A Thesis Submitted to the Central European University, Department Of

CEU eTD Collection \ Spatial distribution preferences andhabitat of the prairie crocus (Pulsatilla patens)inan A thesissubmitted theDepartment to ofEnvironmental Sciences andPolicy of Central European University in part fulfilment of the Javier LLORCA Javier ESPARRAGO Degree ofMaster Science urban landscape May, 2012 May, Saskatoon i CEU eTD Collection Supported by the European Commission’s ErasmusMundus Programme EuropeanCommission’s Supported bythe (United Kingdom). European University (Hungary), University Lund (Sweden) andthe UniversityManchester of the UniversityAegean operatedbyofthe (Greece),jointly Central (MESPOM) and Management the ErasmusMundusMasterssuccessful course completionof in Environmental Sciences, Policy Science degreethe Masterof awarded of fulfillment This thesisissubmitted in as a result of MESPOM Management and Policy Sciences, Environmental in Course Masters Mundus Erasmus ii CEU eTD Collection Further information on the conditions under which disclosures and exploitation may take place is University. European place take may exploitation and disclosures which available under of from Environmental Headof Departmentthe the Sciences and Policy, Central conditions the on information Further Budapest. (Pulsatilla patens)inanurban landscape Llorca,J. 2012. Esparrago For bibliographic and reference purposes this thesis should be referred (3) to as: University, which will prescribe and terms the conditions of any such agreement. maybe made not availableuse by for third written the permission parties without of the The ownership of University,in vested Central the European and anyany contrary, the subject to agreementprior to intellectual property rights which may be described (2) in this thesis is Author. with accordance such instructions may be permission madethe not without (in writing) of the must form Universityin European Central the Library.Details may be obtained from Librarian.the part This page Copyright may ofinextracts, of be made or only in with instructions accordance text given by andof Author lodgedthe anythis thesis rests with suchthe (1) Author. Copies (by any copiesprocess) either in full, made. Further copiesNotes on copyright andtheownership of intellectual property rights: (by any process) of copies made in Spatial distribution andhabitatpreferences oftheprairie crocus . Master of Science thesis, Central European University, iii CEU eTD Collection University of Saskatchewan. the at Sustainability and Environment of School the at conducted been has research This for another degree orqualification of this or any other university or other institutein referred of to this ofthework learning.portion thesisNo has been submitted in of an support application Author’s declaration iv Javier ESPARRAGO LLORCA CEU eTD Collection Keywords: by the especially species, this of designation areas. of conservation distribution the shaping in factor key a is development effecton with correlated disturbances.Human population density of andurbanized proportion land were negatively considerationsexplain seem to distributionthe of Differences withstudies regardingEuropean topographical preferences wererevealed. Spatial disturbance and urban growth. of andanalysedsources with other statistically integrated reveal in in to trends order distributionthe development future city from the of several Allwas alsogathered sources. collectedthe was data ecologicaltheir and physical regarding Spatial historicaldata characteristics wererecorded. and identify the ecological, physical, and demographical forces that shape its spatial configuration. spatial its Nine identified potential areas were shape andsurveyed.The locations of that forces demographical and physical, ecological, the identify The prairie crocus prairie ( crocus of Science of Master degree andthe entitled:for Spatial distribution and habitatpreferences of the submitted by: Javier LLORCA ESPARRAGO Abstract of the thesis aim of this research is to map the distributionDespite its sensitivity,of native with associated strongly is it America prairies, aheavilyNorth In ecosystem.degraded world. the of parts some in substantially P. patens CENTRALEUROPEANUNIVERSITY/OFSASKATCHEWAN P. patens Prairie species distribution, crocus, habitatpreferences, urban ecology, Saskatoon . The analysis. wasdivided inhabitatpreference, spatial four parts: relationship, Pulsatilla patens P. patens Pulsatilla patens , although this, although effectis species dependantand Urban needsfurther research. P. patens population size population anddensity. species Exotic seemhave adetrimentalto ) in an urban landscape. can be found within the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The Saskatchewan. Saskatoon, of city the within found be can (L.) Mill. is a perennial forb whose populations have declined have populations whose forb perennial a is Mill. (L.) Month and Yearof submission: May, 2012. v P. patens P. patens within Saskatoon and its vicinity and to vicinity and its and Saskatoon within better than typethe anddegreeof than better P. patens weremapped and CEU eTD Collection Finally, but most importantly I want to thank my family. I could not have done this without their without this love and unconditionaldone have support. not could I my family. thank to want I importantly most but Finally, proofreading and her ability keepto me alive during the harsh Canadian winter. years from anunforgettable two experience.these EspeciallyVeronika Kubik, to for the genuine passion forbotany. Iwant thank to my friends and colleagues from MESPOM for making and Yakivpatient for his AlsoPonomarenko, to this helpon personal project. encouragement field on the time, his and for Kricsfalusy Vladimir my supervisor thank to like would I all, of First Acknowledgements vi CEU eTD Collection Literature ReviewLiterature ...... 14 Introduction...... 12 Figuresof List ...... 10 Listof Tables ...... 9 Tableof Contents ...... 7 Acknowledgements ...... 6 Abstractof thethesis ...... 5 Contents of Table Methodology ...... 37 Aimobjectivesand ...... 36 A taxonomicA nightmare ...... 14 Pulsatilla patens conservationandThreats ...... 33 Managementimplications ...... 31 Conservation...... Status 28 Habitat...... 27 Distribution...... 24 Morphology...... 22 Ethnobotany ...... 19 Identificationsurveyof sites ...... 37 Existing...... data 37 area Study ...... 37 Common nameCommon ...... 19 Intraspecific structure ...... 18 Scientificname ...... 14 Saskatchewan...... 26 Canada ...... 26 AmericaNorth ...... 25 Eurasia ...... 24 valueCultural ...... 20 Medicinalvalue ...... 19 and urbanand areas ...... 34 vii CEU eTD Collection Appendixes...... 83 References ...... 72 Conclusion...... 70 Resultsdiscussionand ...... 44 AppendixHistorical D. landannexation by theCity ofSaskatoon...... 86 AppendixMap areas of C– surveyed duringthefieldwork ...... 85 Appendix theMapstudy of – area B aroundSaskatoon...... 84 Appendix A-Mapthe of distribution of herbaria records ofP.patens in Saskatchewan ...... 83 Urban DevelopmentUrban ...... 65 Disturbances...... 57 Spatialrelationships distributionand ...... 52 preferences...... Habitat 44 analysisData ...... 41 collectionData ...... 39 The future of Historicaldevelopment ...... 65 Exotics ...... 62 Burning ...... 62 Litter...... 61 Trampling...... 61 Burrowing...... 60 Browsing/grazing...... 59 distributionGeneral ...... 57 Soil ...... 50 ...... Aspect 48 Elevation ...... 46 ...... Slope 44 Pulsatilla patens in Saskatoonin ...... 68 viii CEU eTD Collection purchasedby City the Saskatoon. of ...... 65 Table 8. Number of locations hosting locations of Number 8. Table distanceinterval withinstudy area.the ...... 55 Table density,Population 7. relativedeveloped of cover land andlocations of TableResult 6. of soil analysisselected for locations within the study area...... 51 Table 5. Conservation status of Table Conservation status 5. Table 4. Conservation status of Table Conservation status 4. TableMedicinal3. patensuseof P. by NativeAmerican tribes...... 20 TablePrimary2. scientificnames patensP. forfrom Canadian authors...... 17 TablePublished1. nomenclature of Pulsatilla patens...... 16 ofList Tables P. patens P. patens P. patens in the Canadianinthe provincesterritories.and ...... 30 in European countriesEuropeanin ...... 29 ix according to the period when that land when period the that was according to P. patens for each CEU eTD Collection Figure 9. Distribution of localities hosting localities of Distribution 9. Figure directions...... 48 Sites facing onedirectionhavethan multiple more been counted times, forone each of facedthe FigureProportion 12. of sites beingaffected by differentdegrees ofdisturbance...... 58 (down)within studythe area...... 54 FigureMap ofhuman 11. population density in andmap (up) persons perhectare of land use distanceSaskatoon.of centrefrom the ...... 53 FigureHistogram 10. plotting frequency the localitiesof recorded hosting P. patens against Finlandand (red)...... 49 hosting sites of rose Compass 8. Figure frequency withinstudyarea. the ...... 46 Figure 7. Histogram plotting elevation of recorded localities hosting localities recorded of elevation plotting Histogram 7. Figure ...... 45 Figure 6. Distribution of sites hosting ...... area. 44 Figure 5. Distribution of sites hosting sites of Distribution 5. Figure outsideoccur thisrange. (Source:http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca) ...... 25 Figure 4. Distribution of Distribution 4. Figure ...... 25 Figure 3.Distribution of prairie crocuses rightunder the seal in Manitoba’s emblem (source: www.travelmanitoba.com). of ArmsFigure The Coat of Manitoba 2. (left) and Winnipeg22 of a (right).group purple Note ...... 14 Figure1. Specimen of List of Figures Anemone patens P. patens P. patens across the northern hemisphere thenorthern across Hultén (after and Fries 1986). in North America. Some isolated populations are known to P. patens P. patens L. from Linnaeus herbarium (www.linnaean-online.org). herbarium Linnaeus from L. P. patens P. patens accordingslope position to within study the area. x according to slope aspect withinslope aspect according to study the area. accordingslope steepness to within study the accordingslope aspect to in(blue) Saskatoon P. patens against their against CEU eTD Collection seedlings of lightof decrease availability and alack soil of of patches open establishmentfor the of especiallyand an improvementin efficiencythe of fire prevention techniques,has resulted in a Pilt(Uotila 1969, and Kukk2002).Changes in forest managementincluding the end of grazing (Bilz declining is Fennoscandia, In 2011). population general the where Europe in especially world, the of parts some human tolerate influence conservation its is However, some of growing in extent. concern to in both symbols America. and North Europe and folklore medicine, traditional in present being a from view, of also but point cultural perspective ecological an from only not species important an is and It (Hultén 1986). America Fries North and in Eurasia distributed widely is species this chapters, following in the detailed be will it As Ranunculaceae. family the from herb perennial long-lived a Pulsatilla patens Introduction patches (Hammermeister 2001). This is due to loss of habitat from urban development, in reduction the thefrequencyagriculture butalso extraction; to andresource urban of firesfrom and the habitat of loss to due is This 2001). (Hammermeister patches remains theprairieof ecozone 21% as native grassland, much of itfragmented intosmall Canada,In Saskatchewan,Knopf wherethis 1994). research place, takes only between 17- the most dramatic theirof 30% original extension (Gauthieral.example, et The case 2003). of tall-grass prairie is perhaps reducedAmerica. wholethe native continent, For mixed prairies have andshort-grass declined20- to now to just 1%(Wildeman of its historic countries. Nevertheless, this plantand these is land strongly of associated with burned and grazednative prairies provinces and Steevescoverstates the of some in (Samson protection legal limited has 1982), and which America,In North is one of the legislationmost including BerneConvention the Directive.Habitats and EU the endangered by isnational It therefore protected country in where itoccurs. Europe and European ecosystemsKiehl 2006). of This North numberthe haspopulations. Germany, of In example,for only populationone is leftled and (Röder to the inclusion of this species in the Red List of practically every P. patens (L.) Mill., commonly known as the prairie crocus or eastern pasqueflower, is pasqueflower, eastern or crocus prairie the as known commonly Mill., (L.) P. patens . In Central Europe, loss of losshabitat of has resulted inIn Central Europe, . a drastic decreasein P. patens is relatively well and in Canada theUnitedrepresented and States P. patens is associated with dry heath forests dominated by pine by dominated forests heath dry with associated is is considered to be resistant to disturbancesbe resistantto andis can considered to 12 CEU eTD Collection discussion section. The conclusion section provides a summary of the findings and main and recommendationsfindings of this research. the of summary a provides section conclusion The section. discussion with of disturbances.The results fieldwork andanalysis aredetailed in results andthe of The methodology section provides details of methodsthe used assess to spatialthe distribution morphology, distribution, biology, management and conservation of this species. regarding no addition, In this. to reviewbeen hasever published this species. for In followingthe contributes available chapter, literature traditions scientific and cultures countries, many across easily found.The taxonomic confusion regarding this species and the distribution of plantthe discussion, andconclusions. regarding Literature This thesisin is literature fourchapters: review, structured methodology, results and plant. this of conservation the with development urban integrate to consider any to futureorder plan reintroduce to patens mechanisms by which this study happens.has ever No considered howdisturbances affect been foracknowledged asathreat continueis growing (Statistics percentage Canada to expected 2012).Urban developmentthis has and in cities live Canadians of 80% than more Canada, in small still is cover land Urban areas have potential in conservation of the disturbance and the lack of it are critical threats for the survival of absence hugeof prairies.the the herdsof on bison grazed once Paradoxically, that anexcessive P. patens , either positively or negatively, in an urban setting. This knowledge will be crucial in crucial be will knowledge This setting. urban in an negatively, or positively either , P. patens within its habitat Saskatchewan, preferences City andthe relation of Saskatoon, is thoroughly examined and reviewed covering taxonomy, ethnobotany, taxonomy, covering reviewed and examined isthoroughly P. patens (Uotila 1969). However, littleHowever, (Uotila 1969). is known about the 13 P. patens P. patens P. patens in cities wherehas it disappeared or is sometimes and not dispersed . While . of urban proportion the P. patens . P. CEU eTD Collection Maximova and especially noticed that studies, in later mentioned include rarely were which populations, European for denominations Other synonym (Dutton populations as almostwho, Meyer (1856) contemporarilyclassified Ruprecht (1854), to Siberian the especially asaspeciesas avarietythan rather itself. and the job This of wasdueto Trautvetter widespread, this taxonomic review as an illegitimate synonym. Although the name the Although synonym. illegitimate an as review taxonomic this latifolia, Notwithstanding the original the Notwithstanding have referred to use, later authors mentionedthis same author presence the In the of work, Narva, Estonia. appliedspecimens to of potential synonym of potential plantunder the genus A. wofgangianaA. classified Besser(1826) andillustrated aspecimen of this plantfrom Lithuania under name the names as name literature is relatively consistentin useof the the under genus the Miller(FigureLater 1). classified (1768) the species Empire Russian former the in Siberia, Tobolsk, (Ranunculaceae) from a specimen collected in (Linnaeus 1753)as This species wasfirstdescribed by Linnaeus Scientific name A taxonomic nightmare Literature Review itfrom the genus P. patens P. longipetala as reported by as reported Tutin and Akeroyd thisFor (1993). reason, wolfgangiana, latifolia wolfgangiana P. intermedia . Exceptions. would be the use of such P. patens Pulsatilla Besser et al. Anemone Pulsatilla A. patens A. Schleich.and exSteud. 1997). . var. P. halleri P. kiovensis In the sameIn the Besseralsoconsidered work was for many years a common synonym to designate expressly distinguishing expressly Anemone patensL. could be just a variety of . European botanical . European wolfgangiana and reported populations and of reported . Later, Ruprecht (1854) supported Miller’s(1854) supported RuprechtLater, . treatmentof this and (All.) Willd. subsp. Willd. (All.) intermedia Wissjul. are not infrequent in the Slavic botanic tradition botanic Slavic the in infrequent not are Wissjul. . This denomination is still considered as a valid a as considered still is denomination This . 14 . P. intermedia P.patens Linnaeus herbarium (www.linnaean-online.org). herbarium Linnaeus Figure 1. Specimen of rhodopaea P.wolfgangiana G. Don. Don (1831) already . The names. The P. paten , as it is currently known P. latifolia latifolia P. wolfgangiana s using the name the s using Anemone patens Anemone P. latifolia from the area of P. ovczinnikovii did not become is included in included is P. paten Rupr. as a L. from s , P. . CEU eTD Collection P. ludoviciana 1800s is now considered illegitimate superfluous or such as World being taxa New same the species. of nomenclature Some the developed during the century,Hultén of wasand (1944)there works after the little Old doubtabout the World and var. varieties; e.g. (Table 1). During the second half of the century, some botanists noticed the similarity of the of similarity the describedtaxa inAmerica noticed North with Oldthe World botanists some century, the of half second the During 1). (Table under several denominations, mostly as a new taxon within taxon a new as mostly denominations, several under the genusthe surprisingly genusthe to attested and AsianEuropean The first literature.description of this plant in New the World was summarizes all historicalthe nomenclatureapplied to numerous denominations and synonyms including newspecies and varieties. Table 1 American North of taxa forthese the treatment prepare flora to The efforts wasusedasasynonymTakeda for synonyms of (Tutin as rarelybut used in Western publications. name The P. teklae hirsutissima ( et al. Anemone 1964). Both 1964). Zämels andsubspecies (1925), level P. patens Anemone patens (Nuttall) A. Heller (Dutton Pursh) (HitchcockPursh) more 1891).This weight treatmenttook during the XX as subsp. A. ludoviciana A. P. teklae (L.) var (L.) patens Clematis and A. patens A. (Tutin and AkeroydOn Farthe 1993). East, . nuttalliana . During the XIX century this species was classified P. patens (Pursh 1814). Later, NutallLater, 1814). (Pursh (1818) transferred it to et al (Takeda 1910). (Takeda 15 . 