Index

Action Plan against Terrorism (APT) encouraged to contribute 267–268 electronically to global administrative detention 287, 288, 291 jihad 23 Afghan National Defense and Security era of guerrilla resistance Forces (ANDSF) 121, 123, 124 109–110 funding 24 Afghan crisis roots ‘guest’ 91 Afghan–Pakistani geopolitics in IS’s ranks 43 108–109 leader of 13 anti-Soviet war 109–110, 111, warfare and terrorism 110–111, 113, 122 113, 130 background 107 Soviet invasion of 12 civil war and 111–112 Soviet withdrawal from 14–15, 87 competing ideologies 107–108 terrorism today and advent of suicide as epicentre of Islamist terrorist bomber 117–119 endeavour 130 mujahideen warfare and Haqqani Network 122–123 terrorism 110–111 impact 123 Pakistani objectives 109–110 ISKP 123–126, 129 suicide campaign 119–120 overview 121–122 Taliban–al-Qaeda compact Taliban 122 112–114 United States Taliban defeat and Western drawdown from 150, 214, 229 democracy 115–116 invasion of 18, 99, 100, 136, Taliban insurgency against 213 NATO forces 91 Zarqawi establishing training camps Taliban resurgence 116–117 in 136 Al-Qaeda roots 10 al-, see entries under name following this Bridge of Friendship 14, 28–29 prefix foreign terrorist organisations Al-Qaeda (AQ) categories 126–129 aims and approach 15–16 overview 126, 129–130 background and context Islamic State funding 47 founding of 13–15 LeT ideological roots 10–13 emergence from 84, 86–88, 98 compact with Taliban 112–114, 127 setting up training camps 89 financing 24–27 mujahideen forecasting Islamic State’s future bin Laden’s efforts to raise relationship to 53 army of 113–114 future threats from 235, 245 definition 28 as guided by bin Laden’s fatwa 131 and ISIS 150, 151 northwest haven 184

321

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organisational structure 16–22 Saudi Arabia relations 179 recruitment 22–24, 217, 218 and Shia militiamen 175–176 relevance and importance 27–28 statelet 183–184 retreat into FATA 118 in , 2011–present 170–173 terror attacks associated with 1, 84, Turkey relations 179–180, 184 254, 260 US relations 181, 184 threat assessment 28 assassinations US counter-terrorism 213, 217–218, Assad regime 182 227 Egypt 14 Al-Qaeda in Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) 301 2, 17–18, 304 Israel 180, 282, 290 Al-Qaeda in Indian Subcontinent (AQIS) Shin Bet 290 21–22, 127, 304–305 Taliban 122 Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) 18–20, 36, 37, attacks, see terrorist attacks 119, 136–137, 146–147, 148–149, Australia 54, 60, 78, 102, 143, 149, 294 151, 152, 214 Authorisation for Use of Military Force Al-Qaeda in Somalia 20–21 against Terrorists 2001 (AUMF) Al-Qaeda in Syria 177 225–226 Al-Shabaab (AS) 20–21 Aviation Research Centre (ARC) 310 Alawites 38, 167, 168, 169, 173, 176, Awlaki, Anwar al- 17, 23, 27, 51–52, 178 214, 216, 229 Aman 282–283 Azzam, Abdullah al- 12, 13, 14, 15–16, anti-Soviet war 109–110, 111, 113, 122 37, 87, 88, 90 apocalypse 41–42 AQI, see Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) Ba’athists 133, 135, 144, 167, 168, 169 Arabian Peninsula, see Al-Qaeda in de-Ba’athification 145 Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) Badr Brigades/Corps/Organisation Armed Border Force 312–313 138–139, 143 Armed Forces Special Powers Acts Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al- (AFSPA) 316–317 announcement of Caliphate 27, 38, armed struggle (Hamas) 59, 66, 72–75 153, 171 Assad, Bashar al- arrest of 37–38 assumption of power 169 attacks on Iraqi government bodies diplomatic overtures 170 150 Jabhat al-Nusra fighting against 150 biographical details 42 persuasion by brother 174 death of 38, 182, 214, 218 pitted against rebel factions 38 disagreement on declaring Caliphate rift with cousin 174 15 see also Assad regime Islamic State Assad family 167, 168, 169–170, birth of 150–151 173–174 declaration of 21–22, 27, 36, 38 Assad, Hafez al- 168, 169 decline following death of 54 Assad regime leadership 53, 177 conflict strategies 182 sending ISIS fighters into Syria 152 and Hezbollah 175 spreading influence 155 siding with 70, 178 Baghdadi, Abu Umar al- 19–20, 137, 149 Israeli relations 180 bin Laden, Osama network 173–174 al-Zarqawi’s allegiance to 18, 136 opposition groups 176–178 al-Zarqawi’s differences with 19 Russian support 181–182, 183 death of 150–151

