It could represent a vestige of the Saxothuringian Ocean or a part of the Teplá–Barrandian upper plate. The oceanic or island-arc affinity of the Leszczyniec unit was suggested by several geochemical studies based on whole rock geochemistry and the presence of the Paczyn Gneiss, a trondhjemite-type rock variety (Szałamacha & Szałamacha, 1991; Narębski et al. 1986). However, a high proportion of felsic igneous rocks and the latest Cambrian age (Oliver et al. 1993; own research), typical of the rift-related Cambro-Ordovician volcano-sedimentary and igneous suites of the northern Gondwana margin, were consistent with an incipient continental rift setting (Kryza et al. 1995; Winchester et al. 1995). To uncover the Leszczyniec unit origin and its possible tectonic equivalents, the whole rock geochemistry analyses were performed as a step in the broader investigation. Whole rock major and trace element geochemistry reveal the signatures repeatable to the previous researchers. There are two different primary suites of the Leszczyniec Unit’s metaigneous rocks. The first suite consists of the fine-grained metabasites with N-MORB geochemical signature and metafelsic rocks, the spider diagrams of which display anomalies suggesting possible accumulation or crustal contamination. That rocks could be related to supra-subduction zone. The second suite, including the hornblende-bearing Paczyn Gneiss, is relatively enriched in LREE and reveals fairly flat, depleted and uneven patterns. The depletion in Nb and Ta, as well as Hf and Zr is significant. Therefore, partial melting
64 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) of continental crust is a believable factor. These rocks might be considered reminiscent of island-arc lavas, supra-subduction zone products. Their origin by crustal contamination of rift-related magmas seems to be plausible as well. The Leszczyniec Unit shows similarities in geochemical characteristics and protolith ages to the Krivoklat- Rokycany Volcanic Complex of the Teplá-Barrandian zone. The latter carries geochemical signatures inherited from the Cadomian arc (Drost, 2008; Pin et al., 2007).
Acknowledgement: This work is financially supported by the NCN “LEUS” research project No 2016/23/N/ST10/01296.
References Drost, K., Gerdes, A., Jeffries, T., Linnemann, U., & Storey, C. 2011. Provenance of Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks of the Teplá-Barrandian unit (Bohemian Massif): evidence from U–Pb detrital zircon ages. Gondwana Research, 19 (1), 213-231. Jeřábek P., Konopásek J. & Žáčková E. 2016. Two-stage exhumation of subducted Saxothuringian continental crust records underplating in the subduction channel and collisional forced folding (Krkonoše-Jizera Mts., Bohemian Massif). Journal of Structural Geology, 89, 214–229. Kryza R., Mazur S. & Pin C. 1995. The Leszczyniec meta-igneous Complex in the eastern part of the Karkonosze-Izera Block, Western Sudetes: trace element and Nd isotope study. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie-Abhandlungen, 170, 59–74. Kryza, R., & Mazur, S. 1995. Contrasting metamorphic paths in the SE part of the Karkonosze-Izera block (Western Sudetes, SW Poland). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie – Abhandlungen, 169(2), 157-192. Mazur S. & Aleksandrowski P. 2001. The Tepla (?)/Saxothuringian suture in the Karkonosze-Izera massif, western Sudetes, central European Variscides. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 90, 2, 341–360. Narębski W., Dostal J. & Dupuy C. 1986. Geochemical characteristics of Lower Paleozoic spilite-keratophyre series in the Western Sudetes (Poland): petrogenetic and tectonic implications. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, 155, 3, 243–258. Oliver G.J.H., Corfu F. & Krogh T.E. 1993. U–Pb ages from SW Poland: evidence for a Caledonian suture zone between Baltica and Gondwana. Journal of the Geological Society, 150, 2, 355–369. Pin, C., Kryza, R., Oberc-Dziedzic, T., Mazur, S., Turniak, K., Waldhausrová, J. 2007. The diversity and geodynamic significance of Late Cambrian (ca. 500 Ma) felsic anorogenic magmatism in the northern part of the Bohemian Massif: a review based on Sm–Nd isotope and geochemical data. In: Linnemann, U., Nance, R.D., Kraft, P., Zulauf, G. (Eds.), The Evolution of the Rheic Ocean: From Avalonian–Cadomian Active Margin to Alleghenian–Variscan Collision. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 423, 209– 229. Szałamacha J. & Szałamacha M. 1991. Ofiolit Leszczyńca w Rudawach Janowickich. Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 367, 61–84. Winchester, J. A., Floyd, P. A., Chocyk, M., Horbowy, K., & Kozdroj, W. 1995. Geochemistry and tectonic environment of Ordovician meta-igneous rocks in the Rudawy Janowickie Complex, SW Poland. Journal of the Geological Society, 152(1), 105-115.
65 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Thermal evolution of crustal xenoliths in metagranitoid from Hindu Kush (Afghanistan)
1 1 HEZBULLAH MOINY and SHAH WALI FARYAD
1 - Charles University, Faculty of Science, Institute of Petrology and Structural Geology, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic, [email protected]
PT trajectory of crustal xenoliths occurring in metagranitoid from the Western Hindu Kush at the contact with the Kabul block (Kafarsky et al., 1975; Boulin, 1990) is presented. The basement rocks in the Western Hindu Kush are intruded by a series of Triassic - Oligocene granitoidic plutons. These plutonic rocks show a metamorphic overprint of Eocene age that increases from very low-grade in the north to amphibolite facies conditions at the border with the Kabul Block in the south. The xenoliths found in a Cretaceous metagranodiorite attained epidote-amphibolite facies conditions (Faryad et al., 2013). Three varieties of xenoliths were distinguished. The largest (up to 30 cm) rounded xenolith is an orthopyroxene-bearing mafic granulite. Two smaller xenoliths (up to 10 cm are the clinopyroxene-scapolite-garnet skarns and almost monomineralic clinopyroxene skarns. The mafic granulite consists of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, quartz and ilmenite. Despite its interaction with granitoidic magma and subsequent epidote amphibolite face overprint, the minerals of granulite facies and textures are well preserved. The rock shows a moderate foliation, defined by orthopyroxene, amphibole and biotite. Three textural and two compositional varieties of amphibole are present. The first two textural varieties are represented by a green-brown hornblende, which forms inclusions in orthopyroxene and occurs in the matrix, as well. The matrix hornblende clearly overgrows plagioclase and orthopyroxene. A colourless cummingtonite with a typical twining, rims the green-brown hornblende and occurs at the contacts between orthopyroxene and hornblende. The presence of orthopyroxene at contact with the quartz is considered as the evidence of granulite facies conditions (Schumacher & Faulhaber, 1994; Harlov, 2000). Based on phase relations of cummingtonite associated with orthopyroxene and quartz (Evans & Ghiorso, 1995), temperatures of 785 oC/0.2 GPa to 810 oC/0.8 GPa were estimated. The granulite facies xenolith is assumed to be derived from the Neoarchean granulite facies basement of the Kabul block (Faryad et al., 2016) that underplate the Western Hindu Kush from the South. The garnet-scapolite skarn consists mostly (up to 80 vol %) of Ca-rich garnet with variable amount of scapolite and clinopyroxene. Accessory titanite and calcite are also present. The xenolith is from the host metagranodiorite separated by an about 2 cm thick zone with high scapolite and clinopyroxene (both up to 80 vol %) contents where the amount of titanite also increases and accessory apatite occurs. To estimate equilibrium conditions in skarn xenolith in the Cretaceous granodiorite, we used the average P-T calculations (Powell & Holland, 1988) for the end-member phases in the observed minerals. The results of these
66 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) calculations yielded temperature of 500 oC/0.28 GPa to 530 oC/0.4 GPa that relate well to the thermal event caused by Cretaceous granodiorite intrusion.
Figure 1. Simplified tectonic map of Afghanistan and western Himalayan-Karakoram-Hindu Kush region (modified from Tapponnier et al., 1981; Boulin, 1988; Lawrence et al., 1992; Beck et al., 1996). Black fields in the Kabul block (KB) are ophiolite occurrences. 1-Harirod Fault (Paleozoic suture), 2-Helmand Fault (Mesozoic suture), 3-Bamiyan-Shibar Fault, 4-Chaman Fault, 5-Panjshir Fault, 6-Main Boundary Thrust ,7-Main Central Trust (Indus-Tsangpo Suture), 8-Shyok Suture, 9-Mesozoic Suture. B - Bamiyan town. The white arrow shows position of detailed geological map (b) of the Western Hindu Kush (modified from Kafarsky et al., 1975). Solid stars are locations of sample selected for this study and open stars are samples from Faryad et al., 2013 used for comparison). c) Cross section (A-B) in (b) is after Wallbrecher (1974).
References Beck, R.A., Burbank, D.W., Sercombe, W.J., Khan, M.A., & Lawrence, R.D. (1996). Late cretaceous ophiolite obduction and paleocene India–Asia collision in the western most Himalaya. Geodinamica Acta, 9, 114–144. Boulin, J. (1988). Hercynian and Eocimmerian events in Afghanistan and adjoining regions. Tectonophysics, Elsevier, 148(3–4), 253–278. Boulin, J., 1990. Neocimmerian events in central and western Afghanistan. Tectonophysics 175(4), 285-315. Evans, B.W., & Ghiorso, M.S. 1995. Thermodynamics and petrology of cummingtonite. American Mineralogist, 80, 649–663. Faryad, S.W., Collett, S. Petterson, M., Sergeev, S.V. 2013. Magmatism and metamorphism linked to the accretion of continental blocks south of the Hindu Kush, Afghanistan. Lithos, 175–176, 302–314. Faryad, S.W., Collett, S., Finger, F., Sergeev, S., Čopjaková, R. and Siman, P. 2016. The Kabul Block (Afghanistan), a segment of the Columbia Supercontinent, with a Neoproterozoic metamorphic overprint. Gondwana Research, 34, 221-240.
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Harlov, D.E. 2000. Titaniferous magnetite±ilmenite thermometry and titaniferous magnetite ± ilmenite ± orthopyroxene ± quartz oxygen barometry in granulite facies gneisses, Bamble sector, SE Norway: Implications for the role of high-grade CO2-rich fluids during granulite genesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 140, 180-197. Kafarsky, A.Kh., Chmyriov, V.M., Dronov, V.I., Stazhilo-Alekseev, K.P., Abdullah, D., & Saikovsky V.S. 1975. Geological Map of Afghanistan, Scale 1:2,500,000. Kabul, Records Office DGMS. Lawrence, R.D., Khan, S. H., & Nakata, T. (1992). Chaman fault, Pakistan-Afghanistan. In: Bucknam, R.C., Hancock, P.L. (Eds.), Major Active Faults of the World—Results of IGCP Project 206, Special Issue Supplement to Annales Tectonicae, 6, 196–223. Powell, R., & Holland, T.J.B. 1988. An internally consistent dataset with uncertainties and correlations: 3. Applications to geobarometry, worked examples and a computer program. Metamorphic Geology, 6 (2), 173–204. Schumacher, R., & Faulhaber, S. 1994. Summary and discussion of P-T estimates from garnet-pyroxene- plagioclase-quartz-bearing granulite-facies rocks from Sri Lanka. Precambrian Research. Elsevier, 66(1–4), 295–308. Tapponnier, P., Mattauer, M., Proust, F., & Cassaigneau, C. (1981). Mesozoic ophiolites, sutures, and large scale tectonic movements in Afghanistan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 52, 355–371. Wallbrecher, E. (1974). Zur Geologie der Südflanke des afganischen Hindukush zwischen den Flüssen Salang und Parandeh. (PhD thesis) Freien Universität, Berlin, 150.
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Morphogenetic map of lava flows in the Volcanoes Valley, Peruvian Andes
ŁUKASZ NOWAK1
1 –AGH University of Science and Technology, Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland E-mail: [email protected]
The topic of the paper refers to research work carried out in 2017 by our Research Team as a part of the programme of the Polish Scientific Expedition to Peru. The research area of the Expedition is situated in the Volcanoes Valley in the Central Andes, southern Peru. The valley is a longitudinal tectonic graben. Volcanoes of the Andahua Group raise up from its bottom, covering the graben floor with lavas. They form separate lava fields that may be subdivided into three lithostratigraphic units: I – Pleistocene, II – Late Pleistocene – Mid Holocene, III – Holocene. During the fieldwork, lava samples were collected, and specific morphological and tectonic forms were identified and described. Laboratory analyses of collected samples were performed by the Canadian company ActLabs were carried out to described petrographical composition. The main task is to create a morphogenetic 1:50 000 map presenting the main lava flow directions along with morphologic and tectonic forms. The map is intended to show separate lava fields and a time-sequence in which the volcanoes erupted. For the purpose of the research works, ArcGIS software by ESRI and satellite remote sensing technology were used based on digital elevation model and Sentinel satellite data. In this contribution, we present the massif of the Puca Mauras Volcano (4275 m above the sea level), which was studied in detail. The cone of the volcano raises ca 300 m above the lava blanket surrounding the cone. The cone has the diameter of 400 m at the base and its crater is 110 m deep, while the dip of the cone slope is 32°. The Puca Mauras Lava Field occupies the area of 60 km2. The thickness of individual lava layers range from 80 to 150 m which was visible during fieldwork. The research works led to a detailed finding and description of the diversity of the slopes of the volcano: is constructed of lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks and scoria. The major chemical composition of lava is corresponding to trachyandesites and dacites. The presence of vegetation cover enabled us to perform two tasks: (1) to carry out analyzes using the vegetation index developed out of the Sentinel satellite mission images and (2) to identify the chronological succession of the lava fields manifested by the significant increase of the NDVI index in the oldest lava flows as compared to younger ones. For the purpose of research works, Digital Elevation Models (DEM) were used in order to identify lava flow borders and flow directions based on analysis of slopes and curvature of the terrain using focal analysis. Three eruption phases were found to have occurred in certain volcanic centres. Petrographic analysis and fieldwork indicated that eruption of two styles of explosive activity occurred on the Puca Mauras Lava Field: one was that of Hawaii type whilst the other of the Stromboli one. DEM also made it possible for us to identify morphological like lava
69 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) domes and cones, volcanic fissure, levee forms. DEM also revealed tectonic discontinuities which in the area represent the main pathways of magma ascent on the surface. There are also forms described and interpreted as tumuli; however, they may be separate lava domes. Extended descriptions and the full set of conclusions along with proposed further research strategies built up on our research work will be presented in the lecture to be delivered at the conference.
70 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
The role of metasomatism in PGE-bearing rocks formation of the Vuruchuaivench massif, Monchegorsk Complex (Kola Peninsula, Russia)
ALEKSEI PAKHALKO1 and KASHIN SERGEY1
1 – A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredniy prospect 74, Saint- Petersburg, Russia, [email protected]
The Monchegorsk Complex, an early Paleoproterozoic layered ultramafic-mafic intrusion, is located in the central part of the Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia. The complex is known for its platinum group element (PGE) mineralizations, found in different layered units (Pripachkin et al., 2013). The Monchegorsk pluton belongs to the complex and consists of two branches: the sub-longitude peridotite-pyroxenite trend (Nittis, Kumuzh'ya, and Travyanaya (NKT) massifs), and the sub-latitude pyroxenite-gabbronorite trend (Sopcha, Nyud, and Poaz massifs). The Vuruchuaivench (also known as Vurechuaivench) massif supposedly is the upper layered unit of the Monchegorsk pluton. It adjoins the Nyud and Poaz massifs from the southeast, and contact between them is tectonic. The Vuruchuaivench massif consists of altered massive gabbronorites and anorthosites (Grebnev et al., 2014). The PGE-bearing lens-like bodies are mostly related to anorthosites but occasionally can be found in gabbronorites. Ore bodies are always associated with up to several wt.% of sulfides. Palladium concentrations (4 ppm on average) dominate over Pt (0.5 ppm on average) (Sharkov & Chistyakov, 2012; Knauf et al., 2008). Primary mineralogical results show pervasive metasomatism of all rocks. Gabbronorites are altered by more than 50% of the rock volume, and among unaltered minerals, only plagioclase (labradorite) is found. Anorthosites are represented by fully metasomatosed albite- clinochlore-quartz-zoisite-sericite rocks, which are determined as “anorthosites” only by normative mineral calculation (CIPW norm). Microprobe analysis of the composition of platinum group minerals (PGM) shows the prevalence of palladium arsenides (palladoarsenide), platinum arsenides (sperrylite), palladium tellurium-bismuthides (kotulskite), and electrum, which are all typical for the massif (Grokhovskaya et al., 2000). However, the spatial distribution of PGM relative to other minerals is notable. Of the 11 PGM grains identified, three are found on the sulfide- silicate boundary, four in sulfides and four in silicates. Additionally, 10 of them are in direct contact or in close proximity to zoisite crystals. This feature indicates a metasomatically controlled distribution and abundance of PGM within the mineralization. Given the complex mineral composition of the metasomatic rocks found in this area, as well as the indicated connection between metasomatism and the PGM mineralization, additional mineralogical studies are undertaken. At present, we have established different mineral
71 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) parageneses: initial chlorite-zoisite propylitization with α and β-zoisite, which is followed by two stages of amphibolization (tremolite?) and quartz-sericite (acidic) metasomatism. Future studies will help to reveal the full petrogenesis and development of PGE mineralizations within the Vuruchuaivench massif.