1997). subsp. teklae P. patens (DC) (Gray (DC) (Gray 1867) or P. patens have beenspecies at used both level, P. patens teklae P. hirsutissima subsp. Anemone are currently considered to be both in both American as well as and classified them as its as them classified and teklae or Anemonepatens (Pursh) Britton and (Zämels) Zämels (Zämels) Pulsatilla resulted in resulted A. taroi A. genera L. CEU eTD Collection Pulsatilla patens Koch (Besser) wolfgangiana var. Anemone patens Heller A. (Pursh) hirsutissima Viorna Heller (Nuttall) ludoviciana Pulsatilla MacMillan (Pursh) Anemone hirsutissima Britton (Pursh) hirsutissima Pulsatilla Hitchcock (Pursh) hirsutissima var. L. Anemone patens Anemone Anemone patens Gray L. 1867 var. nuttalliana (DC) Gray ? Nuttall (DC) Anemone nuttallii Sprengel (DC) nuttalliana Pulsatilla Nuttall Anemone ludoviciana DC. Anemone nuttalliana Clematis hirsutissima Pursh Pulsatilla ovczinnikovii Tzvelev (Wissjul.) Pulsatilla patens Wissjul. kioviensis Pulsatilla Pulsatilla teklae Anemone taroi Trautv. &C.A. Mey Pulsatilla patens Ruprecht latifolia Pulsatilla Ruprecht (Besser) wolfgangiana Pulsatilla Anemone intermedia Besser Anemone wolfgangiana Pulsatilla longipetala Mill. (L.) patens Pulsatilla Anemone patens Table 1.Published nomenclature of Pulsatilla patens. patens Takeda L. var. L. (L.) Miller subsp. var. (L.) Mill. var. Taxa G.Don Schleich. ex Steud. wolfgangiana Maximova rosea Cockerell kioviensis (Besser) asiatica NorthAmerica Eurasia Johann F.W. Koch Cited Cited by Dutton Johann F.W. Koch Heller 1904 Heller 1900 MacMillan 1892 Britton 1891 Hitchcock 1891 Nuttall 1825 Sprengel 1825 Nuttall 1818 1817 de Candole 1814 Pursh Maximova 1970 Tzvelev 2001 Wissjulina 1939 Zämels 1925 Takeda 1910 Meyer 1856 Trautvetter and Ruprecht 1854 Ruprecht 1854 Don 1831 Besser 1826 Miller 1768 Cockerell 1888 Steudel 1821 Krylov and Krylov Linnaeus 1753 16 Author Link Link Link Link Link Link Link Link Link Link Link (2012): WCSP the by “unresolved” (1995). Classified as byCzerepanov Cited Name Plant International Link Cited by Czerepanov (1995) Link Link Link Link Link Link Link Link Link Link Cited byDutton Cited Link Index webpage Index Link to original source Link et al et al . 1997 . 1997 CEU eTD Collection Meades 2004 Moss 1983 Harms 2006 Aiken 1978 Scoggan Budd and Best 1969 Currah Author Krylov & Serg & Krylov Table 2. Primary Table 2.Primary scientific names patens for P. Canadian from authors. Harmsincludepreferred (2006)who to this plantunder genus the either a variety subspecieseither a or of the genusthe clear,well alongknown andbased on botanical justifying tradition, this way their choice for in They morphologicalal. that, 2011). consideredargue contrast, et (Yaprak differences are limited phylogeneticbe too with number to an studies underrepresented of beingtaxa direction in this (Ehrendorfer and Samuelpoint consider On hand, authors 2001). other the the other mentionedalso studies molecular recent More 1994). al. et (Hoot DNA under genus the to itas var. to is bysame Canadianof taken most approach (Table refer of 2).Some authors oldestworks the under that genera achene argue beaks.These authors According to Flora of North America (Dutton et al et America North Floraof (Dutton Accordingto the covering compilations and range of literature botanical major all treatments, taxonomic current In North AmericaNorth and many Americaninclude prefer to authors it under the genus China and vastmajority the includeof authors species the under genus the is there amajordifference While botanic betweenthese traditions. Flora Flora of of Europe, classification of the North American populations within the subspecies the within populations American North the of classification (Dutton et al Anemone et al. et al P. patens . 2007 Pulsatilla 1983 wolfgangiana . 1997) and. 1997) Flora of China (Wencai and Bartholomew 2001)]agree on the according to phylogeneticaccording to analyses based on morphology and chloroplast Pulsatilla [i.e.Flora (Tutin and of Europe AkeroydFlora 1993), of AmericaNorth . In any case, it should be noted that the discussion turns around the genus the around turns discussion the that noted be should it any case, In . multifida Mill. var. A. patens is purely morphological, based on the presence of long plumose long of presence the on based morphological, purely is but in recent times most Canadian authors classify this plant as plant this classify authors Canadian most times recent in but X X Pritz. multifida (L.) within the taxon the within P.Mill. subsp P.Mill. patens P. (Pritz.) Zamels multifida Sergievskaja 17 Pulsatilla X . 1997), the reason to include reasonto the 1997), this taxon (L.) and . A. patens A. A. patens L. Hepatica Pulsatilla X X . A notable exception is exception notable A . should be subsumed multifida var. A. patens (Bess.) Koch (Bess.) wolfgangiana Pulsatilla . Anemone X X . However, , Flora of L. . The CEU eTD Collection in 1960 near Brandon, Manitoba by G.A. Stevenson, hence the name. AAFCthe National Collection of VascularPlants and (Cody specimen2012) the was collected 1968) and Saskatchewan (Kricsfalusy al.et The holotype 2012). of this form is deposited in is by characterized very whitepale or flowersand has inbeen recorded Manitoba (Boivin Albinoindividuals have been described forthis plantas f. (Pritz. as classified also was taxon This 2001). Jonsell in Lindell within a continuous rangeof observed differences consequenceswere the of differentiating geographic races(subspecies) sameas the subspeciesbe therefore referredto has (Hultén It been1944). thatthe suggested could that authors see areal difference not other by the Siberian between American and North the populations and should criticized was view this However, petiole. distinct a and segments could be distinguished from beyond and considered the namethe patens Pritzel Pritzel coined(1841) name the section. the in detailed is distribution range spatial Their section. morphology the in outlined are subspecies subsp. AccordingTutin and to Akeroyd (1993), Intraspecific structure in restricted morphological than features make generalizations. Therefore, in order to maintain simplicity and consistency this thesis this considersconsistency and simplicity maintain to order in Therefore, generalizations. make Pulsatilla considered aslegitimate genusthe However, here. ( inGiven thisisit thesis choice arguments, these thatthe understood of any genera of two the subspecies.the level and is there an international distinctivenessthe consensus about speciesthe ofboth and Anemone ) in Siberianthe populations. beginningthe At of XXcentury,the Zämels (1926) used multifida S.H. Li & Y.H. Huang in Flora of China (Li and Huang 1975). simplereffectiveandmore differentcompare to in order species within genusthe or multifida P. patens or Pulsatilla and subsp. asasubspecies of subsp. multifida ) count as perfectly justifications.count sound ) are options Therefore,both multifida P. patens flavescence P. patens multifida as a separate species. According to this author, as the priority name for the study. P. patens across across northern the hemisphere (Hultén and Fries 1986; by the strongly by strongly the dissected leaf blades, leaf narrower . The main morphological differences between these between differences morphological main The . for the first time, using it to designate a variety of variety a designate to it using time, first the for A. patens A. Anemone 18 . Juzepczuk (1937) inJuzepczuk (1937) . Flora of USSR the went Pulsatilla includes threesubspecies: subsp. . This. factmakes useof the genusthe stevensonis P. patens is significantly smaller and more and smaller significantly is (Boivin 1968). This form (L.) Mill. var. P. multifida multifida patens A. , CEU eTD Collection for eye treatments (Fetrow and Avila, (Fetrow for medicinal eye The treatments 2000). use of physician was 90 A.D.) known haveto used Dioscoridesto (40 Plants from genusthe valueMedicinal Ethnobotany person (Johnston 1987). silky grey,the of acheneprairie seeds the reminded of crocus them of grey the hair of an old The common name of this species in most Slavic languages is languages Slavic most in species this of name common The patens anemone, windflower and gosling plant. The Blackfoot called this flower this called Blackfoot The plant. gosling and windflower anemone, similaritygenera. two these plantof the to samebackIn the common home. way,the (Iridaceae), name anemone” “crocus refers the to American prairiesremindedit as them of real whichthe crocuses, genusbelongthe to Another major commonfulfilled (Thiselton-Dyer 2011). name,herb”. When placedprairie under the pillow, it will induce dreams, which are generally supposed beto crocus, was given by thealsoidentify usedto settlers thatplantwas colonizedeggs green(WalkerdyeThe original Easter 2011). were also used to French name for this the probably because of the flowers of this plant appearing close Easter time. Parts of this plant the winds, asheralds of his coming at the beginning of the spring, hence the name of plant.ancient flowers In the Greece, of The etymology of Common name According to Shosteck (1974) the namethe (1974) AccordingShosteck to name The commonis name,pasqueflower), believedpasque flower(or derive from to Latinthe sepals of flowerthe to which spread backward. this plant pulsate with the wind. The Latin term plant. name The is frequently called pasque “Eastern flower” in itsreference European distribution. to pascha passefleur meaning Easter, which in turn derives from Hebrew from derives inwhich turn Easter, meaning Pulsatilla Pulsatilla , beingname., its present The name by altered to pasqueflowerGerard is P. vulgaris Pulsatilla derives from the Latin word is closely related to the folklore of the people coexisting with this with coexisting people the of folklore the to related closely is (Walker 2001). In order to differentiate to (Walkerspecies,In order two these 2001). have been used for millennia for medicinal purposes. Roman purposes. medicinal for millennia for used been have Pulsatilla Anemone P. patens 19 patens were believed to be sent by Anemos, god of would refer to the windswept habitat of the is also known as prairie smoke, cutleaf smoke, prairie as known also is means open or spreading, in a reference pulsatus son-trava Pulsatilla (“to beat”) as the flowers of Pulsatilla pesah , which means “dream Napi on his preparations on , “to pass-over”, , “to is closely related (“old man”), as Anemone Crocus P. . CEU eTD Collection Sources: Moerman DensmoreSources: (2009), andVogel (1974) (1970). Omaha BasinGreat Indian Chippewa Cheyenne Tribe America, North plantwidespreadacross Beinga irritationhumans to and even be fatalgrazing to animals and (Turner von Aderkas 2009). freshThis cancauseskin,species tissue. dry substance or andbetween eye and gastrointestinal glycoside ranunculin.The chemistry of protoanemonin andvaries concentration between of the breakdown a enzymatic of product isthe which protoanemonin, called oil highly irritant Table 3.Medicinal use ofP.patens by Native American tribes. tribes for several illnesses. Table 3summarizes useof the this plantby native people. (including Ranunculaceae family the from species Many toxicology. its to The Prairie crocus has an important symbolic and cultural value among Slavic people. As its As people. name “dream-herb”Slavic indicates, this plantis deeplyamong with connected sleepythe value kingdom in the cultural and symbolic important an has crocus Prairie The Cultural value use of prairiethe (Leighton crocus 1985). wild In astudy about plantuse by Cree, none Woods of the respondents the acknowledge any There is no evidence of other native tribes such as Cree using this plant for medicinal purposes. birth delivery by taking a decoction of plantthe and Keane(Howarth 1995; Moerman 2009). a poultice of crushed leaves typicallyThey as acounterirritant. alsouse this plant speed to P. patens isbe usedby known to firstthe nations in Saskatchewan, Canada.applied Blackfoot Anti- Anti-rheumatic Analgesic Stimulant / Poison anti-neuralgic aid Pulmonary Function rheumatic / 20 Notes Poultice of Poultice of fresh leaves. pulverized leaves. by smellingHeadache treated person. a revive to body the over passing Symbolic use of smashed root by External application of leaves of application External and pulverized. dried once Smelled / decoction Root P. patens has been used by many native P. patens ) create a ) create CEU eTD Collection This song refers to the earlythe This flowering refers song to habit of Coat of Arms of the province of Manitoba and the city of Winnipeg (Figure 2). the of plant USA. Italso appearson the Dakota, provinceofficial South of Manitoba, of Canada state andthe the is It symbology. “formal” more in present also is crocus prairie The 1954). (Brown distantsky, a bright yellow sun in the middle and a fur becoat to protected during early spring Spiritandpleased Great with whathappened, flower the rewarded with purple petals, like the plantoffered him advice and wisdom in The return. Indian boy prayed for the plant and the crocus. It prairie the explainsand experience initiation his adulthood on boy a between relation the about legend how the boy cared plantthe seedsand head for of the grey the of between an old man. is There also anice Blackfoot the plant on the loneliness of the hill and how the up from their winter dream: and by translated recorded Gilmore prairiethe asks restof the crocus (1921), flowers wake to song, Dakota anold In spring. arriving the of herald a in As alsois plant this peoples. Greece, ancient American North among value symbolic important an has also crocus prairie The music. Ukrainian traditional plays that Crocus Prairie called Manitoba from band musical musicSoviet legacy becoming even unofficial anthems people.is forCanada, In there the a This species is alsoinpresent popular music. Songs prairieabout the crocus are partof the mainly express the idea of the winter sleep of nature and vernal awakening (Sobolev 1999). reveal could and secrets future predictions dreams. through Tales of realmthe of dreams, The prairie wasbelievedfolklore Europe. crocus Eastern have of and prophetic to powers “I wish toencourageother flower thechildren of nations So while theywaken fromsleepandrise fromthebosom Of Mother Earth, I stand hereMother Earth,I oldandgrey-headed.”Of Which arenow appearing allover theland; 21 P. patens and the aforementioned parallelism aforementioned the and CEU eTD Collection The morphological description of Morphology Canadian Mint2010). collectable items including manystamps of andcountries world’s coin the gold purest (Royal The imageManitoba 2012). of (Nature prairiethe has crocus also been profusely used in Manitoba service "for outstanding inNature preservingof Manitoba in apart its natural state." publications andeven in Also, Prairie the private the sector. Award Crocus is presented by As third. rose wild the provincethe emblem,and name crocus' the andlikeness are common placelily second on government prairie the place, first in crocus the put schoolchildren had firstIn Manitoba, prairie wasofficiallythe crocus official asthe adopted flowerbeen in 1906.Interest arousedright under the in seal Manitoba’s (source: emblem www.travelmanitoba.com). by theTheFigure2. Coat of of Manitoba Arms (left) and Winnipeg (right). Note a group of purple prairie crocuses Manitoba Horticultural Society. A subsequent vote among roots present. 60) cm tall and 5-10 mm wide, growing from many-headed vertical caudices. Only fibrous Habit been consulted for this purpose. Akeroydand Flora 1993) Canadianthe of Arctic Archipelago (Aiken as a al. Americaprimary et1997) FloraNorth of Flora (Dutton (Tutin source. Europaea and : Perennial herb, silky-villose spreading)with erect(or aerial throughout, 5-40(- shoots P. patens has been elaborated from published literature using literature published from elaborated been has 22 et al. 2007)have also CEU eTD Collection contrast to diploid to populationscontrast European al. (Agapova et 1993).Especially relevant this to identified(1954) American North populations be of this tetraploid to taxon (2n (4x) = 32) in diploid inboth (2n(2x)=16) Asia America. and North However, an early study by Löve 2011). Aiken2011). Chromosome numbers multifida yellow-white Subspeciesto latter. the on Subspecies in fruit; straight. remaining persisting and modified Styles achene. per seed One indehiscent. plumose, villous, × ca.1mm;obovoid, 3-4(-6) dry,winged, brown, not villous; beak curved,mm, 20-40 long- Fruits ovary. DenselyOvary carpels apocarpous. 30-45; hairy ovaries. One stigma perovary, ovule one per glabrous. Anthers yellow; long-cylindrical; mm (0.8-)1.1-1.3(-1.8) long. Nectaries present. abaxial adaxial the glabroussurface, on Stamen Stamens present. filament 150-200. Petals one. sepals, 5-8,free, oblongelliptic, to coloured in blue, purple or rarely near white. Villous on the Flowers rarely glabrous.surfaces, Villous mm wide. 1-2(-3) unlobed, linear, to filiform 4-6, usually segments basal leaves, cm, bases clasping, (2-)2.5-4 margins connate, deeply laciniate throughout; with avillousglabrate peduncle; involucral or simple,3, 1-tiered, present bracts different to Inflorescences adaxialthe on surface. simplemoderately spreadingstellate, erect; dense straight, or abaxialthe on or surface, sparse mmsegments 2-4 wide.Base narrowly Villouscuneate. surface, hairs white translucent, or dissected lateralobtuse; apex to leafletsacute (±dichotomously);dichotomously 3-4-parted throughout, ultimate Margins palmate. veins straight, spreading, Folioles cm. (2.5-)3-5 diameternearlyof petiole. the the than Petiolulate to sessile terminal leaflet, in obovate outline, leafletdissected dichotomously. Stipules absent. Petiole cm present5-10(-13) with hairs longer Basal leaves : Heads of achenesHeads of : sphericovoid; to pedicel cm.10-18(-22) Achenes: body ellipsoid to : Large flowers, 5.5-8.5 cm inLarge flowers,5.5-8.5 diameter,: campanulate. Epycalix absent. Conventional . multifida : Basal or basal in a rosette (3-)5-8(-10), erect , alternate, with folioles,, alternate, three erect each basal (3-)5-8(-10), Basal : inor arosette et al : Flowering stems clearly taller theleaves; than with leaves. Solitary flowers . (2007) listed(2007) . number a of studies identifying differs primarily from ssp. : The chromosome base-number of the genus the of base-number chromosome The : patens 23 flavescens presents fewer and bigger leave lobes than onthe colour of the flowers, yellow P. patens Pulsatilla subsp. is 8(Walker multifida as CEU eTD Collection East of the river Volga. Subsp. subsp. differ in their range. Subsp. Mongolia andChina 1937; (Juzepczuk Wencai and Bartholomew three 2001).The subspecies of Russia Asian The (Juzepczuk1937). of speciesthe part range includes Russia, Kazakhstan, Within Europe, Eastern 2012). (EIONET particularlyalso in Europe, occurs Northern 2011). in Estonia, Finland, (Bilz Latvia, Lithuanialocality and Sweden one in just individuals flowering 10 than less existing currently In Hungary, 2012). of altitudesmost populations (EIONET disappeared decades ago, (Röder andKiehl(Röder Slovakia 2006). has ten populations of Poland,Czech Republic and Romania Germany2012). (EUNIS just one counts population (FigureEast Withinand Far 3). the Western and Central Europe, Fries 1986). It ranges from Eastern Europe to NorthEurasia America, passing throughDistribution Central Asia identified as diploid (2n(2x) =16). collectedBellevue,near Alberta; and by Löve andnear Löve(1982) Pine Ridge, Manitoba madestudy chromosomeare the counts by Taylor andBrockman with (1966) a specimen P. patens multifida has awide distribution in high latitudes of EurasiaAmerica and North (Hultén and occurs in Central Asia, the far East and North America, not being present P. patens patens flavescens occurs frequentlyoccurs in Ukraine, Belarus andpart European the is mainly located in Eastern Europe and Central Asia while Asia Central and Europe Eastern in located mainly is occurs in Eastern Russia. 