Security Council

#MakingHistory

X ANNIVERSARY EDITION

SECURITY COUNCIL

FB.COM/MUNUR.ORG/ WWW.UROSARIO.EDU.CO/MUNUR/ GET READY TO MAKE HISTORY Index:

WELCOME 4 LETTERS

COMMITTEE’S SCOPE: 5 THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL

TOPIC’S GENERAL 6 PRESENTATION: THE SAHEL AS A GEOPOLITICAL PIVOT

STARTING 9 DATE

POSITION OF THE 11 DIFFERENT PARTIES

GUIDING 13 QUESTIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND 14 SUGGESTED SOURCES

WELCOME LETTERS

Dear Delegates, Sponsors and other participants,

Welcome to the United Nations Security Council. My name is Natalia Andrea Pardo and I will be one of your Directors. I am a Lawyer from Universidad del Rosario, I am nishing my second Major in International Relations at the same University and I am working in Corporate Law at a multinational consulting company. is will be my very last MUN and I m very excited to be part of the Crisis Team for MUNUR X. I expect nothing but the best from each of you, preferring quality over quantity and the most important of all, I hope you enjoy the experience and the amazing committee we have prepared for you. My name is Eduard Santiago Rodríguez, I am a student of VII semester of International Relations at the Ponti cia Universidad Javeriana, with some courses of philosophy taken across my academic life. I have been participating on models of United Nations around of ve years and being part of the sta of MUNUR is one of the goals I had been looking up to for a long time ago. e security aairs are the general topic that I have been profundizating the most not only on this kind of activities, but also on my career itself. erefore, I hope your participation in this committee makes you feel the same passion that lls me when it is time to analyze the dynamics of the international peace and major threats for the International Community. Also, I wish you nd in this experience the opportunity to keep digging on this in nite enigma called “knowledge”. For MUNUR X, you will have the opportunity to be part of one of the most challenging committees in the Model, but for sure it will be one of the best experiences. For this year we will be focused in the Sahel region, where chaos is a constant. Accordingly, you will have to bring the best to the committee and try to give realistic but creative solutions to the crisis happening and the ones that may arise. e issues and clashes among communities coexisting in the region could become into a systemic threat to the cultural, social, military and political stability. In addition, the regions the status in Sahel could aect the whole continent and stakeholders, causing a transnational problem. Considering the complexity of the situation and region itself, we seek a highly academic, complex and comprehensive debate in order to achieve solutions for the local junctures. We hope you live an unforgettable experience in these four days, to enjoy the committee to the most and take the best from MUNUR X.

Regards,

Natalia Andrea Pardo. Eduard Santiago Rodríguez. [email protected] [email protected]

4 WELCOME LETTERS

A most warming welcome to you all who decided to be part of MUNUR's ag committee, United Nations' Security Council. My name is Hugo Sacristán Bragança and I'll be this year's crisis director. For me it's a pleasure to work with those who feel passion for the exciting exercise that is a crisis committee. Graham Allison, author and creator of this model truly built an engaging experience that encompasses the decision-making abilities so much needed in this day and age. e fact that you participants recognize its value certainly lls me with determination to give you the best committe possible. I deeply hope all of you give your best in this dynamic and enriching exercise.

Kind regards to you all. I'll see you in the table!

Hugo Sancristan Bragança. [email protected]

Welcome, my name is Margarita Rosa Rodriguez and I am very excited to be accompanying you throughout our agship committee here in MUNUR X. I am currently a student of sixth semester of Foreign Aairs with a minor in Government and Public Management at Universidad del Rosario and, on this occasion, I will be your deputy director for the committee. I have been in MUN´s since the seventh grade, it has been one of my greatest passions in life, and it still is to this day. Personally, I feel that these academic exercises strengthen and enrich important life skills such as speaking in front of an audience and helpful negotiation strategies. at is why, in this 10th edition of MUNUR, I hope to see you all challenging yourselves and giving your best, always taking into account the academic excellence that MUNUR requires. Remember, we as board, are here as a tool in order for you to obtain the best results you can aspire for.

My best regards and good luck to you all.

Margarita Rosa Rodriguez. [email protected]

UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL

6 COMMITTEE’S SCOPE: THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL History:

e establishment of the United Nations system after the two World Wars meant not only the most successful institutionalization attempt inside the International System, but the consolidation of a speci c regime and power balancing through the creation of organisms and a legal framework at the disposal of the ve great powers that emerged as winners of World War II. e United Nations Security Council is the maximum manifestation of these claims.

During the San Francisco Conference of 1945, the Security Council (or UNSC) came out as one and the most important of the six main organs of the United Nations. e protagonist nature of the Security Council is not only due to the binding eect of its resolutions to all members, but also for being the one in charge of protecting the principles of the United Nations such as international peace and cooperation between its members in order to solve the problematics that jeopardy this one. e UNSC´s rst meeting was held on 17 January 1946 to set organizational management. From that moment on, the United States of America, the French Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and, at the time, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Republic of China, protected their interest and position inside the international community by their permanent position on the Council. During the rst ve years of activity (1946-1950), the UNSC held 105 meetings; from the next two ve-year periods (1951-1955 and 1956-1959), there were only around 35 meetings on each one; in the following four years (1960-1963) there was a reactivation manifested on the almost 60 meetings (Petersen, 1965).