Figure 1. BSE image of PGM (a, b) and their relationship with sulfide and silicate minerals. Pn – pentlandite, Ccp – chalcopyrite, Tnkh – talnakhite, Chl – chlorite, Q-quartz, Zo – zoisite, Ttn – titanite. Microphotographs of drilling core sample (borehole 1812, 198,0 m.) within mineralization zone (c - xpl, d - ppl) and sample taken from the surface (V1101) within non-mineralized area (e - xpl, f - ppl), showing pervasive alteration of primary igneous minerals. Am1, am2 – amphibole of first and second generations, aZO, bZO, CZO – α-, β- and clinozoisite, cl – chlorite, pl – plagioclase, and ttn – titanite.
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References Grebnev, R.A., Rundkvist, T.V. & Pripachkin, P.V. 2014, Geochemistry of mafic rocks of the PGE-bearing Vurechuaivench massif (Monchegorsk Complex, Kola region). Geochemistry International, 52, 726–739. Grokhovskaya, T.L., Bakaev, G.F., Shelepina, E.P., Lapina, M.I., Laputina, I.P. & Muravitskaya, G.N. 2000, PGE mineralization in the Vuruchuaivench gabbronorite massif, Monchegorsk pluton (Kola Peninsula, Russia): Geology of Ore Deposits, 42, 133–146. Knauf V.V., Davydov P.S. & Ivanchenko V.N. 2008. The platinum group elements and gold mineralization on Vuruchuaivench prospecting area. In: International Project KOLARCTIC INTERREG III A North – TACIS, “Strategic mineral resources as a basis of sustainable development of the North" (Russia - Finland - Sweden). KSC RAS, Apatity, Russia, 89-99 Pripachkin P.V., Neradovsky Yu.N., Fedotov Zh.A. & Nerovich L.I. 2013. The Cu-Ni-PGE and Cr deposits of the Monchegorsk area, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Guidebook for geological excursions. Apatity: Geological Institute KSC RAS Press, 2013. 56 p Sharkov, E.V. & Chistyakov, A.V. 2012, The Early Paleoproterozoic Monchegorsk layered mafite-ultramafite massif in the Kola Peninsula. Geology, petrology, and ore potential: Petrology, 20, 607–639.
73 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Mineralogy of the iron ore deposit Poniky-Holý vrch (North Veporicum Unit, Slovak Republic)
ĽUBOŠ POLÁK1, SERGYI KURYLO2 and JOZEF VLASÁČ2
1 – Matej Bel University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Geography and Geology, Tajovského 40, 974 01, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic, [email protected] 2 – Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, branch: Ďumbierska 1, 974 01, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
In North Veporicum Unit there are located several iron ore deposits and occurrences, which have been mined since the sixteenth century. One of these deposits is also the historic deposit of iron ore Poniky-Holý vrch. It is located 1.8 km north of the Kamenný hŕbok hill (778 m a.s.l), 2.7 km of Ľubietová village and 0.25 km of the Holý vrch hill (802 m a.s.l.), at an altitude of 770 m. The deposit is in the Permian rocks of the Ľubietová Zone in North Veporicum Unit (Vozárová and Vozár, 1988). The unit consists of quartzite, greywacke, arkosic sandstone and quartz porphyry (Dublan et al., 1997). Mineralization was investigated using polarizing microscope Nikon ECLIPSE LV 100 POL and electron probe micro-analyzer Jeol-JXA-8530F in WDS mode at the Earth Science Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic. Raman DXR dispersed spectrometer (Thermo Scientific) was also used together with the confocal Olympus microsope at the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, National Museum, Prague. Both methods were used to accurately identify sulphides, oxides and carbonates. The vein filling is represented mainly by siderite, quartz and hematite. The mean thickness of veins is 5 cm, veins direction is N-S and they are developed in a tectonic zone at a distance of 1 km. Siderite forms fine- to medium-grain aggregates and the texture of these ore veins is brecciated or massive. The chemical composition of siderite is similar to the other hydrothermal mineralization in the Tatricum and Veporicum Unit, however in our case some siderite grains are richer in Mn, MnO reaches up to 16.73 wt. %. Hematite is mainly represented by its variety-specularite and it forms chips. The thickness of hematite-specularite veins is approximately 2 cm and the ratio of hematite:specularite is approximately 1:3. In terms of chemical composition, no admixture is introduced into its structure and its chemical formula is therefore identical to the ideal formula of pure hematite. Magnetite is also identified in the association with hematite. Sulphide minerals are present in the deposit to a lesser extent. They are represented by an irregular nest of chalcopyrite (max. 3 x 2 cm), marcasite (max. 2 x 1.5 cm) and pyrite (max 2 x 2 cm). In negligible quantities pyrite also forms idiomorphic cube-shaped crystals, up to 1 cm in size. The oxidation zone to a great extent is created by limonite which grows either directly on the host rock or almost completely replaces siderite. It creates either coatings (max. 10 x 5 cm) or irregular clusters (max. 2 x 0.5 cm) that are brown, orange and red. Goethite is formed along the edge of siderite, in the cracks of the rocks there are black aggregates, with
74 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) maximum flat area of 3 x 2 cm. Mn oxides (hollandite and cryptomelane?), light to dark gray, which form veins with a thickness of up to 0.2 cm, coatings (3 x 1 cm) or irregular aggregates, are also present. They are located on the siderite veins or grow on the rocks. On the specularite veins, a red, microcrystalline lepidocrokite is developed, max. 0.2 cm. Cu- S phases also represent secondary minerals, including geerite and anilite. The grains of accessory minerals of the rocks (quartzite, greywacke and arkosic sandstone) in which mineralization is developed are predominantly represented by zircon, less by rutile and ± apatite. The main minerals of host rocks are quartz, feldspar (mainly K-feldspar) and muscovite. Siderite filling vein texture has a brecciated or massive character and is predominantly developed in fine-grained aggregates, which, when in contact with the surrounding rock, passes into medium-grain aggregates, probably due to the tectonic exposure and subsequent recrystallization. In other cases, transformation of siderite to goethite can be observed (by oxidation processes), which forms the filling of the intergranular spaces, especially in the marginal parts of the siderite. Hematite occurs in the studied veins mainly in the form of specularite. The oldest mineral in the deposit is siderite. Gradually younger are magnetite, hematite/specularite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and marcasite. Minerals that originated within the oxidation zone were formed by the weathering processes of minerals of the primary mineralization on the deposit. According to Losert (1965), the deposit is a part of the siderite formation in the perimeter of the Ľubietová Zone, which forms a longer bearing lane with historically traced occurrences (Čierny diel and Farská hora). The ore minerals have been created by hydrothermal processes (as well as other typical siderite-sulphidic mineralization in the Western Carpathians). According to Slavkay (2004), this mineralization is of Alpine age (Middle to Upper Cretaceous).
Acknowledgement: This study was supported by projects: APVV 15-0050, VEGA 1/0650/15 and VEGA 1/0326/18.
References Dublan, L., Bezák, V., Biely, A., Bujnovský, A., Halouzka, R., Hraško, Ľ., Kohlerová, M., Marcin, D., Onačila, D., Scherer, S., Vozárová, A., Vozár, J. & Žáková, E. 1997. Explanatory notes to the geological map of Poľana 1 : 50 000. ŠGÚDŠ, Bratislava, 238. Losert, J. 1965. The ore deposits of the western part of the Ľubietová Zone and the adjacent Subtatric. Sbor. geol. Věd, ložisk. Geol., Praha, 6, 7-45. Slavkay, M., Beňka, J., Bezák, V., Gargulák, M., Hraško, Ľ., Kováčik, M., Petro, M., Vozárová, A., Hruškovič, S., Knésl, J., Knéslová, A., Kusein, M., Maťová, V. & Tulis., J. 2004. Mineral deposits of the Slovak Ore Mountains. ŠGÚDŠ, Bratislava, 285. Vozárová, A. & Vozár, J. 1988. Late Paleozoic in Western Carpathians. ŠGÚDŠ, Bratislava. 314.
75 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Preliminary results of crystallographic orientation analysis of marbles from the Bôrka Nappe, Meliaticum, Western Carpathians
TOMÁŠ POTOČNÝ1, PETR JEŘÁBEK2 and DUŠAN PLAŠIENKA1
1 – Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Natural Science, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava 4, Slovakia, [email protected] 2 – Department of Petrology and Structural geology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic, [email protected]
We present preliminary data from microstructural and grain analysis of carbonate rocks from the Meliaticum Superunit of the Western Carpathians. The Meliaticum Superunit incorporates the blueschists-facies of the Bôrka Nappe and the low-grade polygenous melange (Mello et al., 1998). Uniqueness of the Bôrka Nappe is in its relatively high-pressure metamorphism compared to the surrounding rock complexes. Coarse-grained limestones or marbles are the most appropriate to study their crystallographic orientation by the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis (Maitland & Sitzman, 2007). Carbonate rocks were sampled from various Meliatic complexes that occur in a wide area and form either massive marble formations (Bôrka Nappe) or olistostrome bodies in Jurassic oceanic sediments (Meliaticum s.s.). The sampled marbles showed differences in deformation of microstructures, which were used to divide them into three main groups G1-G3. With a few exceptions the distinguished groups approximately match to their regional occurrence. The first group (G1) contains relatively big calcite grains with their typical structure of grain borders. The second group (G2) represents transitional member between G1 and G3 (Fig. 1). The G2 group is again relatively coarse grained, but is marked by an onset of dynamic recrystallization i.e. the big calcite grains are partially replaced by newly formed fine-grained calcite. The third group (G3) shows completely recrystallized fine-grained calcite matrix. Marbles from group three show relatively uniform calcite grain size with sharp borders. Several selected marble samples were analysed by EBSD. Data from EBSD were processed in MTEX Matlab toolbox to obtain information about microstructures, grain size, shape preferred orientation and mainly crystal preferred orientation (CPO). The CPO is the most important aspect, which could resolve the shear sense during deformation of these rocks. The presented results will be used to characterize a structural setting of the studied nappes in the tectonic context of the Western Carpathians in further research.
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Figure 1. EBSD map of three main groups of marbles from the Bôrka Nappe.
References Maitland, T. & Sitzman, S. 2007. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) Technique and Materials Characterization Examples. Scanning Microscopy for Nanotechnology. Techniques and Applications. 41–75. Springer Science+Business Media, New York, USA. Mello, J., Reichwalder, P. & Vozárová, A. 1998. Bôrka Nappe: high pressure relic from the subduction-accretion prism of the Meliata ocean (Inner Western Carpathians, Slovakia). Slovak Geological Magazine, 4, 4, 261- 273. Bratislava, Slovakia.
77 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Zircon populations in rhyolites from Organy Wielisławskie: insight from SEM-MLA analyses
ARKADIUSZ PRZYBYŁO1 and ANNA PIETRANIK1
1 – Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Maksa Borna 9, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland, [email protected]
Zircon, chemical formula ZrSiO4, is an accessory mineral but the trace element can be incorporated into the structure and substituted for Si or Zr. Due to substitution of Zr by U and a very low compatibility of Pb in zircon structure, zircon does not incorporate common Pb into its structure and has Pb almost only from uranium decay. This makes zircon very useful in geochronology (Hoskin & Schaltegger, 2003). Zircon is also common in different types of rocks and it is resistant to weathering (Harley & Kelly, 2007). Despite that zircon dating is not straightforward and that is particularly true for rhyolites which often give a range of ages of over 10-20 million years for a single sample. This may be caused by lead loss during prolonged magmatic activity or by the presence of antecrystic crystals within the zircon cargo (Pietranik et al., 2013). Therefore, it is vital to characterize zircon types occurring in the rock in order to distinguish distinct populations which may represent autocrystic and antecrystic grains. In order to characterize the population better it is interesting to see how they occur in rock structure as auto and antecrysts can be contained in different minerals. However, in traditional microscope and secondary electron microscope methods it is time-consuming to do it precisely. Therefore, we suggest that using SEM equipped with Mineral Liberation Analyzer (SEM-MLA) allows for better and faster analyzes of all grains from a thin section and give quantitative information on grains dimensions and mineral association, which is impossible using traditional methods. This study presents information on SEM-MLA characteristic of Organy Wielisławskie in order to define if the rhyolite contains different zircon populations. The zircons used in this study come from Organy Wielisławskie, which is in the south-eastern part of the North Sudetic Basin. The main lithology of this site is porphyric rhyolite, which is characterized by concentric flow foliation and radial columnar joints (Awdankiewicz et al., 2010). The Organy Wielisławskie rhyolites are interpreted as a subvolcanic intrusion (Kozłowski & Parachoniak, 1967). Zircon analyses from Organy Wielisławskie rhyolites by MLA/SEM shows that: 1) elongated crystals (L/B≥2) dominate and occur mostly in K-feldspar and matrix, whereas stubby zircons occur in different rock constituent, like K-feldspar, biotite, quartz and matrix, 2) dominating zircons do not contain inclusions, 3) modal mineralogy and zircon association data are strongly correlated, where more zircons occur in minerals which have larger participation in rock composition, with the exception of biotite, which constitutes only 1% of the rock, but over 17% of zircon border is associated with this mineral and 4) ca. 90% of zircon grains have
78 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) size less than 75µm. These findings have a potential impact on interpretation of zircon ages as two different populations can now be accessed by future zircon dating.
References Awdankiewicz, M., Pieczonka, J., Piestrzyński, A. & Sawłowicz, Z. 2010. Late Palaeozoic post-orogenic volcanism in the Sudetes Mts. and Kupferschiefer-type ore deposits in the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, SW Poland. Acta Universitatis Szegediensis. Acta Mineralogica –Petrographica, Field Guide Series, 18, 2–34. Harley, S.L. & Kelly, N.M. 2007. Zircon Tiny but Timely. Elements, 3, 13-18. Hoskin, P.W.O. & Schaltegger, U. 2003. The composition of zircon and igneous and metamorphic petrogenesis. In: Hanchar, J.M., Hoskin, P.W.O. (eds) Zircon. Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry, 53, 27-62 Kozłowski, S. & Parachoniak, W. 1967. Permian volcanism in the North-Sudetic depression. Prace Muzeum Ziemi, Prace Petrograficzne i Geologiczne, 11, 191–221 (in Polish, English summary). Pietranik, A., Słodczyk, E., Hawkesworth, C.J., Breitkreuz, C., Storey, C.D, Whitehouse, M. & Milke, R. 2013. Heterogeneous Zircon Cargo in Voluminous Late Paleozoic Rhyolites: Hf, O Isotope and Zr/Hf Records of Plutonic to Volcanic Magma Evolution. Journal of Petrology, 54, 8, 1483–1501.
79 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Monitoring of geological structures and cave morphology with non-contact surveying technologies and methods
KATARÍNA PUKANSKÁ1, KAROL BARTOŠ1 and ĽUBOMÍR KSEŇAK1
1 – Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and GIS, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Spaces and objects, located below the Earth`s surface, are often characterized by different and more complex structures than objects on the Earth. However, we can often see that a large part of them is physically inaccessible or access to them is very complicated. Documenting and observing of these objects by classic methods of measurement could be too long and, in some cases, impossible. Thanks to non-contact surveying technologies and methods it is possible to obtain a large amount of experimental data on the position, morphology, and behavior of various geological formations under the ground. These data can be further processed and they can identify changes to individual structures. The results can predict the direction, size, and speed of future changes. These methods of measurement include not only time savings but also significantly lower financial expenses even in the present. One of these technologies is terrestrial laser scanning. The obtained data are represented by a point cloud (i.e. a set of points with defined spatial position), which defines objects with a more complicated structure, such as caves, very precisely. Field research of caves is very demanding. It results mainly from complicated spatial conditions, lack of light, high humidity, and a frequent occurrence of running water and mud (Hofierka et al., 2016). In Slovakia, there are many caves, each of which is characterized by its geomorphology. Three-dimensional cave visualization is suitable for the accurate displaying of the complex morphology of underground spaces, including fault surfaces and lines (Bella et al., 2015). The other technology is digital close-range photogrammetry, making accurate spatial models of caves from a series of photographic images. The implementation of the non-contact surveying technologies and methods to determine cave morphology guarantees more accurate research results than classical measurement methods. The regular monitoring of dynamics of the glacial fill in Dobšiná Ice Cave is very important. The presented results of the research show that the glacial fill in the Dobšiná Ice Cave is not static but it is elastically and dynamically responding to slight climate and hydrological changes (Gašinec et al., 2012). It also includes the monitoring of various geohazards and the progress of volume, shape, and size of various limestone formations in other Slovak caves such as Medvedia cave, Ochtiná aragonite cave, and others. For this reason, this focused monitoring should be done at least twice a year, but in risk areas much more frequently. The research also includes all geodetic documentation such as the positional and height connection of the geodetic network and its subsequent connection to the national coordinate
80 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) and height system. It was realized by the Slovak surface observatory service (SKPOS), concretely by identification of the coordinates of the measurement network points on the surface of the Dobšiná Ice Cave by the GSNN method. Transformation of local coordinates was done thanks to the transformation service application, which is operated by the Geodetic and Cartographic Institute in Bratislava. In addition, it also focuses on the comparison of the two surveying technologies, the suitability of their using and the summarization of the results.