24 P. patens P. patens , nine of them on higher on them nineof , can be found in P. patens CEU eTD Collection P. patens Although less Dakota). and South common,Dakota Wyoming,(Montana, country the of Centre North Plains,being especially common in Northern the overlaps significantlyUnited States with Great the the on species this of distribution the grassland, strong association association between strong the Given 4). (Figure conditions habitat and climatic covering United awide range States, Southern of to Alaska from America, in North distribution Fries 1986; USDA 2012). American continent(Dutton Only subspeciesthe North America Figure Distribution 3. of canalsobe found in locations southern P. patens multifida acrossthe northern hemisphere (after Hultén and Fries1986). et al. P. patens P. patens can be found on the on found be can 1997; Hultén and has awide and native and 25 range. isolated populations are known outside tooccur this Figure 4. Distribution of (Source: http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca) P. patens in North America. Some CEU eTD Collection speciesprairie for native habitat, common isof province.inthe part an It southern the distribution of herbaria of records transition habitat prairies the asa between parkland works and boreal the plain. The are classic prairieThe first grasslandtwo in habitat Saskatchewan. habitats while aspen MixedGrassland, andAspen Parkland. ecoregionsmain arethe These of representatives half. highersouthern with the The ecoregions number areMixed of records Grassland, Moist (AppendixPopulations 1). are distributed across provincethe being more numerous within the the provinceIn Saskatchewan, Kricsfalusy compiledal. et (2012) 154historical of records fromSaskatchewan F.W. Fraser (locations) of occurrences Herbarium element registered aretwo there 2009) Heritage(NHIC from Information Centre Natural with very border the WinnipegWoods, close to (Meades (SASK) in the University of Saskatchewan of Victoria Island (Aiken et al. 2007). A similar situation occurs in Ontario, with just one just with herbariumin Ontario, record occurs of situation A similar 2007). al. et (Aiken Island Victoria of within recorded thelimits population one specificallylocated of its territory, east south the to al. in (Cody Yukon 1996) andin both Territories, continental theNorthwest and islands (Aiken widespreadinextremes andeastern (Klinkenberg northern is also It 2012). relatively common as abarrier inwithin Canada so, theprovince of British Columbia, Saskatchewan (Harmsand 2006) Alberta2012), The Rocky (Moss 1983). Mountains also act P. patens Canada 2012). isolated populations of Given of boreal the character Lake Michigan of Wisconsinto Minnesota,extends covering Iowa, east states the and Illinois. is relativelyUSA. It andverybutabundantin Utah Idaho in eastern rare locations.western It The Rocky Mountains are the western boundary of the distribution of distribution the of boundary western the are Mountains Rocky The Mexico New and Texas. of Nebraska, Colorado, such states as the 2007). is common and the prairie widespread across provinces of Winnipeg (VASCAN P. patens is also present in Nunavut, although it should be noted that there isonly there that be noted should it although in Nunavut, present also is P. patens P. patens P. patens P. patens from 1998, collected from a single population near Lake of the can be found are Kansas, Michigan and Washington (USDA Washington and Michigan Kansas, are found be can in Ontario in P. patens , it is also very common in Alaska. Other states where states Other Alaska. in common very also is it , 26 is not surprising given the preference of this of preference the given surprising not is . et al. 2004). According data the 2004). to P. patens P. patens P. patens in mainland is only is within et CEU eTD Collection infrequent.populations werealso levelfound on moderate Populations and on steep ground. slopes were Thismainlygentle slopes, Although less Southwest. facingcommon, Westor several South, author justifies the affinity of suggestitmay differ from resultsthe in Europe. preferences Americaregarding in aspect North preliminary but observations in fieldthe challenging for newly emerged seedlings (KalliovirtaThere arenoal. studies2006). et variations in diurnal These conditions andtemperatures frequentdrought. are particularly extreme with livinga difficultenvironment to individuals exposes it hand, other the On light. of presence of competitors seasonal sunny moreshow characteristics.These climaticslopes to tends conditions the reduce of distribution of P. patens area main the of conditions climate prevailing the resemble slopes. conditions facing These northern to compared spring the in melting snow earlier as well as seasons, than microclimate levelresulting ground, in higher continental fluctuations temperature between day and nightthermally and between more a offer slopes Sunny microclimate. characteristic AccordingUotila (1969)half to of studiedthe Finnish locations of especially linked with fescue prairie 2007). (Thorpe (WildemanAmerica,this species is aclearprairie species, mainly occurring in disturbed prairies and Steevesassociated with dry grasslands and and steppes(Röder Kiehl 2006; Bilz 2011).In North 1982). Although common in all types of prairies it seems to be populations of this species (Bilz 2011).In central and eastern Europe, also rocks host fringes andsandstone slopes steep pavements, and clearances. Bare also inoccurs taiga woodland dominated by In Northern Europe, In Northern Habitat patens thespecies. absencethe of Herbarium werecomplementedto data with fieldthe survey of maya less records intensivebe dueto botanic survey activity in latitudes,than northern rather indicating in thenorthwest, latituderecords a limiting is that not This absence factor. of specimensno interesting that facthave in been There are Saskatchewan. recorded northeast populations inand vicinity. Saskatoon (i.e. Russian steppes or North American prairies). As a result of this, vegetation on P. patens P. patens occur in dry coniferous forests dominated by , increasing the availability of some resources, especially resources, some of availability the increasing , 27 Picea P. patens . and is especially common on the forest the on common especially is and . for sunny slopes based on their on based slopes sunny for P. patens Pinus sylvestris Pinus P. patens were located on located were is also . It P. CEU eTD Collection part of of country the part (Piltand Kukk 2002). listed in RedListsthe of Kaliningrad region/oblast inlocated andSt.Petersburg the European Russianthe of Federation Book (IliashenkoData and Iliashenko however species 2000), is considered there (Witkowski threatened the distributionthe range of within country European only isthe Romania Convention, Berne the of signatory a Although status for national thisRed Lists where plantis Table present. 4summarizes thenational conservation population size in and trend some of countries. the was classified of deficient”“Data category the under given lackthe of informationthe about recognize that populationsrecognize of that plants as “Data deficient” (Bilz Red ListAlthough of European the 2011). theauthors Directive Communities (European isIt included 1992). in Red List European the of vascular Habitats European the of in II Annex and 1979) Europe of (Council Convention Berne as known Habitats Wildlife Natural and European of Conservation the on Convention the of Conservation. behindThe reasons Kukk2002). this decline aredetailed in sectionthe andThreats declinedecades a abundance the of this on species has (Piltbeen Europe observed and across andbeen 2012) hasnot included(NatureServe in theIUCNRedList. recent However, over On aglobal scale, Conservation Status 1980, Cody 1996). this preference of the planthave for well stated alsoauthors drained soils (Porsild and Cody populations rendzinas, andsoils, forest recorded brown podzols, sands and gravels. Other soilssigns without of gleization.Pilt and Kukk(2002)analyzed the soils of several Estonian Regarding soil preferences, P. patens P. patens P.patens . has been awarded international protection by its inclusion in AnnexI inclusion by its protection international awarded been has P. patens P. patens P. patens isbe acommon, considered abundantto and secure species that has not includedinit any Lists,has not asit is Red its of that not covers a wide a covers range although on itdry grow tends to are declining across the whole continent, this species this continent, whole the across declining are et al. 2003). Also, 2003). 28 P. patens P. patens is also included in most of in most included also is is not included in the included is not Red CEU eTD Collection Ukraine Sweden Slovakia Poland Lithuania Latvia Hungary Germany Finland Estonia Country/Region imperilled – S1), Illinois (critically imperilled – S1), Iowa (apparently secure – S4) and Kansas and S4) – (possibly 2012). secure (NatureServe extirpated –SH) (apparently Iowa S1), – imperilled (critically Illinois S1), – imperilled WyomingMontana (apparently (apparently secure –S4),Utah secure –S4), (critically its has conservation been status However, 2012). reviewed and rankedin the following states: andincludedwhole is United not States under US the Endangered Species Act (NatureServe Table 4.Conservation status of P. patens assessments 2012). incomplete (EIONET or contradictory offered or publicly report not did either Finland is even more pessimistic for this species. stating prospects badfuture Slovakia, Latvia and Germany. whilePoland,The Czech Republic, prospects, poor Hungaryand reported Sweden Estonia, future prospects are good for populations the are good of prospects future Estonia, alpineAlthough measures conservation ones. wereconsidered as inadequate in Latvia and Slovakia for its only scored“good” Pannonian (lowland) population “inadequate”but for the assessment“inadequate Exceptionsor anddeteriorating” wereHungary,U1) (U1-). with an overall of “bad” LT, LV, PL,(U2) SE, SK) reported conservation efforts for and Germany,reporting process,for the period 2001-2006, most participant countries (CZ, DE, EE,FI, HU, whichnational According to self-evaluations compiled Directive Habitats of the aspart -Article 17 is the only positive remark (Good - FV). ssp. multifida is considered to be apparently secure (N4) at a nationalbeat apparently is (N4) consideredsecure level to for the P. patens Data deficient Data Threatened Near Endangered endangered Critically Vulnerable deficient Data endangered Critically endangered Critically demanding Care demanding Care Status in European countries 29 P. patens P. patens Kagalo et al. 2009 Aronsson et al. 2010 Witkowski et al. 2003 Ju Pilt and Kukk 2002 2011 Klavina and Priede Király et al. 2007 1996 Schnittler and Ludwig Pilt and Kukk 2002 1998 Lilleleht Source to be “inadequate” to (category Ğ kiewicz-Swaczyna 2010 in these countries and countries in these CEU eTD Collection * Labrador and Newfoundland Prince Edward Scotia Nova Brunswick New Quebec Ontario* Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta Columbia British Nunavut Northwest Territories Yukon Province/Territory well as in the Saskatoon area (Kricsfalusy et al. in press). patens A similar 2011). situation happens incultivation Saskatchewan. Dueto of native prairies, Table 5. presence. inexcept its 2006; Nunavut2012)due andvery(CESCC to NatureServe Ontario limited varies provinces between in (Tablebut general 5) this species is considered be to secure, Canadianthe Wildlife SpeciesRisk at list (COSEWIC 2011). Conservation of status Species underRisk the at (SARA Actisandprotected 2002) isIt not 2012). includednot on Canada In order to be protected,in protection official listed Manitobaare those Endangered Species underthe Ironically, Act. having this meansin that plants only The thestatus. protection no it with carries emblem official There wasatime when P. patens is relatively now uncommon in the Regina area (Royal Saskatchewan Museum 2012) as Conservation status ofConservation is included on the Rare Vascular Plants of Ontario (Oldham and Brinker 2009). Brinker and (Oldham of Ontario Plants Vascular Rare onthe included is P. patens is classifieda national asapparently at levelsecure (N4) (NatureServe P. patens P. patens P. patens Not present Not present Not present Not present Not present Not May be at risk Secure Secure Secure Secure May be at risk Secure Secure Status byCESCC2006 was present everywhere in the prairies. In Manitoba, the Manitoba, In prairies. in the everywhere present was in the Canadian provinces andterritories. provinces Canadian the in , or any other plant, must be near extinction (Caryopsis extinction be near must plant, other any or , 30 Not ranked/Under review ranked/Under Not review ranked/Under Not review ranked/Under Not review ranked/Under Not review ranked/Under Not imperilled (S1) Critically review ranked/Under Not Secure (S5) Secure (S5) Secure (S5) review ranked/Under Not review ranked/Under Not review ranked/Under Not Status byNatureServe 2012 P. patens P. CEU eTD Collection mainly in mowing grassland as an moderate hasbeenimportant vegetation, reported beneficial regeneration from seeds (Piltand Kukk 2002).In areas of worldthe where techniques suchasselectiveclearance logging,forest and scrub removal may facilitate accumulation. where Estonia, In humanDirect mechanical intervention may also competition reduce and avoid litter in spite of herbivores itsby poor palatability.targeted be will plant this that logical seems it spring, early in availability patens in of andherbivoreone areas.Given were spotted these presence (AppenixDeer D). that fieldworknumerous flower grazed stalks werefound in areas with signs of grazing damage and alkaloids. associated Similar weremade observations this of by thesis. author the During unpalatable andtoxic givenas they too are the high of concentration glycosidethe ranunculin evidences of grazing,probably of plantthe byshowed parts no Other moose. animal damage this plant. Yagovkina (2010)described how ahigh of flowersproportion of livestockseems (Wildeman some animalsthat however It 1982). and Steeves actually feed on prairies, American patens North In 2006). al. et (Kalliovirta germinate to seeds for soil the in management openandpractice. build Thisvegetation litter prevented kept to up,creating gaps developmentof Grazing managementthe is of one have practices that traditionally the encouraged of smallgrasses andopen coarse of barepatches soil for seedgermination will favour populations managementspecies. Therefore, ablepractices other litter,reduce control to enable outcompete to potentially would that disturbances mild with coping for mechanisms of series development structures, of dormantbuds, regeneration capacity, provide this etc.) plantwith a hand, detailed for the light.other variable adaptations On the and harsh conditions (protective As aforementioned, Management implications and large amounts of litter will inhibit regeneration of regeneration inhibit will litter of amounts large and unablethrive areas.Ahigh in to ungrazed,overgrown density of tall grasses, forbs shrubsor range dispersion and colonization of Thisnew areas. makes (Pilt long-term Its andstrategy is Kukk2002). based on individual survival thanrather long P. patens is one of the first plants to flower after the winter and considering the flourishlow to asitin has isbeing areas been overgrazed reported not heavily relished by food . P. patens P. patens . In Fennoscandia,. grazing wasa cattle common forests of is a long-lived perennial herb with limited dispersive capacity dispersive limited with herb perennial long-lived a is P. patens 31 is largely forestry with forests, associated P. patens due toaheavy competition for P. patens a poor competitor P. patens P. patens P.patens showed occurs P. P. CEU eTD Collection disturbance that prevents the built up of litter, remove competitors and allows access to light to access allows and competitors remove litter, of up built the prevents that disturbance biodiversity is gaining (Romo2003; Regarding more2007). supporters prairiesthe and usedof prescribed the burning prairieof for conservation the habitatand their America,grasslandIn North firesbe an areconsideredessentialto of natural the cycle part of fires.forest plantto patens by allocation in shoot/root behaviour anticipating adaptive an revealed also study The soil,the plantwas most intense. addedto growth litterandboth when charcoal were forest soil. ericoid of addition the allelopathicThis that with suggested effects of ericoid species on control than vigorous more was growth Contrary hypothesis, the charcoal. to and litter ericoid rich polyphenol of addition the including experiment pot this test hypothesis, someto Kalamees herbaceous species. order In a et al. conducted (2012) fire. after Charcoal can mitigate charcoal effect the of of phenolic acids, abundant insoil, forest anddetrimentaladdition to the to due chemistry soil in changes of possibility the discuss layer.Changes in bea light alsoconsideredrelevant authors to The conditionsfactor. not were disturbance the fire. moss of the and after aforest These results wereacknowledged litter to for survival early and germination seed in improvement of evidence experimental increases thepenetration Kalameesof lightground. forestthe providedto etal. (2005) allowingbuds, ofthe plant regeneration the for (Wildeman and Steeves Fire1982). also layer destroyingand the withoutlitter deep-penetrating andreduce vegetative roots the but Ju litterlayer probablydue their difficultyto germinate to in densely areas(Uotilacovered 1969, several. Asalready described, especiallyIn Fennoscandiafires Baltic andthe forest region, play a key role in survivalthe of species,the in theknown for this speciessurvive to extensive fires of differentgerminationnature (Uotila 1969). 