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financial position 24–25 chemical, biological, radiological and founding of al-Qaeda 13–15 nuclear (CBRN) materials 235, global support after 9/11 16 245 ideology 12 civil war martyrdom operations 118, 119, 131 Afghanistan 111–112 predictions 37 Syria 38, 70, 170–173, 182, 201 and Taliban 113–114 Tajikstan 90 (BSF) 312, 316 coalition forces 18, 38, 140, 143–149, broad counter-terrorism strategy 227 183 ‘burn rate’ 48–49 conflict Bush, George W. 7, 134, 135, 147, in Afghanistan 213–214, 223–224 fluid nature of 126 present day 121–126, 129–130 Caliphate roots of 107–120 and al-Qaeda 27, 217 in Iraq announcement of 27, 38, 153, 171 nature of 144–156 and Daesh 36 protagonists 134–143 disagreement on declaring 15, 37 trajectory 156–158 harmful impacts of 1 Kashmir 301, 303–305 ISIS’s mission 218 Palestinian–Israeli as jihadist goal 1, 215 background 188–191 reports of daily life in 44, 52 manifestations of 194–197 and Salafis 39, 40–41, 46 nature of 191–194, 277–278 territorial control 53, 156 protagonists 197–202 ‘virtual’ 156 trajectory 202–204 wealth of 155 in Syria and Zawahiri 15, 19, 136 context 167–173 CENTCOM/JSOC (US Central actors 173–182 Command/Joint Special nature of 182–183 Operations Command) 212, 223, representations 184–185 229 trajectory 183–184 Central Asian terrorist organisations CONTEST strategy 239, 243–245 128–129 control measures Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Israel 291–293 311 Saddam Hussein’s regime 133–134 Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) counter-terrorism (CT) 312 institutions Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 24, France 261–266, 271 212–213, 219–220 India 308–313 Central Reserve Force (CRPF) Israel 281–287 93–95, 311–312, 316 United Kingdom 238–240 CHANNEL programme 246–247 United States 219–223 charities legislation Al-Qaeda 25 France 257–261, 270–271 ‘combat’ 47 India 313–317 Hamas 69 Israel 287–288, 294 Charlie Hebdo attack 18, 254, 263, United Kingdom 240–243 266–267 United States 224–227 overview 6–8 strategy and tactics

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France 266–270, 271 donations India 317–318 Al-Qaeda 25 Israel 288–293, 294 Hamas 69, 70, 75 United Kingdom 243–247 LeT 99 United States 213–214, drone strike 227–230 AQAP leaders killed by 17, 18 Counter-Terrorism Coordination Unit IS giving up ground in Mosul and (CTCU) 261–262 Raqqa due to 182 Counter-Terrorism Law of 2006 260 ISKP leader killed by 124 Counter-Terrorism Statute of 1996 260 Obama administration’s preference Counter-Terrorism Support Group (CSG) for 214 222–223 potential threat from Hamas 279 counter-terrorism technology 293 US citizens as less safe due to countering violent extremism (CVE) 238 blow-back of 226 as US foreign counter-terrorism Daesh, see Islamic State (IS) tactic 229 Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) 310 Department of Defense, US (DOD) Egypt 12, 14, 65, 68, 70, 71, 194–195, 212–213, 220–221, 223, 226–227, 200–201 228 ethnicity Department of Homeland Security Afghanistan 107, 110–111 (DHS) 220–221 109–110, 300 Detainee Treatment Act 2005 226–227 Palestinian–Israeli conflict 193–194 detention Sunnis 147 administrative 287, 288, 291 European Union (EU) Bush administration’s emphasis on as actor in Palestinian–Israeli 7, 214 conflict 202 facilities in Iraq 37–38 designation of Hamas as terror Guantanamo Bay 213–214, 223, 226 group 60, 294 interrogation during 289 dialogues with Syria 170 Israel 288, 289, 290–291 financial disruption as Northern Ireland 234 counter-terrorism approach pre-charge 241–242, 245–246 26, 48 United Kingdom 241–242, 245–246 foreign fighters 142 waaf 204 deterrence FATA (Federally Administered Tribal at heart of Israel’s counter-terrorism Areas) 115, 118, 119, 121, 124, policies 288, 294 127, 215 Israeli military 285–286 Fatah 59–60, 62, 67, 71, 76, 197–199, Directorate General of External Security 205, 278–279, 294 (DGES) 264–265 Fedayeen Saddam 43, 135, 144 Directorate of Military Intelligence Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (DMI) 265 221, 222, 224, 225, 228 Directorate of Revenue Intelligence Fight against Terrorism Law (1986, (DRI) 310–311 amended 2018) 261 domestic counter-terrorism strategy and Financial Action Task Force (FATF) 26, tactics, US 227–228 104, 266, 316, 318 domestic policing–intelligence financial institutions community gap 219 French 266 domestic structure of Islamic State 44–45

