Die Formierung Einer Idee Auch Alan C. Kay Gehört Zu Dem Typus
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Stanford University Medical Experimental Computer Resource (SUMEX) Records SC1248
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8s46z8g Online items available Guide to the Stanford University Medical Experimental Computer Resource (SUMEX) Records SC1248 Daniel Hartwig & Jenny Johnson Department of Special Collections and University Archives January 2018 Green Library 557 Escondido Mall Stanford 94305-6064 [email protected] URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc Guide to the Stanford University SC1248 1 Medical Experimental Computer Resource (SUMEX) Records SC... Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: Department of Special Collections and University Archives Title: Stanford University Medical Experimental Computer Resource (SUMEX) records Identifier/Call Number: SC1248 Physical Description: 33 Linear Feet Date (inclusive): 1975-1991 Special Collections and University Archives materials are stored offsite and must be paged 48 hours in advance. For more information on paging collections, see the department's website: http://library.stanford.edu/spc. Conditions Governing Access Materials are open for research use. Audio-visual materials are not available in original format, and must be reformatted to a digital use copy. Conditions Governing Use All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the Head of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94304-6064. Consent is given on behalf of Special Collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission from the copyright owner. Such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. Restrictions also apply to digital representations of the original materials. Use of digital files is restricted to research and educational purposes. -
Packet-Voice Communication on an Ethernet Local Computer Network: an Experimental Study
Packet-Voice Communication on an Ethernet Local Computer Network: an Experimental Study Timothy A. Gonsalves Packet-Voice Communication on an Ethernet Local Computer Network: an Experimental Study Timothy A. Gonsalves CSL·82·5 March 1982 [P82·00034] © Copyright Timothy A. Gonsalves 1982. All rights reserved. Abstract: Local computer networks have been used successfully for data applications such as file transfers for several years. Recently, there have been several proposals for using these networks for voice applications. This paper describes a simple voice protocol for use on a packet-switching local network. This protocol is used in an experimental study of the feasibility of using a 3 Mbps experimental Ethernet network for packet-voice communications. The study shows that with appropriately chosen parameters the experimental Ethernet is capable of supporting about 40 simultaneous 64-Kbps voice conversations with acceptable quality. This corresponds to a utilization of 95% of the network capacity. A version of this paper has been submitted for presentation at the 3rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Miami, Florida, October 1982. CR Categories: C.2.5, C.4 Key words and Phrases: CSMA/CD, Ethernet, local computer network, measurement, packet-voice, voice communication. Author's Affiliation: Computer Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305. Xerox Corporation XEROX Palo Alto Research Centers 3333 Coyote Hill Road Palo Alto, California 94304 I. Introduction In the past few years. local computer networks for the interconnection of computers and shared resources within a small area such as a building or a campus have rapidly increased in popularity. These networks support applications such as file transfers and electronic mail between autonomous computers. -
Open Source Projects As Incubators of Innovation
RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS TO ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIOLOGY AND INNOVATION STUDIES / STUTTGARTER BEITRÄGE ZUR ORGANISATIONS- UND INNOVATIONSSOZIOLOGIE SOI Discussion Paper 2017-03 Open Source Projects as Incubators of Innovation From Niche Phenomenon to Integral Part of the Software Industry Jan-Felix Schrape Institute for Social Sciences Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies Jan-Felix Schrape Open Source Projects as Incubators of Innovation. From Niche Phenomenon to Integral Part of the Software Industry. SOI Discussion Paper 2017-03 University of Stuttgart Institute for Social Sciences Department of Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies Seidenstr. 36 D-70174 Stuttgart Editor Prof. Dr. Ulrich Dolata Tel.: +49 711 / 685-81001 [email protected] Managing Editor Dr. Jan-Felix Schrape Tel.: +49 711 / 685-81004 [email protected] Research Contributions to Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies Discussion Paper 2017-03 (May 2017) ISSN 2191-4990 © 2017 by the author(s) Jan-Felix Schrape is senior researcher at the Department of Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies, University of Stuttgart (Germany). [email protected] Additional downloads from the Department of Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies at the Institute for Social Sciences (University of Stuttgart) are filed under: http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/soz/oi/publikationen/ Abstract Over the last 20 years, open source development has become an integral part of the software industry and a key component of the innovation strategies of all major IT providers. Against this backdrop, this paper seeks to develop a systematic overview of open source communities and their socio-economic contexts. I begin with a recon- struction of the genesis of open source software projects and their changing relation- ships to established IT companies. -