e predominance of the permanent members in the Security Council during the rst decades since its creation probably has been the strongest in UNSC s history due to polarization after World War II. e rst years of activity of the committee coincided with the phase of maximum tension of the Cold War, generating a very high number of meetings and increasing the pressure within the UNSC, as the Petersen’s (1965) work shows. e use of the veto power (the capacity to block a resolution from passing, even if the country that exercises its veto power is the only one to vote against said resolution) by permanent members of the Security Council has always been one of the most important rights in favor of the permanent members and it also represents one of the main controversial provisions of the UN Charter. 7 COMMITTEE’S SCOPE: THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL In 1971 Resolution 2758 changed the composition of the committee by the composition of the Council, and presenting diverse solutions to the the principles the UNSC moves for and any kind of breach or a threat to Two rotative members representing Asia: introducing the People’s Republic of China as a permanent member in concentration of power in the permanent members of the Security peace and security must be treated accordingly. For this reason, the 14. Republic of Indonesia (until 2020). replacement of the Republic of China due to the increasing recognition Council. Frome these proposals, two are worth to be highlighted. On one Security Council has the faculty to investigate every controversy that can 15. State of Kuwait (until 2019). by the international community of the People’s Republic of China as the hand, the L.69 Group (composed of 42 developing states), moves to cause international friction to determine if that dispute threatens legitimate government of China. Also, in the 70s, the UNSC began to increase the seats for both permanent and non-permanent members, international security. It’s important to highlight that according to Article 33 of the UN focus in the Middle East as one of the most conict-prone regions. e adding six of the rst ones and sixteen of the second ones. On the other Charter, the Council can call upon any other members, when necessary, region’s dynamics shaped the actions of the committee during the hand, the G4 (composed by Brazil, Germany, India and Japan), bids for When it comes to self-defense armed attacks e Security Council is the to be observers or to contribute to solve any topic or potential disputes. upcoming years, specially taking into account that the role of the UNSC, a 25-members committee with 6 new permanent members. Finally, of one to determine if the legitimate defense was duly executed, and from that moment to the current days, tends to be more important for this proposal, is detached a third conception from the Uniting for whether the decision works within the frame of UN General Assembly the Middle East when the diplomatic frameworks the UN tries to Consensus group (integrated by Italy, Spain, South Korea, Canada, Resolution 3314/1974 (UNGA/RES/3314/1974).. According to Article prioritize fail (Makdisi & Prashad, 2017) Mexico, Turkey, Argentina, Pakistan and Malta), which counters the G4 51 of the UN Charter, self-defense is a right all States have, and can be e UNSC as a Crisis Committee By the last part of the century, the end of the Cold War represented a shift position, considering they’re only working for their interests and not for exercised in an individual or collective way. Nevertheless, no State should in the international society, and it was reected on the Security Council, a more representative Security Council (Lättilä & Ylönen, 2019). take advantage of this provision to threaten international peace and Even though the Security Council is normally considered part of the which included the main actors of the conict as veto powers. Even though the process to reform the UNSC could be a long and hard security. erefore, the UNSC is the organ in charge of studying the traditional branch of MUNs, MUNUR has been recognized for Accordingly, as power further dispersed in the 90s and early 2000s, process, due to political interests, all tensions regarding the management speci c cases where States violate UN principles under Article 51. managing this committee as a mixture of traditional procedure and crisis Non-Permanent Members won visibility within the Council. e of the international agenda, should be considered by delegates in committee components. Accordingly, delegates must be creative, versatile beginning of a new century entailed more action from most powerful MUNUR X. When it comes to decision making processes, negotiation and must overcome dierent situations that arise in the committee, in organ of the United Nations, as best exempli ed in Resolution 827 of and problem solving, veto power could change the path of the work Current members of the UNSC: order to take decisions that will shape the committee itself and will 1993, which created the International Criminal Tribunal for the former developed by non-permanent members. determine the frame of the debate. Yugoslavia. Nonetheless, the major milestone came with the fall of the Five permanent members with veto privilege: When it comes to decision making processes, delegates will not have to Soviet Union in 1991, which would be the catalyst for many new Functions: 1. Fifth French Republic. work on Working Papers, neither Draft Resolutions. In order to proceed challenges this organ would have to face in the future, and which 2. e People's Republic of China. as quickly as possible, delegates will vote only on the Public Directives 3. Russian Federation. introduced in committee. In addition, for this year, the committee will be nowadays are defying the mandate and the very composition of the e United Nations Security Council was created through the UN 4. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. held as a double-delegation committee, which implies 2 people will committee. Charter and is by far the most important organ of the United Nations. 5. United States of America. represent the same country and both will be taken as he ocial e Security Council’s work in the 21st century has been framed by two e UNSC moves, protects and acts upon the principles established in representatives of the UNSC´s member State. main issues and tasks that still prevail nowadays: forces controlled by the Preamble and the rst articles of the Charter. With the United ree rotative members representing Europe: Regarding double-delegation dynamics, according to MUNUR´s rules of non-state actors and the new multipolar con guration of the Nations Charter being a binding international treaty, all Members of the 6. Federal Republic of Germany (until 2020). procedure, delegates are encouraged to hold negotiations inside the International System. e attacks on the New York World Trade Center organization must respect those ruling principles. 7. Kingdom of Belgium (until 2020). committee. Nevertheless, if the delegations want to leave the room, it will in September 11, 2001 generated a new discourse, called the War on Article 1 of the United Nations Charter determines that maintaining 8. Republic of Poland (until 2019). be permissible as long as there is quorum and it is not disruptive for the Terrorism, which ended up in the creation of the Counter-Terrorism international peace and security is the United Nations’ main goal. To development of the caucuses. As your Directors, we encourage each Committee (on side with the Military Sta Committee, the 1540 enforce this, through Chapter VII, the Security Council has the ability to ree rotative members representing Africa: couple to show teamwork and cohesion in the representation of the committee, and the Sanctions Committee), but also in the necessity of take decisions in order to maintain peace and security among States. 9. Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (until 2019). State´s foreign policy. re-de ning debates inside of the UNSC, in order to keep peace and avoid Some might think the only way of proceeding for the UNSC is through 10. Republic of Equatorial Guinea (until 2019). Please nd some of the main procedure rules that will apply in the threats to stability in relations among States and non-State actors. Chapter VII; however, the UNSC mainly implements preventive 11. Republic of South Africa (until 2020). UNSC, in addition to the GA procedure rules: Leading to a perception of the Council as the organ in charge of establish measures discouraging International and Non-International conicts, not only the actions, but also the legal framework to determine the new instead of the reactive measures determined in Chapter VII. Two rotative members representing Latin and Central America: Motions role of States inside these dynamics (Martinez, 2008). In addition, the Security Council resolutions are the only ones in the 12. Dominican Republic (until 2020). 1. Motion to open the debate United Nations System binding for all States of the United Nations. 13. Republic of Peru (until 2019). 2. Motion to close the debate In addition, the rise of great and middle powers as India, Brazil, erefore, all plans, suggestions, missions and/or decisions must be 3. Motion to adjourn the session Germany, among others, has started creating dierent diagnostics about respected and ful lled. Dispute solving through peaceful means is one of

4. Motion to resume the session Voting procedure 5. Motion for voting procedure Motions will pass when 50%+1 of the committee votes in favor of the set 6. Motion for Round Robin forth motion. 7. Motion for a moderated caucus Public Directives must have ⅓ of the committee´s signatories for it to be 8. Motion for an unmoderated caucus introduced and for it to pass requires the favorable voting of ⅔ of the 9. Motion to introduce directives/press release committee. e dais will have complete discretion in the number of 10. Motion to introduce amendments directives they will receive. 11. Motion to Divide the Question Press Releases require ⅔ of the committee´s signatories for it to be introduced before the committee and for it to pass. Directives Amendments to the Public Directives must be approved by ⅔ of the Directives refer to speci c actions delegates take, as an individual or in a committee. joint way, with other members of the UNSC. Please note, rather than addressing Directives to the Crisis Room directly, private directives should be addressed to one speci c individual.

