DOCSLIB.ORG

1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 “Pay”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 “Pay” TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 “Pay” Defined 7 1.2 Pay is a Key Public Service Issue 8 1.3 Diverse Interests and Policy Objectives Complicate Pay Decisions 12 1.3.1 Pay policy may be used to pursue egalitarian and equity goals 13 1.3.2 Labour unions and vested groups in the public service often ignore labour market prices 14 1.3.3 Raising pay is difficult when budgetary allocations to operational and maintenance (O&M) costs are low 15 1.3.4 Significant improvement in service delivery entails expansion of the workforce 15 1.3.5 Pay operates in conjunction with other organisational and managerial systems 16 1.4 Politics is Inherent in Public Service Pay Decisions 17 1.5 Study Objectives and Hypothesis 18 1.6 Study Approach and Methodologies 19 1.7 Scope of the Study 19 1.8 Problems, Constraints and Implications 20 1.9 Structure and Content of the Study Report 21 2 A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF PAY TRENDS AND STRUCTURES 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Pay Trends 22 2.3 Wage Bill Levels 27 2.4 Pay Structures 29 2.5 Summary Observations 30 3 TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, MODELS AND SEQUENCING 32 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Public Service Pay Tactics, Techniques and Models 33 3.3 Corporatism Model 34 3.4 Salary Indexation Model 36 3.5 Wage Bill and Employment Model 37 3.6 Pressure-Driven cum Patronage Model 37 3.7 Cost of Living cum Egalitarian Model 38 3.8 Job Evaluation and Salary Regrading Model 40 3.9 Market Benchmarking Model 41 3.10 Performance Related Pay Model 41 3.11 Dominant Policy Orientations of the Decision-Making Models 42 3.12 Scanty Evidence of Sequencing Decisions 44 4 PAY REFORM AND POLITICS 47 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Theoretical Perspective 49 4.3 Political and Related Variables in Pay Reform 51 4.3.1 Pay Reform as a Problematique in Resource Allocation 51 4.3.2 Political System and Stability Variables 58 4.3.3 Civil Society and Public Service Variables 66 4.4 Economic Variables 70 4.5 Conclusion 72 5 TOWARDS A POLITICALLY RESPONSIVE STRATEGY TO PAY REFORM 74 5.1 Introduction 74 5.2 The shift from political to rational models 74 5.3 The Way Forward 77 6 BENIN 82 6.1 Introduction 82 6.2 The Pay System 84 6.3 Techniques and Tactics 85 6.4 Political Systems and Actors over the years 89 6.5 Past Public Service Reforms and their legacy (1960-1989) 91 6.6 Politics and political process of pay reform (1990-2002) 93 6.7 Politics of pay reform 1990-1997 95 6.8 Politics of pay reform: 1997 to the present 97 6.9 Political steps imperative for pay reform in Benin 98 7 BOTSWANA 100 7.1 Introduction 100 7.2 The Pay System: Structure and Trends 100 7.3 Techniques, Tactics and Sequencing 103 7.3.1 Pay Reform Sequencing and Characteristics 106 7.4 The Political Context 107 7.4.1 The Dominance of the Executive Branch 107 7.4.2 Civil Society and Labour Movement 108 7.4.3 Political Parties 110 7.5 Pay Reform and Politics 112 7.6 Conclusion 115 8 BURKINA FASO 116 8.1 Introduction 116 8.2 Pay Trends and Structure 117 8.3 Tactics, Techniques and Sequencing 119 8.4 Politics 121 8.4.1 Political systems and actors over the years 121 8.4.2 Past public service reforms and their legacy in Burkina Faso 123 8.4.3 The politics and political process of pay reform (1990-2002) 127 8.4.4 Susceptibility of Burkina Faso to political pressure in the public service pay reform process: The political forces 129 8.5 Political steps imperative for pay reform in Burkina Faso 130 9 GHANA 132 9.1 Introduction 132 9.2 Pay Trends and Structure 133 9.3 Politics 136 9.4 The Politics of Disrupted Reform, 1957 - 1981 136 9.4.1 State of the Economy 136 9.4.2 The Policy Context 137 9.4.3 The Basic Features of the Period 141 9.5 The Politics of Sustained Reform, 1982 - 1992 143 9.5.1 Politics of the Reform Programme, 1981-1983 143 9.5.2 Outcomes of the Economic Recovery