1969,Rowe and recruitment of new seedlings. The reasons for that are aqui).Although isthere noevidence supporting that Fire asamanagement affectingpractice be a threatthis to plant (Uotila 1969). tramplingand enhances andzoochory (Röder Kiehl Light2006). trampling isconsidered not to grazing isas this preferred, practiceiseffective more atcreating patches of bare soil through maintainGermany to in last the order in population country withthe some success. However andKiehl (Röder factor 2006; Wildeman Mowingand 1982). Steeves has been used in Ğ kiewicz-SwaczynaKalliovirta 2010, al. Fire the et destroy moss 2006). has potential the to according to the intensitythe to of fire. the according These results indicated by adaptation astrong this P. patens havepreference witha for areas a disturbed moss and P. patens 32 is frequently mentioned in literature (citas literature in mentioned frequently is P. patens P. patens is strictly fire-dependant, it is it fire-dependant, strictly is are minimal. However, minimal. are P. patens , fire is a mild a is fire , P. patens P. CEU eTD Collection considered most threateningthe disturbance for prairies the (Archibold and WilsonIn 1980). thisof land plant. However, change, use particularly for agriculture and extraction, is resource populations of prairie species impacts and those ableseverely to prairiealter the arelikely destroy to P. patens change in communities and ecosystem services (Briggsal. et 2002). disturbance is leading encroachmentthe of prairies to by specieswoody with its associated fires becameprogressively a phenomenon rarer etal. The lack(Guyette 2002). of regular Grasslandsclearedcropland were for andrangelands for wereopened breeding cattle while colonization whenmajor changes in land useand management prairies.the on occurred have traditionally satisfyused fire the prairies Americans on to was their European after the It needs. Native millennia. for fires wild and ungulates of herds large from grazing lackdisturbance.of prairies The excess total andthe have been disturbancesubject byto conservation of the Paradoxically to threats itseems worst the that Threats and conservation ones. higher alsorecorded level lastauthor on Ca, Mgand Nain burned prairies against unburned effectthe was highly noticed that but a few months after reduced from burningthe time. This and C volatilization.organic asimilarto due Jarielwhile N decreased recorded al. (2004) et increase in P (8ppm) increased also N Mineral deposition. ash to due burning after immediately grasslands.plant observedal. that (2003) Piconeavailable et Pincreased in 10 ppm chemistry fire.of as aresultFire increase occur is concentration of to P in the known soil for Although in caseof the grasslands phenolic acidsvery changes arenot relevant, in other soil conditions. is probably This regenerationthe due to from rate. dormantbuds, evidencing survival ahigh regular bud adaptation to fire flower 15-20% had still peak flowering the at consistently flowerbud the survival. earlierthe greater burn,the In any the case, the area burned grassland containing populations of showing signsHenderson a (Rowe1969). (1990) conducted of burningstress experiment in of firstbeone the speciesflower to to in spring after alatewas reported summer fire without (Wildeman resources andother andSaskatchewan 1982).In Steeves grasslands, and prairies share the same fate. In North America, andprairies same sharethe In North this fate. plant is considered be to a P. patens . Excessive fire andovergrazing may hinder longthe persistence term P. patens 33 at differentat flowering Heconcluded stages. that P. patens are both the P. patens CEU eTD Collection despite the legal protection, the plantthe was despite legaleagerly the protection, picked by generalthe public as itis visually by covered human settlements and associated infrastructure.This also that, points out author for this species.for Hespecifies anumber of examples of where occurrences specificallyUotila (1969) urbanpointed out developmentas one of mainthe causes of decline this plantEurope, has disappeared from vicinitythe of many big cities (Piltand Kukk 2002). Urban impactis also conservation considered an forthe of importantfactor Pulsatilla patens populations.European probability of extinction was that especially species of ingrowing amatrix of native grassesagainstgrowing in characterized populations patches by of invasivethe evolution the modeled (2006) Crone and Williams light. especially of invasive Some of them in grasses. can grow high densities, competing for nutrients and survivalthe to of majorAnother populations threat of competitive grass community, preventing regeneration the of speciesthe (Uotila 1969). increasingly effectivewildfire prevention systems areresulting inof moss and a growth amore mainbe the terminationthe to causeanymore. of grazingInstead, cattle in andforests the changes inrelated to managementand land usealthough agricultural expansion does seem not In Europe, from agriculturebe alsoseems detrimental to for this species (Bilz 2011). community with (estimatedmore than 70% occurrences fromEutrophication 2007). Thorpe original range, is acritical grassland type for small (Hammermeisterpatches Fescueprairie, 2001). which has declinedless than to its1% of between 17-21% of the prairie ecozone remains as native grassland, much of it fragmented into biodiversity and invasive species (McLachlan and Knispel In 2005). Saskatchewan, only highlyremnantare areas fragmented byand threatened specieswoody encroachment, loss of example, just 1% of its now historic to reduced land cover (Samson and Knopf 1994). The The case of al.tall-grass2003). extension et prairie (Gauthier is perhaps mostdramaticthe America,North native mixed prairies andshort-grass have declined of 20-30% their to original Poa pratensis P. patens B. inermis B. P. patens and urban areas tends to prosper in native grass patches and decline ininvasive ones, decline and patches grass in native prosper to tends . The presence of . has declined rapidly in all This where is countries occurs. itthe also (Kentucky (Kentucky bluegrass), and for P. patens for . No invasiveNo . to a threat pose species known are to B. inermis B. P. patens 34 Bromus inermis alsoincreased substantially modelledthe . This plant is a frequent species of this of species frequent a is plant This . P. patens in Canada is the proliferation the is Canada in (smooth brome). The result P. patens P. patens have been P. patens . In CEU eTD Collection health and wellbeing (Deanetal. 2011). biodiversity1991). to Exposure in urban areashas alsobeen(Sebba linked improvements with issues in mental environmental to sensitivity of determinant major a is life everyday also for urban dwellers. Studies havepersonal suggested wild that exposure to species in this Similarly, knowledgeetc.). may be applied in areasof worldother the where grassland, natural land, (pasture use land of type other in applied understanding ecology the andof habitatpreferences of species,the being this knowledge would help restoring populations of urban how conditions affect about ecologythe and distributionknown is of this species.little Covering this knowledge gap aforementioned, As prairie? natural of remnants the in Conservation of Canada (Reginster andRounsevell 2006). Europe,where this species is protected and the proportion of urban land is much higher than in of of land, why shoulda researchabout weconduct in0.14% the land.case to of drops ThisSaskatchewan. proportion Given this small proportion Statistics CanadaAccording urban to of (2006), Canadianland0.25% just to corresponds total unknown. remain areas urban in species this of distribution spatial Similarly, driving forces studied. been the not has vicinity and Saskatoon within plant the of distribution spatial in manyoccur locations within (LinemanSaskatchewan thecity of Saskatoon, The 2000). appealing and of one firstthe inflowersoccur spring. the to However, P. patens in urban settings would be beneficial, not only for this species, but species, this for only not beneficial, be would settings urban in P. patens 35 within cities but also contribute to the general the to contribute also but cities within P. patens on urban areas instead of focusing of instead areas urban on P. patens P. patens occurs; especially in especially occurs; is known to CEU eTD Collection demographic factors influencing the spatial distribution of distribution spatial the influencing factors demographic aim the exposed the of of this grounds On the research ecological,isknow the to physical and For this aim, the current study has adopted the following objectives: following the adopted has study current the aim, this For vicinity. populations of spatial Finally,trends. urban expansion has been consideredimpact asapotential existing for of disturbancesdegrees have be been potential determinants considered of to the mentioned this species within urban mechanismsareas andthe underlying them. Different types and identified.has necessity beenthe argued It of identifying spatial intrends the distribution of In theprevious chapters, knowledge gapsregarding habitatpreferences of Aim and objectives x x x x Saskatoon and its vicinity its and Saskatoon of populations oncurrent expansion urban projected of impact potential the Assess development. urban historical and disturbances relationships, on spatial emphasis with area, Identifying trends and correlations underlying the distribution of distribution the underlying correlations and trends Identifying Collecting and integrating data regarding habitat preferences of preferences habitat regarding data integrating and Collecting vicinity. and Saskatoon within plant ofthis distribution the Identifying and mapping sites with potential to host populations of populations host to potential with sites mapping and Identifying P. patens within study area. the 36 P. patens P. patens within Saskatoon and its and Saskatoon within P. patens P. patens . P. patens within the study the within in order to know to in order P. patens have been have in CEU eTD Collection was intended to cover all the possible sites hosting populations of populations hosting sites possible the all cover to intended was The whole planning of 44633 ha anarea covers district of which near atenth is considered to regarding habitatand ecological conditions of mainthis the research, For objective of field surveyscollecta comprehensive wasto of data set Identification of survey sites beginningthe prior to of fieldwork. analysis made by an inexternal located (Exova laboratory Calgary, also Alberta)available were and hadnever been used in any published academic study or thesis. The results of a soil whicharea has only been recorded during this field were These raw, unprocessed data season. patens several of ecological contained records and physical from parameters locations hosting dataset resulting The Saskatchewan. of University Sustainability, and Environment of School by riverside eastern the VladimirSaskatoon of Kricsfalusy and Yakiv from Ponomarenko the Comprehensive fieldsurveys on spring-summer carried were out 2011covering some areas on Existing data study area. is area This map. illustrated to Appendix on easy Band is referredand during the restof thesisthe as planningidentifiable district or stable, is it third, And wildlife. on impact associated urban developmenthappen isto within expected this area (City 2012) with of itsSaskatoon thesis. this for asabuffer urbananditacts First, between zone rural habitats. all Second, boundary medium-termthe a as meaning practical a also has district planning The institutions. joint have ininterest this Municipality land,developmentso and land being useare Rural managed jointlythe and by these City the Both Saskatoon. of three boundaries to one the from miles approximately extends that Park Corman of Municipality Rural the to belonging District Planning Zoning Bylawof Corman –R.M. The DistrictPark 2010). (City Saskatoon of isSaskatoon - an area Park Corman the in delimited as District” Planning Saskatoon Canada.Specifically, spatialthe “Cormanboundary the of thisto researchcorresponds Park - areais Cityand the itsThe study vicinity,of Saskatoon in provincethe of Saskatchewan, Study area Methodology , including all the variables considered in this research with the exception of population of exception the with research this in considered variables the all including , 37 P. patens within the study area. Therefore, it P. patens within this area. this within P. CEU eTD Collection of A numberidentify wereconsulted in of sources to order potential areas containing populations for enough this research. and accurate fieldthe sites from were discarded season2011those asdata was considered be to complete of identification the fieldworkpriority collection.areas for became data Areasto surveyed avital limitations, prior step during logistic and constrains time area, study the of extension large availablebe bestthe natural grassland Given according to (NRC 2009). landthe dataset cover P. patens x x x x identified a number of areas hosting areas of number a identified regarding theirknowledge of populations of NaturalizedGary werecontacted City of the Pedersen, AreasSupervisor of Saskatoon, and areasin authority responsible conservation Authority (the Saskatoon) for protected Consultationwith experts and local NGO in were three previously areas not surveyed. the end, three points wereselected asindicative points three end,the locations. of potential current detailed in located already oftheir description were Others location. surveyed areas.At collectedwhere in from of them records Most Saskatoon 1920. lacked or coordinates Kricsfalusy by assessed previously been had Saskatchewan, of University the at herbarium Fraser et al. (2012b) for the whole province of Saskatchewan. A total of 23 (Landsat 5 and 7). Although(Landsat has5 and 7). Saskatoon changed considerably since 2000, this for Centre the Topographic Information (NRC 2009)from remotely sensed imagery Land cover data information. valuable providing inquired, also was Saskatchewan Neufeld, ChetExecutive Native of the Director Plant sources. Society of This thesis identified seven locations of River. Saskatchewan South the along qualitative, and quantitative both composition, Universitythe Saskatchewan (Linemanof accountof 2000) offeredflora agood natural grasslandof areas remains within study the Finally,area. amaster thesis from vegetation in local community from natural areas at level. helpedidentify to reports These potential information valuable offered 1998) Nelson and (Bizecki-Robson area (Weichel of worthy protection A inventoryvegetation and were 1992). of Saskatoon identifiednumber quality a good of patches of habitat author, according the to that, Publications Records from herbaria from Records . These were: . These : A report covering natural areas remaining in Saskatoon and vicinity and Saskatoon in remaining areas natural covering report A : : It consisted on a consistedcirca-2000 on landIt developed: dataset by covervector : Records of P. patens P. patens 38 P. patens , some of them completely absent in other : Luc Delanoy from Meewasin Valley Meewasin from Delanoy Luc : from from several herbaria, especially W.P. within the planning district, of which of planning district, the within P. patens within Saskatoon. They Saskatoon. within CEU eTD Collection estimation of the slope (in degrees), aspect and slope position (level, crest, upper slope, mid slope, upper crest, (level, lowerslope, slope andtoe). position slope and aspect degrees), (in slope the of estimation conditions, disturbance and population size. Topographical conditions included a visual each for of locations:the topographical recorded were data of Three types Vista). eTrex population usingthe of centre the receiver ahand-heldat GPS (Garminrecorded autonomous habitat. Every habitat.time a population of unsuitable obviously into long too for venturing without the observed maximise habitat to potential of area intended was route walking The species. the for habitat suitable identify to preliminarywere areas screened by visual assessment from low speedina bikeat car order or Field surveys by wereconducted walking using arapid assessment In approach. some cases, easier. identification their making blooming, were individuals of majority and 11 the comparisonits normal to phenology. Field surveys werebetween carried 26 the out Instable conditions weather during early spring delayed flowering the of Data collection in Appendix C. considered to have highconsideredto potential for consideredandranked subjectively theiraccording importance. to Nine areas were eventually Althoughformal no quantitative method of prioritization was developed, these sources were x x x activities, accessibility site,of the etc. Other them on that area for my girlfriend” turned be veryout to useful. survey sites.Simple comments kindthe of of “when I was picka teenagerIused to acquaintances born and raisedor inhelpedwatchers selectionthe on Saskatoon of Communication withlocal people in helped grow a specificStreetview) evaluate chances the to patens of P. area. common sensing remote commercial (such Google as Google earth or products Imagery area, separating area, them from adjacentcropland. allowed identification the dataset natural grassland of areas of in withinthe study the th of of May,This 2012. was considered bestsurvey the time for : Name of places (e.g. the Crocus Park), own Name observations own : Park), duringplaces of Crocus the daily(e.g. : Recent high: Recent resolution aerial imagery study of the area (SGIC2010)and P. patens P. patens : Informal chats with gardeners, dogwalkers, bird 39 and be suitable for survey. They befound can They survey. for suitable be and was found, its location and elevation was P. patens P. patens this year in year this th of April of as the CEU eTD Collection larger populations was estimated visually and by extrapolation from a smaller sample plot. sample asmaller from extrapolation by and visually estimated was populations larger population size.Individual countingwas for done populations of fewer than 50. Thesize of is It counted. assumed frequencythe here not that of floweringwere individuals the whole is to individuals proportional vegetative and juveniles Seedlings, flowers bodies. obvious fruiting with or individuals those only counting by calculated was size Population steps. estimated areaswere visuallyPopulation by or walking perimeter the sitethe of and counting disturbance. disturbance recorded The