Public Directives is type of directives should be written in formal parliamentary language. For MUNUR X, Public Directives will be taken as Resolutions of the Security Council and will be subject to voting procedure. Public Directives should be accurate, precise, speci c and should give fast solutions to any issue or matter discussed in the UNSC. e Dais will prefer quality over quantity,

Private Directives ese directives correspond to the actions taken by the delegates as individuals, regarding portfolio powers. is directives may be used in conjoint with other delegates of committee and they will be titled as Joint Private Directives.

Press Release As in other committees, delegates in the UNSC will be able to make statements through Press Releases. is meeting of the United Nations Security Council will start in November 1st, 2019. Taking into account this information, all delegations should be aware of all real events developed after the publishing of this guide that may aect the discussion of the committee´s topic.

COMMITTEE’S SCOPE: THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL In 1971 Resolution 2758 changed the composition of the committee by the composition of the Council, and presenting diverse solutions to the the principles the UNSC moves for and any kind of breach or a threat to Two rotative members representing Asia: introducing the People’s Republic of China as a permanent member in concentration of power in the permanent members of the Security peace and security must be treated accordingly. For this reason, the 14. Republic of Indonesia (until 2020). replacement of the Republic of China due to the increasing recognition Council. Frome these proposals, two are worth to be highlighted. On one Security Council has the faculty to investigate every controversy that can 15. State of Kuwait (until 2019). by the international community of the People’s Republic of China as the hand, the L.69 Group (composed of 42 developing states), moves to cause international friction to determine if that dispute threatens legitimate government of China. Also, in the 70s, the UNSC began to increase the seats for both permanent and non-permanent members, international security. It’s important to highlight that according to Article 33 of the UN focus in the Middle East as one of the most conict-prone regions. e adding six of the rst ones and sixteen of the second ones. On the other Charter, the Council can call upon any other members, when necessary, region’s dynamics shaped the actions of the committee during the hand, the G4 (composed by Brazil, Germany, India and Japan), bids for When it comes to self-defense armed attacks e Security Council is the to be observers or to contribute to solve any topic or potential disputes. upcoming years, specially taking into account that the role of the UNSC, a 25-members committee with 6 new permanent members. Finally, of one to determine if the legitimate defense was duly executed, and from that moment to the current days, tends to be more important for this proposal, is detached a third conception from the Uniting for whether the decision works within the frame of UN General Assembly the Middle East when the diplomatic frameworks the UN tries to Consensus group (integrated by Italy, Spain, South Korea, Canada, Resolution 3314/1974 (UNGA/RES/3314/1974).. According to Article prioritize fail (Makdisi & Prashad, 2017) Mexico, Turkey, Argentina, Pakistan and Malta), which counters the G4 51 of the UN Charter, self-defense is a right all States have, and can be e UNSC as a Crisis Committee By the last part of the century, the end of the Cold War represented a shift position, considering they’re only working for their interests and not for exercised in an individual or collective way. Nevertheless, no State should in the international society, and it was reected on the Security Council, a more representative Security Council (Lättilä & Ylönen, 2019). take advantage of this provision to threaten international peace and Even though the Security Council is normally considered part of the which included the main actors of the conict as veto powers. Even though the process to reform the UNSC could be a long and hard security. erefore, the UNSC is the organ in charge of studying the traditional branch of MUNs, MUNUR has been recognized for Accordingly, as power further dispersed in the 90s and early 2000s, process, due to political interests, all tensions regarding the management speci c cases where States violate UN principles under Article 51. managing this committee as a mixture of traditional procedure and crisis Non-Permanent Members won visibility within the Council. e of the international agenda, should be considered by delegates in committee components. Accordingly, delegates must be creative, versatile beginning of a new century entailed more action from most powerful MUNUR X. When it comes to decision making processes, negotiation and must overcome dierent situations that arise in the committee, in organ of the United Nations, as best exempli ed in Resolution 827 of and problem solving, veto power could change the path of the work Current members of the UNSC: order to take decisions that will shape the committee itself and will 1993, which created the International Criminal Tribunal for the former developed by non-permanent members. determine the frame of the debate. Yugoslavia. Nonetheless, the major milestone came with the fall of the Five permanent members with veto privilege: When it comes to decision making processes, delegates will not have to Soviet Union in 1991, which would be the catalyst for many new Functions: 1. Fifth French Republic. work on Working Papers, neither Draft Resolutions. In order to proceed challenges this organ would have to face in the future, and which 2. e People's Republic of China. as quickly as possible, delegates will vote only on the Public Directives 3. Russian Federation. introduced in committee. In addition, for this year, the committee will be nowadays are defying the mandate and the very composition of the e United Nations Security Council was created through the UN 4. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. held as a double-delegation committee, which implies 2 people will committee. Charter and is by far the most important organ of the United Nations. 5. United States of America. represent the same country and both will be taken as he ocial e Security Council’s work in the 21st century has been framed by two e UNSC moves, protects and acts upon the principles established in representatives of the UNSC´s member State. main issues and tasks that still prevail nowadays: forces controlled by the Preamble and the rst articles of the Charter. With the United ree rotative members representing Europe: Regarding double-delegation dynamics, according to MUNUR´s rules of non-state actors and the new multipolar con guration of the Nations Charter being a binding international treaty, all Members of the 6. Federal Republic of Germany (until 2020). procedure, delegates are encouraged to hold negotiations inside the International System. e attacks on the New York World Trade Center organization must respect those ruling principles. 7. Kingdom of Belgium (until 2020). committee. Nevertheless, if the delegations want to leave the room, it will in September 11, 2001 generated a new discourse, called the War on Article 1 of the United Nations Charter determines that maintaining 8. Republic of Poland (until 2019). be permissible as long as there is quorum and it is not disruptive for the Terrorism, which ended up in the creation of the Counter-Terrorism international peace and security is the United Nations’ main goal. To development of the caucuses. As your Directors, we encourage each Committee (on side with the Military Sta Committee, the 1540 enforce this, through Chapter VII, the Security Council has the ability to ree rotative members representing Africa: couple to show teamwork and cohesion in the representation of the committee, and the Sanctions Committee), but also in the necessity of take decisions in order to maintain peace and security among States. 9. Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (until 2019). State´s foreign policy. re-de ning debates inside of the UNSC, in order to keep peace and avoid Some might think the only way of proceeding for the UNSC is through 10. Republic of Equatorial Guinea (until 2019). Please nd some of the main procedure rules that will apply in the threats to stability in relations among States and non-State actors. Chapter VII; however, the UNSC mainly implements preventive 11. Republic of South Africa (until 2020). UNSC, in addition to the GA procedure rules: Leading to a perception of the Council as the organ in charge of establish measures discouraging International and Non-International conicts, not only the actions, but also the legal framework to determine the new instead of the reactive measures determined in Chapter VII. Two rotative members representing Latin and Central America: Motions role of States inside these dynamics (Martinez, 2008). In addition, the Security Council resolutions are the only ones in the 12. Dominican Republic (until 2020). 1. Motion to open the debate United Nations System binding for all States of the United Nations. 13. Republic of Peru (until 2019). 2. Motion to close the debate In addition, the rise of great and middle powers as India, Brazil, erefore, all plans, suggestions, missions and/or decisions must be 3. Motion to adjourn the session Germany, among others, has started creating dierent diagnostics about respected and ful lled. Dispute solving through peaceful means is one of