Programme 144 9.5.3 The Public Sector Pay and Employment Reform, 1986-92 146 9.5.4 Reform Strategies, Tactics and Sequencing 148 9.6 Reform under Democratization, 1993 - 2000 149 9.6.1 The Policy Context 149 9.6.2 Liberalized Politics and Declining Economy 150 9.6.3 The Political Explanation 152 9.7 Reform Prospects in the Post-Rawlings’ Era: 2001 Onwards 154 9.7.1 Economic Position by 2000 154 9.7.2 The Pay Reform Policy Context 156 10 SENEGAL 159 10.1 Introduction 159 10.2 Pay Trends and Structure 160 10.3 Tactics and Techniques 160 10.4 A Political History of Senegal 164 10.5 Party System and Elections 164 10.6 The Politics of Public Service Pay 167 10.7 Conclusion 169 11 TANZANIA 171 11.1 Introduction 171 11.2 Pay Reform in Tanzania 172 11.3 Tanzania’s Politics and Policy Process 176 11.3.1 One-Party Hegemony 176 11.3.2 Egalitarianism 184 11.3.3 Civic Peace, Unity and Stability 186 11.3.4 Bureaucratic Autonomy in Policy Making 186 11.4 The Politics of Pay Reform 188 11.5 Concluding Observations 193 12 UGANDA 194 12.1 Introduction 194 12.2 Pay Trends and Structure 196 12.3 Techniques, Tactics and Sequencing 198 12.3.1 Pay reform and the public service reform 205 12.3.2 Pay as an incentive system 206 12.4 Politics 209 12.4.1 Trade Unionism 211 12.4.2 Political Priority in Resource Allocation 214 12.4.3 The Role of Donors 215 12.4.4 Remuneration Comparison between Civil Servants and Politicians 215 12.4.5 The Pension Scheme 216 12.5 Summary Observations 217 13 ZAMBIA 219 13.1 Introduction 219 13.2 Pay Trends and Structure 219 13.3 Political History of Zambia 221 13.3.1 Party Politics 221 13.3.2 Organized Labor and the State 224 13.3.3 The MMD: Unstable Coalition 227 13.3.4 The Politics of Pay Reform 228 13.3.5 Elections and Public Service Pay Increases 229 13.3.6 Trade Unions and Pay Reform 232 13.4 Concluding Observation 234 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 14.1 Chapter 4 235 14.2 Benin 235 14.3 Botswana 236 14.4 Burkina Faso 237 14.5 Ghana 237 14.6 Tanzania 238 14.7 Others 238 14.8 Uganda 238 14.9 Zambia 239 TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES TABLES Page Table 1.1: Comparison of Major Demographic, Economic and Fiscal Indicators for 11 the Study Countries: 1990 – 2000 Table 2.1: Comparison (in dollar parity terms) of Top and Bottom Salary Levels for 26 the Study Countries, 1992 – 2001 Table 3.1: Models, Tactics and Techniques 33 Table 3.2: Three Dominant Policy Orientations of Public Service Pay Decision- 42 Making Models Table 4.1: Strength and Orientation of the Main Actors 53 Table 4.2(a): Pay Reform, Ideology and Political Organization 59 Table 4.2(b): Political System and Stability Variables 60 Table 4.3: Civil Society Variables: Strength of Civil Society Generally, Trade 67 Unions, Media and Opposition Parties Specifically Table 4.4: Public Service Variables 69 Table 4.5: Economic Variables, 1990-2000 Averages 71 Table 4.6 Political Institutionalization and Political Competition 72 Table 4.7 Political System and Reform Performance Competition 73 Table 6.1: Benin - A Schedule of Public/Civil service Pay Decisions, 1980 to the 86 Present Table 6.2: Real Wage per Civil Servant (Index 1990 = 100) 88 Table 7.1: Difference between Minimum Wage and Highest Wage in Public Service 103 Table 7.2: Botswana - A Schedule of Major Public/Civil Service Pay Decisions, 1990 104 to Present Table 7.3: BDP Parliamentary Seats 1965-1999 110 TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES Table 8.1: Salary Structure by Qualifications and Experience 118 Table 8.2: Burkina Faso - A Schedule of Public/Civil Service Pay Decisions, 1989 to 119 Present Table 9.1: Ghana - A Schedule of Public/Civil Service Pay Decisions, 1991 to 135 Present Table 9.2: Changes in Nominal Daily Minimum Wage, 1970s-2001 in Cedis 138 Table 9.3: Reasons for 54 Pay Increase Decisions for the Civil Service and other 154 Public Services, 1992 – 2002 Table 10.1: Senegal – Table of Major Pay Decisions: 1980 – 2003 161 Table 10.2: Senegal: Government Wage Bill and Number of Civil Servants, 1994 – 