Reliable File Transfer Across a 10 Megabit Ethernet
Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 1984 Reliable file transfer across a 10 megabit ethernet Mark Van Dellon Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Van Dellon, Mark, "Reliable file transfer across a 10 megabit ethernet" (1984). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rochester Institute of Technology School of Computer Science and Technology Reliable File Transfer Ac ross A 10 Megabit Ethernet by Mark Van Dellon July 24, 1984 A thesis, submitted to The Faculty of the Computer Science and Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science Approved by: Roy Czernikowski Dr. Roy - Committee Head John Ellis 'Or. John Ellis Tong-han Chang Dr. Tong-han Chang Date fr-was? Copyright 1984. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, for commercial use or profit without the prior written permission of the author. Abstract: The Ethernet communications network is a broadcast, multi-access system for local computing networks. Such a network was used to connect six 68000 based Charles River Data Systems for the purpose of file transfer. Each system required hardware installation and connection to the Ethernet cable. -
Final Exam Review History of Science 150
Final Exam Review History of Science 150 1. Format of the Exam 90 minutes, on canvas 12:25pm December 18. You are welcome to bring notes to the exam, so you could start by filling out this sheet with notes from lectures and the readings! Like the mid-term, the final exam will have two kinds of questions. 1) Multiple choice questions examining your knowledge of key concepts, terms, historical developments, and contexts 2) Short answer questions in which ask you to draw on things you’ve learned in the course (from lecture, readings, videos) to craft a short argument in a brief essay expressing your informed issue on a historical question 2. Sample Questions Multiple Choice: Mina Rees was involved in (and wrote about) which of the following computing projects? A) Silicon Valley start-ups in the dot-com period B) Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine C) Works Projects Administration Tables Project D) Federal funding for computing research after WWII Short Answer: (Your answers should be between 100-200 words, and keep to specifics (events, machines, developments, people) that demonstrate your knowledge of materials covered from the course) A) What are two historical factors important to the development of Silicon Valley’s technology industry after World War II? B) In what ways did the field of programming change (in terms of its status and workers) between World War II and the late 1960s? 3. Topics to Review: Below, is a list of ideas to review for the final exam, which covers material through the entire course. You should review in particular, lecture notes, O’Mara’s The Code and other course readings provided on Canvas. -
The Cedar Programming Environment: a Midterm Report and Examination
The Cedar Programming Environment: A Midterm Report and Examination Warren Teitelman The Cedar Programming Environment: A Midterm Report and Examination Warren Teitelman t CSL-83-11 June 1984 [P83-00012] © Copyright 1984 Xerox Corporation. All rights reserved. CR Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.2_6 [Software Engineering]: Programming environments. Additional Keywords and Phrases: integrated programming environment, experimental programming, display oriented user interface, strongly typed programming language environment, personal computing. t The author's present address is: Sun Microsystems, Inc., 2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, Ca. 94043. The work described here was performed while employed by Xerox Corporation. XEROX Xerox Corporation Palo Alto Research Center 3333 Coyote Hill Road Palo Alto, California 94304 1 Abstract: This collection of papers comprises a report on Cedar, a state-of-the-art programming system. Cedar combines in a single integrated environment: high-quality graphics, a sophisticated editor and document preparation facility, and a variety of tools for the programmer to use in the construction and debugging of his programs. The Cedar Programming Language is a strongly-typed, compiler-oriented language of the Pascal family. What is especially interesting about the Ce~ar project is that it is one of the few examples where an interactive, experimental programming environment has been built for this kind of language. In the past, such environments have been confined to dynamically typed languages like Lisp and Smalltalk. The first paper, "The Roots of Cedar," describes the conditions in 1978 in the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center's Computer Science Laboratory that led us to embark on the Cedar project and helped to define its objectives and goals. -