In 1971 Resolution 2758 changed the composition of the committee by the composition of the Council, and presenting diverse solutions to the the principles the UNSC moves for and any kind of breach or a threat to Two rotative members representing Asia: introducing the People’s Republic of China as a permanent member in concentration of power in the permanent members of the Security peace and security must be treated accordingly. For this reason, the 14. Republic of Indonesia (until 2020). replacement of the Republic of China due to the increasing recognition Council. Frome these proposals, two are worth to be highlighted. On one Security Council has the faculty to investigate every controversy that can 15. State of Kuwait (until 2019). by the international community of the People’s Republic of China as the hand, the L.69 Group (composed of 42 developing states), moves to cause international friction to determine if that dispute threatens legitimate government of China. Also, in the 70s, the UNSC began to increase the seats for both permanent and non-permanent members, international security. It’s important to highlight that according to Article 33 of the UN focus in the Middle East as one of the most conict-prone regions. e adding six of the rst ones and sixteen of the second ones. On the other Charter, the Council can call upon any other members, when necessary, region’s dynamics shaped the actions of the committee during the hand, the G4 (composed by Brazil, Germany, India and Japan), bids for When it comes to self-defense armed attacks e Security Council is the to be observers or to contribute to solve any topic or potential disputes. upcoming years, specially taking into account that the role of the UNSC, a 25-members committee with 6 new permanent members. Finally, of one to determine if the legitimate defense was duly executed, and from that moment to the current days, tends to be more important for this proposal, is detached a third conception from the Uniting for whether the decision works within the frame of UN General Assembly the Middle East when the diplomatic frameworks the UN tries to Consensus group (integrated by Italy, Spain, South Korea, Canada, Resolution 3314/1974 (UNGA/RES/3314/1974).. According to Article prioritize fail (Makdisi & Prashad, 2017) Mexico, Turkey, Argentina, Pakistan and Malta), which counters the G4 51 of the UN Charter, self-defense is a right all States have, and can be e UNSC as a Crisis Committee By the last part of the century, the end of the Cold War represented a shift position, considering they’re only working for their interests and not for exercised in an individual or collective way. Nevertheless, no State should in the international society, and it was reected on the Security Council, a more representative Security Council (Lättilä & Ylönen, 2019). take advantage of this provision to threaten international peace and Even though the Security Council is normally considered part of the which included the main actors of the conict as veto powers. Even though the process to reform the UNSC could be a long and hard security. erefore, the UNSC is the organ in charge of studying the traditional branch of MUNs, MUNUR has been recognized for Accordingly, as power further dispersed in the 90s and early 2000s, process, due to political interests, all tensions regarding the management speci c cases where States violate UN principles under Article 51. managing this committee as a mixture of traditional procedure and crisis Non-Permanent Members won visibility within the Council. e of the international agenda, should be considered by delegates in committee components. Accordingly, delegates must be creative, versatile beginning of a new century entailed more action from most powerful MUNUR X. When it comes to decision making processes, negotiation and must overcome dierent situations that arise in the committee, in organ of the United Nations, as best exempli ed in Resolution 827 of and problem solving, veto power could change the path of the work Current members of the UNSC: order to take decisions that will shape the committee itself and will 1993, which created the International Criminal Tribunal for the former developed by non-permanent members. determine the frame of the debate. Yugoslavia. Nonetheless, the major milestone came with the fall of the Five permanent members with veto privilege: When it comes to decision making processes, delegates will not have to Soviet Union in 1991, which would be the catalyst for many new Functions: 1. Fifth French Republic. work on Working Papers, neither Draft Resolutions. In order to proceed challenges this organ would have to face in the future, and which 2. e People's Republic of China. as quickly as possible, delegates will vote only on the Public Directives 3. Russian Federation. introduced in committee. In addition, for this year, the committee will be nowadays are defying the mandate and the very composition of the e United Nations Security Council was created through the UN 4. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. held as a double-delegation committee, which implies 2 people will committee. Charter and is by far the most important organ of the United Nations. 5. United States of America. represent the same country and both will be taken as he ocial e Security Council’s work in the 21st century has been framed by two e UNSC moves, protects and acts upon the principles established in representatives of the UNSC´s member State. main issues and tasks that still prevail nowadays: forces controlled by the Preamble and the rst articles of the Charter. With the United ree rotative members representing Europe: Regarding double-delegation dynamics, according to MUNUR´s rules of non-state actors and the new multipolar con guration of the Nations Charter being a binding international treaty, all Members of the 6. Federal Republic of Germany (until 2020). procedure, delegates are encouraged to hold negotiations inside the International System. e attacks on the New York World Trade Center organization must respect those ruling principles. 7. Kingdom of Belgium (until 2020). committee. Nevertheless, if the delegations want to leave the room, it will in September 11, 2001 generated a new discourse, called the War on Article 1 of the United Nations Charter determines that maintaining 8. Republic of Poland (until 2019). be permissible as long as there is quorum and it is not disruptive for the Terrorism, which ended up in the creation of the Counter-Terrorism international peace and security is the United Nations’ main goal. To development of the caucuses. As your Directors, we encourage each Committee (on side with the Military Sta Committee, the 1540 enforce this, through Chapter VII, the Security Council has the ability to ree rotative members representing Africa: couple to show teamwork and cohesion in the representation of the committee, and the Sanctions Committee), but also in the necessity of take decisions in order to maintain peace and security among States. 9. Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (until 2019). State´s foreign policy. re-de ning debates inside of the UNSC, in order to keep peace and avoid Some might think the only way of proceeding for the UNSC is through 10. Republic of Equatorial Guinea (until 2019). Please nd some of the main procedure rules that will apply in the threats to stability in relations among States and non-State actors. Chapter VII; however, the UNSC mainly implements preventive 11. Republic of South Africa (until 2020). UNSC, in addition to the GA procedure rules: Leading to a perception of the Council as the organ in charge of establish measures discouraging International and Non-International conicts, not only the actions, but also the legal framework to determine the new instead of the reactive measures determined in Chapter VII. Two rotative members representing Latin and Central America: Motions role of States inside these dynamics (Martinez, 2008). In addition, the Security Council resolutions are the only ones in the 12. Dominican Republic (until 2020). 1. Motion to open the debate United Nations System binding for all States of the United Nations. 13. Republic of Peru (until 2019). 2. Motion to close the debate In addition, the rise of great and middle powers as India, Brazil, erefore, all plans, suggestions, missions and/or decisions must be 3. Motion to adjourn the session Germany, among others, has started creating dierent diagnostics about respected and ful lled. Dispute solving through peaceful means is one of

