#MakingHistory X ANNIVERSARY EDITION SECURITY COUNCIL FB.COM/MUNUR.ORG/ WWW.UROSARIO.EDU.CO/MUNUR/ GET READY TO MAKE HISTORY Index: WELCOME 4 LETTERS COMMITTEE’S SCOPE: 5 THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL TOPIC’S GENERAL 6 PRESENTATION: THE SAHEL AS A GEOPOLITICAL PIVOT STARTING 9 DATE POSITION OF THE 11 DIFFERENT PARTIES GUIDING 13 QUESTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY AND 14 SUGGESTED SOURCES WELCOME LETTERS Dear Delegates, Sponsors and other participants, Welcome to the United Nations Security Council. My name is Natalia Andrea Pardo and I will be one of your Directors. I am a Lawyer from Universidad del Rosario, I am nishing my second Major in International Relations at the same University and I am working in Corporate Law at a multinational consulting company. is will be my very last MUN and I m very excited to be part of the Crisis Team for MUNUR X. I expect nothing but the best from each of you, preferring quality over quantity and the most important of all, I hope you enjoy the experience and the amazing committee we have prepared for you. My name is Eduard Santiago Rodríguez, I am a student of VII semester of International Relations at the Ponticia Universidad Javeriana, with some courses of philosophy taken across my academic life. I have been participating on models of United Nations around of ve years and being part of the sta of MUNUR is one of the goals I had been looking up to for a long time ago. e security aairs are the general topic that I have been profundizating the most not only on this kind of activities, but also on my career itself. erefore, I hope your participation in this committee makes you feel the same passion that lls me when it is time to analyze the dynamics of the international peace and major threats for the International Community. Also, I wish you nd in this experience the opportunity to keep digging on this innite enigma called “knowledge”. For MUNUR X, you will have the opportunity to be part of one of the most challenging committees in the Model, but for sure it will be one of the best experiences. For this year we will be focused in the Sahel region, where chaos is a constant. Accordingly, you will have to bring the best to the committee and try to give realistic but creative solutions to the crisis happening and the ones that may arise. e issues and clashes among communities coexisting in the region could become into a systemic threat to the cultural, social, military and political stability. In addition, the regions the status in Sahel could aect the whole continent and stakeholders, causing a transnational problem. Considering the complexity of the situation and region itself, we seek a highly academic, complex and comprehensive debate in order to achieve solutions for the local junctures. We hope you live an unforgettable experience in these four days, to enjoy the committee to the most and take the best from MUNUR X. Regards, Natalia Andrea Pardo. Eduard Santiago Rodríguez. [email protected] [email protected] 4 WELCOME LETTERS A most warming welcome to you all who decided to be part of MUNUR's ag committee, United Nations' Security Council. My name is Hugo Sacristán Bragança and I'll be this year's crisis director. For me it's a pleasure to work with those who feel passion for the exciting exercise that is a crisis committee. Graham Allison, author and creator of this model truly built an engaging experience that encompasses the decision-making abilities so much needed in this day and age. e fact that you participants recognize its value certainly lls me with determination to give you the best committe possible. I deeply hope all of you give your best in this dynamic and enriching exercise. Kind regards to you all. I'll see you in the table! Hugo Sancristan Bragança. [email protected] Welcome, my name is Margarita Rosa Rodriguez and I am very excited to be accompanying you throughout our agship committee here in MUNUR X. I am currently a student of sixth semester of Foreign Aairs with a minor in Government and Public Management at Universidad del Rosario and, on this occasion, I will be your deputy director for the committee. I have been in MUN´s since the seventh grade, it has been one of my greatest passions in life, and it still is to this day. Personally, I feel that these academic exercises strengthen and enrich important life skills such as speaking in front of an audience and helpful negotiation strategies. at is why, in this 10th edition of MUNUR, I hope to see you all challenging yourselves and giving your best, always taking into account the academic excellence that MUNUR requires. Remember, we as board, are here as a tool in order for you to obtain the best results you can aspire for. My best regards and good luck to you all. Margarita Rosa Rodriguez. [email protected] 5 UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL 6 COMMITTEE’S SCOPE: THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL History: e establishment of the United Nations system after the two World Wars meant not only the most successful institutionalization attempt inside the International System, but the consolidation of a specic regime and power balancing through the creation of organisms and a legal framework at the disposal of the ve great powers that emerged as winners of World War II. e United Nations Security Council is the maximum manifestation of these claims. During the San Francisco Conference of 1945, the Security Council (or UNSC) came out as one and the most important of the six main organs of the United Nations. e protagonist nature of the Security Council is not only due to the binding eect of its resolutions to all members, but also for being the one in charge of protecting the principles of the United Nations such as international peace and cooperation between its members in order to solve the problematics that jeopardy this one. e UNSC´s rst meeting was held on 17 January 1946 to set organizational management. From that moment on, the United States of America, the French Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and, at the time, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Republic of China, protected their interest and position inside the international community by their permanent position on the Council. During the rst ve years of activity (1946-1950), the UNSC held 105 meetings; from the next two ve-year periods (1951-1955 and 1956-1959), there were only around 35 meetings on each one; in the following four years (1960-1963) there was a reactivation manifested on the almost 60 meetings (Petersen, 1965). e predominance of the permanent members in the Security Council during the rst decades since its creation probably has been the strongest in UNSC s history due to polarization after World War II. e rst years of activity of the committee coincided with the phase of maximum tension of the Cold War, generating a very high number of meetings and increasing the pressure within the UNSC, as the Petersen’s (1965) work shows. e use of the veto power (the capacity to block a resolution from passing, even if the country that exercises its veto power is the only one to vote against said resolution) by permanent members of the Security Council has always been one of the most important rights in favor of the permanent members and it also represents one of the main controversial provisions of the UN Charter. 7 COMMITTEE’S SCOPE: THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL In 1971 Resolution 2758 changed the composition of the committee by the composition of the Council, and presenting diverse solutions to the the principles the UNSC moves for and any kind of breach or a threat to Two rotative members representing Asia: introducing the People’s Republic of China as a permanent member in concentration of power in the permanent members of the Security peace and security must be treated accordingly. For this reason, the 14. Republic of Indonesia (until 2020). replacement of the Republic of China due to the increasing recognition Council. Frome these proposals, two are worth to be highlighted. On one Security Council has the faculty to investigate every controversy that can 15. State of Kuwait (until 2019). by the international community of the People’s Republic of China as the hand, the L.69 Group (composed of 42 developing states), moves to cause international friction to determine if that dispute threatens legitimate government of China. Also, in the 70s, the UNSC began to increase the seats for both permanent and non-permanent members, international security. It’s important to highlight that according to Article 33 of the UN focus in the Middle East as one of the most conict-prone regions. e adding six of the rst ones and sixteen of the second ones. On the other Charter, the Council can call upon any other members, when necessary, region’s dynamics shaped the actions of the committee during the hand, the G4 (composed by Brazil, Germany, India and Japan), bids for When it comes to self-defense armed attacks e Security Council is the to be observers or to contribute to solve any topic or potential disputes. upcoming years, specially taking into account that the role of the UNSC, a 25-members committee with 6 new permanent members. Finally, of one to determine if the legitimate defense was duly executed, and from that moment to the current days, tends to be more important for this proposal, is detached a third conception from the Uniting for whether the decision works within the frame of UN General Assembly the Middle East when the diplomatic frameworks the UN tries to Consensus group (integrated by Italy, Spain, South Korea, Canada, Resolution 3314/1974 (UNGA/RES/3314/1974).