162 2000 Tabl2 10.3: Electoral Results 165 Table 11.1: Tanzania - A Schedule of Public/Civil Service Pay Decisions, 1989 to 177 Present Table 11.2: The 1995 and 2000 Parliamentary Elections 184 Table 11.3: The 1995 and 2000 Presidential Elections 184 Table 12.1: Tax Revenue Collection, 1988/89 – 1995/96 194 Table 12.2: Uganda - A Schedule of Public/Civil Service Pay Decisions, 1989 to 200 Present Table 13.1: Zambia – Major Public/Civil Service Pay Decisions, 1990 to Present 222 FIGURES Figure 2.1(a): Comparative Trends in Median Salary Levels (in dollar parity terms) for 23 the Study Countries: 1992 – 2001 Figure 2.1(b): Comparative Trends in median salary levels (in dollar parity terms) for the 24 study countries: 1992 – 2001 – (Botswana excluded) Figure 2.2: Comparative Nominal Wage Bill to GDP Ratio (%): 1992 – 2000 28 (excluding Botswana) Figure 2.3: Nominal Salary decompression ratio: 1992 – 2001 30 Figure 3.1: Study Countries’ Choice of Pay Models through Five Political-Economy 46 Epochs, from 1960s to around 2000 Figure 4.1: The Main Actors in the Politics of Resource Mobilization and Allocation 53 Figure 5.1: Institutionalization – Competition 80 Figure 6.1: Benin Salary Levels in 2000 and 2001 88 Figure 7.1: Trends in Top, Median and Bottom Salary Levels in Botswana at Constant 101 Prices, 1990 to Present Figure 8.1: Burkina Faso – Trends in Top, Median and Bottom Salary Levels at 118 Constant Prices, 1992 to the Present Figure 9.1: Trends in Top, Median and Bottom Salary Levels in Ghana at Constant 133 Prices, 1990 to Present - 1995=100 Figure 10.1: Treads in Top, Median and Bottom Salary Levels in Senegal at Constant 161 Prices (1995 = 100) 1992 to 2000 Figure 11.1: Tanzania salary levels at constant prices: 1995=100 174 Figure 12.1: Uganda salary levels at constant prices 1995=100 198 Figure 13.1: Zambia salary levels at constant prices: 1995=100 220 TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES BOXES Box 1.1: Use of Non-Salary Allowances and Benefits as a Tactic in Public Service 8 Pay Policy Box 3.1: Salary Review Commission Tactic to Public Service Pay Decisions 35 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To successfully carry out this study, we have benefited greatly from many organizations and individuals.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Technical Report to IDRC Building African Capacity in Science
    Technical Report to IDRC Building African Capacity in Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators IDRC Grant Number: 104753 Period Covered: July 6, 2009 – December 31, 2011 Submitted: March 30, 2012 Submitted by: Fred Gault Managing Institution United Nations University – Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Centre on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), the Netherlands Research Team Project Manager Prof. Fred Gault, UNU-MERIT and Tshwane University of Technology, Institute for Research on Innovation (TUT-IERI), Pretoria, South Africa Adjudicators/Trainers Prof. Martin Bell, Science and Technology Policy Research Unit (SPRU), University of Sussex, UK. Prof. Michael Kahn, TUT-IERI, Pretoria, South Africa Prof. Mammo Muchie, holder of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) -National Research Foundation (NRF) South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) Chair at TUT- IERI, Pretoria, South Africa Dr. Watu Wamae, RAND Europe, Cambridge, and the Open University, Milton Keynes, UK . Synthesis This Project exemplified learning by doing, using and interacting. It was about case study teams responding to a Call for Proposals, issued by UNU-MERIT, doing research on the topics of their choice and producing reports accepted at international conferences and published on the UNU- MERIT website. At every stage an expert team of trainers and mentors supported the members of the case study teams. The knowledge gained from the Project contributed to the thinking that led to the new Inclusive Innovation for Development (IID) Programme of IDRC and the case study team members are participating in an emerging network of scholars in Africa that is considering the creation of Africalics, an African part of Globelics.