COMMITTEE’S SCOPE: THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL 4. Motion to resume the session Considering the borders and delimitations of the region are mainly based Voting procedure on climate features, the geographic, demographic, politic, economic and 5. Motion for voting procedure Motions will pass when 50%+1 of the committee votes in favor of the set social issues that could arise, always represent a challenge. 6. Motion for Round Robin forth motion. e region is well known for its biodiversity. However, during the last 7. Motion for a moderated caucus Public Directives must have ⅓ of the committee´s signatories for it to be decades and due to over-exploitation, deserti cation and global warming, 8. Motion for an unmoderated caucus introduced and for it to pass requires the favorable voting of ⅔ of the the Sahel has been facing a drought crisis that aects the ecosystems and 9. Motion to introduce directives/press release committee. e dais will have complete discretion in the number of population inhabiting these countries. In addition, due to land and sea 10. Motion to introduce amendments directives they will receive. warming the variability in rainfall has increased, which creates an 11. Motion to Divide the Question Press Releases require ⅔ of the committee´s signatories for it to be unpredictable scenario for Sahel s climate control. introduced before the committee and for it to pass. “ese 10 countries span over 7 million square kilometers and have close to Amendments to the Public Directives must be approved by ⅔ of the Directives 135 million inhabitants.” Sahel s population is one of the most youthful, committee. Directives refer to speci c actions delegates take, as an individual or in a as 64,5 % is below 25 years old. However, demographic growth represents joint way, with other members of the UNSC. Please note, rather than one of the biggest challenges as the growth rates range from 2.5% to addressing Directives to the Crisis Room directly, private directives approximately 4%, and the population will continue growing beyond the should be addressed to one speci c individual. region’s capacity. For example, in 2050 it is expected that Niger will have 132 people under the age of 20 for every 100 people between 20 and 64 Public Directives years. is type of directives should be written in formal parliamentary language. For MUNUR X, Public Directives will be taken as Resolutions 1.Burkina Faso. of the Security Council and will be subject to voting procedure. Public Burkina Faso achieved its independence from France in 1960 and since Directives should be accurate, precise, speci c and should give fast then, the country has thrive to establish strong, legitimate and eective solutions to any issue or matter discussed in the UNSC. e Dais will governmental institutions. However, through these decades, coups, prefer quality over quantity, terrorism, criminal tracking groups and violence have overstretched the already limited capacities of the governments to stabilize the country. Private Directives is country is part of the G5 Sahel Joint Force to ght terrorism and ese directives correspond to the actions taken by the delegates as criminal groups in the region. Despite all the eorts from the government individuals, regarding portfolio powers. is directives may be used in and the allies supporting the ght against terrorism has not deposed conjoint with other delegates of committee and they will be titled as Joint terrorist groups operating in the country such as Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam Private Directives. wal-Muslimin (JNIM), formed by the Sahara Branch of al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb, al-Murabitoun, Ansar al-Dine, and the Macina Press Release Liberation Front. As in other committees, delegates in the UNSC will be able to make statements through Press Releases. 2. Cameroon. is meeting of the United Nations Security Council will start in Cameroon makes part of the initial German colonies in Africa. November 1st, 2019. Taking into account this information, all Nevertheless, after the end of the Word War I, the League of Nations put delegations should be aware of all real events developed after the the country under British and French control. Gained its independence in publishing of this guide that may aect the discussion of the committee´s 1960, but the colonial binds still are a cause of conict because of the topic. separatist movement in Amazonia, the tension between the English and French speakers and the long regime of the current president Paul Biya, re-elected for another seven years in October, 2018 (Ani, Kinge & Ojakorotu, 2018).