types were: disturbance absent,= light 1 disturbance, disturbance = moderate 2 and 3= strong/severe each location.Theirfor impact was assessed andclassified a scale into of four ranks being: 0= Six disturbancecommon types, in the prairies affectand to suspected x x x x x x patens exotic speciesof within site. the invasive The capacity negativeor influence on Exotics Ju 2006, direct pervasivedirect effect establishmentthe on of seedlings of disturbance itself of resulta lackthe but lack of disturbance of fire (e.g. anexcess(e.g. grazing) of or or overgrowth of mass and,especially,isthis factor can be adisturbancenot that argued It cover. by exoticLitter weeds). However,population marginally would be aslight. recorded litterpopulation woulda high get score while asite burned in past seasons and affectingis the known to(withinwithinRecent location. the andseason) fire around covering whole the have a Burning trampling. animal to humanalso but useof natural areas, from presencethe of disturbed patches attributable Trampling/trails etc). Burrowing area such as droppings and tracks. patens was estimated by It leavesonly area.stalks presencethe of the or on grazed (not in Browsing/grazing : This score considers the amount of of dry considers amount This the : organic litter score covering soil the in terms was not considered. wasnot but also in other surrounding plants), and other signs of herbivore use of the : This disturbance was scored according to the dominance,the : Thisaccording and cover to disturbance diversity wasscored Ğ : The score of extension thisof disturbance reflectsthe and freshness score : The of fire kiewicz-Swaczyna 2010)andis therefore included here. : Reflects density the from of burrows mammals badgers, gophers, (e.g. : This: disturbance wasestimated from presenceof the trails from : It considers the impact of herbivores (wild or domestic) by feeding by domestic) or (wild herbivores of impact the considers It : 40 P. patens P. patens (Kalliovirta et al. et (Kalliovirta wererecorded P. P. CEU eTD Collection calculated from primary field for each location: data a GISsystem. intoand incorporated 2010) Foursecondary 10 (ESRI ArcGISparameters were with a computer the software to transferred points were Location with GPSdata. accordance Fieldensure itsa quality to wassubject completeness process to data control and its Data analysis the in population to discussion points. when each referring recorded of the to preferred is location term the this, of Because view. of point ecological relevancedistinct analysis forpopulations from the to a genetic andcorrespond they not butdo artificial a continuum. of They representation still geographicalkeep the and statistical m This50 radius. meansanother covers in that locationssome arean cases recorded the is secondlocation the at100m of The centre dropped from previousthe pointand itagain individuals within an approximate 50m radius asbelonging weretreated this to population. firstthe of centre location was defined approximately at 50 m from Then,its edge. all populations (like upland the prairie in Wanuskewin as follows:were treated Heritage Park) the community,habitator their they were considered asdifferentpopulations. Largescattered by leastlocations100 m.at werecloser If than two 100 m showed verybut distinct features in be distinct considerediflocationsAs were to ageneral rule,two their wereseparated centres 5001–10,000 and>10,000. 1000, 1001–5000, Population sizeusing wasrecorded nine ranges: 501– 1–10,11–25,26–50,51–100,101–500, x x isolation between populations. between isolation calculatedevery for Thislocation. be was intended an parameter to indicator of points between Distance and centre. the an and andeasilyimportant recognizablebuilding landmark by associated Saskatonians with downtown emblematic an also is Hotel Bessborough settled. pioneers first of the city part oldest the where the shore, theeast city, on isNutana but also close to busiest the and most urbanized ofdowntown, section in areaof located the eastern the city. of the is was chosen Hotel centre It as the Because of its location,Bessborough lacked any demographic ecological or meaningan arbitrary so point waschosen. city the of was calculated. with centre geographical the The of study centre the area from centre thecity Distance : Linear: was distanceone nearest from the each pointto : Using ArcGIS distance the of each individual point 41 CEU eTD Collection coefficients disturbance between population size type, and population density were calculated the influence the of each disturbance survival typethe on of density), collectedas they were using calculated rankings estimate them. after to or In order collectedof variables in were anordinal scale (disturbances, population size and population elevation, between distancecorrelation from anddistance centre the between Therest points. wheneverused all involvedthe variables werein scale.a ratio This was caseof the the This2005). was Inc. parametriccorrelation test variables association betweentwo (StatSoft Pearson product-moment correlation coefficientcorrelation product-moment Pearson ( The statistical scalethe method waschosenincorrelation of measurement. to accordance The 73 locations during recorded this field season. between correlation distance from anddistance centre the between allpoints), wereconsidered. 171points the The populations andrecorded studied the variables (degreeof each type of disturbance, elevation, mean,determinemode andmedian. relationships the to In order thesize between of the preliminary subjectto were Data descriptive analysis including frequency and, if parametric, x x Comments on field notes and pictures were also taken intoaccount. The original records. was reviewed dataset using and adapted following the criteria. this, influenceanalysis. the test to of order In lower impacton impacts on the size distribution of distribution size the on impacts preliminary analysis data different that suggested exotic species could have disparate Disturbance fromDisturbance exotics (excluding interval was considered. This wasonly parameter calculated for newly collected data. size by by areacovered the each population.The middle pointof the population size Population densityof o o o o present, the record was not changed. was not record the present, was nodetailed If besidesthere information score the exotic species about altered. not If two or more speciesor werementioned If besidestwo (keeping pointone waslowered aminimumscore 1). of score If just more speciesone than exotic other 0. If Poa pratensis P. patens P. patens population density and the different variables only comprised the comprised only variables different the and density population P. patens P. was the onlythe was mentioned exotic species to was turned thescore compared to other exotics, wasconsidered exotics, for aseparate other to compared : This parameter was calculated dividing population dividing calculated was parameter This : P. patens 42 Poa pratensis r ) measures the strength of of a linear) measures strength the . Poa pratensis Poa pratensis Poa pratensis P. patens, Poa pratensis ) : Field observations and Field observations : was subtracted from from the wassubtracted , given its ubiquity but Spearman correlation was mentioned was , the scored was scored , the the CEU eTD Collection development city.of the mapsthe assess the influence in to compared to were order thepoints of of historicalthe system a GIS retrieved from with data Universitythe The database. locationsof Saskatchewan maps weremanually digitized from hard-copy maps. digital The copies intowere incorporated Departmentof Energy, Mines and 1988;City 2006).Some Resources of of the Saskatoon were combined Trade (Lakeand1910; of Board Blake1955; 1966; 1883;Saskatoon For the analysis of urban development, six different maps covering the whole history of the city correlation. locations of spatial variables, two These with frequencythe (NRC 2009). land-coverof together dataset of built-up proportion wasthe The secondone land, undated). calculatedof Saskatoon from a Thisarea. variable wascalculated from a GISshapefile developed from 2011censusthe (City humanThe first was one density population datasets. by administrative areawithin study the field, the collected variables more on from two data the Apart were calculated from spatial 0.01 and allsignificance and cases,using Pearson the Spearman,two both levels wereconsidered andnon-parametric correlation in version allows ofPearson data useof the an ordinal scale. In For allFor Spearman's correlations these correlation coefficient ( between disturbances andidentify distance in werealsoto carried out order spatial patterns. reveal synergiestypes into an other attempt and causalities between them. Correlations In addition,2005). Inc. each disturbance type against wascorrelated (StatSoft eachof the Į = 0.05. P. patens , were grouped into 11 concentric into rings were grouped , and using correlated Spearman 43 r s ) was calculated. This test is a This test was calculated. ) Į = CEU eTD Collection intervals of steepness. each of locationsthe hosting confirm to observations, these In order slope positionand incline in degrees was for recorded Alternatively,this species wasalsowidely found in higherthe slope of riverbanks and ravines. individuals of individuals During fieldworkin itwas observed that, open prairie land, preferred the location for Slope maps. soil and species the of distribution spatial the from inferred was one third The location. analysed:andsoil aspect type. slope, first The were directly two site on forrecorded each gain insightsto habitatthe In order preferences about of Habitat preferences of distribution the locationsthe and survey the areas. illustrates C Appendix description. ecological individual their and locations inlocations withsurveys. the 93 recorded 2011, this Together thesis considers a of total 171 of locations (73) Seventy-three them. sixof on present A total of nineA total previously identified sites weresurveyed for Results and discussion Figure 5.Distribution hostingofsites P. patens was the crest or higher sections of mounds in gently rolling moraine. rolling in gently mounds of sections higher or crest the was P. patens P. patens according to slope steepnesswithin the study area. . Figure 5illustrates their distribution in grouped 44 P. patens P. patens P. patens were mapped were during the field , three parameters have parameters been, three , with this species being species this with , CEU eTD Collection The position of the studied populations within the slope also seems to match field match In figureobservations. 6itto can be seen that seems also slope the within populations studied the of position The slope lower than 5°. and vicinity,found in Saskatoon have sites wereestimated a wherealmost to of recorded 60% field in some be between2°andguides any 5°.In to resultscase, these considered differdo not much usually is from resultsthe it sloping”, “gently of steepness the regarding complete no is certainty there if Even ground. level or sloping gently on (84%) localities of majority being more infrequent middleon and toe. the lower slopes and on rare whole area of wholeSaskatoon. areaof aresimilarresults These depressions. in found completelythose at this absent thesis to for the surveyed respectively)the of and quadrats 31.2% being almost absentin lower slopes and of than five degrees of slope. Uotila (1969) offers a numerical assessment of the slope preferences slopes on with are located lesspopulations in Figure of 5revealsrecorded mostSaskatoon that prairie, Baines (1973)found surveyed of in locationsandthe 21 2011 considered in this thesis In this there. were recorded examplerepresentative of local natural prairies. Actually, Kernen Prairie areas of wasone the littlehas beensubjectto disturbance anthropogenic in and pastisthe be a considered to several prairie plantlocations within Kernen ThisPrairie, in natural Saskatoon. grassland area slope the Baines position, retention capacityrecorded water (1973) and soil humidity of Figure 6.Distribution hostingofsites P. patens in Finland. Although he did use degrees hison not study, he described the P. patens P. patens to be much to more common in upper and mid slopes (51 according to slope position within the study area. P. patens 45 has a higher affinity for upper slopes, CEU eTD Collection 494) asillustrated in figure 7. = Elevation on each site was recorded usingElevation eachsite recorded aGPSdevice. was on mean The elevation was 494.93m ( Elevation of grasslandthe largeseasonal proportion areaaresubject to flooding. (AppendixLakewood tablewhere C), water the washigh, soilthe has high humidity, and a Thissoilsdrier preference for explains theabsence of 15%), being the species completely absent in zones with more than 25% humidity. Similarly, capacity retention study by was preferred revealedthe low water that humidity. 25% than more with in zones absent completely species the being 15%), found the majority of locations containing locations of majority the found findingsthe of Baines (1973)regarding soil moisture and retention capacity. water This author drained sites (Porsild andCody 1980; Cody 1996), hence the affinity. This idea is by supported areas upper for well preferencepatens the of haveP. also drained.Some authors stated bebottom, better to tend the to hills of top the from gravity by filters water As moisture. soil to is preferencethe consideredof It herethat were calculated elevationwere between distance and fromboth citythe and centre distance from the find Moment linkedCoefficients Correlation to elevation, trends Product Pearson In order to study area. plotting7. HistogramFigure elevation ofrecorded localities hosting 8.99) and the records followand records the 8.99) symmetrical a normal distribution (median = 494.72, mode = P. patens P. patens 46 to be on the driest considered range (10 - for upper slope positions formay upper be related P. patens P. patens against their frequency within the on the surroundings of P .patens . ı X CEU eTD Collection soil conditions beneath displacingspecies and other reducing plantdiversity. have authors found other However, drier dense onthis type of lowland in moistSurrounding of areas (e.g. Lakewood Appendix C) models allow analysing the results in relation to local micro-topography, revealing trends and trends revealing micro-topography, local to relation in results the analysing allow models digital elevation resolution models developed high from sensing (DEM) remote of These technology LIDAR). (e.g. use the is analysis, spatial in potential high with option, Another absence/presence speciesof the recording along an elevation gradientwithin e.g. a specific survey scale, site. small very a from approached be must vicinity and Saskatoon effective field study influenceof the of elevation on it case, it means Therefore, isrange. adifferenceconsidered herethis afully total in that the of 18% of but, insignificant seem may difference small a Such side. west the than higher elevationRiversideSaskatchewan average east the on of located South points of isthe 8.3m elevation study area, the varies depending weareconsidering. what zones example, on For the rangeprecludes any narrow conclusion basedabsolute changes on in elevation. Even within isbyIn fact,rangeof characterized data just the our a veryflat46 m. topography. Such a prairies the and in area, general,are Saskatoon that shouldbeit noted any case, In accumulation. litter or browsing and elevation between plant(Fink andWilsonapparent explanationNo 2001). was found for positive the correlation grow. Duringgrow. fieldwork,itwas observed that thrives in relatively moist soil (Blankespoor and May 1996), being this condition more common in lowlandcondition than in areas of knolls crest the this and slopes where upper being 1996), May and (Blankespoor soil moist relatively in thrives habitat the preferences of a widespread prairie invasive grass, The negativebetween correlation invasive species and elevation score is probably withrelated significance was0.01. elevation andinvasive species was also ( found accumulation ( disturbances.Surprisingly was apositive there correlation between elevation andlitter both wasalsoSpearmancalculated correlation elevation between and each of recorded the elevation. from independent were individuals of number and locations of found elevation between and any of these parameters, suggestingspatial that both distribution Coefficient.Correlation Spearman Rank the Order No statistically significant were correlations location. Population closestsize and population densityelevation to were correlated through r s = 0.350) and= 0.350) browsing/grazing ( B. inermis B. , possibly, capacity long-term the uptake water of due to this 47 B. inermis B. r r s = -0.237). In the three cases, the levelthe cases, three the In of = -0.237). s = 0.321). Anegative between = 0.321). correlation P. patens could largely dominatevery and get B. inermis B. , or any other species, within . This plant usually plant This . P. patens tend to CEU eTD Collection The aspect of each of of locationsthe The aspect where Aspect have been eitherfound study forarea, public the commercial. or DEMs resolution high no and inSaskatchewan applied extensively been not has technology a very fine at correlations elevation scale.Unfortunately, unlike Canadian other provinces, this was a discernible slope. From all the recorded locations 12% were completely flat and flat lackedtherefore anywhere distributed rest The figurecompletely aspect. asrepresentedon 8. were 12% locations recorded the all From slope. discernible a was Figure 8.Compass rose of sites hosting cardinal directions. cardinal andwere allocateddirectionsNW, SW)SE inclosest two (NE, equal the to proportions AsUotilaSaskatoon. only (1969) considered four cardinal points,from records intermediate of localities proportion compares the facing eachof cardinalthe directionsFinland for both and inmore often facingand west south occurs slopes, being Figure9 ones. very northern on rare in Finland(Uotila As 1969). mentioned onthe habitat section, this found author that populations veryThese results seem poorly represented. found be those almost to to opposed facing being South West, or Northeast North, face study in this covered populations of Most more than one direction have been counted multiple times,one for each of the directions. faced P. patens P. patens according to slope aspect within the study area. Sites facing 48 was present was recorded, as long as there P. patens CEU eTD Collection advantage is minimized or inexistent on a prairie context, where shading is low and light is light and low is available shading during whole the growing period.where Actually, Uotilaalready (1969) indicatescontext, that prairie a on inexistent or minimized is This herbs. advantage or leaves shading no still is there when spring early during especially boreal in the