DOCSLIB.ORG

A Finite Element Model of a Realistic Foot and Ankle for Flatfoot Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Finite Element Model of a Realistic Foot and Ankle for Flatfoot Analysis A Finite Element Model of a Realistic Foot and Ankle for Flatfoot Analysis Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Williams, Lindsey Leigh Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 13:32:56 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626145 A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF A REALISTIC FOOT AND ANKLE FOR FLATFOOT ANALYSIS by Lindsey Leigh Williams ___________________________ Copyright © Lindsey Leigh Williams 2017 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2017 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR The thesis titled A Finite Element Model of a Realistic Foot and Ankle for Flatfoot Analysis prepared by Lindsey Williams has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a master’s degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Lindsey Williams APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: _________________________________________ ________ L. Daniel Latt, MD PhD Date Associate Professor Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank: Dr. Daniel Latt and Dr. Erdogan Madenci for their generous help and support. I appreciate their valuable time, guidance, and recommendations. Committee member Dr. John Szivek for his time and insightful suggestions. Eric Lintula from Paragon 28 for his time and recommendations to advance the project. Cody Mitts and Evan Willmarth for helping create the geometry and giving valuable advice. Rafael Bernal, Mehmet Dorduncu, Yile Hu, and Scott Harrison for their support. Dr. Samy Missoum for his thoughtful comments and suggestions. Joe Shaffer, Dustin Boesch, Jeremy Gustin, and Taylor Wender from Quartus Engineering for their valuable time and support for troubleshooting the model. Hari Subramanium from ANSYS for his time and suggestions. Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics for publishing the model on their journal cover. Paragon 28 and the University of Arizona for the financial support. My parents Don and Peggy Conklin, my sister Megan Clarke, and my husband Jacob Williams for their continuous love, patience, and support. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. 9 1. ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... 10 2. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.1. Foot Anatomy ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1. Anatomical Coordinates ............................................................................................... 11 2.1.2. Foot Tissues .................................................................................................................. 13 2.2. Adult Acquired Flatfoot ....................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1. Definition ..................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.2. Treatment .................................................................................................................... 21 2.3. Finite Element Method ....................................................................................................... 25 2.4. Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 28 3. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD ......................................................................................................... 30 3.1. Geometry ............................................................................................................................ 30 3.1.1. Bone Assembly ............................................................................................................. 30 3.1.2. Cartilage Assembly ....................................................................................................... 37 3.1.3. Ligament and Tendon Assembly .................................................................................. 38 3.1.4. Ground Surface ............................................................................................................ 40 3.1.5. Geometry Summary ..................................................................................................... 40 3.2. Mesh (Finite elements) ....................................................................................................... 41 3.2.1. Solid Elements .............................................................................................................. 41 3.2.2. Contact Elements ......................................................................................................... 43 3.2.3. Mesh Summary ............................................................................................................ 45 3.3. Material Properties ............................................................................................................. 46 3.4. Boundary Conditions ........................................................................................................... 46 3.5. Loading ................................................................................................................................ 49 4. RESULTS...................................................................................................................................... 