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Islamic State’s use of 47–48 lone wolf attacks 256 financial management of Islamic State radicalisation 256–257 48–49 returnees 255–256 financing right-wing 257 Al-Qaeda (AQ) 24–27 terrorist attacks 254 counter-terrorism tactics 266, 269, terrorist networks 254–255 270, 316 (FSA) 171, 173, 176, Hamas 69–71, 200 179–180 Islamic State 47–49 friendly governments 70–71 see also funding funding foreign counter-terrorism Islamic State sources of 47 US strategy 228–229 LeT 98–99 US tactics 229–230 state 215 foreign fighters (FFs) see also financing announcement of Caliphate funds and assets, movement and use of attracting 38, 171 Islamic State British nationals 235 alternative MVTS 48 French returnees 255–256 financial institutions 47–48 in IS troops 43 Pakistani 127 Gaza government 63, 71, 78 social media campaign attracting Gaza Strip 36, 182 1948 war 58, 189, 194 in Syria 218, 235 administrative detention 288, 291 and Iraq 141–142, 152 and Egypt 194–195, 200 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act EU and UN support 202 (FISA) 224–225 Fatah’s view on 60 foreign recruitment, LeT 101–102 Hamas foreign terrorist organisations (FTO) accused of diverting in Afghanistan humanitarian aid from categories 126–129 70 overview 126 collecting taxes from residents JeM and Lashkar as 100 of 69 many finding sanctuary under employees working in security Taliban banner 129–130 services 64 MML and TAJK as 103 expulsion of Fatah leadership official designation as and operatives from 198 counter-terrorism measure PA controlled by 197 229 question of whether operating France as state or political counter-terrorism organisation 76–77 institutions 261–266, 271 reconciliation agreement 76 legal framework 257–261, rocket attacks 72, 73, 74, 279, 270–271 280 strategy and tactics 266–270, rule over 62, 75, 76 271 training activities in 67–68 foreign fighters from 142, 255–256 Israel political and security context 1967 occupation of 59, 189, 253–254 195, 278 strikes in Syria 172 and Arafat’s forces 198 terrorist threat barrier built around 292

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closure policy 292 Israel’s military operations against control system extending to 193 196 laws restricting Palestinian organisational structure population in 294 Gaza government 63, 71, 78 military forces in 65 Political Bureau 63 military operations in 196, 197, Qassam Brigades 64–65 289 Shura Council 62–63 naval siege 203, 205 in Palestine–Israeli conflict 197–199 questioning ability of PA to question of whether operating as rule 59 state or political organisation tightening grip on 72 76–77 location 190 recruitment 65–66, 69 Political Bureau 63 recruitment centres 66–67 political division with West Bank relations with Syria 200, 201, 205 198–199 strategy and tactics potential solutions to situation in armed struggle 59, 66, 72–75 202 governing 75 Qatar investing heavily in 71, 200 social welfare 71–72 Shura Council’s representatives tensions with Fatah 198 from 62–63 as threat to Israel 279–280 and Turkey 201 training 67–68 warning of humanitarian crisis in Haqqani Network 122–123, 126 280 Harakat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM) 91, 93, Gaza tunnels 70 128 General Directorate of Internal Security Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) 177 (GDIS) 264 Hezbollah geopolitics, Afghan–Pakistani 108–109 and Hamas 65, 68, 72, 78, 201, 279 global reach of LeT 101–102 intervention in Syria 171, 175 Good Friday Agreement 234, 236 Iran’s involvement with 152, 215 Guantanamo (GTMO) 213–214, 223, and Israel 201, 279, 288 226 JAM influenced by 140, 146 Qassam Brigades using tactics of 65 Hamas similarity with Pakistani movement aims 86 governing Palestinians 61–62 support from IRGC 143 liberation of Palestine 60–61 Home Office 242–243, 244 welfare 61 background 58–60 Imam Bukhari Jamaat 128–129 designation as terrorist group 60, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) 294 Asiri, Abdullah Hassan Tali al- 17 emergence of 59–60 in city of Baghlan 120 financing homemade 52 charities 69 increased knowledge of donations 70 manufacturing techniques friendly governments 70–71, 244 200–201 IS use of 51, 52 Gaza tunnels 70 JAM’s use of 140 Qatar 71, 200 LeT’s expertise in 91 Tehran 201 in 306 suicide vehicle-borne 95, 118

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Taliban roadside 122 proliferation of 278–279 Zarqawi’s use of 144 responses to ‘the Surge’ 147–148, India 158 Ahl-e-Hadith school 88 six-pronged 145–146 counter-terrorism Syrian rebel forces 182 legislation and legal framework terrorist group classifications 215 313–317 intelligence agencies stakeholders 308–313 France 264, 265 strategy and tactics 317–318 India 308–309 dispute with Pakistan Israel 281–283, 284, 289 following British retreat 109 United Kingdom 239, 243, 264 involvement of LeT 85, 87, 88, United States 24, 212–213, 219–220 91–92, 97, 99, 100, 102, Intelligence Bureau (IB) 309, 310, 313, 103–104, 304 318 JeM’s attack 100, 103 intelligence community Pushtun regime in Afghanistan gap with domestic policing (US) 219 110, 112 Indian 311 as religious divide 299 Israeli 281, 283–284, 294 LeT’s operations beyond Kashmir oversight over 283–284 92–95, 96 Intelligence Law of 2015 (France) Mumbai massacre 84, 92, 94, 258–259 101–102, 302–303, 304, 309, Inter-Services Intelligence Agency (ISI) 311, 316, 317 Pakistan Northeast 301, 302, 307, 310, 312, approval of MML 103 313, 316 awareness of Taliban’s tactics 119 political and security context funding Afghan mujahideen 24, 110 299–307 and Haqqani Network 122 terrorism maintaining control over munitions contemporary 299–304 to Afghan resistance parties current threats 305–307 109 international 304–305 Massoud’s suspicions of 111, 130 see also Al-Qaeda in Indian as Pakistan’s jihadist asset 116, 305 Subcontinent (AQIS) relationship with LeT 84–85, 93, Indian Mujahideen (IM) 93, 303 102, 128 Individual Terrorist Offence (2014) 259 as risk to stability of Kashmir 130 Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 312 seizing of Kandahar city from 112 insurgency support for LeT 90–91, 99, 303–304 in Afghanistan 107, 110, 117–118, support for Taliban 112, 117 120, 121, 303 inter-state wars 194–195 blurred lines with terrorism 300, 301 international cooperation counter-insurgency 311–312, 313 France 270 Fedayeen Saddam 43 institutions involved in 261–262, ‘hybrid threat’ of 175 264, 265, 267 in Iraq 134, 135–136, 138, 140, 143, as necessary for dealing with 144–149, 151, 153–154, 158 terrorist threats 244 IS employing tactics of 50–51 international terrorism in Kashmir 84–85, 88, 90–92, 303 India 304–305 Maoist protracted warfare doctrine United Kingdom 234–235 49–50 see also Al-Qaeda (AQ) in 301, 307, 310 Intifadas