Acknowledgement: The study is the result of Grant Project of Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic VEGA No. 1/0844/18: “Experimental research on the limiting factors of application of non-contact surveying systems for the documentation of specific surfaces for the creation of their digital models”
References Bella, P., Littva, J., Pukanská, K., Gašinec, J. & Bartoš, K. 2015. Use of terrestrial laser scanning for the investigation of structural geological discontinuities and morphology of caves: The example of the Dúpnica cave, Západné Tatry Mts. Acta Geologica Slovaca, 7, 2, 93-102. Gašinec, J., Gašincová, S. & Gergeľová, M. 2012. Creation of spatial model of Dobšinská Ice Cave and its connection into the National Coordinate Reference System JTSK03. Geodetický a kartografický obzor, 58, 9, 218-223. Hofierka, J., Hochmuth, Z., Kaňuk, J., Gallay, M. & Gessert, A. 2016. Mapovanie jaskyne Domica pomocou terestrického laserového skenovania. Geografický časopis/Geographical Journal, 68, 1, 25-38. ISSN 0016- 7193
81 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
The Early Middle Togo-Khudukh Floristic Assemblage from Central Mongolia
KSENIA PUSTOVOYT1
1 – Geology Institute RAS, Pyzhevsky lane 7, Moscow, Russia, [email protected]
We present the results of examination of a palaeofloristic assemblage from the Lower Middle Jurassic deposits of the Bakhar Depression in Central Mongolia. Palaeobotanical research here is carried out to specify regional stratigraphic schemes of the Jurassic terrestrial deposits, to ascertain their age, to conduct stratigraphic correlations, and to reconstruct palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic conditions of coal accumulation in the Mongolian territory and adjacent territories of Siberia and East Asia. The Bakhar Depression is situated in Central Mongolia. Jurassic deposits here are represented by the Bakhar Group, which is divided into the Togo-Khuduk, Ortsag, and Bayan-Ul Members (Sinitsa, 1993). In this report, we present the floristic assemblage from the lowermost, Togo-Khuduk Member. Over 200 plant impressions were collected from these deposits. The studied flora comprises such groups of plants as lycopods, ferns, ginkgoaleans, cycadaleans and conifers. Conifers dominate and are mostly represented by Pityophyllum leaves. There are also some Podozamites and Ferganiella leaves, Pityospermum seeds and Elatides cones. The part of ginkgoaleans and leptostrobaleans is less, but they are rather various. Ginkgoaleans are mostly represented by several species of Ginkgo leaves and also by a few Baiera, Sphenobaiera, Pseudotorrelia leaves. Leptostrobaleans comprise several species of Phoenicopsis and Czekanowskia leaves and such fructifications as Leptostrobus and Ixostrobus. There are a few ferns in the assemblage including such genera as Cladophlebis, Sphenopteris and Hausmannia. Lycopods and cycadaleans occur scarcely. From the Late Paleozoic till the Early Cenozoic, a border between the Euro-Sinian and the Siberian palaeofloristic regions passed through the Mongolian territory (Vakhrameev et al., 1970). Furthermore, during Early and Middle Jurassic a border between the West Siberian and the North Chinese provinces also passed here (Kiritchkova et al., 2005). As it was pointed out in several recent works (Kostina et al., 2010; Kostina & Herman, 2013; Kostina et al., 2015), almost all the Mongolian territory belonged to the West Siberian Province of the Siberian Palaeofloristic Region during Early and Middle Jurassic. The composition of the Early Middle Jurassic Togo-Khuduk Flora confirms this hypothesis since it possesses all typical features of West Siberian floras.
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References Kiritchkova, A.I., Kostina, E.I., Bystritskaya, L.I., 2005. Fitostratigrafiya i flora yurskikh otlozhenii Zapadnoi Sibiri (Jurassic Phytostratigraphy and Flora of the West Siberia). Nedra Publ., St.-Petersburg (378 pp. in Russian). Kostina, E.I., Herman, A.B., 2013. The Middle-Jurassic flora of South Mongolia: composition, age and phytogeographic position. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. №193. P.82-98. Kostina, E.I., Herman, A.B., Kodrul, T.M, 2015. Early Middle Jurassic (possibly Aalenian) Tsagan-Ovoo flora of Central Mongolia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. №220. P.44-68. Kostina E.I., Kodrul, T.M., Gereltsetseg, L., Ahlberg, A.T., Herman, A.B., 2010. Jurassic floras of Central Mongolia: new data. Erdem shinzhilgeenii bueel 20: Geologi Sudlal, Ulan Bator, pp. 89-101. Sinitsa, S.M., 1993. Yura i nizhniy mel centralnoi Mongolii (Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of Central Mongolia). Nauka Publ., Moscow (239 pp. in Russian). Vakhrameev, V.A., Dobruskina, I.A., Zaklinskaja, E.D., Meyen, S.V., 1970. Paleozoiskiye i mezozoiskiye flory Evrazii i fitogeograpfiya etogo vremeni (Paleozoic and Mesozoic Floras of Eurasia and Phytogeography of this time). Nauka Publ., Moscow (427 pp. in Russian).
83 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Thermodynamics of pyromorphite – vanadinite solid solution series
BARTOSZ PUZIO1, URSZULA SOLECKA1, MACIEJ MANECKI1 and TOMASZ BAJDA1
1– AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland, [email protected]
Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl (Py) and vanadinite Pb5(VO4)3Cl (Van) are minerals which belong to the apatite supergroup. The flexible structure of apatite allows for substitutions at many sites (Pan & Fleet, 2002) and its high thermodynamic stability (Puzio et al., 2018) dictates its widespread application, for example as an environmental catalyst (Masaoka & Kyono, 2006) or as a metal sequestration agent in water treatment and contaminated soil remediation (Ma et al., 1993; Cotter-Howells, 1996; Chen et al., 1997; Bajda, 2010). Thus, there is a need for better understanding of reactions that govern the mobility of V in the environment. Therefore, this research was conducted (1) to determine the effects of V substitution on the solubility of Py; (2) to determine the effects of temperature on the solubility within
Pb5(PO4)3Cl – Pb5(VO4)3Cl solid solution series; (3) to determine the thermodynamic o o o o properties ΔH f, ΔG f, S f, and ΔC p as a function of temperature for the studied phases. These new findings will serve as an important source of basic knowledge for future research as well as for applications in the water treatment procedures and management of Pb-V-bearing hazardous materials and wastes. A continuous solid solution series for Py - Van system was successfully synthesized under laborator conditions, analyzed (XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM–EDS), described in details by Solecka et al. (2018) and used for dissolution experiments in this study. All dissolution experiments were performed in polycarbonate bottles immersed in water bath with thermostat control (25, 45, and 65 C) or placed in a refrigerator (5 C) for 434 days. The equilibrium was established after 1 month. Dissolution was found to be slightly incongruent particularly at high-V end of the series and affected by chervetite (PbV2O7) precipitation. Based on the dissolution reaction, 2+ 3- 3- - (*)Pb5(PO4)m(VO4)3-mCl = 5Pb (aq) + mPO4 (aq) + (3-m)VO4 (aq) + Cl (aq), their solubility products Ksp, 298.15 were determined. Substitution of V for P in the structure of apatite results in a linear decrease in the value of Ksp: from Py log Ksp,298.15 = −79.58±0.37 to Van log Ksp,
298.15 = −95.36±0.67. The dissolution in this solid solution series is endothermic and the enthalpy of the dissolution reaction (*) increases with V substitution into the Py structure. o o For the first time, the Gibbs free energy of formation ΔG f, enthalpy of formation ΔH f, o o entropy of formation S f, and specific heat C p were determined for Py – Van solid solution o series. The ΔG f increased linearly with an increase in the content of V in apatite structure: o from -3711.45±46.72 [kJ/mol] for Py to -3504.00±92.73 [kJ/mol] for Van. The ΔH f variation o versus chemical composition of the samples results in similar trend like ΔG f. The Ksp, 298.15, o o ΔG f and ΔH f for Py determined in this work are in good agreement with previous study (Topolska et al., 2016).
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Acknowledgement: The project and US was financed with resources of the National Science Centre of Poland, granted based on decision no. DEC-2013/09/N/ST10/00677. BP is funded by NCN research grant no. 2017/27/N/ST10/00776. MM and TB was supported from AGH statutory funds no. 11.11.140.158.
References
Bajda, T. 2010. Solubility of mimetite Pb5(AsO4)3Cl at 5–55 °C. Environ. Chem., 7, 268–278. Chen, X., Wright, J.V., Conca, J.L. & Peurrung, L.M. 1997. Evaluation of heavy metal remediation using mineral apatite. Water Air Soil Pollut., 98, 57–78. Cotter-Howells, J. 1996. Lead phosphate formation in soils. Environ. Pollut,. 93, 9–16. Ma, Q.Y., Traina, S.J., Logan, T.J. & Ryan, J.A. 1993. In situ lead immobilization by apatite. Environ. Sci. Technol,. 27, 1803–1810.
Masaoka, M. & Kyono, A. 2006. Single crystal growth of lead vanado-chlorapatite Pb5(VO4)3Cl using CsCl flux method. Mater. Lett., 60, 3922–3926. Pan, Y. & Fleet, M.E. 2002. Compositions of the apatite-group minerals: substitution mechanisms and controlling factors. Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 48, 13–49. Puzio, B., Manecki, M. & Kwaśniak – Kominek, M. 2018. Transition from endothermic to exothermic dissolution of hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH - johnbaumite Ca5(AsO4)3OH solid solution series at temperatures ranging from 5 to 65C. Minerals, 8 (7), 281 – 302. Solecka, U., Bajda, T., Topolska, J., Zelek – Pogudz, S. & Manecki, M. 2017. Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of pyromorphite-vanadinite solid solutions. Spectrochim. Acta A, 190, 96–103. Topolska, J., Manecki, M., Bajda, T., Borkiewicz, O. & Budzewski, P. 2016. Solubility of pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl at 5–65 C and its experimentally determined thermodynamic parameters. J. Chem. Thermodyn., 98, 282 – 287.
85 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Variations of δ13С and 87Sr/86Sr in the Vendian Dalnaya- Taiga Group of the Ura Uplift (Southern Middle Siberia). On the way to the global correlation of climatic and biotic events
SERGEY RUD`KO1,2, ANTON KUZNETSOV1, PETR PETROV2 and OLEG PETROV2
1 – Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology, Makarova emb. 2, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation, [email protected] 2 – Russian Academy of Sciences Geological Institute, Pyzhevsky lane 7, Moscow, Country Russian Federation, [email protected]
The Patom Basin in the south of Middle Siberia contains a very complete Neoproterozoic sequence. As a Vendian (Ediacaran) reference section the Dalnaya-Taiga, Zhuya and Trehverstnaya Groups deposits of the Ura uplift is considered here. The section begins with diamictites corresponding to the Bolshoy Patom and Nichatka Formations, overlapped by a cap-dolomites, which are thought to be related with the ‘Marinoan’ glaciation, also known as a hypothetic Snowball event in the end of the Cryogenian. Above the cap-dolomite horizon the Ediacaran fossils Beltanelloides sorichevae were found (Leonov & Ruďko, 2012), which, however, were previously found only in Late Vendian deposits. A rich complex of large acanthomorphic microfossils is reported from the middle part of Dalnaya-Taiga Group (Sergeev et al., 2011). A negative δ13С anomaly in the carbonate rocks of the Zhuya Group corresponds to the ‘Shuram-Wonoka’ event (Pokrovsky et al., 2006), and the overlying sediments of the Trehverstnaya Group contain small shelly fossils (Kochnev & Karlova, 2010). We studied the Sr and C isotopic composition of the Dalnaya-Taiga Group carbonate deposits in order to correlate climatic and biotic events recorded in the lower part of the Ura uplift Vendian section with the reference Ediacaran sequences and specify the secular variations of the 87Sr/86Sr and δ13С in the Ediacaran ocean. In order to avoid diageneticaly altered samples and reconstruct the curve of the 87Sr/86Sr variations, we chose 14 limestone samples that meet strict selection criteria (Mn/Sr <0.2, Fe/Sr <5 and Mg/Ca <0.024) and with a maximum Sr content (from 1200 to 3400 ppm) which make them a very promising material for identifying the Sr isotopic composition of the sedimentation environments. The carbonates rhytmites, embedded in tillites of Nichatka Formation open the rare opportunity to measure the isotopic composition of the Neoproterozoic Ocean during the ‘Snowball type’ glaciation. Their δ13С values are slightly elevated (+5‰, here and after according to the VPDB standard) resembling positive carbon isotope excursions of the Phanerozoic glaciations, reflecting possibly decrease of atmospheric CO2 concentration, eustatic regression and abundant organic carbon burial. The cap-dolomites overlying glacial deposits of Bolshoy-Patom Formation have a moderately lowered δ13С values (-3.5 ‰). The carbonate layers - both interbedding and overlaying tillites – are not satisfy above
86 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) mentioned selection criteria and have a very high 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.711965-0.715118) related to the diagenesis or to the strong terrestrial influx of radiogenic Sr from glacier erosion. We established one negative (up to -8 ‰) anomaly of δ13С in the lowermost part of Baracun Formation of The Dalnaya-Taiga Group, which corresponds to a deglaciation episode, and in the middle and upper part of The Dalnaya-Taiga Group we found two positive anomalies (up to +11 and +8 ‰), separated by moderately positive δ13С values (from +0.5 to +4 ‰). The 87Sr/86Sr ratio during deglaciation was 0.70782 - 0.70807, and with the transition to the normal marine conditions the ratio decreased up to 0.70750. The minimum value of the ratio 87Sr/86Sr during the first positive anomaly δ13С is 0.70802. With the beginning of the second positive anomaly of δ13С, an increase in the ratio 87Sr/86Sr from 0.70792 to 0.70819 was established. At the top of the Dalnaya-Taiga Group, the lowermost obtained value of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio is 0.70807. The established variations of the δ13С and 87Sr/86Sr ratio for the Dalnaya-Taiga Group most closely resemble those of the China, Mongolia and Brazil reference section in the stratigraphic interval between the ‘Marino’ and ‘Gaskiers’ glaciations. Such a chemostrati-graphic correlation reinforces the traditional comparison of the diamictites and cap-dolomites at the base of the Dalnaya-Taiga Group with the global ‘Marinoan’ glacial event and indicates a large stratigraphic gap between the Dalnaya-Taiga and Zhuya Groups. This break should correspond to the time interval from the beginning of ‘Gaskiers’ glaciation to the beginning of the ‘Shuram-Wonoka’ event. The chemostratigraphic correlation reinforces the notion, that most ancient Ediacarian problematics Beltanelloides sorichevae, as well as large and diverse acanthomorphic microfossils appears before the ‘Gaskiers’ glaciation.
Acknowledgement: the Sr isotopic research in the IPGG RAS was supported by RSF Grant №18-77-00059, the field works and carbon isotopic research in the GIN RAS were supported by RFBR grant №17-05-00021.
References Kochnev B.B., Karlova G.A. 2010. New data on biostratigraphy of the Vendian Nemakit-Daldynian stage in the southern Siberian platform. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 18, 5, 492-504. Leonov M. V. and Rud’ko S. V. 2012. Finding of the Ediacaran-Vendian fossils in the Far Taiga Deposits, Patom highlands. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation. 20, 5, 497-500. Pokrovskii B.G., Bujakaite M.I., Melezhik V.A. 2006. Carbon, oxygen, strontium, and sulfur isotopic compositions in late Precambrian rocks of the Patom Complex, central Siberia: Communication 1. results, isotope stratigraphy, and dating problems. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 41, 5, 450-474. Sergeev VN., Knoll A.H., Natalya G. Vorob'еva N.G. 2011. Ediacaran Microfossils from the Ura Formation, Baikal-Patom Uplift, Siberia: Taxonomy and Biostratigraphic Significance. Journal of Paleontology, 85. 5. 987-1012.
87 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Low and high-frequency sedimentary sequences in the Upper Jurassic reef succession from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (South Poland)
DAMIAN RUDZIŃSKI1 and MARCIN KRAJEWSKI1
1 – Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, [email protected]
Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (South Poland) also known as the Polish Jura is characterized by the occurrence of the numerous white vertical rocks build by Upper Jurassic massive limestone facies which stratigraphically represents Oxfordian and Lower Kimmeridgian (e.g. Matyszkiewicz et al., 2012, 2016; Krajewski et al., 2018). These rocks represent part of extensive reef complexes, intensively developed particularly on the carbonate ramp-type platform of the northern shelf of the Tethys Ocean. On the most representative example of the Upper Oxfordian reef (Sokolica Rock; about 20 km NW of Krakow) from the southern part of the Polish part of the northern Tethys shelf, sedimentary succession has been analyzed. In the reef profile, three facies types were distinguished: microbial-sponge (FT 1), microbial- Crescentiella-ooid (FT 2) and ooid-intraclast-bioclastic (FT 3) in which eight most important microfacies types were described. Microbial-sponge facies (FT 1) dominates in three stratigraphic intervals up to 30 m thick in the lowermost part of the reef. The FT 1 type includes two microfacies types: sponge- microbial floatstone-framestone and microbial-sponge framestone. The microfacies is formed mainly of consecutive generations of dish-shaped, calcified siliceous sponges (Lithistida and Hexactinellida) with thrombolites and stromatolites. The intraframework spaces are filled with fine-grained bioclastic wackestones or floatstones composed mostly of peloids, tuberoids, brachiopods, spicules and numerous small bioclasts. The microbial-Crescentiella-ooid facies (FT 2) and ooid-intraclast-bioclastic (FT 3) is observed in the stratigraphic intervals above those occupied by the FT 1 facies. Both the FT 2 and FT 3 facies comprise numerous, mainly dm-scale sedimentary sequences. Consequently, both facies types remain undivided and are shown as one interval (FT 2+3). Calcified siliceous sponges and calcareous sclerosponges represent the rare metazoans. Generally, the FT 2 facies consists of detrital sediments commonly bound by various types of microbialites. Four microfacies types can be observed in the vertical succession, gradually replacing each other: thrombolitic bindstone, peloidal stromatolite bindstone, ooid- Crescentiella-bioclastic grainstone-packstone and agglutinating stromatolite bindstone. Thicknesses of particular microfacies types range from ~10 centimetres to ~1 m. The ooid- intraclastic-bioclastic facies (FT 3) consists of cyclic microbial ooid-bearing bindstone and ooid intraclast-bioclast grainstone-rudstone microfacies with a thickness ranging from tens of centimetres to several metres. This facies type is dominated by grainstone- rudstone with various non-skeletal grains: ooids, oncoids, aggregate grains, peloids
88 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) and intraclasts. Common radiaxial fibrous cement developed around ooids and intraclasts. The FT 3 facies also contains bivalve shells, echinoderms, gastropods and Crescentiella. Among the bioclasts, calcareous dasycladalean algae were identified.