124

3. Chad. second a de nitive part of general Uld Abdelaziz to later in 2009 arrive to Unfortuanaly, all that potential is threated by the weakness of the Nigerian among countries, leading to ongoing wars and violence. is state, that belongs to the Central Africa subregion is probably the best its rst democratic elections.. Today Mauritania is a semipresdiential state in the north part of the country, where the presence of groups as Boko In another aspect, even though their political atmosphere is not optimal, example of the geographical conditions that the Sahel creates. Named after republic where Islam has a great inuence in politics and law. ey are also Haram, who take advantage of the jungle topography, not only is a multiparty competition and basic civil liberties have taken root in Niger the second bigger body of water of the continent, the Lake Chad, this part of the Arab League and has a jeopardy for an eective rule of law, but also creates a rejection of the and Mali. Civil society is strong and, in the past, has successfully mobilized country is divided in a north desert, a central jungle, and a sub-Saharain Islamic idiosyncrasy. against autocratic tendencies, leading to a possible recovery and solution to south. Also born as independent state on 1960, holds the French colonial 7. Mali political disputes. On the other hand, democratic institutions exist in past and the current Arabic culture (Shriner & Rotimi, 2018), with a e former French colony, who gained its independence alongside with 10. Senegal Mauritania and Chad, but only on paper as autocratic rulers have managed government of authoritarians tend. Senegal, is now a representation of the structural problems that aict the Senegal, located in western Africa, repealed its French colonizers in 1960. to stay in oce regardless of the nonconformity of the civilian population; Chad is the only Sahel country, alongside with Cameroon, that is part of Sahel region. Historically, the Mali territory was a land of Empires until the Transitioning through dierent alliance and creations of new states like the national armed forces remain the preeminent political actors and civil the Economic Community of Central African States. Is also part of the G5 French colonization. After the independence, the country has suered a failed Senegambia dissolve in 1989. Senegal has had a rather odd history society is not strong enough to achieve political change for the better. In the Sahel Joint Force. high quantity of coups, taking place the last one in 2012. Similar to Chad, compared to its neighbors, resolving a coup d’état without bloodshed. end, the precarious living conditions, social immobility, the ongoing war the situation in Mali has a clearly regional dimension, with a south that However, with a historic violence, mostly centered in the south from part against Islamic terrorism, and weak accountability mechanisms remain the 4. e Gambia. host the government institutions and a north immersed in conict with of separatist group. Senegal has had a predominant role in maintain most important political challenges for the Sahel. Born as an independent country uni ed with Senegal in 1960, Gambia Islamic groups and the nomad group Tuareg, who tried an independentist international peace due to its constant democracy and work in humans’ b) Economic matters: emerges as an independent country on 1965, being a small enclave country move in the country that failed (Walker, 2013). right developments in their own country and others.

(Witherbee, 2018). Its relevance inside the Occidental Africa region is not Even though Mali is part of the G5 Sahel and ECOWAS, is still one of the e economy in the Sahel has been impaired by two phenomena, the rst very signi cant because of the dimensions of the state and its position countries with major poverty indicators and one of the most violent peace a) Political matters: being the collapse of the economy due to illegal trac and violence, and (basically surrounded by another state, Senegal). Nevertheless, the major missions of the UN, the MINUSMA, with almost 200 fatalities (United two, environmental deterioration and global warming. Agriculture in the problems asociated with this nation are in matter of human rights because Nations, 2019). e Sahel has struggled to nd political stability throughout the years. e Sahel employs the majority of the region's workforce, making it one of the of traditions as the prohibition of homosexuality and female castration. region faces several political conicts that involve a combination of rebels, main sources of economic sustenance for African families. Yet it remains Gambia is part of the Economic Community of West African States jihadist attacks, coups d’état, illegal tracking of goods, animals and even 8. Niger highly underdeveloped and is characterized by an almost total dependency (ECOWAS). Located in west Africa, Niger achieved its independence from France in people, and violent protests. Due to this phenomenon, there has been an on three to four months of rainfall per year, which due to climate change, 1960. rough history this country has suered a great deal of violence and outbreak on the militarization of frontiers in the region, which causes a are becoming less as time passes. On the other hand, there is the porous poverty. So is this that Niger is one of the countries in the world with the major problem following the increases on political tensions and blurring 5. Guinea borders that make the political or security crisis in one country threat to lowest human development. A snowball eect of a inecient government the lines between what is considered politics and identity. Boko Haram, for Two years before the big decolonization wave of 1960, Guinea gained its neighboring ones. ese borders have bene ted criminal networks and and extreme poverty has result in overpopulation due to the few spaces example, has simultaneously used the pan-Islamist vision of a uni ed independence from France in 1960. On the geographic region that drug trackers, making it hard to establish a just market. where people can live in the country (Niger territory is 80% dessert). Today Muslim world and transcend national borders, achieving a multinational composes the country, there was the presence of the Mali Empire from the after the coup d’état (2010) Niger is a Democratic republic with a rebellion that has roots on political disjunctions. XII to the XV century. e country has had problems with political For centuries, agricultural migration and herdsmen crossed Africa’s Sahel to participation, holding elections only until the nal decade of the XX predominant rural population. e states of Niger, Mali, Mauritania and Chad have tried, without success, southern regions during the long, hot dry season in the search for fertile century after a coup. Nonetheless, the military incidence in politics has to establish a stable democracy since their independence from France in land where they could carry out their economic activities. Farmers typically made of Guinea an stable country in relative terms after the coup of 1984 9. Nigeria 1960. roughout these decades they have experienced violent conicts welcomed them because their cattle and goats fertilized depleted cropland, (Bah, 2015), even if this stability has regional threats (for example, a volatile As part of the British Empire during the late XIX Century and the rst half between central authorities in their capitals and security challengers on the creating a type of symbiosis between them. While herders and farmers situation on his adjoining country, Sierra Leone. of the XX Century, the Nigerian nation gained its independence in 1960. peripheries. e Tuareg uprisings in Niger and Mali as well as Niger’s two routinely competed over scarce resources, especially water, small outbreaks Guinea is an active member of ECOWAS. Regardless the political instability and the coups after the consolidation of armed rebellions, four coups, seven governments and periods of promising of violence typically emerged, however, they were quickly restrained and Nigeria as a Sovern state, in the current days is one of the two main powers democratic change are fundamental examples to understand the constant resolve through customary arrangements and swift mediation from local of the continent, with South Africa being the other one (Games, 2019). 6. Mauritania instability in the region. In addition, the various rebel insurgencies in Chad leaders. But sadly, this symbiosis is crumbling due to illegal activities and Being the head of the ECOWAS and the cultural oer (especially the lm Located in northeastern Africa, this country achieved its independence in and the crisis in neighboring Darfur, Sudan, with the presence of an armed the presence of military groups in the rural areas of the Sahelian countries. industry, which is one of the three biggest of the worlds with Hollywood 1960 from France. As many decolonized countries in Africa, Mauritania rebellion in the east did damage to Chad’s security, not to forget the conict ousands of civilians from Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria and the India) makes Nigeria a regional power to have present in every suered a period of violence. In the early 2000´s arriving to a rst coup between black Africans and Arabs in Mauritania. ese are just some of the and Nigeria are killed each year in all sorts of bloody violence between moment. d’état from a group of military leaders close to the from president and a many disputes that day to day are seen in the region that harm coexistence communities whether is a direct result of the competition between them