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First (1987) 72, 189, 196–197, 205, as proxy battleground 152 279, 286, 295 and Saudi Arabia 179 potential Third 280 suicide bombing tactic from 92, Second (2000) 59–60, 65, 70, 117–119 72–73, 197, 198, 205, and Taliban 117–119 286–287 threats to France 254–256 invasions United States of Afghanistan counter-terrorism 213–214, 229 Soviet 86, 109 drawdown from 150, 214, 229 US-led 18, 99, 100, 136, 213 invasion of 18, 37, 134, 135, of Iraq, US-led 18, 37, 134, 135, 136, 139, 141, 143–146, 136, 139, 141, 143–146, 157 157 of Kuwait, by Iraq 113, 133, 134, see also Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI); 168 Islamic State of Iraq (ISI); of Lebanon, by Israel 175, 195 Islamic State of Iraq and of Palestine, by Israel 195–196, Syria (ISIS) 289–290 IS, see Islamic State (IS) IRA (Irish Republican Army) 215, 233, ISI, see Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) 236 ISIS, see Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Iran (ISIS) Hamas ISKP, see Islamic State Khorasan relations between 78 Province (ISKP) support for 68–69, 70–71, 201 Islamic Jihad Union 128 hostage crisis 212, 222 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and Iranian surrogates 143 124, 128 Iranian terrorist organisation 129 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and Iraq 133, 143, 146, 157, 158, (IRGC) 125, 139, 143, 152, 172 178 Islamic State (IS) as posing threat to Israel 279, 294 advance in Iraq 152–153 and SCIRI 138 birth of 150–151 and Syrian war 152, 172, 175, consolidation of territorial control 178–179, 180, 183–184 153–155 Iraq emergence in Afghanistan 121 Al-Qaeda offshoot organisations expansion and contraction of in 17 territory 155–156 Armed Forces 141 financing background and context 133–134 alternative money/value conflict transfer services 48 nature of 144–156 management, expenditure and protagonists 134–143 ‘burn rate’ 48–49 trajectory 156–158 movement and use of funds and counter-terrorism units 141 assets 47–48 example of wide-scale regional sources of funding 47 instability 236 French counter-terrorism 262, 264, and Iran 133, 143, 146, 157, 158, 267, 270 178 future forecasting Islamic State in 21, 27–28, 36–39, leadership 53–54 43–44, 47–48, 53, 54, re-branding 52 152–156, 177 relationship to AQ 53 politics 148–149 territorial control 53

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ideology and aims overview 124–125 apocalypse 41–42 Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) Caliphate 41–42 announcement of formation of 19, Salafi-Jihadism 39–40 137 Wahhabism 40 AQI rebranded as 37 in India attacks 146–147, 150 limited influence 304–305 France’s participation in coalition possible attack 306 against 270 leadership and organisational Islamic State’s origins in 36 structure leadership of 42, 137, 149–150 affiliates and adherents 45, 229 rebranded as ISIS 38, 42, 150–151 domestic and political 44–45 reduction of members 149 governmental bodies 42–43 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) military 43 also referred to as Islamic State 36 official announcement of creation announcement of creation of 150 of 153 component groups 150–151 overview focus of US counter-terrorism 227, emergence and expansion 229 (2006–2015) 37–38 ignorance of nature of 45 origins (2003–2006) 36–37 ISI rebranding 38 retraction (2015–2020) 38–39 rapid weakening of 255–256 recruitment sectarianism 125 demographics 45 speed of control 152–153 methods 45–46, 51, 219 terror tactics 219 strategy and tactics threat to United States 217–218 conceptual frameworks 49 and Zawahiri 151 strategy 49–50 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant tactics 50–52 (ISIL) 36, 38, 42, 214, 235 in Syria Israel Kurdish forces fighting against and al-Qaeda 15, 19, 137 173, 178, 183 counter-terrorism prevalence in conflict 171–172, institutions 281–287 177, 182 legislation 287–288, 294 and Turkey 180 strategy and tactics 288–293, US seeking to combat 183 294 terror tactics 218–219 and Hamas 58–59, 65–66, 75 as threat to France 254–256 aims 60–62 as threat to United Kingdom 235 armed struggle 72–75 training 46–47 emergence 59–60 US counter-terrorism 214–215 Gaza tunnels 70 see also Islamic State Khorasan Qassam Brigades 64–65 Province (ISKP); Islamic recruitment and training 67–68 State of Iraq (ISI); Islamic and Hezbollah 175 State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) opposition buffer with Jordan 184 Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISKP) political and security context emergence of 121, 123–124 277–279 groups allied with 127–128 proliferation of insurgent groups potential threat 130 278–279 terrorism Syria facets of 125–126, 129