These facies and microfacies document five reef evolution stages, in which low and high- frequency sedimentary sequences were distinguished (cf. Matyszkiewicz et al., 2012). Mid- ramp microbial-sponge frame-reef represents third-order transgressive and high-stand long- term (low-frequency), tens of meters, sedimentary sequence. The microbial-Crescentiella- ooid and ooid-intraclast-bioclastic facies build numerous decametric or metric-scale short- term (high-frequency) mid-inner ramp facies. They are corresponding to the shallow water fourth- or higher order transgressive/regressive sequences. During this stage of the reef evolution, nonskeletal grains dominated, mainly ooids, oncoids and intraclasts. Nonskeletal grains have been stabilized by microbialites as well as they were subjected to early diagenetic cementation creating grain-dominated microbial-cement supported reefs (Matyszkiewicz et al., 2012; Krajewski et al., 2018). Described example fully represents the Late Oxfordian maximum evolution stage of the Upper Jurassic reefs on the Polish part of the shelf (Krajewski et al., 2018).
References Krajewski, M., Olchowy, P. & Rudziński, D. 2018. Sedimentary successions in the Middle–Upper Oxfordian reef deposits from the southern part of the Kraków–Częstochowa Upland (Southern Poland). Geologcal Quarterly, 62, 3. Matyszkiewicz, J., Kochman, A. & Duś, A., 2012. Influence of local sedimentary conditions on development of microbialites in the Oxfordian carbonate buildups from the southern part of the Kraków-Czêstochowa Upland (south Poland). Sedimentary Geology, 263–264. Matyszkiewicz, J., Krajewski, M., Kochman, A., Kozłowski, A. & Duliński, M., 2016. Oxfordian neptunian dykes with brachiopods from the southern part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (southern Poland) and their links to hydrothermal vents. Facies, 62, 12.
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Figure 1. Distribution of the facies (FT1 and FT2+3) in the sedimentary succession of Sokolica Rock; FT1-microbial-sponge facies, FT2- microbial-Crescentiella-ooid facies FT3- ooid-intraclast-bioclastic facies, Sp- siliceous sponge, Mb-microbialites, LD-detrical limestones; A: sponge-microbial floatstone; in the lower part sponge (Sp) with micritic stromatolite (Mb) on the upper surface, FT 1. B: Detrital limestone bound by microbialites – FT2. C: ooid grainstone with numerous intraclasts, aggregate grains, oncoids and bioclasts, FT 3
90 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Mg/Al LDH formation via transformation of minerals through the AlCl3 hydrolysis
KAROLINA RYBKA1 and JAKUB MATUSIK1
1 – AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30 059 Krakow, Poland, [email protected], [email protected]
In recent years, many studies have been devoted to the Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) because of their numerous applications in many fields (e.g. catalysis, pharmacy, environmental protection) (Mishra et al., 2018). LDH are non-silicate oxides and hydroxides, also called ‘anionic clays’ due to their similarities to clay minerals. With their general formula II III x+ n- [M 1-x M x OH2] [A ]x/ny H2O, the structure of LDH can accommodate different divalent (MII) and trivalent (MIII) metals which form brucite-like layers intercalated with several types of anions (An-). Due to their layered structure having a positive charge balanced with the hydrated anions in the interlayer space, LDH were found as effective anion exchangers that may be applied in wastewater treatment (Goh et al., 2008). With an increasing demand for low-cost and effective adsorbents, the cheap synthesis of materials with high affinity towards anionic forms is gaining more attention. LDH can be rarely found in nature and are classified as minerals belonging to the hydrotalcites supergroup, however their synthesis in the laboratory conditions is very easy. Among many different methods, the coprecipitation technique was found to be the most straightforward (He et al., 2006), but the need to use chemical reagents still makes the whole process expensive. Therefore, the aim of this work was to synthesize Mg/Al LDH via transformation of minerals as metal-bearing substrates through the hydrolysis of aluminum chloride. For the synthesis, magnesite [M] and dolomite [D], which are Mg and Ca/Mg carbonates, II III were used as sources of M , while AlCl36H2O [Al] was used as a source of M and the dissolving agent. Additionally for the synthesis of a reference samples, MgCl26H2O [Mg] was used as a source of MII. The materials were obtained in 3 versions (Mg/Al, M/Al, D/Al) with combinations including three different MII/MIII molar ratios and 2 h or 24 h ageing time of the precipitate. The dissolution of M and D was achieved through aqueous hydrolysis of AlCl3 (Lewis acid) which substantially lowers the pH. Despite the lower dissolution efficiency of carbonates, the need to use additional chemical reagents (e.g. corrosive HCl) was avoided. Aliquots of the obtained solution containing Mg2+/Mg2++Ca2+ and Al3+ were added to the 2M NaCl solution where pH = 10 was set by an aqueous NaOH, and maintained at a constant level throughout the whole process. The final slurry was aged at room temperature, washed and dried at 60˚C overnight. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM. The XRD confirmed presence of LDH in all samples as compared to the magnesium aluminum carbonate hydroxide (hydrotalcite) standard pattern (JCPDS #14-191). Simultaneously, gibbsite (JCPDS #01-263) was formed in the M/Al and D/Al samples, while
91 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) calcite (JCPDS #01-1032) was formed in the D/Al samples. An increasing MII/MIII molar ratio led to structural changes revealed by shift of reflections in the XRD patterns. The shifts were both due to changes of unit cell parameters as well as change of interlayer distance. The XRD results also revealed, that with increasing ageing time the crystallinity of the obtained phases increased as attested by more narrow and sharp diffraction peaks. The FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of LDH phases as metal-oxygen and metal-oxygen-metal were found -1 2- -1 in the 800 – 400 cm region. Moreover, CO3 bands were observed in 1540 – 1310 cm region. The gibbsite band was visible at 980 cm-1 (M/Al and D/Al samples) while calcite bands were found at 876 and 715 cm-1 (D/Al sample). The SEM images enabled to observe characteristic stacked layers of LDH comprising of hexagonal plates.
Acknowledgement: This project was supported by the National Science Centre Poland, under a research project awarded by Decision No. 2017/27/B/ST10/00898.
References Goh, K.H., Lim, T.T. & Dong, Z. .2008. Application of layered double hydroxides for removal of oxyanions: a review. Water Research, 42 (6-7), 1343-1368. He, J., Wei, M., Li, B., Kang, Y., Evans, D.G. & Duan, X. 2006. Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxides. Structure and Bonding, 119, 89-119. Mishra, G., Dash, B. & Pandey, S. 2018. Layered double hydroxides: A brief review from fundamentals to application as evolving biomaterials. Applied Clay Science, 153, 172-186
92 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
The chemical nature of CO2 adsorption on zeolites
PRZEMYSLAW RZEPKA1
1 – Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
The climate changes are accelerated by increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere connected to the fossil-fuel-based energy system. Substantial reforms of the system are needed immediately and could include the implementation of carbon capture and storage
(CCS) technologies. Adsorption-driven CO2 capture is one of the most promising post- combustion CO2 capture techniques, which aim to remove CO2 from N2 in flue gas. Nano- porous zeolites (crystalline aluminosilicates with pore windows framed by 8 T-atoms) are of particular interest to adsorption applications because of their CO2 capacities and selectivities, robustness, and often low costs (Rzepka et al., 2018b).
The nature of adsorption of CO2 can vary. The process can act as physical adsorption with intermolecular interactions of the van der Waals type or as chemisorption with a significantly perturbed electronic structure of CO2 and for example the formation 2- - of CO3 and HCO3 (Rzepka et al., 2019a). The placement of adsorbed molecules inside zeolites’ structures was revealed by in situ diffraction data analysis. The fine crystallographic details of those structures upon the adsorption were resolved by solid-state NMR and infra- red spectroscopy. Adsorption-driven processes can be implemented only if highly functional adsorbent materials have been used. Zeolite A is one of the most successful adsorbents. Rzepka et al.
(Rzepka 2019) broadly discussed the potential enhancement of the selectivity of CO2 over N2 + + and CH4 by replacing Na with larger monovalent cation e.g. K in the pore windows of zeolite A. The positions of the extra-framework cations were analyzed by in situ X-ray diffraction using synchrotron light source. Figure 1 shows the cations positioned at the 4- and 6-rings and the 8-ring apertures of the aluminosilicate framework of zeolite A. K+ ion was favored at the 8-ring sites, and this cation also gradually substituted the 6-ring sites with increasing x in |Na12-xKx|-A (Rzepka et al., 2018b). Large cations did not fit the mirror plane of the 6-ring and were placed on both the sides (Rzepka, et al., 2018b). K+ at both positions, in 8-rings and 6-rings, seems to have tailored the size of pore openings. The effective pore aperture size was shown to depend on the K+ content and to separate small
CO2 molecules from large N2 and CH4 because of, probably, differences in diffusivities.
Various compositions of |Na12-xKx|-A demonstrated gradual decrease of CO2 uptake with x and an exclusion of N2 and CH4 already for low x (Rzepka et al., 2018b). Most of already absorbed CO2 molecules were revealed by in situ neutron diffraction to bridge adjacent 8-ring sites (Figure 1). They are relatively weakly physically adsorbed, and, therefore, most of the working capacity of CO2 adsorption is related to this site (Rzepka et al., 2018a).
On the other handsome CO2 molecules coordinated to a cation in the 8-ring plane (the second
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most populated site of CO2 adsorption) demonstrated perturbed electronic structure (Rzepka, et al., 2019a). The formed carbonate species act as a chemisorption agent which cannot be removed by simple evacuation (Rzepka, et al., 2018a).
Rzepka et al. (2018b) also reported that adsorbed CO2 molecules displaced the cations into the -cages and resulted into a slight contraction of the overall distribution of extra- framework cations in zeolite structure upon the adsorption of CO2 (Rzepka, et al., 2018b). 4- and 8-ring sites cations are attracted by CO2 molecules and shifted towards the center of zeolite cavities (Rzepka et al., 2018b). The time-averaged repositioning stands in an agreement with the “trapdoor” mechanism reported also for zeolites Rho, X and chabazite (Rzepka, 2019).
The kinetically-enhanced separation of CO2 from N2/CH4 seemed to be associated by a restrained diffusion also for the CO2 molecules. This is problematic due to pressure swing adsorption processes. However, it could potentially be addressed by the reduction of size of zeolite crystals to increase the extent of accessible porous space over limited time (Rzepka et al., 2019b).
+ + Figure 1. Selective adsorption of CO2 on |Na9K3|-A (left). Na and K positions represented by yellow and magenta balls. Nuclear densities of adsorbed CO2 molecules (right).
References
Rzepka, P. 2019. The chemical nature of CO2 adsorption in zeolite A. Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm.
Rzepka, P., Bacsik, Z., Pell, A. J., Hedin, N., & Jaworski, A. 2019a. The Nature of Chemisorbed CO2 in Zeolite A. ChemRxiv. Preprint. Available on-line: https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.7422815.v1- Rzepka, P., Jasso-Salcedo, A. B., Janicevs, A., Vasiliev, P., & Hedin, N. 2019b. Upgrading of raw biogas into biomethane with structured nano-sized zeolite |NaK|-A adsorbents in a PVSA unit. Energy Procedia 158, 6715–6722. Rzepka, P., Bacsik, Z., Smeets, S., Hansen, T. C., Hedin, N., & Wardecki, D. 2018a. Site-Specific Adsorption of CO2 in Zeolite NaK-A. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, 47, 27005–27015.
Rzepka, P., Wardecki, D., Smeets, S., Müller, M., Gies, H., Zou, X., & Hedin, N. 2018b. CO2-Induced Displacement of Na+ and K+ in Zeolite |NaK|-A. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, 30, 17211–17220.
94 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Excavating micro-patterns of boring sponge trace fossil (Entobia) in the Early Albian hardground of the Manín Formation from the Butkov Quarry (Central Western Carpathians, Slovakia)
VLADIMÍR ŠIMO1
1 – Earth Science Institute, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, P.O.Box 106, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia, [email protected]
The topmost surface of the Manín Formation in the stratigraphic range from Barremian to Aptian (Michalík et al., 2012) is terminated by hardground surface with numerous holes and spherical chambers with a diameter of 3 to 11 mm (Fig. 1A). Vertical distribution of borings is irregularly ordered, chambers are situated shallowly on the hardground surface up to 13 cm below the hardground surface. The chambers are occasionally connected with tiny tunnels with a diameter between 0.1 to 0.5 mm, rarely up to 1 mm (Fig. 1B). From the described morphology of sponge boring gallery, minute tunnels with diameters less than one millimeter radiate in all directions from sponge chambers. Larger tunnels with a diameter up to 2 mm, connect chambers (Bromley & Alessandro, 1984). The inner surface of tunnels contains smaller convex shallow pits with diameter from 17 up to 37 μm. Pits inside the spherical chambers have larger diameter from 50 to 72 μm. The pits are overlapped, cut each other by younger series of pits, most often oval pits in shape; single pits are rare. Arranging of pits remotely resemble a roofing tile ordered in one line to the bottom of boring. Sometimes it is possible to see arranged etching pits in rows/lines next to each other (Fig. 1C). These rows show that the etching was organized systematically step by step in one line. Some of the best-preserved etching pits contain concentric etching marks, annual rings like structure with their centroid asymmetrically located on one side (Fig. 1D). These concentric, fingerprint patterns are typical of modern genera (Aka sp.; Holoxea excavans; Spiroxya macroxeata) of boring sponge producers (Calcinai et al., 2003; 2004). Etching pit patterns are the result of two cellular processes performed by the secretion of chemical substances and by the mechanical activity of etching cells that remove the limestone in the form of small chips (Cobb, 1969; Rützler, 1975). The described micro-patterns are a unique diagnostic feature of trace fossils produced by boring sponges. However, palaeontological references for these structures are relatively rare. For instance, sponge boring micro-patterns were referred from the wall of Entobia solaris from the Early Cretaceous Rockground at Štramberg (Mikuláš, 1994). Morphology analysis of the micro-patterns structure (such as excavating pit diameter, arranging of excavating pits, concentric etching marks) with a combination of overall morphology sponge boring galleries offers ichnotaxonomic items for this type of trace fossils. The oldest limestone sponge etching chips are known in the sedimentary record from the Lower Cambrian Forteau Fm of the Labrador (Kobluk, 1981).
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Figure 1. Entobia isp. from the hardground of the Manín Fm. A.- a perpendicular cross-section of sponge boring chambers with minute tunnels. B.- inner side of the chamber with tunnel mouths. C.- rubber silicon cast of micro-patterns and tiny tunnel of boring sponge. D.- excavating pits with the annual ring-like structure. E.- the detail on the pit microsculpture surface of sponge boring. Figures B—E are captured by a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
The hardground of the Manín Fm presented an abrupt ecological change from proximally situated shallow carbonate platform in the photic zone to the deeper environment, below photic zone, with an extremely low rate of sedimentation. The hardground was colonized
96 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) by the endolithic monospecific assemblage of boring sponges which occupied surface and penetrated few centimeters deep into the substrate. Foraminifera and sponge spicule fragments were also detected inside of the borings. Silicone rubber cast of tiny tunnels which also originated in the boring sponge were detected below micro-patterns walls (Fig. 1C). Sponge borings distribution and density were studied on the surface of the hardground and from polished slabs sectioned perpendicular to the bed surface. Studied material with cellular micro-patterns was selected from non-weathered borings situated several centimeters beneath the surface of hardground. Micro-patterns of sponge cellular bioerosion were analyzed from walls of several samples of borings after removing of its argillaceous fill. The fill was removed by detergent Rewoqad. Prepared samples of rocks and silicone casts were sputtered with gold for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The micro-patterns from the boring walls and silicone rubber casts were photographed on SEM. Silicone rubber (Lukopren® N 8200) casts of borings allowed also analyzed micro-patterns on walls of canals and mouths of canals which run out of these sponge chambers.