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploratory Study on Labour Recruitment And
    An Exploratory Study on Labour Recruitment and Migrant Worker Protection Mechanisms in West Africa: The Case of Côte d’Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal This exploratory study has been produced as part of the International Organization for Migration’s (IOM) “Promoting Responsible Recruitment from West Africa to the Gulf (GCC) Region” project funded by the Migration Resource Allocation Committee (MIRAC).* It has been managed by the Labour Migration and Human Development (LHD) Division at the Regional Office for West and Central Africa in Dakar and the IOM country mission in Abidjan. The preliminary research for this report, conducted from August to December 2018, was funded by the FMM Project (Support Free Movement of Persons and Migration in West Africa). The contents of this study are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of IOM. Additionally, IOM does not endorse any of the private recruitment agencies described in this study. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the study do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Senegambian Confederation: Prospect for Unity on the African Continent
    NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law Volume 7 Number 1 Volume 7, Number 1, Summer 1986 Article 3 1986 SENEGAMBIAN CONFEDERATION: PROSPECT FOR UNITY ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/ journal_of_international_and_comparative_law Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation (1986) "SENEGAMBIAN CONFEDERATION: PROSPECT FOR UNITY ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT," NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law: Vol. 7 : No. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/journal_of_international_and_comparative_law/vol7/iss1/3 This Notes and Comments is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@NYLS. NOTE SENEGAMBIAN CONFEDERATION: PROSPECT FOR UNITY ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................ 46 II. THE SHADOW OF CONFEDERATION .......................... 47 A. Debate on the Merits of a Union: 1960-81 ......... 47 B. Midwife to Confederation: 1981 Coup Attempt in The G ambia ... .. ............................ 56 III. THE SUBSTANCE OF CONFEDERATION ........................ 61 A. Introduction to the Foundation Document and Pro- to co ls . 6 1 B. Defense of The Confederation and Security of Mem- ber S ta tes ...................................... 65 C. Foreign Policy of the Confederation and Member S tates . .. 6 9 D. Unity of Member Nations' Economies and Confed- eral F inance .................................... 71 1. Econom ic Union ............................. 71 2. Confederal Finance .......................... 76 E. Confederal Institutions and Dispute Resolution ... 78 1. Institutions ................................. 78 2. Dispute Resolution ........................... 81 IV. REACTION TO THE CONFEDERATION ................... 82 V. FUTURE PROSPECTS: CONFEDERATION LEADING TO FEDERA- TIO N ? . .. .. 8 4 V I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Senegambia Confederation In
    Aka: The Continued Search for Appropriate Structures for Governance an AkaCameraReady final (Do Not Delete) 7/5/2017 10:05 AM CALIFORNIA WESTERN INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL VOLUME 47 SPRING 2017 NUMBER 2 THE CONTINUED SEARCH FOR APPROPRIATE STRUCTURES FOR GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA IN THE 21ST CENTURY: THE SENEGAMBIA CONFEDERATION IN HISTORICAL AND COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE PHILIP C. AKA*† * Professor of Political Science, Chicago State University; Adjunct Professor of Law, Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law—Indianapolis; Member of the Illinois Bar; former Vice Chair, ABA Committee on International Human Rights; and