52 5. DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK .............................................................................................. 54 5.1 Finite Element Model Discussion ......................................................................................... 54 5.1.1 Finite Element Model Benefits ..................................................................................... 54 5.1.2. Finite Element Model Drawbacks ................................................................................ 54 4 5.3. Future Work ........................................................................................................................ 55 5.2.1. Model Adjustments for Convergence .......................................................................... 55 5.2.2. Compare Results .......................................................................................................... 60 5.2.3. Simulate Flatfoot .......................................................................................................... 60 5.2.4. Simulate Osteotomies .................................................................................................. 61 6. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 62 7. APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................... 63 7.1. APPENDIX A – List of Modeled Bones ................................................................................. 63 7.2. APPENDIX B – List of Modeled Ligaments .......................................................................... 64 7.3. APPENDIX C – List of Modeled Tendons ............................................................................. 66 7.4. APPENDIX D – Model Images courtesy of ANSYS, Inc. Version 17.0 ................................... 67 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 70 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Medial, lateral, proximal and distal directional terminology explained using a diagram of the foot (Northcoast Footcare, 2017) ....................................................................................... 12 Figure 2: Three anatomical body planes (coronal, sagittal, and axial) explained using a diagram of the human body (Explaining Spinal Anatomy, 2017) ..................................................................... 13 Figure 3: Foot bones categorized into hindfoot (talus, calcaneus), midfoot (cuneiforms, cuboid, and navicular), and forefoot (metatarsals
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PTA019: Anatomy & Physiology Manual
    Anatomy & Physiology Full content for both the Level 2 Certificate in Fitness Instructing & Level 3 Certificate in Personal Training LEARN - INSPIRE - SUCCEED Contents Anatomy & Physiology for Exercise ………………………………………. Page 3 • The Musculoskeletal System ………………………………………. Page 3 • Energy Systems ………………………………………. Page 76 • The Cardiorespiratory System ………………………………………. Page 86 • The Neuroendocrine System ………………………………………. Page 105 Performance Training Academy 2 Chapter Two: Anatomy and Physiology Introduction This chapter is to be broken down into many sub-chapters, giving you a great reference point for your study as well as when needed once you are actively working as a Fitness Professional. It is of upmost importance that you continue to recap and learn further about the bio-mechanics and workings of the human body. A great fitness professional won’t just know how to programme for an individual, but will know how to help improve weaknesses and imbalances within the body, knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology is key to be able to do this. The Musculoskeletal System Unit Objectives Our first objective is to understand the biomechanics of the human body. We can do this by learning about the skeletal system, and then how the muscles are layered upon the skeleton. By the end of this unit we want you to have a good subject knowledge of the following: • The main bones of the skeleton • Joint types and joint actions • How exercise can create a strong and healthy skeletal system • The main muscles of the body • Muscle contractions and fibre types We will start by going through the skeletal system before bringing the muscles into the equation. This will allow you to build up your knowledge of bones and terminology before recapping them again by layering the muscles across specific joints.
    [Show full text]
  • Geometric Variations in Load-Bearing Joints
    University of Alberta Geometric Variations in Load-Bearing Joints by Kamrul Islam A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Structural Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering ©Kamrul Islam Fall 2012 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Dedication Dedicated to my dad, A.F.M. Shamsul Islam, my mom, Shahina Akhter Chowdhury, and my brother, Nazmul Islam Abstract The purpose of the current study was to investigate the geometric variations in the load-bearing joints among individuals. Two existing concepts in mathematics were introduced and their application in computational biomechanics was completely novel: 1) computing the depth of penetration between contact objects as an indirect measure of stress; and 2) computing the geometric similarity using the cubic root of volumetric ratio as a scaling law. Furthermore, an alternative geometric method to finite element analysis was proposed, which should be considered as a “proof of concept”.
    [Show full text]