Acknowledgement: I want to thank Jozef Michalík for occurrence indication of the unusual borings and for fruitful discussions on this topic. I thank my colleague Marián Golej for technical support and for making of silicon rubber casts of the borings. This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-17-0555).
References Bromley, R.G. & D´Alessandro A. 1984. The ichnogenus Entobia from the Miocene and Pleistocene of Southern Italy. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 90, 2, 227-296. Calcinai, B., Arillo, A., Cerrano, C. & Bavestrello, G. 2003.Taxonomy-related differences in the excavating micro-patterns of boring sponges. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 83, 37–39. Calcinai, B., Bavestrello, G. & Cerrano, C. 2004. Bioerosion micro-patterns as diagnostic characteristics in boring sponges. Boll. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 68 229-238. Cobb, W.R. 1969. Penetration of Calcium Carbonate Substrates by the Boring Sponge, Cliona. American Zoologist, 9, 783-790. Kobluk, D.R. 1981. Lower Cambrian cavity-dwelling endolithic (boring) sponges. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18, 5, 972-980. Michalík, J., Lintnerová, O., Reháková, D., Boorová, D. & Šimo, V. 2012. Early Cretaceous sedimentary evolution of a pelagic basin margin (the Manín Unit, central Western Carpathians, Slovakia). Cretaceous Research, 38., 68–79. Mikuláš, R. 1995. Mikroskulptura ichnodruhu Entobia solaris (stopy po činnosti vrtavých hub) ze spodnokřídových rockgroundů ve Štramberku. - Zpr. geol. Výzk. 1994, Praha, 78–79. Rützler, K. 1975. The Role of Burrowing Sponges in Bioerosion. Oecologia, 19, 203–216.
97 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
The Cergowa Sandstone – an example of turbidity hyperpycnal flow deposits: case study from Stasiana and Iwla sections, the Outer Carpathians, near Dukla town
PIOTR SIWEK1 and MAREK WENDORFF1
1 – AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30 av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland, [email protected], [email protected]
The Cergowa Sandstone (Sds) is the lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Cergowa Beds (the Menilite Formation) of the Dukla and Silesian Tectonic Units, of Early Oligocene age. It comprises elongated, lenticular depositional body dominated by sandstone facies and stretching from NW to SE. The axial uniform complex of sandstone beds, reaching up to 350 m in thickness, is laterally and vertically passing into heterolithic facies and marls. In Stasiana, Iwla or Lipowica, the Cergowa Sds forms a complex of deepwater deposits stacked in the aggradational pattern, which reflects syndepositional tectonic activity in the Dukla Subbasin and intensified subsidence associated with efficient sediment supply to the deepwater depositional system. The detailed sedimentological study enabled to document several types of sedimentary structures and facies in the Stasiana and Iwla sections. The most common sedimentary structures in sandstones are massive m, quasi-massive (m), stratification/spaced lamination including low-angle stratification s, and cross-ripple lamination c. Plane-parallel or wavy lamination in sandstones and siltstones l, occurrences of debrites D and massive mudstones/marlstones M are rare. Moreover, several intercalations of hard marly limestones L, up to 3 m thick, are present. ‘Non-Bouma-type’ sequences, e.g. m-(m)-m-(m), m-s-m-s or s- c-s-c are commonly observed within single sandstone beds and bed sets. Single intervals of such sequences are separated by non-erosional discontinuity surfaces, amalgamation surfaces or transitional boundaries. Sequences of this type constitute thick- and very thick beds. Some beds composed of several ‘non-Bouma-type’ sequences can reach up to 8 m. Bed sets composed of many such stacked beds and devoid of mudstone intercalations can attain a thickness of several tens of meters, as was documented in Iwla. The characteristic feature of the Cergowa Sds sections studied is the scarcity of sole structures (if present, they are mostly loaded casts and grooves) and larger erosional features, i.e. chutes or channels. The occurrence of mudstone clasts and coalified plant detritus is another characteristic feature of the studied succession. Sedimentary record of the Cergowa Sds beds implies the way this complex originated. ‘Non-Bouma-type’ sequences are here interpreted as deposits of sustained, long-lived high- and normal-density turbidity currents. This type of gravity flows can produce thick and very thick composite beds under the condition of quasi-steady turbulent flow and incremental aggradation of sand (Kneller & Branney, 1995). Fluctuations in velocity and sediment concentration within a flow result in characteristic oscillations of sedimentary structures
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(Zavala et al., 2011). Therefore, it can be assumed that the discussed flows were driven by long-lived hyperpycnal discharges initiated by river effluents (Zavala et al., 2011). Many other indicators suggest deposition of the Cergowa Sds from turbidity hyperpycnal flows. This interpretation is supported by previous work (discussed below) of Plink-Björklund and Steel (2004), Zavala et al. (2011), Pszonka (2015), and Wendorff et al. (2016). Some indicators are related to paleogeography and environmental conditions of the Dukla Subbasin during deposition of the described complex. These are as follows: 1) Deposition of the Cergowa Sds coincides in time with relative sea-level fall (during Oligocene Icehouse) and forced regression that could have resulted in forming of shelf-edge deltas fed with a considerable amount of clastic input from the exposed shelf platforms and surrounding paleoridges. Direct connection of fluvio-deltaic system with the basin slope enabled redeposition of a large amount of sand into the deepwater system by hyperpycnal flows sourced from progressive erosion of deltaic deposits; 2) Nannofossil assemblages from the Cergowa Beds, which indicate low salinity of marine waters and even brackish coastal environment. This amplifies the density contrast between river effluent and ambient marine waters sufficiently to trigger the hyperpycnal underflow; 3) Predominance of sand- prone beds with scarcity of mudstone intercalations as the effect of separation of coarse and fine populations within the flow due to buoyancy effect on the latter one and deposition of the ‘fines’ in more distal settings; 4) The lack of larger erosional features in thick and very thick sandstone beds. Hyperpycnal flows are relatively slow and generally not able to erode their substratum in contrary to short-living turbidity currents triggered by slope instability; 5) Presence of partly rounded, aligned mudstone clasts in quasi-massive and massive sandstones. Their position and roundness reflect bedload transport along depositional boundaries that migrated upward during gradual aggradation of sand from long-lived flow; 6) An occurrence of siltstones with abundant coalified plant detritus and muscovite, which are interpreted as lofting rhythmites – a distinctive facies of hyperpycnites, accumulated from lofting plume, which is a typical feature of hyperpycnal flows. Moreover, the presence of abundant coalified plant material and coal laminae strongly suggest the connection of marine depositional environments with fluvio-deltaic system of sediment supply.
References Kneller, B.J. & Branney, M.J. 1995. Sustained high-density turbidity currents and the deposition of thick massive sands. Sedimentology, 42, 607–616. Plink-Björklund, P. & Steel, R.J. 2004. Initiation of turbidity currents: outcrop evidence for Eocene hyperpycnal flow turbidites. Sedimentary Geology, 165, 29–52. Pszonka, J. 2015. Studium sedymentologiczne warstw cergowskich w jednostce dukielskiej i przeddukielskiej Karpat fliszowych. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Studia, rozprawy, monografie, 196. Wendorff, M., Pszonka, J. & Zielińska, M. 2016. Cechy turbidytów i uwęglonej materii organicznej jako wskaźniki warunków zasilania basenu warstw cergowskich w Lipowicy, jedn. dukielska Karpat Zewnętrznych. In: Olszewska-Nejbert, D., Filipek, A., Bąbel, M. & Wysocka, A. (Eds.). VI Polska Konferencja Sedymentologiczna POKOS 6 „Granice Sedymentologii”, 28.06.2016- 01.07.2016, Chęciny- Rzepka. Uniwersytet Warszawski, pp. 137–138.
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Zavala, C., Arcuri, M., Meglo, Di M., Gamero Diaz, H. & Contreras, C. 2011. A Genetic Facies Tract for the Analysis of Sustained Hyperpycnal Flow Deposits. In: Slatt, R.M., Zavala, C. (Eds.), Sediment transfer from shelf to deep water - Revisiting the delivery system. AAPG Studies in Geology, 61,. 31–51.
100 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
New potential areas of mineral raw materials in Malayan Archipelago, prospective research - a review
KRZYSZTOF SZAMAŁEK1, KAROL ZGLINICKI1 and MICHAŁ PILASZKIEWICZ2
1 – Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, 4 Rakowiecka Street,00-975 Warsaw, Poland, [email protected], [email protected] 2 – University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, 93 Żwirki i Wigury Street, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland, [email protected]
Depletion of World's mineral raw materials causes the necessity of undertaking prospection in areas of poor geological recognition. The prospective area with high ore potential is the region of Malayan Archipelago, located in South-East Asia. It is world's largest archipelago by area with over 20 thousands of islands in equator area, reaching almost 5200 km of extent. Global geotectonic events, such as the collision of Indoaustralian and Eurasian plates and connected processes of subduction, extension (creating pull-apart basins), volcanism and plutonism caused the creation of many ore deposits, i.a. epithermal gold deposits, porphyry copper and silver deposits, laterite nickel ore deposits and others (Hamilton 1979, Sillitoe 1994). Since 2009 group of Polish geologists, with team leader professor Krzysztof Szamałek, is performing reconnaissance works in the area of Malayan Archipelago (Szamałek et al. 2013, 2015a). During ten field trips, the recognition was done on nine islands: Bangka, Belitung, Biak, Halmahera, Japen, Morotai, New Guinea, Sulawesi and Seram (Fig. 1). During field trips almost 300 samples were collected, mostly sands and rocks from the marine area (on-shore and off-shore) and alluvial point bars. The research was undertaken in the Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw. Detritus were proceeded with a set of sieves (2-0.063 mm) and separated using heavy liquid. NIKON ECLIPSE E600 POL was used to analyse the mineral composition and morphology of grains (transmitted and reflected light). Observation of heavy mineral concentrates was carried out by using a scanning microscope ΣIGMA VP with two EDS detectors (SDD XFlash | 10). The chemical composition of grains was determined by electron microprobe CAMECA SX-100, equipped with WDS detectors. Analysis of chemical composition was undertaken in certified laboratory ACME Labs in Vancouver. The content of elements was specified by using LF202, FA330, FA630, MA200 and AQ250 analytical packages. During "New Guinea" project, exploration of two regions predisposed by the Department of Mining and Energy of Papua Province with high ore deposit potential was researched. Important areas are the region of Jayapura (Jayapura regency), with Cu-Zn-Pb-Fe-Cr-Co-Ni- Au zone in the area of Cyclops Mountains and the Cenderawasih Bay (Waropen regency) with Au-Cu-Pb-Sb-Mg zone. Varied lithology (mafic and ultramafic) of New
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Figure 1. Map of preview of Malayan Archipelago with pointed volcanos (triangles) and places where samples were collected (stars). From: Hall, 2011 (changed).
Guinea, may exuberate with an accumulation of various elements and metals of potentially high economic value (Baker, 1955; Ubaghs, 1955; Cox & Singer, 1986; Coleman, 1977; Pieters et al., 1979; Kerrich et al., 2005). Research undertaken in the region of Jayapura allows determining mineral and chemical composition of rock samples, taken from the surface of Carolina Sea bottom. Detritus (61 samples) were collected by boat, using Van Veen grab. Mineral composition is created by the appearance of quartz, feldspar, plagioclase, epidote, olivine, titanite and ore minerals such as chromite, magnetite, ilmenite and rutile. Heavy minerals in samples make from few vol.% up to 30 vol.%. The maximum content of Cr2O3 in detritus is up to 0.69 wt.%, TiO2 up to 0.78 wt.%, Ni up to 2075 ppm. Sum of noble metals (Au, Pd, Pt) is on the level of 8 ppb. The concentration of Ag is up to 10584 ppb. That can proclaim high concentrations of metal in the source. Research of beach sands (20 samples) from Cenderawasih Bay (Waropen regency) shows that mineral composition is represented by quartz, plagioclase, chlorite, biotite, chromite, magnetite, rutile and ilmenite. The content of heavy minerals is up to 20% of the sample volume. Sands are fine-grained, medium- and well-sorted. The chemical composition shows
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a higher content of Cr2O3 (up to 1.17 wt.%). The content of noble metals (Au, Pd, Pt) is low, up to 6 ppb. Field prospection allows to estimate that content of Cr2O3 is increasing linearly to the top parts of local watercourses. The highest content of Cr2O3 was 21wt.% in sediments of point bars. Waropen region may be a potential new source of chromium placer deposits. The highest economic potential, connected with felsic rocks of Malayan Archipelago, have Bangka and Belitung islands. In the analysed rock samples there is an anomalously high content of rare earth elements (REE). Sieve analysis of concentrates shows that minerals are mostly fine-grained, medium- and well-sorted with dominant fraction of 0.1-0.25 mm. Analysed samples are enriched with heavy minerals ilmenite, rutile, magnetite, zircon, monazite, xenotime, pyrite and others. The content of REE-bearing minerals is few % up to 90% of samples volume. The average sum of REE for 29 samples is 3.68 wt.%, where ∑LREE is 2.44 wt.% and ∑HREE+Y is 1.28 wt.%. Moreover, analysed samples have a higher concentration of Zr (avg. 3.82%) and Ti (avg. 19.02%).
References Baker, G. 1955. Part I Distribution, Nature and Chemical Composition of the Basement Complex Rocks. In: Brill, E. J.: Basement Complex Rocks in the Cycloop Ranges-Sentani Lake Region of Dutch New Guinea. Nova Guinea, 6, 2, 307-328. Coleman, R.G. 1977. Ophiolites: Ancient Oceanic Litosphere?. Minerals, Rocks and Mountains 12. Springer, 229 pp. Cox, D.P. & Singer, D.A. 1986. Mineral deposit model. US Geological Survey Bulletin, 1693, 379 pp. Hall, R. 2011. Australia-SE Asia collision: plate tectonics and crustal flow. Geological society, London, special publications, 355, 75-109. Hamilton, W.B. 1979. Tectonics of the Indonesian region. Professional papers, 1078, 345 pp. Kerrich, R., Goldfarb, R.J. & Richards, J. 2005. Metallogenic provinces in an evolving geodynamic framework. Economic Geology, 100th Anniversary Volume, 1097-1136. Pieters, P.E., Ryburn, R.J. & Trail, D.S. 1979. Geological Reconnaissance in Irian Jaya, 1976 and 1977. Department of National Development, Beureau of Geology and Geophysics and Mineral Resources. Canberra. Sillitoe, R.H. 1994. Erosion and collapse of volcanoes: Causes of telescoping in intrusion-centered ore deposits. Geology, 22, 945-948 Szamałek, K., Konopka, G., Zglinicki, K. & Marciniak-Maliszewska, B. 2013. New potential source of rare earth elements. Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi, 29, 4, 353-370. Szamałek, K., Konopka, G., Zglinicki, K. & Marciniak-Maliszewska, B. 2015a. Osady okruchowe strefy płytkowodnej oraz plażowej wybranych regionów Indonezji. Górnictwo odkrywkowe, LVI (5), 14-20. Ubaghs J.G.H. 1955. Mineral deposits in the Cyclops Mountains, Netherlands New Guinea. In: Brill, E. J.: Nova Guinea, 6, 1, 167-175.
103 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in surface and groundwater from water intakes with induced infiltration in the region of Silesian Foothills, Poland
KINGA ŚLÓSARCZYK1
1 – Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland, [email protected]
A diverse array of pharmaceuticals for human healthcare is used by the society in vast quantities. In the last years there has been a growing interest in the occurrence of the mentioned micro-organic contaminants in the aquatic environment. According to recent studies on this issue, pharmaceuticals detected in groundwater may have adverse effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems (Sharma et al., 2019; Vulliet et al., 2011). It has been established that these compounds enter groundwater from a number of sources and pathways, including the process of polluted surface water infiltration (Buerge et al., 2009). The objective of the present work was the determination of pharmaceuticals in the surface and groundwater samples collected from the area of water intakes with induced infiltration located in two villages: Pogórze and Kobiernice (Silesian Foothills, Poland). The gathered samples were analyzed for 82 compounds representing different groups of pharmaceuticals, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pain killers, antibiotics, beta blockers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and metabolites. The analysis was carried out by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS). Pharmaceuticals were detected in all samples, with 28 of the 82 measured compounds being found at least once. The highest concentration was obtained for oxypurinol (in the range of <50 to 2260 ng/L) and paraxanthine (between 226 and 832 ng/L), respectively. The most contaminated samples were collected from the Vistula River (the area of Pogórze) and one of the infiltration ponds (the Kobiernice village), which constitutes the essential source of recharge for groundwater supplies in the study areas.
Acknowledgement: This study was supported by the Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education of Poland.
References Buerge, I.J., Buser, H.R., Kahle, M., Müller, M.D. & Poger, T. 2009. Ubiquitous occurrence of the artificial sweetener acesulfame in the aquatic environment: an ideal marker of domestic wastewater in groundwater. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 4831–4385. Sharma, B.M., Bečanová, J., Scheringer, M., Sharma, A., Bharat, G.K., Whitehead, P.G., Klánová, J. & Nizzetto, L. 2019. Health and ecological risk assessment of emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and artificial sweeteners) in surface and groundwater (drinking water) in the Ganges River Basin, India. Sciences of the Total Environment, 646, 1459-1467. Vulliet, E. & Cren-Olivé, C. 2011. Screening of pharmaceuticals and hormones at the regional scale, in surface and groundwaters intended to human consumption. Environmental Pollution, 159, 2929–2934.