forest, advantage important an offers availability light high with slopes facing South on growing Therefore, canopy. above little or none with parkland open or grassland on growing habitats, individuals of individuals habitats, Uotila by studied growing were in(1969) boreal open dry locatedon forests moraine hills populations and eskers.In of these Most role. important an play to seems also availability Light season. next the of beginning germinationMoisture conditionsfrost. may dry south also facingon be too slopes, precluding the of theslopesusually were development alater manyon stage, of them showing signs of damage by seeds conditions. weather This was onactually observed during fieldwork. Individuals facing onsouth late summerconditions mayflowering apremature on result and eventual damage by early spring harsh and earlyplantthe on the spring while keeping competition Canadianlow.the In prairies, these forcing of bloom the encourage may beneficial they in be as Finland slope facing south a on conditions the plantenhance this makingharsh character for ittoo to germinate climate General inCanadianslopes. the prairies sunny alreadyof has ahigh facing continentalSouth slopescharacter. may character climatic continental the in found be can onlydistribution at thepreferences of isthere a that figureclearassert is 9 difference enough to to A quick look between aspect (red). Figure 9. DistributionFigure oflocalities hosting P. patens P. patens in Scandinavia and Saskatoon. A potential explanation for this for explanation A potential Saskatoon. and inScandinavia have less available light than the Saskatoon ones, which are which ones, Saskatoon the than lightavailable less have P. patens according to slope aspect in Saskatoon (blue) and Finland 49 P. patens . For example, warmer and sunnier CEU eTD Collection A soil chemical analysis for some of the locations was carried out by an external laboratory. The results wereanalysed and aresummarized external table on 6. by an out carried was locations the of some for analysis chemical soil A is in and brown a transition sand orthic dark dunes. area between boundary (Chief southwest the series.by closeWhitecup brown to one The dark orthic Park) urban area (11 city,of the placedpopulations, different are southwest on the to soils. present enclosed one The within the isolated two The deposits. fluvial variable on developed soils Podzolic and soil This Park. association Heritage Wanuskewin including river, the of bank west the ison northern the locations described comprises which association, hillwash the is group soil by noticeable Actonmost forth and Ellis (1978)accuracy.The runway complex is a potpourri of depositsas from glaciala meltcomplex water channels. The Locations of of Regosolic,soils. brown dark identifiableThe third between riverthe northeast, the andChernozemic Kernen eluviated to is one Prairie. area the and calcareous rego, of influence significant with soils brown dark eastern population.mostandActon According Ellis to this (1978) zoneis dominated by orthic riverthe fallof within areaisThe second this Kernen area. the Prairie, the to corresponding first of them is considered central soil.area asurban the Six locations east margin the next to Regarding soil types, four main areas hosting populations of Hillwash, SutherlandRunway, and Elstow, with the exception associations: of soil the twomost southwesternfour populations. these of one within fall locations of (1978). Ellis rest and The Acton by surveyed not was that soil urban the within fall locations studied The recorded locations were with a soil survey developed by Acton and Ellis (1978). Six of the Soil less distinguished seasonal character. vegetationgrowingground in habitats with light better conditions year the throughout shows a P. patens th street) is located in a soil from the Bradwell association, strongly dominated strongly association, Bradwell the from soil a in located is street) in this area seem to match the runway complex soil with a surprising a with soil complex runway the match to seem area this in 50 P. patens can be identified.The CEU eTD Collection red. andoptimal Marginal resultsare not coloured. categorizedResults deficient as by the analyst have been coloured inlightblue, while excessive resultsare in All the samples belong to the top 6inches of soil. * For the calculation of the beenmean, has >80 considered5. as 80 and<5 as deviationStandard ( Mean * Kernen Prairie riverbank Saskatoon CA Grasslands Saskatoon CA Grasslands Saskatoon CA Ravine Peturrson's Northeast Swale CA Northeast Swale CA CA Crocus Prairie Site name Table 6.Result ofsoil analysis locations forselected within the study area. (MeewasinConsidering 2009). losses40 –60% of that N can inoccur grassland fires are points has m)SNG 18 beeneach (387 but closeother sample to subject burning to whileBoth SNG 19 has not chemistry. soil on practices management different of impact illustrative the especially of are 19) SNG and 18 (SNG CA Grasslands Saskatoon from samples two influencethe management or practice of external of differencesN. The sources between the even samplesbetween same the collectedsite on intra-site suggesting differences strong sometimes inppm); >80 - (6 variability higher a offers N ppm). low 10 – (<5 significantly cases remains P the all in nutrients. variable more the are (P) phosphorous and (N) Nitrogen variable quite also is (0.4 - 1.6 dS/m) although in noConductivity cases saltfield. content is the consideredon tobe an issue litter of for plant growth. amount high observed an with cases (pH samples high).(normal Organic10.4% to from ranges High6.2). matter 3 to values are related incollected many the all of one acidic most the is site that from Actually, coming 7.0. sample to soil 6.1 our from ranging pH a with soils in found were locations recorded of majority slightly higher those foundthan by BainesOn (1973). his study on Kernen Prairie, huge the whichbe neutral tends to with an average of 7.19 (ranging These 7.9). results 6.2- arejust very are These results variable.The only whichparameter remains morelessis or constant pH ı X ) ID Site SNG 19 SNG 18 NS 34 NS 33 KP 21 ST 14 PR 4 CP 3 (ppm) N 30.92 37.13 >80 >80 45 48 19 12 6 7 (ppm) P 2.23 7.13 <5 <5 <5 10 10 6 7 9 51 (ppm) K 273.75 57.24 229 268 260 383 199 327 268 256 (ppm) S 1.85 0.62 7.63 7.19 10 10 6 6 6 8 9 6 pH 6.2 6.7 7.6 6.9 7.9 6.8 7.5 7.9 (dS/m) EC 0.44 1.17 1.62 0.62 0.69 0.32 0.46 0.47 0.73 0.5 (%) OM 2.90 10.4 7.31 9.7 4.3 9.3 5.3 6.5 10 3 CEU eTD Collection Besides physical and chemical properties of the soil, biological activity also plays an important an plays role. also activity biological soil, the of properties chemical Moora and physical Besides et al. 2004 OM2.14–31.14%). these (pH5.1–8.1, authors observed101- ppm). All the pH and OM results for the recorded sites fall within the ranges observed a by betterthe mentioned study (31 –274 ppm) while P values are on the lowest extreme of their range (6 growthpatens of ranges arecomparedwith theresults obtained by Piltand Kukk (2002)on sites where Potassium 383 ppm ranges from to while199 sulphur from does 10 ppm. 6 to When these element. volatile a also is which sulphur, of concentration lower fire of consequences also such are observed as asmaller of organic anda matter proportion Data from(Redmannshould in 1991)we a lower concentration expect SNG18in relation SNG19. to table 1 confirms this point (19 to >80 ppm respectively). Other expected covers 27% of the study area. Only the two most southern locations southern Onlymostare found Mixedarea. on the study the of two the 27% covers Plain,The majority this Saskatoon on the located ecodistrict. them of which are (137) only fall within points only 32 However, area. study the of 56% covering Plain, Elstow is highest extension the with one The Upland. Minichinas and Hills Sand Wood Mixed Plain, Elstow Plain, boundary.The study area comprises sections of four different ecodistricts, namely Saskatoon its to near although edge.TheAspennorthern Parkland around5km Ecoregion starts of north planningthe districtEcoregion, Grassland Mixed Moist the within falls area study whole The Spatial relationships and distribution plant. the of distribution spatial community of disturbance vegetation degree or beinseem more important shapingto the regarding soil conditions and is far from being an edaphic specialist. Otherrelations between factors,a to but conditions more limitedgrassland that inoculate.such extent This indicatesgrowth existence the of mycorrhizalenhance would soil as forest from inoculate Similarly, soil. compared just to grasslands from inoculate with soil in composition nutrient in changes and seedlings parameters recorded hereand in seems recorded itparameters literature, that given capacities. wide the However, retention rangeof water soil types and chemical survival of individuals of In conclusion,itis soil considered herethat type may be determining animportantfactor the was present, it can be observed that K can bevaluesit that observed present, in was samples Saskatoon arehigher than in P. patens P. patens and the soil of the prairies. , especially regarding biotic relationships, soil drainage and drainage soil relationships, biotic regarding especially , 52 P. patens P. patens , higher establishment of establishment higher , has a high tolerance high a has P. CEU eTD Collection determinant infactor species composition. demographicthe A at look and land use map of suburbs.the Similarly, Godefroid andKoedam found(2007) density of built-up areasbe to a decreasing human population density from andnature its centre to the associated pressure to species in thisAccording these urbanareas.authors spatial to the was due to pattern al. described(2000) Maurer et aconcentric of zonation 2008). human impacts on plant is areas rural well to known and has been widely studied since 1980s(McDonnell the and Hahs This phenomenon of gradual change in species abundance and composition from urban centre semi-rural outskirts. areas of the numbers andhigher suburbs the densitiesto and move of aswe from centre Saskatoon the ( density this also parameter be seems with related distancewas recorded, to from centre the centre ( centre cityFrequency becentre. of locations positively happensdistance to from to the correlated The spatial locationswas distribution analysedrecorded of their according distance to from the andincludes(1.3%) is testimonial nolocations. Upland Minichinas of cover The land. the of 16% covering Hills, Sand Wood and distance from citythe ( centre The statistical analysisrevealed also asignificantpositive correlation between population size centre of Saskatoon. FigureplottingHistogram the 10. frequency ofrecorded hostinglocalities P. patens against distance fromthe r s = 0.244, r s = 0.486 p<0.05). The histogram= 0.486p<0.05). inplotted figure 10illustrates this gradient. p <0.05). This <0.05). means that r s = 0.225, P. patens 53 p <0.01). For those locationsthose For <0.01). where population tends to occur in more locations, in higher CEU eTD Collection the occurrence of occurrence the could bearelationthere between (Figure that suggested this11) and Saskatoon factors two of locations of averagehuman population density, of percentage built-up landarea and total number overthe central 1 km of width the around point. Threeparameters werecalculated for each ring: hypothesis.As detailed in study the the Methodology, area was divided in 11 concentric rings study area. Figure ofhuman 11.Map population density in personsper hectare (up) and mapof land use (down) within the P. patens P. patens . The results can results . The be found in Table 7. . A geographical analysis was carried out in order to confirm this confirm to in order out carried was analysis geographical A . 54 CEU eTD Collection with the strong degreeof withdisturbance the strong associated with densely built-up areas(Uotila 1969; Pilt survival of survival causal relationship.Establishing causality of built-up between proportion the land and the complex andsometimesnecessarily subtle,a spatial not andthat does correlation mean a can biologicalbe It arguedthat responses, especially regarding population ecology, are reasonably well mainthe studied for species.distribution the patterns studies by Godefroidandal. andKoedam Maureret (2007) (2000)and seem explainto relationship of with occurrence have of urbanization a factors degree three negativethese and centre, and that population, level. 0.01 the at is itseemsthere apositive Therefore, clear that relationship between closenesssignificant from city were correlations these All land. developed of proportion locations of and number negative the a very factors was also strong correlation between two these there of interval within the study area. Table 7.Population density, relative cover ofdeveloped land and locations of human population density ( An almostlinear positivewas found between correlation distance from city andboth centre CoefficientThe SpearmanCorrelation Rank Order was calculated every for pair of variables. >10000 9000 -10000 8000 -9000 7000 -8000 6000 -7000 5000 -6000 4000 -5000 3000 -4000 2000 -3000 1000 -2000 0 -1000 (m) centre city the Distance from P. patens P. patens seems easy,given thewidely incapacity recorded of this plant cope to (people/ha) Population density . Specifically, r =0.964) and proportion of anddeveloped proportion =0.964) land ( P. patens 14.45 13.74 13.78 18.29 21.63 25.63 0.14 0.13 0.57 2.22 8.30 r =-0.831 for population density and . These findings match with the aforementioned the with match findings These . land developed % of 55 10.49 31.27 51.87 67.85 76.16 88.50 92.33 83.31 4.19 1.38 1.90 patens locations of No of P. patens r =0.973). As=0.973). expected, P. 23 18 35 40 38 9 2 0 4 2 0 r =-0.854 for the for each distance CEU eTD Collection population (Cranmeral. et 2012). distribution of featuresthese may haveimpact adirect success thereproductive of on the plant pollinatorsinfluencedare by landscape features, suchas linear infrastructures, andthe that proved been also has It land. by inhospitable surrounded completely locations than rather of populations reach to likely more be will pollinators seem It locations. logical recorded infrastructural between andfeatures the thinkto that or isolation of indicator fragmentation.This only research good considers lineara is distance of regardless type the of land use locations between distance that assumed is it First, limited. ecologicalthe isit arguedherethat relevanceHowever, of this correlation value may be very view. of point population between size and distance locations between may from sound look an ecological gene flow,reduced loss of elasticity,al. Therefore, the (Bruna et correlation 2009). etc. decline severalof plant populations dueto mechanisms such as increase of edge effect, habitatfragmentationis is that known It populations. a leading in factor demographicthe as anevidence interpreted of detrimentalthe effect of habitat fragmentation on plant smallerthe is, each further aredistributed locations between other, the This they are. could be and isolation of each locality.Spearman’s was rankcalculated correlation this between parameter provide anestimationThislocation. is of parameter to expected recorded the closestof degree Another spatial calculatedparameter for eachlocation of consideredin nextsection.the human attributable urban to population on this species. Some of these disturbances are patens assertingTherefore, acausal relationship betweenpopulation density and occurrence of disturbance survival asaveryfor the serious threat speciesof the (Kalliovirtaal. et 2006). patens influence of this parameter the on survival of the species. In addition, it should be noted that lackbe the ascribed of suitable to habitatfor dense human population and conservation of picking(Uotillaoffer not literature does arguments 1969), conflicts about between to exposure and case of The Kukkpopulation 2002). densityseem not obvious. does so than Other flower P. patens would depend on whether we are able whetherwe are quantify would depend on to and assess directthe disturbance even of disturbance.consider degree lack authors the Some a moderate of is resistantto population size resulting in a low negative correlation ( correlation negative low a in resulting size population P. patens 56 P. patens near the city centre rather than citya direct near than the rather centre . The negative. spatial correlation may P. patens P. patens was their distance from the from distance their was that offer land connectivity land offer that r s = -0.158 p<0.05). That = -0.158p<0.05). P. P. CEU eTD Collection showing evidences for eachtype and degreeof disturbance is illustrated figure on 12. locations of proportion The disturbance). (strong three to disturbance) (no zero from ranks locations hosting locations Six different types of disturbance common in grasslandsfor each of wererecorded the General distribution Disturbances probably be ableoffer morereliable to and ecologically relevantresults. and populations functional impactthe of external model.populations canbe the intoThis integrated real willapproach reflect that units bigger into grouped be can locations isolation. of Similarly, estimation relevant ecologically and accurate more a offer to able model, future researches land could incorporate suggested that useand spatial features intoa spatial it asan mustbeindication taken evidence. therefore, than rather research foris future It all calculatedbeto the significant reasons, isthese Due considered correlation to not and, of influence the populations of neglecting considered, are Saskatoon of vicinity the within populations by 100 m. Finally, between points by additionthe ofadisproportionately high number of occurrences separated regarding absolute distance from a reference city point relative (the itcentre); distorts distance the spatial(disturbances, conditions density of population or numberlocal of individuals) and keeps proportions the inrepresenting useful is scopemethods this Although m radius. 