  • Masaryk University Faculty of Medicine REHABILITATION IN
    Masaryk University Faculty of Medicine REHABILITATION IN PATIENTS AFTER TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY Bachelor´s Thesis Physiotherapy Bachelor’s Thesis Supervisor: Author: Mgr. Veronika Mrkvicová Josh Tilrem Brno, 2018 Name and Surname of the Author: Josh Tilrem Title of Bachelor’s thesis: Rehabilitation in patients after total knee arthroplasty Název bakalářské práce: Rehabilitace u pacientů po totální endoprotéze kolenního kloubu Department: Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy MF MU Supervisor: Mgr. Veronika Mrkvicová Year of the Bachelor’s thesis defence: 2018 Summary: This Bachelor’s thesis is composed of two parts. The first part deals with the subject of total knee arthroplasty. The aim of this part is to describe the indication, surgical procedure and treatment, both in acute and long-term phase. The first part also contains the approach and management of the physical therapist and how to utilize proper rehabilitation. The second part is a case study and the aim is to describe the practical procedure of a specific rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty. This include examination at admittance, discharge and rehabilitation provided by the author. Souhrn: Tato bakalářská práce je složená ze dvou částí. Prní část pojednává o tématu totální endoprotézy kolenního kloubu. Cílem této části je popsat indikace, chirurgický přístup a léčbu, jak v akutní, tak chronické fázi. První část také zahrnuje fyzioterapetické postupy a provádění léčebné rehabilitace. Druhá část obsahuje kazuistiku a jejím cílem je přiblížit praktické postupy speciální rehabilitace po totální endoprotéze kolenního kloubu. To zahrnuje vstupní a výstupní vyšetření a rehabilitaci prováděnou autorem. Keywords: Total knee arthroplasty, rehabilitation, physiotherapy Klíčová slova: Totální endoprotéza kolenního kloubu, rehabilitace, fyzioterapie I agree that this bachelor thesis will be archived in the Masaryk University of Brno library and will be quoted according to citations norms.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomechanical Efficacy of Four Different Dual Screws Fixations in Treatment
    Fan et al. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research (2020) 15:45 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-020-1560-8 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Biomechanical efficacy of four different dual screws fixations in treatment of talus neck fracture: a three-dimensional finite element analysis Zhengrui Fan1,2†, Jianxiong Ma1,2†, Jian Chen1,2, Baocheng Yang1,2, Ying Wang1,2, Haohao Bai1,2, Lei Sun1,2, Yan Wang1,2, Bin Lu1,2, Ben-chao Dong1,2, Aixian Tian1,2 and Xinlong Ma1,2,3* Abstract Background: Current there are different screws fixation methods used for fixation of the talar neck fracture. However, the best method of screws internal fixation is still controversial. Few relevant studies have focused on this issue, especially by finite element analysis. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanical stability of dual screws internal fixation methods with different approaches and the best biomechanical environment of the fracture section, so as to provide reliable mechanical evidence for the selection of clinical internal fixation. Methods: The computed tomography (CT) image of the healthy adult male ankle joint was used for three- dimensional reconstruction of the ankle model. Talus neck fracture and screws were constructed by computer-aided design (CAD). Then, 3D model of talar neck fracture which fixed with antero-posterior (AP) parallel dual screws, antero-posterior (AP) cross dual screws, postero-anterior (PA) parallel dual screws, and postero-anterior (PA) cross dual screws were simulated. Finally, under the condition of 2400N vertical load, finite element analysis (FEA) were carried out to compare the outcome of the four different internal fixation methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle
    Anatomy Of The Foot And Ankle Multimedia Health Education Disclaimer This movie is an educational resource only and should not be used to manage Orthopaedic Health. All decisions about management of the Foot and Ankle must be made in conjunction with your Physician or a licensed healthcare provider. Anatomy Of The Foot And Ankle Multimedia Health Education MULTIMEDIA HEALTH EDUCATION MANUAL TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION CONTENT 1 . ANATOMY a. Ankle & Foot Anatomy b. Soft Tissue Anatomy 2 . BIOMECHANICS Anatomy Of The Foot And Ankle Multimedia Health Education Unit 1: Anatomy Introduction The foot and ankle in the human body work together to provide balance, stability, movement, and Propulsion. This complex anatomy consists of: 26 bones 33 joints Muscles Tendons Ligaments Blood vessels, nerves, and soft tissue In order to understand conditions that affect the foot and ankle, it is important to understand the normal anatomy of the foot and ankle. Ankle The ankle consists of three bones attached by muscles, tendons, and ligaments that connect the foot to the leg. In the lower leg are two bones called the tibia (shin bone) and the fibula. These bones articulate (connect) to the Talus or ankle bone at the tibiotalar joint (ankle joint) allowing the foot to move up and down. The bony protrusions that we can see and feel on the ankle are: Lateral Malleolus: this is the outer ankle bone formed by the distal end of the fibula. Medial Malleolus: this is the inner ankle bone formed by the distal end of the tibia. Tibia (shin bone) (Refer fig.1) Tibia