104 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Mimicry during Mesozoic: aberrant family of cockroaches sheds new light on the evolution of Dictyoptera
LUCIA ŠMÍDOVÁ1
1 – Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Charles University, Albertov 6, Czech republic, [email protected]
Our research represents a new set of data about the family Alienopteridae, first described by Bai et al. (2016) with the species Alienopterus brachyeltrus with later described two new species- Caputoraptor elegans (Bai et al., 2018) and Alienopterella stigmatica (Kočárek, 2018a, 2018b). Our research contains a description of 9 new species. Also, it rejects the ordinal status of Alienoptera and synonymizes another order Aethiocarenodea with Alienopteridae. The network analysis done based on 130 morphological characters shows the indefinite border between cockroach suborder (superfamily) Umenocoleidea and families Alienopteridae and Umenocoleidae and subordinate Alienopteridae. We recognized three groups within Alienopteridae which might have underwent a long period of independent evolution. The first group involves Jantaropterix, the second one involves genus Teyia (T. branislav, T. huangi and an undescribed species) and the third one involves genera Apiblatta and Vcelesvab. Our findings suggest that the time span for this family was not limited only to Cenomanian but extended through Aptian-Eocene. Therefore, Alienopteridae represents the only Mesozoic-typ cockroach family which passed through K/Pg extinction. We processed the fossils from Crato formation (Aptian), Myanmar amber (Cenomanian), Orapa in Botswana (Turonian) and Green River Formation (mid-Eocene). Moreover, we spotted phenotypic similarities between representatives of Alienopteridae and other insect groups. Particularly, genera Vcelesvab and Apiblatta (both from Crato formation) resemble wasps from the families Scoliidae and Angarosphecidae. The genera Teyia and Meilia (both from Myanmar amber) resemble certain aculeate Hymenopterans. The genus Grant (Green River Formation) resembles ants, which co-existed together in the same locality. The genus Chimaeroblattina (Green River Formation as well) probably mimicked bees.
References Bai, M., Beutel, R. G., Klass, K.-D., Zhang, W., Yang, X. & Wipfler, B. 2016. †Alienoptera – a new insect order in the roach - mantodean twilight zone. Gondwana research, 39, 317–326. Bai., M., Beutel, R. G., Zhang, W., Wang, S., Hörnig, M., Gröhn, C., Yan, E., Yang, X. & Wiplfler, B. 2018. New Cretaceous Insect with a Unique Cephalo-thoracic Scissor Device. Current Biology, 28, 3, 438–443.
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Kočárek, P. 2018a. Alienopterella stigmatica gen. et sp. nov.: the second known species and specimen of Alienoptera extends knowledge about this Cretaceous order (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. DOI:10.1080/14772019.2018.1440440. Kočárek, P. 2018b. The cephalo-thoracic apparatus of Caputoraptor elegans may have been used to squeeze prey. Current Biology, 28, 824–825. Vršanský, P., Bechly, G., Zhang, Q., Jarzembowski, E. A., Mlynský, T., Šmídová, L., Barna, P., Kúdela, M., Aristov, D., Bigalk, S., Krogmann, L., Li, L., Zhang, Q., Zhang, H., Ellenberger, S., Müller, P., Gröhn, F., Ueda, K., Vďačný, P., Valaška, D., Vršanská, L. & Wang, B. 2018. Batesian insect-insect mimicry-related explosive radiation of ancient alienopterid cockroaches. Biologia, 73, 10, 987 –1006.
106 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
“Hard-to-recover reserves” of groundwater
MAKSIM TKACHENKO1
1 – Saint-Petersburg State University,Iinstitute of Earth sciences, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, St Petersburg, Russia, [email protected]
Nowadays, when the pace of the reproduction of the mineral and raw materials base doesn’t keep up with mining, the term of “hard-to-recover reserves” (HTRR) is gaining special popularity. For the first time this term appeared in 1970s in petroleum geology and it meant deposits, parts of deposits or mining objects, characterized by unfavorable geological conditions for occurrence of oil and/or its unusual physical properties (Shmeley, 2018). Extraction of HTRR requires increased expenses, labor, innovative technologies, reagents and materials. Today we don’t have a unified approach to classification of HTRR, but if considering oil, there are some criteria for attributing reserves to HTRR such as (Tax Code of the Russian Federation): oil viscosity, adverse reservoir properties, field depletion, geographical criterion, low-productive reservoirs. If not only petroleum geology is considered but also a wider look is engaged, the term of “hard-to-recover reserves” can be applied to different types of mineral resources. Based on the experience in exploration it can be deduced that such criteria as “adverse reservoir properties,” “field depletion” or “geographical criterion” are also relevant for groundwater. Within the North-West Federal District of Russia, in the development zone of the Baltic Crystal Shield, the Baltic Complex Hydrogeological Massif is located (State geological map of the Russian Federation). Groundwater fields in such areas are characterized by very complex geological structure, hydrogeological, ecological and mining-geological conditions. Aquifers are also characterized by limited size, changing thickness and filtration properties of mostly fractured reservoir rocks. The degree of water content of crystalline rocks is directly related to the geostructural features of the territory. The highest water content of crystal rocks is observed in the most faulted tectonic areas. Usually, water content is connected to regional or local faults. The most of high-yield springs of groundwater are confined, as a rule, to areas of mutually perpendicular intersecting tectonic faults. Low-yield springs are confined to plumage cracks. What does non-HTRR mean? Geographical criterion. Sometimes, after hydrogeological surveys of groundwater for drinking water supply to a city, prospective water sources with sufficient yield are found but they are located far from settlements. In this case, the construction of an aqueduct is expensive, thus the reserves become unprofitable and unacceptable.
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What about exhaustion of sources? Despite the fact that groundwater is a renewable type of resource, there are cases when a source is fed by numerous water intakes and single wells, and this source can be restored with a great difficulty. There are many examples when a source seems to be exhausted based just on documentation. This means that many water intakes can be recorded but only one or two of them work in fact. In this case it is not possible to draw water from this source by a new user because of new risks during the exploration which will adversely affect the investment in the region. The described examples suggest that using of the term “hard-to-recover reserves” for groundwater will attract the attention of specialized organizations, subsoil users and government who might solve water supply problems of the region in a new way.
References Shmelev, P. 2018. HTRR as objective reality. Siberian Oil, 149, 17-23. State geological map of the Russian Federation. Scale 1: 1,000,000 (third generation). Baltic series. Sheet Q- (35), 36 - Apatity. St. Petersburg: VSEGEI Cartridge Factory, 2012; Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Adopted by the State Duma on July 16, 1998;
108 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Quantitative Elemental Analysis of Volcanic Ashes by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
GEOVANNA VÁSQUEZ1,2; PAVEL VEIS2, SILVANA HIDALGO3 and CESAR COSTA VERA1
1- Mass Spectrometry & Optical Spectroscopy Group, Departamento de Física, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ed. #6, Piso 1, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito, Ecuador [email protected], [email protected] 2 - Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia, [email protected], [email protected] 3 - Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador, [email protected]
In Ecuador the very extensive Andean mountain range includes several active volcanoes, one of which is the Tungurahua volcano, active since the late 1990s. The geochemical characterization of volcanic ash is of great scientific interest since it allows understanding mechanisms responsible of the eruptions, and to know in more detail the products generated and processes involved in each eruptive phase; this in turn, helps to distinguish changes in their activity patterns. In this work we applied Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to determine the elemental chemical composition in 18 ash samples from the Tungurahua volcano collected from nearby populations and corresponding to eruptive events from 2008 to 2010. LIBS is based on the spectral analysis of plasma produced by an intense laser focused on a sample. This plasma evolves over time, producing a de-excitation of the atoms and ions present in the plasma, giving rise to the emission lines that contain information on the elements present in the sample, thus allowing a qualitative and quantitative analysis. We propose suitable preparation methods for the volcanic ashes to guarantee the homogeneity of the sample, in turn guarantying reproducibility of the results. Qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis was performed in two different environments for the taking of spectra: common air and argon. For the quantitative analysis of the elements present, Calibration-free LIBS (CF-LIBS) was used, a technique used to determine the elemental composition of an arbitrary sample using statistical distributions of Saha-Boltzmann and Boltzmann. Both distributions describe how the energy levels of atoms and ions are occupied, responsible of the electronic transitions, characteristic of the emission of the discrete lines. From this, also the electronic density and electronic temperature of the LIBS plasma can be calculated, and finally the composition of an unknown sample without calibration curves. The instrumental response function of the LIBS equipment of the EPN was determined, adjusting each of the intensity values measured in a LIBS spectrum by a factor that represents the relative response of the instrument in that value. This correction was used for the analyzed samples in combination with software appropriate for the CF-LIBS analysis, in which
109 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) the corresponding Saha-Boltzmann and Boltzmann graphs are evaluated, thus quantifying the temperature, and the electronic density of the plasma. A comparison of the analysis of ash data obtained by CF-LIBS, X-ray scattering spectroscopy (EDS), and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was performed. The concentrations determined with these techniques coincide with each other within the experimental range, and their consideration allowed to define correction factors for the concentrations obtained a priori with CF-LIBS. These factors allow us to infer that the measurements obtained with CF-LIBS correspond within a general factor of proportionality, to the concentrations reported by the other techniques, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Elementary Mass Percentage in volcanic ashes (as calculated with LIBS++). Argon Argon Air Air mass% (cmc) (DF) (cmc) (DF)
Al 4.1639 3.8797 2.2565 2.2814 Ba 0.0313 0.0329 0.1811 0.2321 Ca 0.5427 0.5650 0.5717 0.5970
Fe 3.6842 4.3901 4.0153 4.0009 K 11.8483 10.2522 11.6195 11.8868 Mg 0.1942 0.1835 0.2085 0.1480
Na 10.2223 7.2483 10.7661 9.7043 Ni 1.3861 1.4916 3.0293 3.2006 Si 58.5125 60.3804 61.0161 60.8218 Sr 0.0040 0.0069 0.0130 0.0144 Ti 0.5635 0.8369 0.5763 0.8023 V 2.1907 1.5952 0.9382 1.0658 Zr 6.5858 9.1338 4.8503 5.2146
Acknowledgement: The authorslike to thank Dr. Diego Diaz Pace and Dr. Martha Romero of the National Institute of Cultural Heritage for helping with advice and facilities for this work. The LIBS instrument in Quito has been acquired thanks to generous contributions from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn, Germany, the International Science Programs, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, and Ocean Optics Inc., Dunedin FL, USA. This work was partially supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic (VEGA-1/0903/17).
References Arellano, S., Halla, M., Samaniego, J., Le Pennec, L., Ruiz, A., Molina, I. & Yepez, H. 2008. Degassing patterns of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) during the 1999-2006 eruptive period, inferred from remote spectroscopy measurements of SO2 emissions. Journal of Vulcanology and Geothermal Research, 40-85. Bujalic, D., Corsi, M., Cristoforetti, G., Legnaioli, S., Palleschi, V., Salvetti, A. & Tognoni, E. 2002. A new Self CalibratedMethod for precise Quantitative analysis by Laser- Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Pisa: Instituto di Fisica Atomica e Moleculare del CNR., 339-353. Ciucci, A., Corsi, A., Palleschi, V., Rastelli, S., Salvetti, A. & Tognoni, E. 1999. New Procedure for Quantitative elemental analysis by Laser. Induced Plasma Spectroscopy. Appl. Spectroscopy 53, 8, 960.
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Cremers, D. & Radziemski, L. 2006. Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Second Edition ed., Tucson Arizona: Wiley, 143-168; 197-203. Pennec, L., Jayac, D., Samaniego, P., Ramon, P., Moreno, S., Egred, J. & Vaderplicht, J. 2008. The ad 1300- 1700 eruptive periods at Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador revealed and historical narrative stratigraphy and radio carbon dating. Journal of Vulcanology and Geothermal research, 70-81. Samaniego, P., Le Pennec, J., Robin, C. & Hidalgo, S. 2011. Petrological analysis of the pre-eruptive magmatic processprior to the 2006 explosive eruption at Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 199, 69-84.
111 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
The Cd-bearing Ag-rich tetrahedrite from the epithermal Au-Ag mineralization at Rudno nad Hronom
1 1 JOZEF VLASÁČ and TOMÁŠ MIKUŠ
1 – Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Science, Ďumbierska 1, 97411 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, [email protected]
Cadmium rich tetrahedrites were analysed in a sample from the epithermal Au-Ag mineralization at Rudno nad Hronom district in the Middle Miocene Štiavnica andesite stratovolcano (Western Carpathians, Slovakia). The composition of the tetrahedrites were determined by EPMA (JEOL-JXA-8530F) using beam current of 20 nA and accelerating voltage 15 kV with beam diameter 3 µm. Cd-bearing tetrahedrite forms irregular grains up to 15 µm in size. Main mineral assemblage is composed by Ag-tetrahedrite, polybasite, uytenbogaardtite, greenockite, Cd-bearing tetrahedrite and acanthite (fig. 1). Its occurrence is relatively rare in the world. Up to now the maximum reported Cd content in tetrahedrites did not exceed 12.41 wt. % (1.967 apfu; Voudouris et. al 2011, Greece). Cd content in Cd- bearing tetrahedrites from Rudno nad Hronom ore district range from 8.92 to 11.62 wt. % (1.462-1.903 apfu). Beside high Cd content in the divalent tetrahedral position, tetrahedrites shows variable Zn content ranges from 0.15 to 1.70 wt. % (0.043-0.480 apfu) and variable Fe content from 0.06 to 2.19 wt. % (0.019-0.725 apfu). Fe and Zn correlate negatively and non- clear correlation exists between Zn+Fe and Cd. Cu content is relatively constant from 23.04 to 26.43 wt. % (6.806 to 7.747 apfu). Ag content ranges from 12.87 to 19.12 wt. % (2.196 to 3.349 apfu). Ag/(Ag+Cu) ratio is within the range 0.22-0.32 (mean 0.28). The data of Cu vs Ag show negative linear substitution in the Cd-bearing tetrahedrites. In one case, borders of Cd-bearing tetrahedrites are anomalously enriched by Ag (up to 32.93 wt. %, 5.961 apfu), but the cadmium content drops to 5.53 wt. % (0.953 apfu). Beside high content of Sb (22.04- 25.32 wt. %, 3.476-3.915 apfu) minor As content is present and ranges from 0.49 to 1.48 wt. % (0.123 to 0.452 apfu) and both elements correlate negatively. The Sb/(Sb+As) remains almost constant within the range of 0.89-0.97 (mean 0.94). Average crystallochemical formula of Cd-bearnig Ag-rich tetrahedrites can be expressed (according to Mӧelo et. al 2008) as (Cu3.15Ag2.85)∑6.00[Cu4.06(Cd1.75Fe0.19Zn0.15Mn0.01Pb0.01)∑2.11]∑6.17(Sb3.74As0.24)∑3.98S12.85.
Acknowledgement: We thank Peter Žitňan and Peter Tuček for field assistance and sample providing. This abstract was supported by the project VEGA 2/0023/17.
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Figure 1. Cd-bearing Ag-rich tetrahedrite (Cd-ttd) in the association with polybasite (Pol) integrown with acanthite (Ac) and small irregular grains of uytenbogaardtite (Uyt; BSE).
References Mӧelo, Y, Makovicky, E, Mozgova, N.N, Jambor, J.L, Cook, N, Pring, A, Paar, W, Nickel, E, Graeser, S, Karpur-Møller, S, Balić-Žunić, T, Mumme W.G, Vurro, F, Topa, D, Bindi, L, Bente, K. & Shimizu, M. 2008. Sulfosalts systematics: a review. Report of the sulfosalts sub-committee of the IMA Commission on Ore Mineralogy. European Journal of Mineralogy, 20, 1, 7-46. Voudouris, P.C, Spry, P.G, Sakellaris, G.A & Mavrogonatos C. 2011. A cervelleite-like mineral and other Ag-Cu-Te-S minerals [Ag2CuTeS and (Ag,Cu)2TeS] in gold-bearing veins in metamorphic rocks of the Cycladic Blueschist Unit, Kallianou, Evia Iland, Greece. Mineralogy Petrology, 101, 3-4, 169-183.
113 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
First spies: strong external but weak internal defense of earliest ant nests
PETER VRŠANSKÝ1
1 – Earth Science Institute, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, P.O.Box 106, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia, [email protected]
The lecture is complementary to that given by Lucia Šmídová alluding myrmecomorphs. Myrmecomorphs or ant-mimickers are organisms that resemble ants due to protective characteristic of their community, i.e., of cooperative biting and stinging. This resemblance was evidenced at the Cretaceous (Vršanský et al., 2018; see also Bai et al., 2018; Kočárek et al., 2018). The study is focused on insects which go further and live with ants not only around their nests but infiltrate the ant nest itself (which is in the matter of fact the first evidence for any big nests – Vršanský et al., 2019; small nest was indicated by small parasites previously - Yamamoto et al., 2016). Surprisingly, these infiltrators are numerous, diverse and in contrast to hose living with ant superficially, these parasites do not resemble ants at all. Apparently, the chemical, magnetic and behavioral mimicry (covering with feces, antennation) is enough and visual mimicry entirely loose its sense. In the course of research unequivocal myrmecophiles were identified in Cenomanian Myanmar amber, related species in Early Cretaceous Syrian amber and discovered in the group still living in Yunnan Rainforest rudiments of China. Syninclusions of ants and myrmecomorphs in the same pieces of amber only support these inferences.