50 a within of the researchprairies,with recorded one point were every 100m approximately, recording the conditions alsospread over acontinuummethodology populations that those section, of land, usually on open introducesSecond, a bias as onlythere those may be a methodological bias on this reasoning. As explained in the P. patens P. patens located outside the study study the outside located area. . The degree of disturbance was classified in an ordinal scale of four 57 CEU eTD Collection third of sites (31.6%). Strong litter accumulation was found in 8.7% of sites, most of them on them of most sites, of 8.7% Kernenin Prairie. found was accumulation litter Strong a (31.6%). almost sites of affecting third disturbance, moderate of type common most the also was litter Similarly, one. accumulation this than recorded frequently more was up. built disturbance litter light light to other No subject were (49.7%) locations total of half Almost locations. of 90% Accumulation of organic litter was mostthe ubiquitous type of disturbance, being found in accounting only tramplingwhere locationsfor strong three (1.7%) disturbance was recorded. evidences trampling. of lightmoderate Once again, to extreme casestrampling were rare, Off-leash be particularly records. to observed trails show the areas were and to prone lighttrampling either by humans, wildlife. or dogs trampling Moderate accounts for 15.2%of in thirdsa half of locations. the almost Near two subject surveyedof the were to sites (46.8%) Trampling (including presencetrails) of the wasamore common disturbance, being recorded strongly affected. (6.4%) for burrowing. For both types of disturbance only one location was considered to bedisturbance of degree moderate by showed a browsing/grazing. Thisis proportion even lower itwas mostly recorded as alightdisturbance. Only sites of 8.8% recorded hosting half surveyed the freeof sites of were disturbances. these locations Inthose where they were in their prevalenceBrowsing/grazing and degree. and burrowing showasimilar Near pattern. figure above In the can be arerelevant itthere seen that differences between disturbance types Figure 12.Proportion of being sites by affected different degreesof disturbance. 58 P. patens CEU eTD Collection managementtechnique and Tallowin for (Rook this purpose This 2003). isthe dueto in factor enhancingandkeeping biodiversity in grasslands and has been widely used as a grazingbetween andexotics seems interesting.Grazing isbe avery considered to important revealed.were spatial No p<0.05) correlation 0.158, was found. Thenegative relationship population density. Instead, minor relationships with exotics ( exotics with relationships minor Instead, density. population significantNo wasfound browsing/grazing between correlation andeither population size or the from substantially differ expectations.results the However, outskirts. rural to centre the from move we couldRegarding beexpected. spatial considerations, grazingincrease could beexpected to as positive grazingbetween correlation intensity and density/size of populations of (Wildemanits toxic properties due to and 1982;Kalliovirta Steeves et al. 2006).Then, a prevents the builtprevents the of up litter and decreases competition, while As mentioned in managementthe section, grazing favoursestablishment the of Browsing/grazing disturbances. were alsoanalysed.zonation areanalysed results The below for eachof consideredthe reveal synergies to andcausalities between them. Spatial regarding concentricpatterns calculated.In addition,each disturbance ones with the inother type wascorrelated an attempt coefficientscorrelation disturbance between sizepopulation type, density andpopulation were estimate influence the to order of each disturbance type onthe survival of vicinity.descriptive hasalimited statistics However, capacity reveal andto trends synergies. In of of disturbancesare affecting that populations of recorded the All usefulprovide percentagesare exposed the anidea to the of extension and the proportion burning wasfound in just andof 3.5 sites 2.3% respectively. affected by of sites (9.4%) Less than atenth locations. light trampling. orstrong Moderate Finally, burninginfrequent wasthemost disturbance type affecting only of 15.2% recorded were heavily of sites (8.7%) invaded in exotic species, disturbance. beinga strong subjectto disturbanceof beinglocations. for A wasrarer, Moderate 12.2% smaller recorded proportion by exotic plantsof sites, affected being 49.2% almostas common as litter accumulation. of communitythe as part plant speciesrecorded were in of locations.70.2% Lightdisturbance as widespreadAlthough aslitter,disturbance not by exotic species wasvery common. Exotic 59 r s = -0.210 p<0.01) and litter= -0.210p<0.01) ( P. patens P. patens isheavily not grazed in Saskatoon and its P. patens, P. patens Spearman P. patens as it r s = CEU eTD Collection species (Hobbs and Huenneke Given 1992). affinitythe of exotic and native both of establishment seedling for substrates as serve can which competitors, animals by andother Burrows gophers can provide small open areas of land, free of Burrowing is considered it reasons, relationshipthe here that these variables between these all any needsassertion. prior to further research For data. collected the in bias a introducing transit, for just necessarily not does however, is area meanthe being that foragingfor used as it may be used indicated that ofherbivores, presenceof Presence herbivores the tracks. suchas droppings or grazing/browsing wasestimated by visual of grazed plants, butalsoproof by evidencesother The obtained results contradictory may be surveyingthe related to methodology. In field,the seem not biologicallydoes wise coherent. or from?herbivores Do only graze exotics lettingon accumulate native to as grasses litter? That more intensive presence of grazingexotics, whereis the reduce able litter the are coming to between found grazing/browsingaccumulation. andlitter a higherIf weassume number that of herbivorescorrelation and positive the with contradictory is consideration this that think to logical grazing will haveseems a detrimental it effect in their abundance and distribution. hand, other Onthe Therefore, plants. foraging as America North in introduced exotics found during surveys the ( are species-specificcase, threeof mostthe (Hobbs andIn our Huenneke common 1992). grazing of effects the that argument the on strives relationship this for explanation possible A appearance the indirectly of invasive species (Richardsonfavouring and Bond1991). interactions biotic and structure community alter also may from microsite, disturbed trampling of digging, or theirfor establishment provision (Hobbs andor Huenneke 1992). Grazing animals propagules of importation as such influence, direct through species many of plant invasion and dispersion the facilitate to known are Herbivores microsites (Uotila 1969; Kalliovirta et al. 2006) this disturbance type has potential to affect the affect to potential has type distribution abundance or of disturbance this 2006) al. et Kalliovirta 1969; (Uotila microsites inermis Actually,1999). of mostthe common found authors two these that exotics in Saskatoon, grazing canenhance species richness native among both and exotic species (Smith and Knapp heterogeneity and, consequently, higher plantdiversity. Notwithstanding, studies revealed that differences in dietary choices and grazingresulting pressure, in an increased structural and Poapratensis, increased notably their frequency grazed plots. from ungrazed to P. patens B. inermis,B. Poapratensis . Nonetheless, the statistical statistical Nonetheless, the . correlation revealed no 60 and P. patens Agropyron cristatum for open fordisturbed open ) were B. CEU eTD Collection this in parameter performancethe of and anumericalquadrats quantification may ascore than rather help clarify to influencethe of big (simpleandcoarse methodologythe too visual scoring). Amore detailed study using small German population clearprairie species.which study the However, by andKiehlRöder develops(2006) onthe only happens in open grassland. Probably the scale of this thesis is too boreal forest habitat with different light regimes than in North America, where America, North in than regimes light different with habitat forest boreal locationscan European Swaczyna of be It arguedthat 2010). in populationsEuropean (Kalliovirtaal. et 2003; 2006; and Röder Kiehl 2006; Ju trail seemedthe is that regularlycan also facthelpthat mowed, competition areasandreduce nobutso intenseopen preclude to plant the develop.also It to surroundingThis area. is probably factthe due to trampling that there was enough strong to the detrimental effect of litter in seedling establishment of establishment seedling in litter of effect detrimental the that given isThis surprising, trampling. and browsing/grazing mentioned already the than other significantNo between littercorrelations accumulation and found any were parameter other Litter showed asurprisinglyPark, high density of in located individuals less some trampled sitesareas. However, such as theupland those prairie atWanuskewinthan Heritage flowers fewer have and smaller be to tend trails of margin the This fact specieshasthe 1969). (Uotila been in field,recorded the whereindividuals on located lightcan stand Although plant the trampling, excessive trampling can have an adverse effecton meaning explanation or has been found for this relationship. positive correlation with litter accumulation was found ( found was accumulation litter with correlation positive trails presence of impactthe the lower and andthe from humandog trampling will be. A is wemove further the from common sense denselythe that city smallerpopulated the centre, significant relationship between burrowing intensity and intensity burrowing between relationship significant significantnegative with distance correlation wasfound from centre the ( significantNo between correlation trampling andpopulation size/density was revealed.A Trampling Similarly, with anycorrelated disturbance type. was not itother P. patens P. patens . 61 within the trail, in comparison to the to in comparison trail, the within P. patens P. patens r s = 0.265 p<0.01). No ecologicalNo = 0.265p<0.01). P. patens P. patens has been widely recorded population size/density. population areusually to related . r s = -0.205 p<0.01). It = -0.205p<0.01). P. patens Ğ kiewicz- is a CEU eTD Collection substantially the modelled probability of extinction of probability modelled the substantially in native and grasspatches decline in invasive presence The of ones. 2006). In a 2006). modelling study, William and Crone (2006)found that especially true for light availability, which is a key factor for the development and recruitment and of new individuals of development the for factor key a is which availability, light for true especially by grassland Grasslands at invasion concludedthe A study National Saskatchewan, that Park, of natural it moraines, rolling wasIn common species. to record populationsherbaceous of other any of development the hindering seriously commonas dense as although not inermis B. surveyedespeciallyareas, with those a hightable, water common,being foundalmosteverywhere, particularly some disturbed In of on areas. the Conservation Data Centre (2012). Among (2012). the Centre Conservationobserved Data exotics, only schedule 2010)and(Governmentof ActSaskatchewan Weed Saskatchewan of the Control mostfrequent invasive plants found during field surveys. of None them are included in any other disturbance with size typesthe density or other or of population of statistical the analysisHowever, 1982). Steeves and showedwithcorrelation no any of the P. patens prairiesOccasional 2003; 2007). (Romo fireis also considered be a positive to disturbance for Fireiscommon a managementtechnique for biodiversity conservations in Canadianthe Burning pratensis involved quality forage such ofseveral grasses as alreadyimprove the introduction the exotic pasture mentioned and control erosion provide to efforts century, XX the During Exotics may A correlations. largerdataset offer moredetailed insights. significant establish to small too be may size sample the so burning by affected be disturbances more relevant. In any case, it should be noted that very few sites were recorded to fires inthat urbansettings may have alower impact than in extensiveopen prairies, being other M. officinalis M. as it can survive them easily and grow in a competitor free environment (Wildeman environment free competitor a in grow and easily them survive can it as and was crawling up from the bottom enclosing them. enclosing bottom the from up crawling was B. inermis B. A. cristatum A. is included theinvasiveon species list by elaborated Saskatchewan the P. patens results in lower diversity and decreased resource availability. This was This availability. resource decreased and diversity lower in results (crested wheat grass) wheat (crested (Piltand Kukk 2002;Kalliovirtaal. et 2006;Röderand Kiehl B. inermis P. patens . 62 grouped on the drier top of the mounds while . Together with for P.patens for B. inermis Melilotus P. pratensis reached very densities, high very reached . They also found that P. patens B. inermis B. B. inermis B. P. patens spp. they were the tends to prosper tends to wasalso quite . This. suggests also increased was the most was the B. inermis, P. B. CEU eTD Collection p<0.01). As aforementioned,p<0.01). trampling from animals humans or can result in disturbed with grazing, exotic species happened to be positively correlated with trampling ( trampling with correlated positively be to happened species exotic grazing, with calculated,offeringwere very different from First,results. mentioned andapart the relationship effectof As described inoriginal methodology section, the reviewed were data case by case and the inscore fieldthe surveys. this species ifthat exotics and, may we accept be native, itshould be removed from exoticsthe considerations suggest that suggest considerations leastnearcentury for(Delcan a at Western These flora1994). of the Saskatoon of part In any eventsitseems (Delcan case, Western 1994). clear this plant is naturalized and has been invasive observed andSaskatchewan the expansion is relatively response to the recent climatic has even been that suggested some of which are introduced (Sutherland 1986; Gleason and Cronquist 1991;Cody It 1996). of varietiescompriseset a andspecies subspecies, to some of which Canadaare native and to considered asaninvasive consider exoticsome in authors Canada2010), this (IUCN-ISSG biogeographicthe of status As aforementioned, dysfunctional from an ecological of pointview. of local plantspecies, like inermis species present would probably get the maximum score, the same than a monoculture of that a location a location with a moderately that dense cover densityAlso,both and diversity whenawarding regarded of exotics werea Thisscore. means consideredequally regardless of theireffects the prairie on habitat and statistical the analysis. collection phase, During data all the the invasive species were The equalconsideration givenall to exotics during surveys the could have had an influence on studies. and observations mentioned the given striking were results These browsing/grazing. with one size/density.population significantNo aforementioned than was foundcorrelation the other withof exoticsdisturbances species rest correlated the for as were wellThe scores as with populations of inermis . The difference. strives first inthe that example is probably populations ablesupport to has asignificantly more pervasive effectthan P. pratensis P. patens B. inermis B. on the dataset was minimized. dataset the on Spearman New coefficientscorrelation . P. patens P. pratensis P. pratensis is more threatening to P. pratensis , while the second is very low in diversity and completely and diversity in low very is second the while , could be treated differently to the rest of recorded is controversial. Although this species is generally is species this Although controversial. is has always beenof natural the flora part of 63 of P. pratensis of P. patens P. pratensis and three or four other exotic than P. pratensis P. patens on the survival of survival the on in particular. in . In addition, In . r s = 0.233, B. CEU eTD Collection estimate impact the of exotics on exotic species. detailed More species-specific research isaccurately needed in to order of the representative hereisnumber not dominating recorded of score the Therefore ones. one by dominated strongly speciesexotic may more less or same location withbe the another than awarded two score location a that means This diversity. species with together score the be revealed.precludes As itto aforementioned, density of alien individuals was considered on thisgradientmay here urban-to-rural argued that exist in fieldbut the Saskatoon methodology city Becauseof inthis,than absence the outskirts. of the seemsa correlation surprising.isIt the of centre in the abundant more be to exotics found valley, the of flora the about hisstudy invasion foci (Kowarik This 2011). is also whereLineman caseof the Saskatoon, on (2000), exotics has been recorded by some authors, suggesting the functioning of human settlements as (Clemants35% A decreasing 2003). and Moore urban-to-rural gradient regarding number of cities, America North ofalienssome proportion In the wasestimated between19and 46%, with an average of percentage species. exotic for hotspots be to known are Cities found. was No correlation betweenexotics anddistancecorrelation from No centre or the detailed before. Regarding influenced in arelevantway by any what is studieddisturbancesof the or, more likely, that this for valid was lastcase of exotic species.only This lack either suggests that correlation of size population Similarly, match. to seem centre city the from distance potential potential impacts of invasive species, particularly that has asignificant that with correlation population size of Salesman and Thomsen Finally,2011). itshould this that benoted is the only disturbance type general in species (DiTomaso andagainst 2000) invasive against fight to prairies the in techniques common most the of one of individuals eliminates speciesallowsexotic but nativecyclical to species,burning adapted as fires,survive. to fact, In burning sense is ecological makes correlation This p<0.05). 