Corresponding Editor, International Legal Materials (ILM); S.J.D., IU Robert H. McKinney School of Law—Indianapolis; Ph.D., Howard University; LL.M. (summa cum laude), IU Robert H. McKinney School of Law— Indianapolis; J.D., Temple University Beasley School of Law; M.A., University of North Texas; B.A. (magna cum laude), Edinboro University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Aka has written extensively on issues related to minority populations in Africa and the United States, including human rights. His recent publications germane to these topics include HUMAN RIGHTS IN NIGERIA’S EXTERNAL RELATIONS: BUILDING THE RECORD OF MORAL SUPERPOWER (Lexington Books, 2017), and Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Practice in Humanitarian Action: Eight Steps to Humanitarian Wellness in Nigeria, 24 WILLAMETTE JOURNAL OF INT’L LAW & DISPUTE RESOLUTION 1 (Fall 2016). † This Article evolved from a contribution to a festschrift for Professor Sulayman S. Nyang on his retirement following a distinguished academic career at 109 Published by CWSL Scholarly Commons, 2017 1 California Western International Law Journal, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Democracy in Senegal Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa This Page Intentionally Left Blank Democracy in Senegal Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa
    Democracy in Senegal Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa This page intentionally left blank Democracy in Senegal Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa Sheldon Gellar DEMOCRACY IN SENEGAL © Sheldon Gellar, 2005. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-7026-8 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-53192-9 ISBN 978-1-4039-8216-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403982162 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gellar, Sheldon. Democracy in Senegal : Tocquevillian analytics in Africa / Sheldon Gellar. p. cm. “Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University.” Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Democracy—Senegal—History. 2. Political culture—Senegal—History. 3. Senegal—Politics and government. I. Indiana University, Bloomington. Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis. II. Title. III. Series. JQ3396.A91G43
    [Show full text]
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
    UNITED NATIONS CCPR Distr. International covenant GENERAL on civil and CCPR/C/103/Add.1 political rights 22 November 1996 ENGLISH Original: FRENCH HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 40 OF THE COVENANT Fourth periodic reports of States parties due in 1995 Addendum SENEGAL 1/ 2/ [30 July 1996] 1/ For the second periodic report submitted by the Government of Senegal, see CCPR/C/37/Add.4; for its consideration by the Committee, see CCPR/C/SR.721•724 and Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty•second session, Supplement No. 40 (A/42/40), paras. 181•223. For the third periodic report submitted by Senegal, see CCPR/C/64/Add.5; for its consideration by the Committee, see CCPR/SR.1179•1181 and Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty•eighth session, Supplement No. 40 (A/48/40), paras. 81•114. 2/ The information communicated by Senegal in accordance with the guidelines for the first part of reports of States Parties is contained in the core document (HRI/CORE/1/Add.51). GE.96•19241 (E) CCPR/C/103/Add.1 page 2 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page Introduction ...................... 1 • 13 3 I. THE RIGHT OF REMEDY IN CASES OF VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS (art. 2) ............. 14 • 31 5 A. Judicial remedies .............. 15 • 21 5 B. The Mediator of the Republic ......... 22 6 C. Referral to international bodies ....... 23 • 27 6 D. The Senegalese Human Rights Committee .... 28 • 30 7 E. The Interministerial Committee on Human Rights 31 7 II. EQUALITY BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN; PROTECTION OF THE CHILD AND THE FAMILY (arts.