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Assad government opposed by backing two-state solution 200 173 East Jerusalem under rule of 189, attacks on 168, 170 191 and Jordan 184 Israel capturing East Jerusalem from relations between 180 191, 195 terrorism threats 279–280 and location of Palestine 58, 61, see also Palestinian–Israeli conflict 188, 277 Israel Defence Forces (IDF) 13, 285–286 opposition buffer with Israel 184 Israeli Anti-Terror Law (2016) 287 participation in wars 200 Israeli National Police (INP) 284–285, Jundullah 129 286, 294 Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, see Kashmir Qassam Brigades Armed Forces Special Powers Acts 317 Jabhat Fatah al-Sham 177 dispute between Pakistan and India Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) over 84, 88, 109, 299–300, attacks on India 93, 95, 100, 103, 301, 305 305 earthquake 98 as favoured by ISI 93, 128 Harakat-ul-Mujahideen’s focus of guerrilla training camps 303 operations 128 listed by US as foreign terrorist LeT organisation 100 funding 99 as Pakistani terrorist organisation operations in 84, 90–92, 128, 318 303–304, 305 suicide bombing adopted by 92 primary military and as threat to India 130, 305 ideological focus on 100, JAM, see Jaysh al-Mehdi (JAM) 101 Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD) 85, 88–90, 94, Pakistan supporting ‘freedom 96–99, 100–103, 128 struggle’ in 99 Jamaat ul-Ahrar 127 screen detailing martyrs in 97 Jaysh al-Mehdi (JAM) Khalistan terror campaign 301, 306–307, 2007 ceasefire 148–149 314, 317 Baghdadi targeting 150 Kurds as beneficiary of funding from Iran Iraq protagonist 142 143 IS fighting 50, 155, 173 clash with coalition forces 145–146 Northern Syria divided between Iraq protagonist 139–140 Turkey and 184 sub-divisions within 149 opposition groups 177–178 JeM, see Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) pushing for greater autonomy 157 ‘jihadi highways’ 138, 152 in Syria 168, 172–173, 176–178, Jihadist terrorism 183 classification 215–216 Turkey keen to control 180, 183 as differing from traditional terrorism 1–2 Lashkar, see Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) threats posed by 216–217, 305–306 Lashkar-e-Islam 127 Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 308 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi-e-Alaami 128 Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) 222 Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) Jordan Afghan genesis 86–88 Al-Qaeda targeting 15 background and context 84–86

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foreign recruitment and global reach mujahideen, see Afghanistan 101–102 Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) 19, funding 98–99 137, 146–147 ideology 88–89 Mumbai attacks 84, 94, 101–102, military recruitment and training 302–303, 304, 311, 317 95–96, 98, 101–102, 303–304 Muslim Brotherhood 168, 169, 176, 199, operations 269 beyond Kashmir 92–95 MVTS, see money/value transfer Kashmir 84, 90–92, 303–304, services (MVTS) 305 organisational structure 89–90 9/11 terrorist attack as Pakistani terrorist organisation Al-Qaeda 15, 217 128, 318 counter-terrorism politics and tightening sanctions institutions 220–223 102–104 legislation 224–227 pressure, adapting to 99–100 responses 6–7, 213–214 public outreach 96–98 strategies and tactics 228–230 leadership of Islamic State 42–45 impact on Afghanistan 114 future forecasting 53–54 LeT’s response to 99–100 legislation, see counter-terrorism (CT): support for bin Laden following 16 legislation total cost estimation 25 LeT, see Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) as well planned and well executed lone wolf attacks 27, 214, 256 25 Loppsi 1 (2002 and 2003) 260 National Coordination of Intelligence Loppsi 2 (2011) 259 and Counter-Terrorism (NCICT) 265 Macron, Emmanuel 262, 263, 269 National Counter-Terrorism Center Majlis al-Shura 62–63 (NCTC), US 221, 228 Markaz-e-Dawa w’al Irshad (MDI), see National Counter-Terrorism Centre Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD) (NCTC), France 262 Massoud, Ahmadshah 111–112, 114, National Gendarmerie 263 118, 130 National Intelligence Council (NIC) military 265–266 France 263–264 National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) Hamas 64–68, 73, 75–76, 199, 279 311 Islamic State 43, 49–50, 53 National Investigation Agency (NIA) Israel 285–287, 289–291, 293, 294 309, 317 LeT 84–86, 91, 95–96, 99 National Plan to Prevent Radicalisation Palestinian–Israeli conflict (NPPR) 268–269 large-scale operations in National Security Advisory Board 195–196 (NSAB) 308–309 occupation in 196–197 National Security Agency (NSA) 220, recruitment and training 95–96 223, 225 Turkish 172–173, 180, 184 National Security Council (NSC) United States 212–213, 229 India 308 Milli Muslim League (MML) 85, United States 220, 222–223 102–103 (NSG) 311 money/value transfer services (MVTS) National Strategy for Counterterrorism 48 (NSCT) 227 Mossad 14, 281, 282, 283, 290