    [Show full text]
  • Biometry of Talus As a Forensic Tool for Biological Profiling
    International Journal of Medical and Health Research International Journal of Medical and Health Research ISSN: 2454-9142 Received: 08-11-2018; Accepted: 10-12-2018 www.medicalsciencejournal.com Volume 5; Issue 1; January 2019; Page No. 49-55 Biometry of Talus as a forensic tool for biological profiling Sankaranarayanan Govindarajan1, Jagan Arokiaraj2, Rajasekhar SSSN3*, Aravindhan Karuppusamy4 1-4 Department of Anatomy, J.I.P.M.E.R., Puducherry, India *Corresponding Author: Rajasekhar SSSN Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to estimate the biological profile of an individual of the south Indian population from talus. Material and methods: This study was carried out in 92 tali. (Right-48 & Left-44). Parameters such as talar Width, talar length, head neck length of the talus, trochlear length, trochlear breadth, height of the talar head, talus height. length of the posterior articular surface of the talus, breadth of the posterior articular surface of the talus were measured using digital vernier calipers. Results: The morphometric parameters were expressed as mean ± 2SD. The mean talar width, mean length of the posterior articular surface of the talus and mean trochlear length were relatively more on the left side. The mean talar length, mean talar height and mean trochlear breadth were relatively more on the right side. However, the mean head neck length, talar head height and mean breadth of the posterior articular surface of the talus were almost similar on right and left side. The mean talar height was measured as 28.19 ± 2.18mm and 26.33 ± 2.64mm on right and left side respectively, the difference being statistically different (p - < 0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • Implant Information
    Page 1of 8 SAMPLE REPORT: Agility Revision to INBONE™ Tibia/INVISION™ Talus Tibia: INBONE™ Size 3 Long Right Talus: INVISION™ Dome Sz 3 , INVISION™ Plate Sz 3 Ht: 3 mm Right Standard Anterior Views Planned Tibia Resection Pre-Op Post Op (any existing implants hidden) Lateral Medial Tibia Mechanical Axis Implant Information: Tibia Anatomic Axis Tibial tray: INBONE™ Size 3 Long Right Talar dome: INVISION™ Dome Sz 3 Plate: INVISION™ Plate Sz 3 Ht: Axis Angles Tibial Stem Components: 3mm Right Standard Anatomic vs. Mechanical Top: 14 mm Mids: 14 mm , 14 mm Poly insert: Size 3.Thinnest shown. Base:16 mm Coronal = 0.8° PROPHECY™ Part Number: PROPINV z The full height of the implant construct (tibia tray + thinnest poly+ talar dome + talar plate): 25.7 mm z Medial malleolus thickness at implant corner: 10.9 mm Confidential Page 2of 8 Tibia: INBONE™ Size 3 Long Right Talus: INVISION™ Dome Sz 3 , INVISION™ Plate Sz 3 Ht: 3mm Right Std. Sagittal Views from Lateral Side Corrected Pre-Op Post Op (any existing implants hidden) Posterior Anterior Tibia Mechanical Axis Tibia Implant Alignment Tibia Anatomic Axis z Coronal Plane: Mechanical (long) Axis Resection Planes z Sagittal Plane: Mechanical (long) Axis Medial/Lateral placement is set: z to Bisect Gutters Axis Angles z to ensure the stem implants fall within the tibial canal Anatomic vs. Mechanical z The red points represent discrete points on bone of the distal tibia. The tibia resection is set to resect at least 3.0 mm proximal to the red points. Sagittal = 2.8° z The tibia resection is 2.7 mm distal to the top of the Agility keel.
    [Show full text]
  • Three-Dimensional Foot Modeling and Analysis of Stresses in Normal and Early Stage Hansen's Disease with Muscle Paralysis
    Vol. 36 No. 3, July 1999 Three-dimensional Foot Modeling and Analysis of Stresses in Normal and Early Stage Hansen's Disease with Muscle Paralysis Shanti Jacob, PhD and Mothiram K. Patil, DSc Biomedical Engineering Division, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras-600 036 Abstract--The models of the foot available in the literature are either two- or three-dimensional (3-D), representing a part of the foot without considering different segments of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and important muscles. Hence, there is a need to develop a 3-D model with sufficient details. In this paper, a 3-D, two-arch model of the foot is developed, taking foot geometry from the X-rays of nondisabled controls and a Hansen's disease (HD) subject, and taking into consideration bones, cartilages, ligaments, important muscle forces, and foot sole soft tissue. The stress analysis is carried out by finite element (FE) technique using NISA software for the foot models, simulating quasi-static walking phases of heel-strike, mid-stance, and push-off. The analysis shows that the highest stresses occur during push-off phase in the dorsal central part of the lateral and medial metatarsals, the dorsal junction of the calcaneus, and the cuboid and plantar central part of the lateral metatarsals in the foot. The stresses in push-off phase in critical tarsal bone regions, for the early stage of HD with muscle paralysis, increase by 25-50% as compared with the control foot model. The model calculated stress results at the plantar surfaces are of the same order of magnitude as the measured foot pressures (0.2-0.5 MPa).