    [Show full text]
  • “Leadership and HIV/AIDS – Advancing the Trade Union Response in Africa”
    “Leadership and HIV/AIDS – Advancing the Trade Union Response in Africa” International Trade Union Confederation - Africa pre-Congress event 24 November 2011 Parktonian Hotel, 120 de Korte Street, Protea room Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNION CONFEDERATION- AFRICA 2nd Congress Johannesburg 25-27 November 2011 “Leadership and HIV/AIDS – Advancing the Trade Union Response in Africa” ITUC Africa pre-Congress Event In the Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS, adopted during the June 2011 United Nations General Assembly High Level Meeting on AIDS, all Member States committed to: “mitigate the impact of the epidemic on workers, their families, their dependents, workplaces and economies, including by taking into account all relevant conventions of the International Labour Organization, as well as the guidance provided by the relevant International Labour Organiza- tion recommendations, including Recommendation No. 200” and called on “employers, trade and labour unions, employees and volunteers to eliminate stigma and discrimination, protect human rights and facilitate access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support” (Paragraph 85 of the 2011 UNGA Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS).1 Trade unions all over the world believed that this commitment could play a game-changing role for achieving universal access, finding new models of cooperation, reviewing the place of trade unions in the partnership landscape for HIV/AIDS and considering synergies of delivering on multiple development outcomes. Trade union HIV/AIDS programs were born out of the recognition that AIDS is not simply a question of health but also a social and economic crisis the causes and consequences of which are to be found in the wide range of factors related to the world of work.
    [Show full text]
  • Senegal's Unsustainable Economic Growth
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2019 Senegal’s unsustainable economic growth. Amadou Konteye CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/804 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Senegal’s unsustainable economic growth by Amadou Konteye 2018-2019 MASTERS THESIS Acknowledgement Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my mentor, Professor Nicholas Rush Smith for the continuous support of my research, for his patience and motivation. The Research Methods course with Professor Smith was the preliminary stage of this thesis, and his mentorship helped me throughout the process. My gratitude also goes to Professor Jean Krasno, Professor Kimberly Gamble-Payne, Professor Jacqueline Braveboy-Wagner, and Professor Jong Wan Baik in the Program of International Affairs, who have intrigued, and sharpened my thinking throughout the journey. Also, Professor Ahmed Elkhouly’s quantitative method course and my friends in the Program of International Affairs. At last, my deepest appreciation goes to my mother and brother, whose support has been vital to me in the completion of this chapter. 1 Senegal’s unsustainable economic growth by Amadou Konteye Contents Acknowledgment 1 Contents 2 Abbreviations 3 Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • The Informal ICT Sector and Innovation Processes in Senegal Almamy Konté and Mariama Ndong
    Working Paper Series #2012-009 The informal ICT sector and innovation processes in Senegal Almamy Konté and Mariama Ndong Maastricht Economic and social Research institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU‐MERIT) email: [email protected] | website: http://www.merit.unu.edu Maastricht Graduate School of Governance (MGSoG) email: info‐[email protected] | website: http://mgsog.merit.unu.edu Keizer Karelplein 19, 6211 TC Maastricht, The Netherlands Tel: (31) (43) 388 4400, Fax: (31) (43) 388 4499 UNU-MERIT Working Papers ISSN 1871-9872 Maastricht Economic and social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology, UNU-MERIT Maastricht Graduate School of Governance MGSoG UNU-MERIT Working Papers intend to disseminate preliminary results of research carried out at UNU-MERIT and MGSoG to stimulate discussion on the issues raised. The Informal ICT Sector and Innovation Processes in Senegal Almamy Konté [email protected] Ministry of Higher Education, Universities, Regional University Centres and Scientific Research and Department of Physics, Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar, Senegal and Mariama Ndong Department of Sociology Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis University Saint-Louis, Senegal Abstract This paper investigates the informal information and communication technology (ICT) sector in Senegal with a view to developing indicators that could be used to improve the understanding of the innovation process. Three approaches are used to gather the information needed for the analysis: a review of literature; a questionnaire to collect data; and, a life story to provide context to the research. The analysis provides examples of innovation in the informal ICT sector and examines the relationship of social factors to these examples.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Union Pluralism and Proliferation in French-Speaking Africa