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National Technical Research background 58–59 Organisation (NTRO) 310 Hamas Northern Ireland 233–234 aims of 60–62 Nusra, al- 38, 54, 150–151, 173, 177 armed struggle 72–75 emergence of 59–60 Obama administration 214, 225, 226, 229 financing of 70–71 Obama, Barack 223, 225, 227 as most threatening group 279 ‘open source jihad’ 51–52, 216 recruitment 66 organisational structure training camps 68 Al-Qaeda 16–22 welfare provision 71–72, 75 Hamas 62–65 insurgent groups 278–279 Islamic State 42–45 liberation of 60–61 LeT 89–90 and Qassam Brigades 64, 65 organisational theory 16 see also Intifadas; Palestinian– Israeli conflict Pakistan Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) attacks on 14, 22 aim of 58–59 bin Laden’s death in 150, 214, 217, Azzam joining 13 229 establishment 58, 77 dispute with India over Kashmir 88, groups under umbrella movement 109, 299–300, 301, 305 of 278 FATA 115, 118, 119, 121, 124, 127, Hamas 215 failed reconciliation agreement as funnel for fighters 12–13 63 geopolitics 108–109 Qassam Brigades role 64 international counter-terrorism rejection of Oslo Accords 61 efforts 317–318 Israel attacking Syrian Army during Khalistan-inspired terror 306 conflict with 168 and LeT 84–86, 303–304 Israel’s besiegement of Beirut 195 Afghan genesis 86–88 Oslo Agreement signed 189, 198 ideology 88–89 peace agreement with Israel 77 JuD 85, 96–99, 101, 102, 103 relinquishment of goal 59 MML 102–103 Palestinian Authority (PA) 59, 61–62, operations in Kashmir 90–92 67, 71, 76–77, 189, 197–199, 203, pressures 99–100 280 reaction to Mumbai 93, 94 Palestinian–Israeli conflict militiamen 175–176 background 188–191 objectives 109–110 escalation of 278 supporting ‘freedom struggle’ in Israel’s counter-terrorism 281–294 Kashmir 99 manifestations of and Taliban 111–113, 115–117, 119, inter-state wars 194–195 121, 124 invasions and large-scale terrorist organisations 127–128, 130 military operations as threat to India today 305 195–196 see also Inter-Services Intelligence military occupation 196–197 Agency (ISI) Pakistan nature of Pakistan Taliban Movement (TTP) 89, ethnicity 193–194 92, 115, 121, 124, 127 as multi-faceted 191 Palestine religion 192, 277–278 territory 192–193

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political and security context prevention of terrorism 277–279 France protagonists Counter-Terrorism Israel 197 Coordination Unit Palestinians 197–199 261–262 regional and international actors as early counter-terrorism 200–202 strategy 266 threat between 279–280 National Plan to Prevent trajectory of 202–204 Radicalisation 268–269 Palestinians Prevention of Terrorism Hamas’s aim to govern 61–62, 75 Radicalisation File 253, as protagonist in conflict with Israel 262 197–199 India welfare of 61, 71–72 Prevention of Terrorism Act paramilitary organisations, India 315 311–313 Terrorist and Disruptive Patriot Act of 2001 (US) 213, 224 Activities (Prevention) Penal Code, France 258 Act 314 Plan Vigipirate 269–270 Unlawful Activities police (Prevention) Act France 255, 257–258, 260, 261–262, 315–316 263 Israel India 300, 301, 309, 311–314, as counter-terrorism strategy 316–317 284, 288, 294 Iraqi 145, 148, 150, 156 Prevention of Terrorism Act Israel 284–285, 294 288 United Kingdom 237–238, 239, Shin Bet 281 241–243, 245, 247 United Kingdom (UK) United States 219, 222 Prevention of Terrorism Act political and security context of terrorism 233, 241 France 253–254 Terrorism Prevention and India 299–307 Investigation Measures Israel 277–279 Act 242 United Kingdom 233–235 United States 213 United States 212–215 Prevention of Terrorism Acts Political Bureau (Hamas) 62, 63, 69 1948, Israel 288 political structure of Islamic State 44–45 2002, India 315 politics United Kingdom 233, 241 Afghan–Pakistani 108–109 Protect pillar 244–245 Iraqi 149–150, 157 public outreach, LeT 96–98 LeT 102–104 Pursue pillar 244 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) 59, 198, 278, Qassam Brigades 60, 64–65, 67–68, 72, 294 73, 74, 199 pre-charge detention 241–242, 245–246 Qatar 71, 200–201 Prepare pillar 245 Qutb, Sayyid 10, 12, 40, 108, 217 Presidential Policy Guidance (PPG) 2013 225–226 radicalisation Prevent pillar 244 France