Figure 1. Mesozoic Spinka fussa (holotype SNM-PM Z 38600) and Bimodala ohmkuhnlei (holotype NIGP154996). Originals of dorsal and ventral views by Lucia Šmídová.
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References Bai, M., Beutel, R. G., Zhang, W., Wang, S., Hörnig, M., Gröhn, C., Yan, E., Yang, X. & Wiplfler, B. 2018. New Cretaceous Insect with a Unique Cephalo-thoracic Scissor Device. Current Biology, 28, 3, 438–443. Kočárek, P. 2018. The cephalo-thoracic apparatus of Caputoraptor elegans may have been used to squeeze prey. Current Biology, 28, 824–825. Vršanský, P., Bechly, G., Zhang, Q., Jarzembowski, E. A., Mlynský, T., Šmídová, L., Barna, P., Kúdela, M., Aristov, D., Bigalk, S., Krogmann, L., Li, L., Zhang, Q., Zhang, H., Ellenberger, S., Müller, P., Gröhn, F., Ueda, K., Vďačný, P., Valaška, D., Vršanská, L. & Wang, B. 2018. Batesian insect-insect mimicry-related explosive radiation of ancient alienopterid cockroaches. Biologia, 73, 10, 987 –1006. Vršanský, P., Šmídová, L., Sendi, H., Barna, P., Müller, P., Ellenberger, S., Wu, H., Ren, X.Y., Lei, X.J., Azar, D., Šurka, J., Su, T., Deng, W.D., Shen, X.H., Lv, J., Bao, T. & Bechly, G. 2019. Parasitic cockroaches indicate complex states of earliest proved ants. Biologia https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-018-0146-y Yamamoto, S., Maruyama, M. & Parker, J. 2016. Evidence for social parasitism of early insect societies by cretaceous rove beetles. Nature Communications, 7, 13658. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13658
115 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Mineralogical - petrographical characteristics of polymetallic ores from the Madrigal inactive mine in Peru
KINGA WALASZEK1
1 – AGH University, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, Department of Geology of Mineral Deposits and Mining Geology, Krakow, Poland, [email protected]
This abstract is a result of Polish Scientific Expedition to Peru in 2017 and presents the results of field studies held in Madrigal, an old mine which used to have a significant meaning for the local community of Cayloma. It is located near Colca Valley and the Colca Canyon. This is the area of the designed Geopark Colca and Andagua Volcanoes. Production in the Madrigal mine was terminated in the early 1990s. Currently, the deposit is subject to a renewed interest. Many superficial exposures and products of treatment of natural resources from fault zone could serve as mining geosites (Gałaś et al., 2018). The deposits have the form of mineralized veins with polymetallic ores including Ag, Cu, Zn and Pb mainly from the Miocene period. Magmatism from this period may be observed in the form of volcanic calderas and numerous intrusions. In their surroundings there are many epithermal ores, mainly gold and silver, which are quarried in mines Orcopampa, Shila and Paula. Our aim was to identify ore minerals found in the Madrigal mine. The following ore minerals were identified using reflected light microscopy: pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, pyrrhotite, covellite, hematite and titanium oxides. In crystals of pyrite there are inclusions of other minerals e.g. rutile, chalcopyrite or galena. The minerals were formed in different time periods and the rocks were oxidised and changed by secondary processes. The veins are accompanied by silification and, in a slightly greater distance, by sericitization and propylitization. The most significant from all examined samples has irregular shape and mainly consists of quartz. The main ore minerals in the sample are pyrite and sphalerite. Pyrite is older than shalerite. Sphalerite contains significant amount of pyrite, chalcopyrit, pyrrhotite and galena inclusions. Edges and cracks in sphalerite crystals are replaced by covellite. Sphalerite is also crossed by chalcopyrite veins. Rarely chalcopyrite is accompanied by fine tetrahedrite crystals are very fine, up to several micrometres in size. The mineral occurs in veins, aggregates with chalcopyrite and fills empty spaces between crystals of pyrite. It also may be found at the edges of sphalerite. Because of that we assume that tetrahedrite is the youngest mineral. The analysis confirms that Madrigal mine together with other mines from the Caylloma province belong to one of the biggest group of epitermal polymetallic ores containing gold and/or silver. This mineralization is especially rich in the faults zones. Despite the fact that gold hasn’t been found in analysed samples, the presence of silver has been confirmed in one sample as a part of tetrahedrite mineral.
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References Gałaś, A., Paulo, A., Gaidzik, K., Zavala, B., Kalicki, T., Churata, D., Gałaś, S. & Mariño, J. (2018) Geosites and Geotouristic Attractions Proposed for the Project GeoparkColca and Volcanoes of Andagua, Peru. Geoheritage, 10, 707-729.
117 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Organic residues inside Bronze Age pottery vessels from Pielgrzymowice – biomarker approach
1 1 2 ADAM ZAKRZEWSKI , ADAM KOWALSKI and MIROSŁAW KUŚ
1-AGH-University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, [email protected] 2-Provincial Heritage Monuments Protection Office in Krakow, Kanonicza 24, 31-002 Kraków, Poland
Pottery vessels are amongst the most common class of artefacts found at archaeological sites. These vessels contain residues of substances which were inside pots thousands years ago. The biomarker analysis allows to solve many questions about dietary of ancient people and use of various types of pots. So far, these analyses have been applied in many surveys in United Kingdom, Italy and Middle East. In these work the technique of GC-MS analysis will be use to know more about people from Trzciniec culture lived near Krakow during Bronze Age. The ceramic samples were washed from the ground. To eliminate modern fat contamination the surface of ceramic vessel was cleaned with an electric hand-drill. After that with support of hand drill approximately 0.5 g of ceramic samples were powdered and moved to the glass culture tubes. To maximize contents of fatty acids, all samples were extracted by methanolic acid extraction, with simultaneous production of methyl esters of fatty acids, according to protocol proposed by Correa-Ascencio and Evershed in 2014. The Total Lipid Extracts (TLE) were diluted in n-hexane and analysed by the coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for biomarker composition. The analysis was carried out with the Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an Agilent 7683B automatic sampler, an on-column injection chamber and a fused silica capillary column (60 m x 0.32 mm i.d.) coated with 95 % methyl/5 % phenylsilicone phase (DB-5MS, 0.25 μm film thickness). Helium was used as a carrier gas. The GC oven was programmed: 80°C held for 1 min., then increased to 250°C at the rate of 10°C/min. and finally held for 15 min. The GC was coupled with an Agilent 5975C mass selective detector (MSD). The MSD was operated with an ion source temperature of 230°C, electron ionisation energy of 70 eV, and a cycle time of 1 sec in the mass range from 40 to 650 Daltons. All 9 examined ceramic vessels contain lipids, which are the remnants of food prepared during Bronze Age. The most common lipids are long and very-long chain fatty acids (FA) which are present in each sample. Few types of FA distribution depend of type of food prepared in surveyed ceramic pots are recognized. Palmitic acid (C16:0) is the most abundant
FA in 7 samples. In turn in sample T9 the most abundant is oleic acid (C18:1) and in sample
T11 the stearic acid (C18:0). In all samples the full distribution of saturated straight chain FA from C14:0 to C26:0 were detected. The short-chain fatty acids were not detected as well as
118 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) medium-chain FA. The one exception is sample T4 which contains small quantities of lauric acid (C12:0). Also the branched isomers of C14:0, C15:0, C17:0 and C18:1 were detected. Extracts from Pielgrzymowice are characteristic by high abundance of unsaturated fatty acids
C16:1 and C18:1. Cholesterol traces are found in every sample.
Furthermore, inside two samples (T3 and T5) long-chain n-alkanes from n-C23 to n-C33 were recognized. Hydroxy fatty acids, n-alkanols, resins and ketones were not present in any sample. Presence of odd numbered and branched chain FA simultaneously with few isomers of oleic acid suggest that ruminant animals meat were the important part of palaeodietary of people from Trzciniec culture. However, ruminant adipose fat should contain more stearic acid than palmitic acid. The higher abundances of C16:0 than C18:0 in surveyed samples is linked with second source of lipids from plants.
High abundances of unsaturated FA like a C16:1 and C18:1 are more common in plant sources than in meat. Presence of n-alkanes with the absence of n-alkanols and hydoxy fatty acids is linked with plant waxes and indicates processing of leafy plants. This information linked with the little advantage of palmitic acids above stearic acid suggests that inside most of vessels the mixing meat and plant meals were prepared.
Presence of C12:0 and C13:0 FA in T4 sample could suggest that this vessel contained dairy products. Recognized lipids suggest that inside 6 from 9 sampled vessels, independently from colour, thickness and stamped presence, mostly mixing plant and animal food were prepared/stored. There is only a difference in percentage share between animal and plant derived lipids. The other three vessels were filled with plants (T9 sample), meat (T11 sample) and dairy products (T4 sample). Absence of ketones suggests that these vessels were bowls or had storage functions. These conclusions should be check by gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) analysis which precisely can distinguish different sources of lipids.
Acknowledgement: The geochemical results came from statuory works of AGH-University of Science and Technology number 15.11.140.995 and 11.11.140.626.
References Budja, M. 2014. Neolithic pottery and the biomolecular archaeology of lipids. Documenta Praehistorica XLI (2014), 195-224. Correa-Ascencio, M. & Evershed, R.P. 2014. High throughput screening of organic residues in archaeological potsherds using direct acidified methanol extraction. Analytical Methods, 6, 1330-1340. Eerkens, J.W. 2005. GC-MS analysis and fatty acid ratios of archaeological potsherds from the western Great Basin of North America. Archaeometry, 47, 1, 83-102.
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Evershed, R.P., Dudd, S.N., Copley, M.S., Berstan, R., Stott, A.W., Mottram, H.R., Buckley, S.A. & Crossman, Z. 2002. Chemistry of archaeological animal fats. Accounts Chem. Res., 35, 660-668. Mayyas, A.S. 2018. Organic residues in ancient pottery sherds from sites in Jordan. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 18, 1, 61-75.
120 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Wind or water: what was the driving force in the formation of the Late Quaternary Baer Knolls in the Caspian Depression?
DMITRY ZASTROZHNOV1,2 and ANDREY ZASTROZHNOV1
1 – A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), 74, Sredny prospect, 199106, St.Petersburg, Russia, [email protected], [email protected] 2 – Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS (VBPR), Oslo Science Park, Gaustadalleen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway, [email protected]
Identifying criteria for distinguishing an aquatic origin of ancient sedimentary environments from those in favour of eolian deposition is one of the significant challenges in sedimentology (Selly, 1985). This is basically due to similar forcing/transport mechanism of wind and water, which in both cases deposit sand in ripples and dunes. Currently just a few, if any, textural and structural criteria exist which help to distinguish results of aquatic and wind-blown processes (Selly, 1985, 2000; Sweezey, 1998; Pye and Tsoar, 2009). In this context, the enigmatic Baer Knolls of the Caspian Depression represent a typical example of the sedimentary structures, where the discussion on their subaqueous or subaerial (eolian) origin is still unabated. They are parallel, nearly W-E trending hills, which are distributed in the Caspian Depression, spanning the area from the Lower Kuma, the Lower Volga, and further east to the Lower Emba River (Kazakhstan) regions. They are typically 10- 25 m in height, with a length reaching a few kilometers and a width of 100-500 m (Fig.1). The body of a typical Baer Knoll consists of alternations of reddish-brown sands and clay pellets. In terms of geological setting, the knoll units, according to regional stratigraphic schemes, represent the uppermost part of the Neopleistocene (Middle-Upper Pleistocene) interval. Throughout the Quaternary, the study region experienced several prominent stages of the Caspian Sea transgression/regression cycles, which resulted in the complex interaction of marine, fluvial and eolian processes represented in sedimentary record. Moreover, the Quaternary stratigraphy of the Caspian Depression and the Lower Volga Region in particular is now in the stage of serious revision (Zastrozhnov et al., 2019). All of that makes a study of the BK much more diverse and complex. Because of this geological complexity, various scenarios have been suggested for the origin of the BK. One of the most detailed and first description of these features was given by Russian natural scientist Karl von Baer in 1856. After his pioneer study, these hills or knolls were traditionally named after him in the following publications. Since then, more than 80 (!) papers have been published with different analyses of their distribution/orientation, structure, sedimentology, stratification, and genesis. The main hypotheses addressing their genesis proposed in these studies can be divided in the following groups: (1) eolian (e.g. Fedorovich, 1941; Ivanova, 1952); (2) marine (coastal and littoral; e.g. Svitoch
121 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) and Klyuvitkina, 2006); (3) erosion-accumulative (delta formation; e.g. Sedaykin, 1977); and (4) polygenetic geological factors (fluvial-aeolian, marine-aeolian etc.; e.g. Menabde, 1989). Nonetheless, by now, there is no widely accepted scenario for the development of the Baer Knolls; however, marine hypotheses are dominant among researchers. According to them, one of the main indicators of such environment is the presence of well preserved Late Quaternary mollusk shells and clays in the BK sediments, which is uncharacteristic for eolian landforms. In 2017-2018, we performed a multidisciplinary geological field study of about 20 BK in the Lower Volga Region. To illustrate and restore their internal structure we built up more than 20 three-dimensional photogrammetric models of river cliffs and quarries, which outcrop the BK. More than 2000 measurements of cross-bedding series have been made in the field, and interactively with the use of 3D outcrop models. In addition, we accompanied our field campaign by extensive lithological and faunistic characteristics of the deposits, the interpretations of which have been recently published (Zastrozhnov et al., 2018; 2019). Our field study shows that modern eolian deposits in the Caspian Depression contain many well-preserved redeposited Late Quaternary brackish, marine and freshwater mollusk shells, which are typical for underlying Neopleistocene sediments. Clay pellets, which formed as a result of disintegration of desiccation rinds and cracks, are also common for modern eolian landforms in the area. Thus, such criteria are applicable both for subaerial and subaqueous hypothesis. Our fabric analysis shows the extensive development of cross-bedding series with thicknesses ranging from 0.3 m to 3-4 m. NW-dipping cross-beds are dominant on the northern slope of the Baer Knolls, whereas S-dipping cross-beds are typically distributed on the southern slope of the Baer Knolls. No other features except longitudinal dunes, where we typically have cross bedding trends oriented towards the slope, could explain such bedding orientation (McKee, 1979). Furthermore, we found evidence that the Baer Knolls locally occupy and cross-cut paleochannels and oxbow-lakes within the Volga-Sarpa floodplain which was abandoned during some Late Quaternary regression cycle of the Caspian Sea. Such pattern is very typical for migrating dunes within the classic regions with modern fluvial eolian interactions, such as the Nile valley. Our conclusion is that eolian concept of the Baer Knolls origin seems to be the most reasonable and least contradictory for us. We therefore attempt to reincarnate this concept on the development of the Baer Knolls, which was recently neglected and overlooked.
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Figure 1. 3D outcrop model of the Baer Knoll “Lenino-1” (100 km north from Astrakhan) showing typical knoll morphology and sedimentary units. The length of the cliff is of 400 m and the maximum height is of 21m.
References Baer, K.M., 1856. Uchenyye zapiski o Kaspiyskom more i ego okrestnostyakh [Scientific Notes about the Caspian Sea and Adjacent Regions]. Notes of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, St-Petersburg 11: 181-224. (In Russian). Fedorovich, B.A., 1941. Proizkhozhdeniye baerovskih bugrov Prikaspiya [Genesis of the “Baery knolls” in the northern Caspian Plain]. Proc. USSR Acad. Sci. Ser. Geogr. Geophys. 1: 95-116. (In Russian). Ivanova, G.A., 1952. K voprosu o proizkhozhdenii baerovskikh bugrov [On the Origin of the Baer Knolls]. Materials of Institute of Geography, Academy of Science, USSR, pp. 277-391. (In Russian). McKee, E.D. (ed), 1979. A Study of Global Sand Seas. US Geol. Sur. Prof. Pap., 1052, 429 p. Menabde, I.V., 1989. Paleogeografiya pozdnego pleistotsena Nizhnego Povolzh’ya [Late Pleistocene Paleography of the Lower Volga Region]. PhD Thesis, Moscow State University. (In Russian). Pye P. and Tsoar, H., 2009. Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes. Springer, 464pp. Sedaykin, V.M., 1977. K voprosu o proizkhozhdenii i vozraste baerovskikh bugrov Nizhnego Povolzh’ya [On the origin and age of the Baer Knolls of the Lower Volga Region]. Matters of Geomorphology of the Volga Region, Saratov 1 (4): 17-27. (In Russian). Selly, R., 1985. Ancient Sedimentary Environments. Capman and Hall, 317pp. Selly, R., 2000. Applied Sedimentology. Academic Press, 543pp. Svitoch, A.A., and Klyuvitkina, T.C., 2006. Baerovskiye bugry Nizhnego Povolzh’ya [Baer Knolls from the Lower Volga Region]. Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, 160 p. (In Russian). Swezey, C., 1998. The identification of eolian sands and sandstones. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie Des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science, 327(8), 513–518. Zastrozhnov, A.S., Danukalova, G.A., Golovachev, M.V., Titov, V.V., Tesakov, A.S., Simakova, A.N., Osipova, E.M., Trofimova, S.S., Zynoviev, E.V., and Kurmanov, R.G., 2018. Singil Deposits in the Quaternary Scheme of the Lower Volga Region: New Data. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 26(6), 647-685. Zastrozhnov, A., Danukalova, G., Golovachev, M., Titov, V., Osipova, E., Simakova, A., Yakovlev, A., Yakovleva, T., Aleksandrova, G., Shevchenko, A., Murray, A., Tesakov, A., Sadikhov, E., 2019 (in press). Biostratigraphical investigations as a tool for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Neopleistocene (Middle-Upper Pleistocene) at Kosika, Lower Volga, Russia, Quaternary International.