    [Show full text]
  • Fatigue Bone Stress Injuries of the Lower Extremities in Finnish Conscripts
    From the Department of Radiology, University of Helsinki; and the Research Institute of Military Medicine, Central Military Hospital, Helsinki Fatigue bone stress injuries of the lower extremities in Finnish conscripts Maria Niva Academic dissertation To be presented, with the assent of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Helsinki, for public discussion in Small hall of the University main building on February 10th, 2006 at 12 noon. Helsinki 2006 Supervised by Docent Harri Pihlajamäki, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery and Research Institute of Military Medicine Central Military Hospital Helsinki, Finland and Docent Martti Kiuru, M.D., Ph.D, MSc. Department of Radiology Helsinki University Helsinki, Finland Reviewed by Docent Jari Parkkari, M.D., Ph.D. Tampere University Tampere, Finland and Docent Riitta Parkkola, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiology Turku University Turku, Finland To be discussed with Docent Osmo Tervonen, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiology Oulu University Oulu, Finland ISBN 952-91-9857-4 (nid.) ISBN 952-10-2923-4 (PDF) Press: Yliopistopaino, Helsinki 2006 To all who are interested in bone stress injuries Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................6 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS ..........................................................8 ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................9 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • The Foot, Ankle and Knee
    PFT 101 BY JUSTIN PRICE, MA The Foot, Ankle and Knee The first of two articles presenting and fibula, functions as a shock absorber. ceps tendon, and to the tibia below the a structural assess- Just below the true ankle joint and above knee via the patella ligament. Correct ment of the lower the heel bone is the talus bone, and below alignment of the femur and tibia ensures kinetic chain. that bone is the subtalar joint. This joint that the patella moves smoothly during helps displace force from side to side. flexion and extension. Between the femur The lower kinetic chain consists of the and tibia lie two shock absorbers: the foot, ankle, knee and lumbopelvic hip gir- COMMON DEVIATIONS OF medial and lateral menisci. On either side dle. In the first article of this two-part THE FOOT AND ANKLE of the knee are two ligaments—the series, you will learn how to assess the The two most common deviations found medial and lateral collateral ligaments, structures of the foot, ankle and knee; in the foot and ankle are overpronation which give side-to-side support to the how the alignment of these parts affects and lack of dorsiflexion. knee. Inside the knee between the tibia the alignment of other body parts in the Pronation, a function of the foot and femur lie the anterior cruciate liga- lower kinetic chain; and some possible wherein the foot collapses and the heel ment (ACL) and the posterior cruciate lig- exercises to help correct deviations. rolls inward, is necessary to help transfer ament (PCL), which help stabilize the forces forward and toward the midline of knee from front to back.
    [Show full text]
  • Ankle Sprains Are a Very Common Injury That Can Happen to Anyone
    Ankle Sprain and Instability Introduction Ankle Sprains are a very common injury that can happen to anyone. Our ankles support our entire body weight and are vulnerable to instability. Walking on an uneven surface or wearing the wrong shoes can cause a sudden loss of balance that makes the ankle twist. If the ankle turns far enough, the ligaments that hold the bones together can overstretch or tear, resulting in a sprain. A major sprain or several minor sprains can lead to permanent ankle instability Anatomy The bones in our leg and foot meet to form our ankle joint. The leg contains a large bone, called the Tibia and a small bone called the Fibula. These bones rest on the Talus bone in the foot. The Calcaneus bone, our heel, supports the Talus bone. Our heels bear 85% to 100% of our total body weight. Strong tissues, called ligaments, connect our leg and foot bones together. One ligament, called the Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL), is very susceptible to ankle sprains. The LCL is located on the outer side of our ankle. It contributes to balance and stability when we are standing or walking and moving. The LCL also protects the ankle joint from abnormal movements, such as extreme ranges of motion, twisting, and rolling. The LCL is composed of three separate bands that are commonly referred to as separate ligaments. The Anterior Talofibular Ligament is the weakest and most commonly torn, followed by the Calcaneofibular Ligament. The Posterior Talofibular Ligament is the strongest and is rarely injured. Causes Our ankles are susceptible to instability, especially when walking on uneven surfaces, stepping down at an angle, playing sports, or when wearing certain shoes, such as high heels.
    [Show full text]
  • Ankle Foot Orthosis Designs for Patient with Peroneal Nerve Damage: the Comparison of Three Devices for Their Effectiveness in Rehabilitation
    ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSIS DESIGNS FOR PATIENT WITH PERONEAL NERVE DAMAGE: THE COMPARISON OF THREE DEVICES FOR THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN REHABILITATION by HUAN HUAN CAI B.M.E., Mercer University, 2018 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Mercer University School of Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING MACON, GA 2018 ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSIS DESIGNS FOR PATIENT WITH PERONEAL NERVE DAMAGE: THE COMPARISON OF THREE DEVICES FOR THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN REHABILITATION by HUAN HUAN CAI Approved by: Date Dr. Ha Van Vo, Advisor Date Dr. Edward O’Brien, Committee Member Date Dr. Laura Moody, Committee Member Date Dr. Laura Lackey, Dean, School of Engineering TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………… VI LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………….……. IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………….. XV ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………. XVI CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………. 1 Purpose……………….....................................................................…… 2 About the Patient……………………………………………….…….…2 Anatomical Terminologies…………………………………………...… 4 Directional terms…………………………………………………… 4 Planes…………………………………………………………….… 5 Movements………………………………………………….……… 6 Human Walking Gait Cycle……………………………………………. 8 Ankle Foot Orthoses…………………………………………………… 14 2. ANATOMY OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES ……………………... 16 Biomechanics…………………………………………...……………… 16 Skeletal System………………………………………………………… 19 Muscular System……………………………………………..………… 29 Peroneal Nerve…………………………………………………………. 37 3. METHODS AND
    [Show full text]