over natural resources and land or the dierent ideological and political of peacekeeping, peacebuilding and peace enforcing operations such as the e) Environmental matters is current meeting of the United Nations Security Council will start in conicts presents in the area. Many more are caught up in deadly ones carried out by the coalition denominated G5 Sahel Force (composed November 1st, 2019. Taking into account this information, the delegations overlapping conicts that are spinning out of control, so much so that they by Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Mauritania and Chad). is task force, A wide range of the political, and social conicts the Sahel is going of all countries should remain aware of all the events in previous days that are forced to leave their homeland behind in search for new secure places military by nature, although established to counter the threats of militant through are the result of some serious environmental problems, including can aect the topic to be treated. but many of the fertile areas are inhabited by armed groups, making it groups and terrorist cells, have proved to be not only underwhelming in deforestation, soil erosion, deserti cation, wetland degradation, and insect impossible to produce both food and raw materials, depriving the market the carrying out of their functions, but also a catalyst that increases infestation. African governments face several challenges in implementing and damaging the Sahel's economy. unwanted activity that undermines security in the region. environmental protection mechanisms that in the end they can improve people's quality of life. Sahel Africa suers from some serious Climate change is partly to blame for the deplorable situation in the Sahel. e inquiry formulated by such situation questions the means by which environmental crisis, including climate change, water pollution, coal e United Nations estimates that approximately 80% of the agricultural modern states have relied on to face asymmetric and unconventional mining, deforestation, and industrial agriculture etc. ese problems are lands of the Sahel are degraded, leaving large areas of land unusable due to warfare that threatens their security. Are peacekeeping missions and the result of bad environmental policies made by governments their infertility. Temperatures are increasing 1.5 times faster than the global military coalitions eective ways to battle issues that are not only based in disinterested in their surroundings. Unpredictable rainfall patterns, lower average. As a result, droughts and oods are getting longer and more the military? Burkina Faso, once a state free of such activity (due to former crop elds, soaring food prices and dwindling natural resources are already frequent causing deterioration in crops and livestock, which undermines president Blaise Compaore's deal with a network of belligerent groups), has causing increased human migration, tension and conict that most of the food production. Nearly 50 million people in the Sahel depend on raising seen a dramatic rise of threats, partly attributed to the establishment of time results in a struggle between the civil society and the government for livestock to survive, as it is one of the primary economic livelihoods in the security operations in the region. Breeding grounds are being intensi ed natural resources. region. But land available for pastoralists is shrinking, armed conicts and caused by such involvement according to Marie Roger Biloa, editor of increasing land infertility have caused the economy to decrease, while Africa international. On the other hand, expansion of large-scale plantations, industrial logging, adverse climate conditions are generating violence, the proliferation of agribusiness, oil, mining and infrastructure operations resulting in a mass jihadist insurgencies is also creating exclusion zones, turning a bad situation Part of the problem also lies with the fact that it isn't addressing the full deforestation that dissevers the natural landscapes and the ecosystem. e even worse. When pastors arrive too early or stay too long, outbreaks of picture. As former director of information at ECOWAS States, the origin Sahel is one of the most severely aected regions from land degradation and violence make it impossible to improve the economic stability and security of security problems in the region are caused by a myriad of issues that can't deserti cation in the world, its semi-arid grassland and the lack of rains in the region. be attended with military force. Breeding grounds and terrorist activity is a cause the region to suer major fertility problems. e main form of land byproduct of political and economic aairs. Drought caused by climate degradation in the Sahel is soil degradation through soil erosion and c) Social matters (cultural and religious): change, ethnic tensions, tracking of multiple kinds, and especially lack of consequent nutrient loss, soil physical degradation through crust democratic dispensation are major factor for the upheaval of insecurity. development, and salinization caused by the constants and reckless herding In most cases, studies about Sahel have been focused on military and ere also exist structural problems that could be xed to make security of livestock. In addition, 2 factors strongly increase the threat of security matters. However, social and cultural matters should be on in the operations in the region more eective. Senior researcher at the Institute environmental degradation in Africa: international eye too. 80% of the population in these countries live with for Security Studies, Martin Ewi, explains it as a logistical problem without less than USD $2 a day, this population is one of the less educated a proper objective. Although it's true that military options serve as a 1. Its rapid increase in demographics: In the last 25 years, there has been worldwide and the diversity of its people, makes Sahel an ungovernable leverage to open dialogue, the G5 force lacks the will and the material an annual growth rates of 2.5 to 3.5 percent doubling the population region. power to do just so. It fundamentally lacks funds, there are severe problems (570 million), creating an overpopulation problem that has not yet been with the structure of command, and mission mandates do not suce as solved by the government. Agriculture-based economies are destined to fail in one of the most aected they don't adapt to the situation. regions by global warming and climate change. e Sahel is one of the 2. Large international debts: countries in Africa incurred large foreign poorest regions in the world; furthermore, the lack of stable governments e United States has drones based in Djibouti and Niger, France has debts in their eorts to industrialize and to provide their rapidly growing decreases development opportunities for its people. superior air power based in Mali and scattered all over the region, and the populations with modern social services, creating a high dependence on African nations involved have deployed several troops. However, there is the export of primary products leaving them vulnerable to the long d) Military matters: very limited coordination in their eorts, and it reects in the reality of decline of commodity prices and deterioration of the environment. Sahel. Can this campaign, if xed, be fruitful or will join the rest of failed e Sahel region presents itself as a very evident thesis against the doctrine attempts in Africa to bring peace via such means? In 1971 Resolution 2758 changed the composition of the committee by the composition of the Council, and presenting diverse solutions to the the principles the UNSC moves for and any kind of breach or a threat to Two rotative members representing Asia: introducing the People’s Republic of China as a permanent member in concentration of power in the permanent members of the Security peace and security must be treated accordingly. For this reason, the 14. Republic of Indonesia (until 2020). replacement of the Republic of China due