123 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia)
Contemporary costal sediments of the Waropen Regency (Indonesia) – preliminary research
KAROL ZGLINICKI1, PAWEŁ KOSIŃSKI2 and KRZYSZTOF SZAMAŁEK1,2
1 - Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4 street, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland, [email protected], [email protected] 2 - University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93 street, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland. [email protected]
Contemporary area of the New Guinea Island is divided into five lithospheric provinces (Cloos et al. 2005): Melanesian Arc Terrane, Central Ophiolitic Belt, Ruffaer Metamorphic Belt, Central Range fold and thrust belt, Arafura Platform (Hamilton 1979; Cloos et al. 2005; Baldwin et al. 2012). The geotectonic history of compound area (insufficiently explained) and the mineral wealth found so far evoke need for offshore and onshore researches of this area (Zglinicki, 2016). One of the potential regions of the occurrence of valuable mineral deposits is the area of the Cendrawasih Bay and its neighbor – the Indonesian Waropen Regency. The tectonic and sedimentological evolution of that area is still poorly understood. The reasons for the current state of knowledge are the lack of the road infrastructure and dense tropical forest cover that makes this area unable to be fully explored. Dozens of the meandering rivers, which transport high amounts of erosive material, origin from the Maoke Mountains (Babault, 2018). The Maoke Mountains are composed of the Precambrian and Mesozoic crystalline rocks. In this region there are rich porphyry copper-gold deposits such as Grasberg and Ok Tedi Mine (Sillitoe, 1997); therefore, the erosive material of the Maoke Mountains may be a potential source of many valuable mineral resources. The main assumption of the conducted research was exploration for the mineral resources deposits in the area of Waropen Regency, which might be covered in contemporary sediments possibly transported from eroded Maoke Mountains. Exploration works took place at the 8 kilometers long coastal area, between the 136°25'27"E and 136°21’56”E meridians. During field reconnaissance, 20 samples of the modern beach sediments were taken from a depth of 10-15 cm. Laboratory tests were carried out in the laboratories of the University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology. The mineral composition tests of the bulk samples were made using the XRD diffraction method of the geometry by Bragg-Brentano in θ-2θ system. The granulometric analysis was carried out with the set of sieves with the mesh size of 2 – 0.063 mm. The heavy minerals fraction was separated from 10 g of natural sample using sodium polytungstate with density of 2.89 g/cm3. The obtained concentrates were used for the embalmed preparations embedded in epoxy resin. Microscopic observations were carried out using a polarizing microscope NIKON ECLIPSE E600 POL. The experiments were made under the polarized reflected and transmitting light. The chemical composition of the heavy minerals was
124 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) completed by EPMA CAMECA SX-100 equipped with wave dispersion spectrometers, the accelerating voltage of 15kV and the beam current of 20 nA. The calibration of the EMPA was modeled on Microscope Laboratory at the University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology. The chemical compound analyses of clastic samples were also made at accredited Bureau Veritas Mineral laboratories. Analyses were made by the ICP-MS and AAS methods. The detrital rock samples are characterized by a variability of the mineral composition within the coastal area. The mineral composition of the northern samples is: quartz, sanidine, albite, enstatite, clinopyroxene, andalusite, chlorite, olivine, riebeckite, hornblende, muscovite, chromian spinel, magnetite, rutile and ilmenite. The content of heavy minerals in the samples is up to 20%. The samples were carrying pieces of metamorphic rocks: mica and chlorite shales. Some pieces of organic origin were noticed, e.g. snail shells, coral pieces in all of the samples with a maximum mass of 15% of the sediment volume. Total amount of carbonates varies between 2.5% and 23%, depending on the sample. Samples from the southern part of the coast consist of quartz, clinochlore, phlogopite, monazite, zircon, xenotime, diopside, enstatite, amphiboles, muscovite, clinochrisotile, chromian spinel, magnetite, ilmenite and rutile. The share of heavy mineral fraction is up to 10%. Geochemical analysis of the coastal sediments shows a wide spectrum of metals. Main oxides occur in constant concentrates: SiO2 58.83-62.94 wt%., Al2O3 7.99-10.62 wt%., Fe2O3 4.52-
8.37 wt%, MgO 6.28-10.61 wt%, CaO 1.55-5.42 wt%., Na2O 1.55-1.77 wt%., K2O 0.9-1.34 wt%., TiO2 0.34-0.89 wt%., P2O5 0.12-0.21 wt%., MnO 0.06-0.11 wt%. Largest variability shows Cr2O3 as its content varies between 0.143 and 1.173 wt%. The content of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Co is a maximum of 532, 10.2, 178, and 45.9 ppm, respectively. The increased amount of Cr2O3 is associated with the high amount of chromian spinel in the samples. The amount of precious metals (Pt, Pd, Au) in the samples does not exceed 6 ppb. Only silver occurs in a higher content of up to 6.1 ppm. The experiments carried out by Babault (2018) show that the potential source of contemporary sediments at the Cenderawasih Bay is mainly metamorphic Ruffaer zone and Central Ophiolite Belt. In subsequent studies carried out on samples obtained up the river the amount of the ultrabasic rock components are increasing laterally along the rivers and the amount of Cr2O3 rises up to 21 wt.%. The purpose of planned studies is to define the source (parent rocks) of the heavy minerals, to determine the detailed chemical composition of the coastal sediments, and the identification of correlation with other sediments occurring in the area.
References Babault, J. 2018. Source-to-sink constraints on tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the western Central Range and Cenderawasih Bay (Indonesia). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 156, 265-287. Baldwin, S.L., Webb, L.E. & Fitzgerald, P. 2012. Tectonics of the New Guinea Region. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 40 (1), 495-520. Cloos, M., B. Sapiie, A.Q. Van Ufford, R.J. Weiland, P.Q. Warren, & T.P. Mcmahon, 2005, Collisional delamination in New Guinea: the Geotectonics of subducting slab breakoff: GSA Special Paper, 400, 56.
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Hamilton, W. 1979. Tectonics of the Indonesian region. U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper, 1078. Sillitoe, R.H. 1997. Characteristics and controls of the largest porphyry copper‐gold and epithermal gold deposits in the circum‐Pacific region. Journal Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44 (3), 373-388. Zglinicki, K. 2016. The geologicial – mineralogical characteristic of the contemporary coastal marine sediments of Jayapura Regency (Indonesian part of New Guinea), [in Polish]. Ph.D. Thesis made at University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology.
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A statistical approach to discordant detrital zircon data from Scandinavian Caledonides
GRZEGORZ ZIEMNIAK1, JAROSLAW MAJKA1,2 and MACIEJ MANECKI1
1 – AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-052 Kraków, Poland, [email protected], [email protected] 2 – Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752-36 Uppsala, Sweden, [email protected]
We present a test of an improved statistical approach to obtain geochronological information about fluid-flow events from discordant detrital zircon data (Reimink et al., 2016). The method is being tested on detrital zircon dataset from transects across the Middle Allochthon of the Scandinavian Caledonides (Gee et al., 2015), where the timing of tectonothermal events have been well constrained (e.g. Root & Corfu, 2012; Barnes et al., 2019). The Middle Allochthon is traditionally considered as the outermost Baltic margin. It comprises metasediments cut by mafic dykes and all together metamorphosed during subduction and collisional events of the Finnmarkian and Caledonian Orogeny. In the area of Norrbotten the emplacement of mafic dykes crosscutting the Middle Allochthon is dated to 607 ± 2 Ma (Root & Corfu, 2012). The subsequent high-pressure metamorphic event was dated to 482 ± 1 Ma with U-Pb on zircon from eclogite (Root & Corfu, 2012). Metamorphic monazite formation related to this event gave U-Th-total Pb ages of 603 ± 16 Ma and 498 ± 10 Ma (Barnes et al., 2019). Detrital zircon spectra characteristic for the Middle Allochthon in Norrbotten section consists mainly of Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic age signatures with minor early Neoproterozoic component (Gee et al., 2015). Provenance studies based on detrital zircon geochronology often produce datasets with a significant number of data rejected due to used discordance filter. Usually, these rejected grains are conservatively regarded as of no use for geochronological studies. The approach for statistical constraints on the timing of lead-loss events on detrital zircon data has been already performed on the metasediments of the Greenland Caledonides (Reimink et al., 2016). This study follows the algorithm of dealing with discordant detrital zircon data presented in Reimink et al. (2016) with two minor changes. Reverse discordant grains are excluded from the datasets due to their tendency to produce non-existing (for discordant grains) lower intercepts. Obtained potential regression lines are being recalculated using Isoplot software (Ludwig, 2003) to exclude the outliers until the mean square weighted deviation is less than 1. This algorithm was successfully tested on five detrital zircon samples of the Middle Allochthon (data from Gee et al., 2015), being applied to the datasets with a significant component of discordant grains. Three of these samples yielded the following constraints on lower intercepts of regression lines: 622 ± 23 Ma, 607 ± 21 Ma, 589 ± 25 Ma and 488 ± 44 Ma. These ages have geological meaning and are consistent with the previously
127 XXth International Conference of Young Geologists, April 3 – 5, 2019, Herľany (Slovakia) reconstructed tectonothermal history of Middle Allochthon. Upper intercepts correspond to the populations present in the concordant part of the dataset. Remaining two samples were irresolvable for the algorithm due to significant error on single analyses. The obtained dates are interpreted to be related to the Pb-loss that occurred during fluid flow accompanying tectonothermal events affecting the Middle Allochthon. Single ages are within error of the previously established timing of mafic dykes emplacement and high-pressure metamorphic event (Root & Corfu, 2012; Barnes et al., 2019). Successful attempt to constrain the ages of Pb-loss related tectonothermal events in the Scandinavian Caledonides of Norrbotten proves that detrital zircon discordant data may carry more valuable geochronological information which can be recovered using this algorithm. Further testing of the applied method may allow in the future for the derivation of geologically meaningful data from detrital zircon datasets, in the areas, where other straight-forward geochronological methods fail to provide any constraints.
References Barnes, C., Majka, J., Schneider, D., Walczak, K., Bukała, M., Kośmińska, K., Tokarski, T, .& Karlsson, A. 2019. High-spatial resolution dating of monazite and zircon reveals the timing of subduction–exhumation of the Vaimok Lens in the Seve Nappe Complex (Scandinavian Caledonides). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 174(1), 5. Gee, D. G., Andréasson, P. G., Lorenz, H., Frei, D., & Majka, J. 2015. Detrital zircon signatures of the Baltoscandian margin along the Arctic Circle Caledonides in Sweden: The Sveconorwegian connection. Precambrian Research, 265, 40-56. Ludwig, K. R. 2003. User's manual for IsoPlot 3.0. A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel, Reimink, J. R., Davies, J. H., Waldron, J. W., & Rojas, X. 2016. Dealing with discordance: a novel approach for analysing U–Pb detrital zircon datasets. Journal of the Geological Society, 173(4), 577-585. Root, D., & Corfu, F. 2012. U–Pb geochronology of two discrete Ordovician high-pressure metamorphic events in the Seve Nappe Complex, Scandinavian Caledonides. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 163(5), 769-788.
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Molecular stratigraphy of glacial lake sediments: case study from Tatra Mountains, Slovakia
LUCIA ŽATKOVÁ1, RASTISLAV MILOVSKÝ1, RADOVAN KYŠKA-PIPÍK1 and MARTINA VARGICOVÁ1
1 – Earth Science Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Ďumbierska 1, 974 11, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, zatkova@sαvbb.sk
To understand modern climate change it is necessary to obtain paleoclimatic records and develop climate models based on past climate patterns and analyze their relationship to changing global temperatures. Lake sediments are valuable archives of geochemical and microfossil proxies. Variable composition of biomarkers incorporated into bottom sediments can be used in reconstruction of past environmental conditions and evaluation of the history of the climate change. (Eglinton, 2008; Holtvoeth, 2010; Killops, 2013) The climate evolution in Tatra Mts. lakes is being studied on the basis of paleoclimate proxies. Batizovské pleso is a glacial lake situated in Batizovská dolina at an altitude 1891 m a.s.l. The catchment is partly a barren granodiorite rock, partly vegetated by grassland and shrubby mountain pine. The lake is dammed by bedrock, recharged through debris cones by underwater springs and drained by one outflow. Sediment core was taken by percussion corer in 2016 at depth 6m, length of core is 320 cm. Bottom 150 cm of the sediment pile is a grey clayey silt, overlain by 170 cm of brown organic sediment (gyttja). The main goal of this study is building a chemostratigraphical record of glacial lake sediment as a part of a large multi-proxy study. Biomarkers, such as lignins, n-alkanes, diatom, algae and cyanobacteria markers will be used to reconstruct the past vegetation and climate changes since deglaciation. Methods for analyzing the biomarkers in sediments (Fornace, 2014; Freimuth, 2017; Bechtel, 2018) were adapted to a young sediment age. Lipid markers are analyzed from total lipid extract, which is acquired using Soxhlet extractor. By applying saponification and subsequently column chromatography we obtained five lipid fractions. Lignin biomarkers are extracted as lignin phenols. The lipid-free sediments are oxidized with CuO at 155°C for 3 h in stainless steel pressure vessels, then acidified, extracted and derivatized into a non-polar form (Hedges and Mann, 1979; Hedges and Ertel, 1982; Goňi and Hedges, 1992). Phenolic CuO oxidation products are analyzed as trimethylsilyl derivatives. Each subsample is analyzed with gas chromatograph Trace GC Ultra coupled to an ion-trap mass spectrometer ITQ 900 (Thermo). Identification of compounds is based on comparing mass spectra with NIST library and verification of retention times for highest score records. Compounds of interest are quantified using intensities of dominant fragments.
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Based on the n-alkanes composition in sediments the CPI and TAR index (Bray and Evans, 1961) was calculated. The plot of n-alkanes indices CPI and TAR versus depth is shown in Figure 1. High CPI index of all the samples means very good preservation of biosynthetic signature without cracking of alkane chains. The initial increase of TAR index may reflect development of vegetation cover on surrounding morraines after deglaciation, while its drop at 73,5 cm probably points to onset of Carex/Sphagnum advance into the lake.
Figure 1. Plot of n-alkane indices CPI and TAR versus depth.
Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the project APVV-15-0292.
References
Bechtel, A., et al. 2018. Depositional environment and hydrocarbon source potential of the Lower Miocene oil shale deposit in the Aleksinac Basin (Serbia). Organic Geochemistry 115, 93-112. Bray, E. E. and Evans, E. D., 1961: Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue to recognition of source beds, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 22, Issue 1, 2-15. Eglinton, T. I., Eglinton G. 2008. Molecular proxies for paleoclimatology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 275, 1-16. Fornace K. L., et al. 2014. A 60,000-year record of hydrologic variability in the Central Andes from the hydrogen isotopic composition of leaf waxes in Lake Titicaca sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 408, 263-271. Freimuth, E. J., Diefendorf, A. F., Lowell, T. V. 2017. Hydrogen isotopes of n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids as tracers of precipitation in a temperate forest and implications for paleorecords. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 206, 166-183. Gaines, S. M., Eglinton G. and Rullkötter J. 2009. Echoes of Life: What Fossil Molecules Reveal About Earth History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517619-3 Goñi, M. A., Hedges, J. I. 1992. Lignin dimers: structures, distribution, and potential geochemical applications. In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 4025-4043 Hedges, J.I., Ertel, J.R., 1982. Characterization of lignin by capillary gas chromatography of CuO products. Analytical Chemistry 54, 174-178. Hedges, J. I., Mann, D. C., 1979. The characterization of plant tissues by their cupric oxide oxidation products. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 43, 1803- 1807. Holtvoeth, J., Vogel, H., Wagner, B., Wolff, G. A. 2010. Lipid biomarkers in Holocene and glacial sediments from ancient Lake Ohrid (Macedonia,Albania), Biogeosciences 7 (11), 3473-3489.
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Killops, S. D., Killops, V. J. 2013. Introduction to Organic Geochemistry, 2nd Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 408 p. ISBN: 978-1-118-69720-7
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ICYG 2019, Abstract Book
Edited by: Tomáš Bakalár, Jakub Bazarnik, Margaréta Gregáňová, Iwona Klonowska, Ľubomír Štrba, Barbara Zahradníková
Graphic design: Leonard Zahradník, Ľubomír Štrba
Place of the publication: Anwell s.r.o., Bratislava, Slovakia Year of the publication: March, 2019 Published by: The Publishing House of the Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia First edition: 131 pages, 105 printed copies; not for sale
The abstracts were reviewed based on the topic of the article by reviewers selected by editors.
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