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Counter-Terrorism Salafism 39–41, 46, 51, 53, 85–88, 104, Coordination Unit 177, 179, 217, 269 261–262 Saudi Arabia distinction with terrorism 271 Al-Qaeda in 17, 217 National Plan to Prevent bin Laden in 113 Radicalisation 268–269 donations to Hamas 70, 78 numbers subject to 253, 256 as regional actor in Syrian war 179 overview 256–257 SCIRI, see Supreme Council for the in prisons 23–24, 37, 238, 256–257 Islamic Revolution in Iraq United Kingdom (SCIRI) definition 244 Service Against Money Laundering and drivers of 238 Financing of Terrorism (SMLFT) programme for countering 266 246–247 Shashastra Seema Baal (SSB) 312–313 as US domestic CT priority 227–228 Shia (RPF) 313 attacks and insurgency 145–146, recruitment 148 Al-Qaeda (AQ) 22–24, 217, 218 division with Sunnis 40–41, 86, 136, Hamas 65–67, 69 168, 170, 178, 184, 216–217 internet and social media as driver foundations 138 of 235–236 Hazara forces 112, 125 Islamic State 45–46, 51, 219 Iran 178–179 LeT and JAM 139–140, 145–146 foreign 101–102 militiamen 149, 150, 175–176 military 95–96 and Salafism 39 religion 192 sects in Syrian war 173–176, 201 Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) ‘Shia-fication’ of Iraqi government 309, 310, 313, 318 37 returnees uprising quashed 139 French 255–256 and Zarqawi 19, 136–137 United Kingdom 235 Shin Bet 281–282, 283, 287, 290, 291 right-wing terrorism Shura Council France 257 Hamas 62–63 United Kingdom 238 Islamic State 42–43 rockets Mujahideen 19, 137, 146–147 Hamas 65, 68, 72–74, 201, 279–280 social welfare, see welfare Palestinian militants 286, 289, 292 Somalia, see Al-Qaeda in Somalia Qassam Brigades 65 state government organisations and services, India 313 involvement in Syria 152, 172, 173, services and state police 181–182, 183, 184 anti-terrorism squads (ATS) 309, relations with Hamas 71 313 Strategic Policy Group 308 7/7 terrorist attack (London, 2005) 16, strategy and tactics 26, 236–237, 240, 241 Al-Qaeda’s grand 15, 19, 136–137 Sadr, Muqtada al- 138, 139–140, 143, counter-terrorism 145, 148 France 266–270, 271 Sa’eed, Hafez 85, 87, 94, 100, 101, India 317–318 102–103 Israel 288–293, 294 United Kingdom 243–247

Paul Burke, Doaa’ Elnakhala and Seumas Miller - 9781800371309 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/29/2021 12:49:03AM via free access Index 335

United States 213–214, Syria 227–230 Al-Qaeda in 177 Hamas 71–75 conflicts with Israel 194–195 Islamic State 49–52 example of wide-scale regional suicide bombers instability 236 in Afghanistan foreign fighters 141–142, 152, 235, advent of 117–119 242 Al-Qaeda 114 France’s involvement in 270 evolution of 121 and Hamas 68, 70, 78, 200, 201, 205 suicide campaign 119–120 Islamic State Taliban terrorism 122 access to financial institutions Al-Qaeda plan for UK 25 47–48 Hamas 65, 68, 72–73, 201, 279 dominance of 21, 27–28 JeM 92, 103 operating in 36–37, 39 Palestinian 59, 195, 286, 292 sectarianism 125 Qassam Brigades’ main tactic 65 territorial control 53, 54, 156, in Turkey 180 157, 254 in United Kingdom 241, 245, 260 weakening of 255 Sunni ‘Awakening’ 137–138, 146, north, divided between Turkey and 148–149, 150 Kurds 184 Sunnis US counter-terrorism 217–218, 229 and Assad family 167, 169, 174 see also Islamic State of Iraq and Azzam as figure of power 14 Syria (ISIS); Syrian war and Baghdadi 37–38 (SDF) 172, division with Shia 40–41, 86, 136, 173, 176–177, 178, 181, 183, 184 168, 170, 178, 184, 216–217 (SNC) 171, 173, insurgency 135–136, 146, 151 176 and JAM 140, 148–149 Syrian war Jundullah 129 context Muslim Brotherhood 176 2012–2014 171 Pakistani 88 2014–2016 171–172 and Salafism 39 2017–present 172–173 Saudi Arabia 178–179 Assad family 169–170 ‘Sunni region project’ 157 build-up and preconditions Syria’s population 168 167–168 and Zarqawi 19, 37, 136, 144–145, civil war onset 38 146 uprising (2011) 170–171 suppression major actors France’s counter-terrorism strategy international influencers 266 181–182 Israel’s suppression of nationalism opposition groups 176–178 196 regional entities 178–180 of Muslim Brotherhood protests 168 Shia sects 173–176 Supreme Council for the Islamic nature of 182–183 Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI) representations 185–186 138–139, 148 representing series of interrelated ‘The Surge’ and layered struggles AQI in disarray 149 184–185 and insurgent responses 147–148 trajectory numbers of US forces 143 tentative predictions 183

Paul Burke, Doaa’ Elnakhala and Seumas Miller - 9781800371309 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/29/2021 12:49:03AM via free access 336 Global jihadist terrorism