0.176, Statistics also revealed alsoStatistics a negative correlation between invasive species and burning ( find apositive relation tramplingbetween andexotics. assuming exoticsby therefore, frequented more are trampled areas humans, it seems logical to HumansHuenneke 1992). arealso be avery known to dispersal for the importantvector of and (Hobbs exotics of germination and establishment the favours that land bare microsite P. patens population density, no disturbance type has been correlated with it, only it, with correlated been has type disturbance no density, population B. inermis B. P. patens . in particular (Willson and Stubbendieck 2000; 64 B. inermis B. P. patens , on P.patens P. patens ( r s = -0.158, p<0.05). The p<0.05). = -0.158, population density have already been P. patens is not r s = - CEU eTD Collection City ofSaskatoon. oflocations 8. Number Table hosting betime. urbanized developed that or Table on 8summarizes results. the to land that mean necessarily not does but expansion, its on Saskatoon of City the to annexed (Appendix city the of D). expansion historical the It illustrating map a should over plotted were locations be noted thatestimate impact the to of urban developmentIn order populations of the on the areas showedHistorical development on the figure correspondUrban Development to that land intoaccount. approaches these being population (increasing,shrinking). stagnant, research Future considering whole of the response against population disturbances and indicate the direction of the Consideration of the age structure of the research. like this population study season aone than trends identify may to also potential more beprobably very useful as it can show the latebecauseconditions spring of weather (e.g. Therefore,long frost). term studies have sizeAlso,population generations. and distance may change from simply other yearthe one to some even or seasons a few until be obvious may not this but population a affecting offerinformation nobutpopulation dynamics.research, about Recentdisturbances may be population size that anddensity offerof a picture population the momentat the of the population size and density may indicators be of good local not disturbance.should It be noted had potentialis arrival before city assumedof the the It a big that, settlers, firstof the proportion European for assumed that noneassumed of currentpopulations the of that land containing a significant proportion of current locations was included into the city limits. city the into included was locations current of proportion significant a containing land the when surroundings, and Area Management North Saskatchewan of University the to now corresponding land the of annexation the with 50s, the of expansion in the was It 1950. before cityof the part lands and oldest on the only on arelocated located annexedwere four records before the expansion of the city. As we can see in the above figure and table, no 1883 Pre 0 1910 1883 - 0 1919 1910 - P. patens 4 1959 1950 – . Given the limited dispersal capacity of the species, it is also is it species, the of capacity dispersal limited the Given . 50 P. patens 1969 1960 - 1 according to the period when that land was purchased by the 1979 1970 - 65 7 P. patens 1989 1980 - 0 1999 1990 - are new and that they they arenewand were present that 0 2005 2000 - 34 P. patens 2012 2005 - P. patens 27 limits city Outside should take P. patens , existing , 48 CEU eTD Collection University landowned managed preserved asaprairie for This research purposes. confirms the Meewasin Valley land,Authority conservation 1 in their buffer and area 21in Kernen Prairie, a this study,143 fall within managed areas.Of and protected them, 121are included in as andmanagementpreservation important area.Actually,the of as from all not 171locationsis the considered on influence human to exposure of time that seems it Therefore, of individuals many including matrix, urban an within habitat prairie of example vandalism, areas(e.g. observedthese of off-trail trampling) butin general they provide a good as off-leash used and are and impactsareas. Some recreational from public use has been public the to is open extension their of most areas, conservation of status the prairies. Notwithstanding natural as them preserving of intention the with Authority Valley Meewasin by Regional PsychiatricPrairie conservation Centre conservation areas. These areas aremanaged areas annexed mainly during 50sare the withinlocated Natural GrasslandSaskatoon and of city?newerthe areas The answer seems easy: populations of The conservation. 50 years. Why are theremanycan alsobeseen that It locations have of current the beenof citythe part for more than so many locations hosting also of appearance favourinvasive the would exotics. this and happening be to likely is influence human from N with fertilization as such survive bedisturbance suchgradeof establish able andwould not factors to thearea.Other on rapidly colonized by exotics. trails along areas (e.g. river)green areasof the these grassland heavily were beingdisturbed, many surveyedhad been that surveyed area in Probably thepast. during the conditioning of for inhospitable too being generallywere areas these However, heavily inovergrown exotics, particularly “landscapehave considered good to host features” to surveyed riverwere the andsome small especially parts, some slopes ontheeastside, were of margins the fieldwork During riverbanks. isthe exception noticeable only The biodiversity. dominatedbygreen areas heavily managed with parks manicured lawns and little potential for human influence cityThisof the area. onthe part is heavily urbanized of andmost available The lack of locations in the oldest part of the city is probably due to theof strong and continued during lasttwelve the yearsHowever, city 70s. the has expanded covering as many locations Most of locations on the northwest part of the river were incorporated to the city during the P. patens as in the rest of its history. P. patens P. patens . The dense presence of exotics was The densepresence of . acommon infactor and other native grasses and forbs would not be able to 66 P. patens P. patens there and not in other older or (e.g. slope, aspect, soil). P. patens B. inermis, B. P. patens in . CEU eTD Collection should be noted that the points are recorded at the centre of of population the centre andthe this at can recorded cover are points the that should benoted m distance from existing This distanceroads. may seem it arbitrary However, and exaggerated. the proximity humans.to A spatial analysis revealed that 33 of the 171 locations are within 100 which populations other are there can time.belong nowHowever, affected of period by just casesareexamplesThe exposed of populations surviving in an urban dominated for a area field. the in evident were exotics of invasion and management of lack slowly decliningdecades (Delanoy, lastthe L.Personal two forcommunication). Once again, counting with several of generativedozens individuals, this population has beenbe to noted beingby carriedNineteen1966. out years later it wascompletely urbanized. Although still This house. location was outside urbanized the areasin with 1953, some nearby development of sight aslope,from out on located sidewalk,the justbut10 m andthe road an adjacent population was limitedsmall a pocket, in to size, but containing near 100 individuals. Itwas This C). (Appendix Drive Ravine on found one isthe population urban interesting Another mentionedupgrade the has disappeared, cross. to road probablyworks road due to collected of Clarence in cross road the Ave. with Idylwyld(Appendix Dr. C). Thatpopulation patens more than 50 m to each side grasslandthe The disturbance extended largely,works construction area. from road reachingof the road. This were is individuals few a not beingfound, place just the severely impacted bythesurvey rightof very across a road the construction recent the onlyduring However, examplesettlement. human dense relatively ofa to a population of The population of suburbs. by residential is surrounded location the perimeter, urban the near although now, and after Place. This neighbourhood wasalready in place inwas included 1953. It into the city shortly population on 11 small The C. Appendix of map the in identified is position Their Drive. Ravine in one deserve special interest. These are the one next to the 11 the deserve special next one to arethe These interest. From the locations hosting locations the From of balancing public access,managementand conservation goals. importance designationthe of areaswithin ofconservation fabric theurban and the importance being severely affected by development.road One of herbariumthe was records th P. patens St is roughly St 50 m from residentialthe neighbourhood of Montgomery P. patens present there have survived more than half a century of proximity of half a century than more survived have there present which are not inwhich which not aretwo conservation are areas, there 67 th Stgrain elevator and, especially, the P. CEU eTD Collection ecologicalonly importance. Not because of legallylegalno not claims protected, this areawasconsidered can However, of be done. around anyaround future development. surrounding community.In any everycase, minimizeshouldeffort to bedone the impacts development of trails may qualityprovide of recreational good areas of the doorstep at the establishingmanagement, them. anecologicalbetween Proper signposting corridor and intothiscould conservation beintegrated area the areas network, a road, of Instead real necessityserve, the is intended newroad the of to thisthat is road here.questioned Given presence the of existing running roads residential projected the through development this road. their projected about concern an role as ecologicalDuringan important survey, the corridor. some neighbours also showed Natural Grassland,Regional Saskatoon Psychiatric Swale,Prairie having Centre andNorthest a residentialvery closeThis to area. areais also between conservation areas, three located grassland relatively of quality, of native representation good with agood species and it was This road is projected to run directlyThis is to populations road projected recorded over of running is one the threatening road most the inriver.However parallel Swale. Northeast the to a involve will which highway, new perimeter bridge planned The at thepopulations. northcurrent ofimpact to the city,potential will have an impact on city,willpopulations a residential intobe turned complex.have arealsodeemed a Roads significant to at both margins population closethe people, relation on 11 to of the be richly to suspected withpopulated fullybe developedandwas not surveyedaccess constrains dueto privateand property to itis in the Westside areas river.Onlythe of needsNorth area to found locationsthat however were fourthere, the includes This development. residential new by affected be will populations University the belongs seems only It to of that Saskatchewan. a few of recorded the isaffected.Kernen assumedIt Prairie that willbe affected not by developmentas this land 100 m from and projectedthe residential roads development,locations 24 could be potentially isfuture expansion The shown inSaskatoon area of Appendix D. Considering abuffer of zone The future of described. mayas one as distantthink not andtheirare coexistence isas improbable not as Uotila (1969) 50 m radiusup to from In any centre. the case, this numberpeople and that suggests Pulsatilla patens inSaskatoon P. patens 68 th P. patens street, the only one at the south west of the . Also, after more than 50 years surviving in , but also because it was a natural P. patens . As this plant is P. patens CEU eTD Collection reintroduction of native species like species native of reintroduction habitat, natural of restoration combining city, the within grasslands healthy of establishment and newly the Project policiesNaturalizedParks adopted and offer practices somefor the hope may be a good idea. The erection of informative management and development their into them involving and area posts their on may having grassland of alsonatural benefits help the on thiscommunities duty.the Inwith short, the Communicating lawn. just expect would some grasslandnatural patch of weeds. This andanovergrown is especially relevantin parks, where Finally, thepublic of education is alsoMany akey factor. differentiatepeople cannot between reintroduction. its for habitat potential grasslands fire). (e.g. Staff seeded. in chargecityof parks is also receiving training for management of natural pilotgrass seedingis project the growing study. However, and be new to areasareexpected planting for collaborating nativeare species infar localhas itbirds been So focusedparks. inand berry a attract shrubs to administration local the and volunteers NGOs, local project, this Actually,new parks. isthere aNaturalized Project in Parks (Pedersen Under 2011). Saskatoon is encouraging maintenance the of native flora asmuch aspossible administration duringof the construction local the by adopted Policy Parks The place. in put be will species with development After the a program nativeof restoration be kept. grassland weeds to considering grasslandthe that surroundingheavily ponds was the too invaded in invasive Naturalized Areas Supervisor Citythe of clarified of Saskatoon, itwas decided that after usingup heavy machinery intoand turned bare land. Gary that, Pedersen, Asked about from surroundingthe developmentprotected butgrassland surrounding it wascompletely torn Unlimited During2007). survey the it wetlandswas observedthe that werefenced and preserved and neighbourhoodthe into integrated as aneducational and ecological site (Ducks development.in of the centre the iswas located There aplan be wetlandsfor these to surveyed andsurroundings Appendix (Lakewood C).A relevant wetland area,Hyde Wetlands, Regardingmeasures,of citythe areasunderdevelopment protection southwest the were to P. patens has not been consideredthis hasnot but yet may project result in P. patens , enjoyment of public and education. 69 CEU eTD Collection negative was established correlation between burrowing/grazing impact andthe from exotic beingaccumulationlitter and presence of exotics the mostcommon A ones. significant of of occurrence Frequency hectare. per individuals more and individuals total more with common, Disturbances areaffecting locations hosting result this points”, should bebetween very taken cautiously. “distance variable the of limitations conceptual and methodological was negatively occurrences, with population size.correlated given However, the of distribution the thisdriving in plant urban Distanceareas. between locations, asameasure of isolationforce between important an is relationships, concentric regarding especially up land. andThe strength significance of these correlations suggest spatialthat distribution, locations of of urbanized morethe frequent the further from the centre, land.the proportion Therefore, of occurrences we move outskirts, the from citythe to centre the citythe andsize,centre density and frequency of of occurrences zonation.This trend was made evident with the significant positive correlation of distance from Spatial distribution of of occurrences chemical analysis and location occurrences. the of the small indicative.consider correlations these to Soil type andcharacteristics were inferred from accumulationimpact and from differencesexotics. However, in elevation within sites aretoo Regardingelevation, significant werefound withcorrelations browsing/grazing,litter Similarly, dry during summer slopes the canbesouthern preventing too germination of seeds. facingsouth slopes in the prairies risk flowering early, too being damaged by early spring frost. is This slope. facing continental more the climatenorth to prairiesthe due on Scandinavia. compared to Individuals prefers on clearly species this Saskatoon in slopes, southern in frequent differWhile totally by with recorded author. those that in Europe, preferences within aspect observations made However, in(Uotila 1969). study the area Europe of slope.the crest the is These or results also morefrequentinagree with part theupper the preferences it that was observed spatial effecttrends, of disturbances and impact of urban development. Regarding habitat of four aspects on wasfocused The research Conclusion P. patens P. patens , the lower the human population and the lower the proportion of built of proportion the lower the and population human the lower the , was negatively with humancorrelated population density and P. patens P. patens has apreference for gentle slopes of less than 5°. It P. patens 70 follows aclearly identified of concentric trend P. patens with variable frequencies and intensities, and frequencies variable with in urban areas: habitatpreferences, P. patens P. patens P. patens . Inother words, as become more is much more much is CEU eTD Collection habitat within the city is the first step but given the limited dispersive capacity of this plant, this of directseeding seedlingcapacity or transplantshould be considered. dispersive limited the given but step first the is city the within habitat initiatives are still young but offer some optimism about the future of natural grasslands within grasslands efforts may these city. However, the be for natural enough not of future the about optimism some offer but young still are initiatives and itsvegetation natural reestablishment of preservation in already developed These parks. mentioned decline of some of populationsthe butrecentpolicies have included the that can liveshow for many years inexamples dense Lack of urban managementareas. and can come after the sites, inprotected especially city, the within individuals of inbe lost the followingandfew to expected a are more years. is there However, pool a good expansion, urban to due lost been have Many populations influence. human to exposed time especially urban expansion and establishment andthe exotics, of conservation than areas rather presence the of that Regarding historical urban development,field observations and historical development suggest literature. less to relevant casecompared our on species in general. If we ignore influence the of show aclearshow relation with significantlyshould periphery.the It alsovariables that be to noted from centre expected to the Regardingspatial considerations,trampling is the only disturbance typedecreases that is exotics from complex and each exotic dependson species,impact highlighting the need the for more detailed research.Third, establishment. their for areas new open trampling like disturbances; while burning presenceof the exotics, mechaniccontrol seems to disturbances by literature. supported First,findings three suggests This trampling. with correlated positively is it disturbanceis negatively with sizecorrelated of population of the P. patens is negatively affected by interactions between are there exotic species. Second, P. patens P. patens is Saskatoon is determined by the degree of disturbance, population size, such as litter accumulation, seemed to be to seemed accumulation, litter as such size, population 71 Poa pratensis P. patens in analysis,the species exotic P. patens . The creation of of suitable creation . The and burning, while burning, and P. patens CEU eTD Collection Bilz, M.2011. Beaubien,Floweringand L. 1994. Johnson,E.G. D. plant phenology and weather in Alberta, Besser,W. S.J. G. 1826. Beaubien,andHamann, E. A.2011.Spring floweringclimate to response change between Baines, G.B.K. 1973. Plant distributions on a Saskatchewan prairie. Archibold,W. andWilson, O. natural1980. The M.R. vegetation of Saskatchewan prior to Akeroyd,J. and Tutin, G.1993. T. Bardunov KamelinL.V., NovikovR.V., eds.2008. V.S., Aronsson, M., Edwvist, E.Andersson, U.B. etal. Aikenet al. S.G. 2007. Agapova, N.D., Arkharova, K.B., Vakhtina ,L.I. et al. 1993. Chromosome numbers in F.Acton, andEllis D. J.1978. 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CEU eTD Collection Saskatchewan Appendix A - Map of the distribution of herbaria records of P. patens in Appendixes 83 Appendix B – Mapofthestudy areaaroundSaskatoon.

CEU eTD Collection 84 Appendix C–Mapofareassurveyedduringthefieldwork

CEU eTD Collection 85 Appendix D. Historical landannexationbytheCityofSaskatoon.

CEU eTD Collection 86