    International Labour Office 4, route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 22- Switzerland Trade union pluralism Bureau for workers’ activities (ACTRAV) [email protected] and proliferation in www.ilo.org/actrav French-speaking Africa Trade union pluralism and proliferation in French-speaking Africa ILO Trade union pluralism and proliferation in French-speaking Africa Trade union pluralism and proliferation in French-speaking Africa International Labour Office Geneva Copyright © International Labour Organization 2010 First edition 2010 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authoriza- tion, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Trade union pluralism and proliferation in French-speaking Africa / International Labour Office, Bureau for Workers’ Activities of the ILO (ACTRAV-ILO) – Geneva: ILO, 2010 ISBN: 978-92-2-123616-0 (print) ISBN: 978-92-2-123617-7 (Web pdf) trade unionism / trade union /
    [Show full text]
  • The ILO in Senegal Senegal and Decent Work
    APRIL 2018 The ILO in Senegal Senegal and decent work ILO Contact Mr François Murangira Director - ILO Decent Work Team for West Africa and Country Office for Senegal, Cabo Verde, the Gambia, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau Immeuble EPI, Boulevard du sud x Rue des Ecrivains, Point E, BP414 – CP 18524 - Dakar. Tel: +221 33 869 9276 Fax : +221 33 869 9233 [email protected] [email protected] Tripartite constituents Senegal is a Sahelian country located in West Africa and is considered as one of Government: Ministère du Travail, du the most stable countries in Africa. In 2016, its population was 15.4 million (23% in Dialogue social et des Organisations Dakar and 40% in rural areas). professionnelles et des Relations avec les Institutions In 2015, the country occupied the 162nd position out of 188 in terms of Human Workers’ organizations: Coalition des Development Index. The Senegalese economy grew at the rate of 6.7% in 2016 as Centrales Syndicales du Sénégal compared to 6.5% in 2015. Despite this economic growth, the labour market is not (Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs capable of creating sufficient opportunities to be able to absorb the labour force. du Sénégal, Confédération Nationale des The demand for jobs is growing at a rate that is twice as high as the supply and Travailleurs du Sénégal-Forces du the youth – constituting half of the population – is exerting severe pressure on the Changement, Union Nationale des labour market. The combined rate of under-employment linked to working times Syndicats Autonomes du Sénégal, and unemployment is around 31.5% (42.4% amongst women and 23.4% amongst Confédération des Syndicats Autonomes, men).
    [Show full text]
  • Presented at the Institutional Analysis and Development Mini-Conference
    Presented at the Institutional Analysis and Development Mini-Conference and TransCoop Meeting Humboldt University/Indiana University, December 13th, 14th, and 16th, 2002, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA Sheldon Gellar CHAPTER VII THE ART OF ASSOCIATION "In all the countries where political associations are prohibited, civil associations are rare."1 "If men are to remain civilized or to become civilized, the art of association must develop and improve among them at the same speed as equality of conditions."2 Tocqueville underscored the strong connections between political and civil associations. When governments banned political associations and political life, they also discouraged citizens from organizing civil associations. "When some types of associations are forbidden and others allowed, it is hard to tell in advance the difference between the former and the latter. Being in doubt, people steer clear of them altogether, and in some vague way public opinion tends to consider any association as a rash and almost illicit enterprise."3 The existence of associations depended on the right to create associations and the willingness of rulers and governments to recognize them. Their patterns of leadership and initiative, however, reflected the kind of society in which they functioned. Tocqueville noted that the dynamics of association differed in aristocratic societies where wealth, power, and high social status rested in the hands of a few individuals. In aristocratic societies, people had no need to come together and unite for action since they were already united under the leadership of the aristocrat. The wealthy aristocrat was usually the only person other than the monarch with the means and authority to initiate new undertakings and to lead what was, in effect, a permanent and enforced association.4 Thus it was not surprising that in aristocratic societies, horizontally based voluntary associations were likely to be rare.
    [Show full text]