‘zones of control’ model to United Kingdom 235–238 183–184 to United States 215–219 United States see also political and security international influencer 181 context of terrorism involvement 214–215 Terrorism Act of 2000 234–235, 240–241, 246 Taliban Terrorism Act of 2006 241, 246 and Afghan civil war 111–112 terrorism legislation, see compact with al-Qaeda 112–114, counter-terrorism (CT): legislation 127 Terrorism Prevention and Investigation defeat 115–116 Measures Act, UK 242 groups operating in alliance with Terrorism Prevention and Radicalisation 126–130 Reporting File (FSPRT) 253, 262 impact of terrorism 123 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities insurgency against NATO forces 91 (Prevention) Act, India 314 Iraq and suicide bombers 117–119 terrorist attacks and ISKP 121, 123–126 Al-Qaeda 16, 17–19, 21, 22, 26, 28, negotiations with United States 129, 114, 118–119, 217 130 Al-Qaeda/ISI 146–147, 149, 150 Pakistan unwilling to betray 100 coalition forces on Syria 172, 270 resurgence 116–117 fedayeen and Ba’athist 135, 144, and suicide bombing 119, 120, 129 145–146 terrorism today 122 in France 253–256 war of ‘neo-Taliban’ 117–118 against India 301–307 Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu-Kashmir ISKP 125 (TAJK) 103 against Israel Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan, see Pakistan Hamas 58, 59, 61, 64–65, 67, Taliban Movement (TTP) 72–74, 199, 279–280 territorial control Hezbollah, expected 201 ISKP establishing 124 Palestinian 197, 198, 277, Islamic State (IS) 279–280, 292 consolidation of 153–155 LeT 84, 92–95, 101–102, 304, 305 expansion and contraction of lone wolf 27, 214, 256 territory 155–156 mujahideen 110–111 future forecasting 53 Shia 135 loss of 254 suicide, in Afghanistan 119–120 prophesied in Quran 41 Taliban 122–123 territory in Palestinian–Israeli conflict in United Kingdom 233, 236–238 192–193 in United States 213, 214, 217 terror tactics/acts of terror 218–219 using CBRN devices 245 terrorism Zarqawi 136 definition 234–235 see also 7/7 terrorist attack (London, impact 123 2005); 9/11 terrorist attack; India Charlie Hebdo attack; contemporary 299–304 Mumbai attacks international 304–305 terrorist groups threats in Afghanistan 126–129 to France 254–257 Al-Qaeda franchise 17–22 to India 305–307 classification 215–216 to Israel 279–280 overview 2–4

Paul Burke, Doaa’ Elnakhala and Seumas Miller - 9781800371309 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/29/2021 12:49:03AM via free access Index 337 terrorist networks in France and Belgium in Iraq 134 254–255 partition plan 189 Title 10 and Title 50 212–213, 226 Syrian chemical weapons stockpiles torture 171 Israel’s use of 289 United States (US) legislation on 226–227 as actor in Palestinian–Israeli training conflict 201 Hamas 67–68 counter-terrorism Iraqi 141 background 212–215 Islamic State 46–47 institutional architecture LeT 95–96, 98, 101–102, 303–304 219–223 Trump, Donald J. 71, 177, 191, 195, 226 legislation 224–227 Turkey strategy and tactics 213–214, and Kurds 142, 172, 184 227–230 as regional actor in Palestinian– drawdown from Iraq and Israeli conflict 201 Afghanistan 150, 214, 229 support for Hamas 71 forces and Syrian war Baghdadi detained by 42 attack on Northern Syria 173, in Iraq 19, 136, 143 180 targeted by JAM 140 diplomatic overtures 170 Syrian war helping to enforce ceasefire 172 as international influencer 181 northern Syria division 184 involvement in 214–215 as regional actor in 179–180 terrorist attacks 213, 214, 217 and Rojava Defense Units 178 terrorist threats Turkistan Islamic Party/East Turkestan Al-Qaeda 217 Islamic Movement 129 classification 215–216 history 212–215 union government organisations and Islamic State of Iraq and Syria services, India 308–311 217–218 United Kingdom (UK) jihadi 216–217 counter-terrorism tactics and terror acts 218–219 architecture 238–240 Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, legislation and legal framework India 315–316 240–243 USA Freedom Act 224–225 strategy and tactics 243–247 international terrorism 234–235 Wahhabism 40 political and security context waterboarding 227 233–235 welfare right-wing terrorism 238 Hamas charities 69 terrorism threats to 235–238 Hamas goal 61 terrorist attacks in 16, 26, 233, Hamas programme 71–72, 199 236–238, 240, 241 LeT 85–86, 102 United Nations (UN) Western democracy 115–116 as actor in Palestinian–Israeli conflict 202 Zarqawi, Abu Musab al- Armistice Agreement 194 adoption of suicide bombing 119 Egypt, Syria and Israel 194–195 AQI 18–19, 29, 37, 136–137, 146 estimation of Yazidis executed by death of 37 IS 154

Paul Burke, Doaa’ Elnakhala and Seumas Miller - 9781800371309 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/29/2021 12:49:03AM via free access 338 Global jihadist terrorism

tactics 144, 146 justification of suicide bombing 119 Zawahiri, Ayman al- as lacking leadership skills 150–151 allegiance to Taliban emirs 127 leadership of al-Qaeda following announcement of creation of AQIS death of bin Laden 150, 217 21–22 objection to absorption of Nusra into announcing expulsion of ISIS from IS 177 al-Qaeda 151 official break from Islamic State 38 castigating AQI and Zarqawi for vision of most suitable way targeting Shias 37 to achieve establishing codifying aims of al-Qaeda 15–16 Caliphate 18–19, 54, 136 Egyptian exile 113 zones of armed conflict founding of al-Qaeda 13–14 components 2 four stage al-Qaeda strategy for Iraq overview 4–6 136–137 ‘zones of control’ model 183–184 ideology 12

Paul Burke, Doaa’ Elnakhala and Seumas Miller - 9781800371309 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/29/2021 12:49:03AM via free access