FOSS Philosophy 6 the FOSS Development Method 7
1 Published by the United Nations Development Programme’s Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia www.apdip.net Email: [email protected] © UNDP-APDIP 2004 The material in this book may be reproduced, republished and incorporated into further works provided acknowledgement is given to UNDP-APDIP. For full details on the license governing this publication, please see the relevant Annex. ISBN: 983-3094-00-7 Design, layout and cover illustrations by: Rezonanze www.rezonanze.com PREFACE 6 INTRODUCTION 6 What is Free/Open Source Software? 6 The FOSS philosophy 6 The FOSS development method 7 What is the history of FOSS? 8 A Brief History of Free/Open Source Software Movement 8 WHY FOSS? 10 Is FOSS free? 10 How large are the savings from FOSS? 10 Direct Cost Savings - An Example 11 What are the benefits of using FOSS? 12 Security 13 Reliability/Stability 14 Open standards and vendor independence 14 Reduced reliance on imports 15 Developing local software capacity 15 Piracy, IPR, and the WTO 16 Localization 16 What are the shortcomings of FOSS? 17 Lack of business applications 17 Interoperability with proprietary systems 17 Documentation and “polish” 18 FOSS SUCCESS STORIES 19 What are governments doing with FOSS? 19 Europe 19 Americas 20 Brazil 21 Asia Pacific 22 Other Regions 24 What are some successful FOSS projects? 25 BIND (DNS Server) 25 Apache (Web Server) 25 Sendmail (Email Server) 25 OpenSSH (Secure Network Administration Tool) 26 Open Office (Office Productivity Suite) 26 LINUX 27 What is Linux? -
Intellectual Property
Intellectual Property Adam Goode Computer Ethics December 6, 2000 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Traditional Ideas About Property 1 3 Ideas as Property 2 4 Traditional Property Notions Applied To Intellectual Items 3 5 Software Should Be Free 5 6 Conclusion 5 1 Introduction Intellectual property is a controversial topic. The term itself is often ill-defined and confusing. According to one definition, intellectual property is “The own- ership of ideas and control over the tangible or virtual representation of those ideas (Howe, 2000).” But can ideas really have owners and control? Some (no- tably those like Richard Stallman) would advocate “no.” And of course, most software business leaders would give a powerful “yes.” The author of this paper is under the persuasion that intellectual property does not make sense (at least in software) and that control over one’s ideas is something that one gives up the moment he releases them to the world. This notion will be examined, as well as the notions of traditional property, ideas as property, where intellectual property seems to fit in with software, and why it really cannot. 2 Traditional Ideas About Property The word “property” brings out certain specific mental images. Ideas that spring to mind with the mention of property include things like “house” (dwelling as 1 property), “car” (machine as property), “yard” (land as property), or even “pet” (animal as property). Not many people initially think of “idea” or “notion” as a thing which might have property. Property has generally been restricted to things in the physical realm. Cer- tainly a person’s house or car can be considered property. -
Incorporating the Commons: a Political Economic Analysis
INCORPORATING THE COMMONS: A POLITICAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE INVOLVEMENT IN FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE by BENJAMIN J. BIRKINBINE A DISSERTATION Presented to the School of Journalism and Communication and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2014 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Benjamin J. Birkinbine Title: Incorporating the Commons: A Political Economic Analysis of Corporate Involvement in Free and Open Source Software This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the School of Journalism and Communication by: Dr. Janet Wasko Chairperson Dr. Biswarup Sen Core Member Dr. Gabriela Martinez Core Member Eric Priest, J.D. Institutional Representative and J. Andrew Berglund Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2014 ii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Benjamin J. Birkinbine Doctor of Philosophy School of Journalism and Communication September 2014 Title: Incorporating the Commons: A Political Economic Analysis of Corporate Involvement in Free and Open Source Software Free (libre) and open source software (FLOSS) emerged in the 1980s as a radical alternative to proprietary software. Fighting back against what FLOSS enthusiasts viewed as overly restrictive intellectual property protections placed on proprietary software, FLOSS was designed with the intent of granting users the right to study, modify, adapt, or otherwise tinker with the source code of software. As such, FLOSS users were able to collaborate in producing software that could be distributed freely and widely to others, who could, in turn, make changes to the software. -
The Macintosh Design Team, February 1984, BYTE Magazine