to the increasing recognition Council. Frome these proposals, two are worth to be highlighted. On one Security Council has the faculty to investigate every controversy that can 15. State of Kuwait (until 2019). by the international community of the People’s Republic of China as the hand, the L.69 Group (composed of 42 developing states), moves to cause international friction to determine if that dispute threatens legitimate government of China. Also, in the 70s, the UNSC began to increase the seats for both permanent and non-permanent members, international security. It’s important to highlight that according to Article 33 of the UN focus in the Middle East as one of the most conict-prone regions. e adding six of the rst ones and sixteen of the second ones. On the other Charter, the Council can call upon any other members, when necessary, region’s dynamics shaped the actions of the committee during the hand, the G4 (composed by Brazil, Germany, India and Japan), bids for When it comes to self-defense armed attacks e Security Council is the to be observers or to contribute to solve any topic or potential disputes. upcoming years, specially taking into account that the role of the UNSC, a 25-members committee with 6 new permanent members. Finally, of one to determine if the legitimate defense was duly executed, and from that moment to the current days, tends to be more important for this proposal, is detached a third conception from the Uniting for whether the decision works within the frame of UN General Assembly the Middle East when the diplomatic frameworks the UN tries to Consensus group (integrated by Italy, Spain, South Korea, Canada, Resolution 3314/1974 (UNGA/RES/3314/1974).. According to Article prioritize fail (Makdisi & Prashad, 2017) Mexico, Turkey, Argentina, Pakistan and Malta), which counters the G4 51 of the UN Charter, self-defense is a right all States have, and can be e UNSC as a Crisis Committee By the last part of the century, the end of the Cold War represented a shift position, considering they’re only working for their interests and not for exercised in an individual or collective way. Nevertheless, no State should in the international society, and it was reected on the Security Council, a more representative Security Council (Lättilä & Ylönen, 2019). take advantage of this provision to threaten international peace and Even though the Security Council is normally considered part of the which included the main actors of the conict as veto powers. Even though the process to reform the UNSC could be a long and hard security. erefore, the UNSC is the organ in charge of studying the traditional branch of MUNs, MUNUR has been recognized for Accordingly, as power further dispersed in the 90s and early 2000s, process, due to political interests, all tensions regarding the management speci c cases where States violate UN principles under Article 51. managing this committee as a mixture of traditional procedure and crisis Non-Permanent Members won visibility within the Council. e of the international agenda, should be considered by delegates in committee components. Accordingly, delegates must be creative, versatile beginning of a new century entailed more action from most powerful MUNUR X. When it comes to decision making processes, negotiation and must overcome dierent situations that arise in the committee, in organ of the United Nations, as best exempli ed in Resolution 827 of and problem solving, veto power could change the path of the work Current members of the UNSC: order to take decisions that will shape the committee itself and will 1993, which created the International Criminal Tribunal for the former developed by non-permanent members. determine the frame of the debate. Yugoslavia. Nonetheless, the major milestone came with the fall of the Five permanent members with veto privilege: When it comes to decision making processes, delegates will not have to Soviet Union in 1991, which would be the catalyst for many new Functions: 1. Fifth French Republic. work on Working Papers, neither Draft Resolutions. In order to proceed challenges this organ would have to face in the future, and which 2. e People's Republic of China. as quickly as possible, delegates will vote only on the Public Directives 3. Russian Federation. introduced in committee. In addition, for this year, the committee will be nowadays are defying the mandate and the very composition of the e United Nations Security Council was created through the UN 4. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. held as a double-delegation committee, which implies 2 people will committee. Charter and is by far the most important organ of the United Nations. 5. United States of America. represent the same country and both will be taken as he ocial e Security Council’s work in the 21st century has been framed by two e UNSC moves, protects and acts upon the principles established in representatives of the UNSC´s member State. main issues and tasks that still prevail nowadays: forces controlled by the Preamble and the rst articles of the Charter. With the United ree rotative members representing Europe: Regarding double-delegation dynamics, according to MUNUR´s rules of non-state actors and the new multipolar con guration of the Nations Charter being a binding international treaty, all Members of the 6. Federal Republic of Germany (until 2020). procedure, delegates are encouraged to hold negotiations inside the International System. e attacks on the New York World Trade Center organization must respect those ruling principles. 7. Kingdom of Belgium (until 2020). committee. Nevertheless, if the delegations want to leave the room, it will in September 11, 2001 generated a new discourse, called the War on Article 1 of the United Nations Charter determines that maintaining 8. Republic of Poland (until 2019). be permissible as long as there is quorum and it is not disruptive for the Terrorism, which ended up in the creation of the Counter-Terrorism international peace and security is the United Nations’ main goal. To development of the caucuses. As your Directors, we encourage each Committee (on side with the Military Sta Committee, the 1540 enforce this, through Chapter VII, the Security Council has the ability to ree rotative members representing Africa: couple to show teamwork and cohesion in the representation of the committee, and the Sanctions Committee), but also in the necessity of take decisions in order to maintain peace and security among States. 9. Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (until 2019). State´s foreign policy. re-de ning debates inside of the UNSC, in order to keep peace and avoid Some might think the only way of proceeding for the UNSC is through 10. Republic of Equatorial Guinea (until 2019). Please nd some of the main procedure rules that will apply in the threats to stability in relations among States and non-State actors. Chapter VII; however, the UNSC mainly implements preventive 11. Republic of South Africa (until 2020). UNSC, in addition to the GA procedure rules: Leading to a perception of the Council as the organ in charge of establish measures discouraging International and Non-International conicts, not only the actions, but also the legal framework to determine the new instead of the reactive measures determined in Chapter VII. Two rotative members representing Latin and Central America: Motions role of States inside these dynamics (Martinez, 2008). In addition, the Security Council resolutions are the only ones in the 12. Dominican Republic (until 2020). 1. Motion to open the debate United Nations System binding for all States of the United Nations. 13. Republic of Peru (until 2019). 2. Motion to close the debate In addition, the rise of great and middle powers as India, Brazil, erefore, all plans, suggestions, missions and/or decisions must be 3. Motion to adjourn the session Germany, among others, has started creating dierent diagnostics about respected and ful lled. Dispute solving through peaceful means is one of

134