Left to right: Andy Hertzfeld, Chris Espinosa, Joanna Hoffman , Geo rge Crowe, Bill Atkinson, Jern) Manock . An Interview: The Macintosh Design Team The making of Macintosh On October 14, 1983, the design team for Apple Computer Inc .'s new Macintosh computer met with BYTE Managing Editor Phil Lemmons at the company's Cupertino, California, headquarters. In the dialogue that followed , Bill Atkinson, Steve Jobs, Andy Hertzfeld, Larry Kenyon, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, Dave Egner, Chris Espinosa, Steve Capps, Jerry Manock, Bruce Horn , and George Crowe discussed the evolution of their brainchild. BYTE: How did the Macintosh pro everyone can afford it. It's not very Quickdraw and have a mouse on it ject begin? many years ago that most of us in this in essence, build a really cheap im Jobs: What turns on Andy and room couldn't have afforded a $5000 plementation of Lisa's technology Burrell and Chris and Bill and Larry computer. We realized that we could that would use some of that software and everyone else here is building build a supercheap computer that technology. That's when the Macin something really inexpensive so that would run Bill Atkinson's amazing tosh as we know it was started. 58 February 1984 © BYrE Publications Inc. Hertzfeld: That was around January of 1981. Smith: We fooled around with some other ideas for computer design, but we realized that the 68000 was a chip that had a future and had . .. Jobs: Some decent software! Smith: And had some horsepower and enough growth potential so we could build a machine that would live and that Apple could rally around for years to come. -
Building the Second Mind, 1961-1980: from the Ascendancy of ARPA to the Advent of Commercial Expert Systems Copyright 2013 Rebecca E
Building the Second Mind, 1961-1980: From the Ascendancy of ARPA to the Advent of Commercial Expert Systems copyright 2013 Rebecca E. Skinner ISBN 978 09894543-4-6 Forward Part I. Introduction Preface Chapter 1. Introduction: The Status Quo of AI in 1961 Part II. Twin Bolts of Lightning Chapter 2. The Integrated Circuit Chapter 3. The Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Foundation of the IPTO Chapter 4. Hardware, Systems and Applications in the 1960s Part II. The Belle Epoque of the 1960s Chapter 5. MIT: Work in AI in the Early and Mid-1960s Chapter 6. CMU: From the General Problem Solver to the Physical Symbol System and Production Systems Chapter 7. Stanford University and SRI Part III. The Challenges of 1970 Chapter 8. The Mansfield Amendment, “The Heilmeier Era”, and the Crisis in Research Funding Chapter 9. The AI Culture Wars: the War Inside AI and Academia Chapter 10. The AI Culture Wars: Popular Culture Part IV. Big Ideas and Hardware Improvements in the 1970s invert these and put the hardware chapter first Chapter 11. AI at MIT in the 1970s: The Semantic Fallout of NLR and Vision Chapter 12. Hardware, Software, and Applications in the 1970s Chapter 13. Big Ideas in the 1970s Chapter 14. Conclusion: the Status Quo in 1980 Chapter 15. Acknowledgements Bibliography Endnotes Forward to the Beta Edition This book continues the story initiated in Building the Second Mind: 1956 and the Origins of Artificial Intelligence Computing. Building the Second Mind, 1961-1980: From the Establishment of ARPA to the Advent of Commercial Expert Systems continues this story, through to the fortunate phase of the second decade of AI computing. -
Jerry Manock Collection of Apple History Ephemera M1880
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c82j6dzf No online items Guide to the Jerry Manock Collection of Apple History ephemera M1880 Finding aid prepared by Olin Laster Dept. of Special Collections & University Archives Stanford University Libraries. 557 Escondido Mall Stanford, California, 94305 Email: [email protected] 2012-4-16 Guide to the Jerry Manock M1880 1 Collection of Apple History ephemera M1880 Title: Jerry Manock Collection of Apple History ephemera Identifier/Call Number: M1880 Contributing Institution: Dept. of Special Collections & University Archives Language of Material: English Physical Description: 15.0 Linear feet(6 manuscript boxes, 5 record storage boxes, 3 flat boxes, 7 map folders; 1 optical disk and 4 cassettes.) Date (inclusive): 1966-2007 Physical Location: Special Collections and University Archives materials are stored offsite and must be paged 36-48 hours in advance. For more information on paging collections, see the department's website: http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/spc.html. Abstract: This collection contains many blueprints, artifacts, and documentation of Manock's time both at Stanford University as an engineering student and at Apple as a product designer. Biography Jerrold Clifford Manock (born February 21, 1944) is an American industrial designer. He worked for Apple Computer from 1977 to 1984, contributing to housing designs for the Apple II, Apple III, and earlier compact Apple Macintosh computers. Manock is widely regarded as the "father" of the Apple Industrial Design Group. Since 1976 he is the president and principal designer of Manock Comprehensive Design, Inc., with offices in Palo Alto, California, and, after 1985, in Burlington, Vermont.