DOCSLIB.ORG

Incorporating the Digital Commons:Corporate Involvement in Free and Open Source Software

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Incorporating the Digital Commons:Corporate Involvement in Free and Open Source Software INCORPORATING THE DIGITAL COMMONS DIGITAL THE INCORPORATING INCORPORATING THE CDSMS DIGITAL COMMONS he concept of ‘the commons’ has been used as a framework to understand resources shared by a community rather than a private BENJAMIN J. BIRKINBINE T entity, and it has also inspired social movements working against the enclosure of public goods and resources. One such resource is free (libre) and open source software (FLOSS). FLOSS emerged as an alternative to proprietary software in the 1980s. However, both the products and production processes of FLOSS have become incorporated into capitalist INCORPORATING THE production. For example, Red Hat, Inc. is a large publicly traded company whose business model relies entirely on free software, and IBM, Intel, Cisco, Samsung, Google are some of the largest contributors to Linux, the DIGITAL COMMONS open-source operating system. This book explores the ways in which FLOSS has been incorporated into digital capitalism. Just as the commons have been used as a motivational frame for radical social movements, it has also Corporate Involvement in Free served the interests of free-marketeers, corporate libertarians, and states to expand their reach by dragging the shared resources of social life onto and Open Source Software digital platforms so they can be integrated into the global capitalist system. The book concludes by asserting the need for a critical political economic understanding of the commons that foregrounds (digital) labour, class struggle, and uneven power distribution within the digital commons as well as between FLOSS communities and their corporate sponsors. BENJAMIN J. BIRKINBINE J. BENJAMIN COMMUNICATION STUDIES | POLITICAL ECONOMY | MEDIA INDUSTRIES CDSMS CRITICAL DIGITAL AND SOCIAL MEDIA STUDIES THE AUTHOR Benjamin J. Birkinbine is Assistant Professor of Media Studies in the Reynolds School of Journalism and Center for Advanced Media Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno. He is the co-editor of Global Media Giants (Routledge, 2017). uwestminsterpress.co.uk Incorporating the Digital Commons: Corporate Involvement in Free and Open Source Software Benjamin J. Birkinbine Critical, Digital and Social Media Studies Series Editor: Christian Fuchs The peer-reviewed book series edited by Christian Fuchs publishes books that criti- cally study the role of the internet and digital and social media in society. Titles ana- lyse how power structures, digital capitalism, ideology and social struggles shape and are shaped by digital and social media. They use and develop critical theory discussing the political relevance and implications of studied topics. The series is a theoretical forum for internet and social media research for books using methods and theories that challenge digital positivism; it also seeks to explore digital media ethics grounded in critical social theories and philosophy. Editorial Board Thomas Allmer, Mark Andrejevic, Miriyam Aouragh, Charles Brown, Eran Fisher, Peter Goodwin, Jonathan Hardy, Kylie Jarrett, Anastasia Kavada, Maria Michalis, Stefania Milan, Vincent Mosco, Jack Qiu, Jernej Amon Prodnik, Marisol Sandoval, Sebastian Sevignani, Pieter Verdegem Published Critical Theory of Communication: New Readings of Lukács, Adorno, Marcuse, Honneth and Habermas in the Age of the Internet Christian Fuchs https://doi.org/10.16997/book1 Knowledge in the Age of Digital Capitalism: An Introduction to Cognitive Materialism Mariano Zukerfeld https://doi.org/10.16997/book3 Politicizing Digital Space: Theory, the Internet, and Renewing Democracy Trevor Garrison Smith https://doi.org/10.16997/book5 Capital, State, Empire: The New American Way of Digital Warfare Scott Timcke https://doi.org/10.16997/book6 The Spectacle 2.0: Reading Debord in the Context of Digital Capitalism Edited by Marco Briziarelli and Emiliana Armano https://doi.org/10.16997/book11 The Big Data Agenda: Data Ethics and Critical Data Studies Annika Richterich https://doi.org/10.16997/book14 Social Capital Online: Alienation and Accumulation Kane X. Faucher https://doi.org/10.16997/book16 The Propaganda Model Today: Filtering Perception and Awareness Edited by Joan Pedro-Carañana, Daniel Broudy and Jeffery Klaehn https://doi.org/10.16997/book27 Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism Edited by Jeremiah Morelock https://doi.org/10.16997/book30 Peer to Peer: The Commons Manifesto Michel Bauwens, Vasilis Kostakis, and Alex Pazaitis https://doi.org/10.16997/book33 Bubbles and Machines: Gender, Information and Financial Crises Micky Lee https://doi.org/10.16997/book34 Cultural Crowdfunding: Platform Capitalism, Labour and Globalization Edited by Vincent Rouzé https://doi.org/10.16997/book38 The Condition of Digitality: A Post-Modern Marxism for the Practice of Digital Life Robert Hassan https://doi.org/10.16997/book44 Incorporating the Digital Commons: Corporate Involvement in Free and Open Source Software Benjamin J. Birkinbine University of Westminster Press www.uwestminsterpress.co.uk Published by University of Westminster Press 115 New Cavendish Street London W1W 6UW www.uwestminsterpress.co.uk Text © Benjamin J. Birkinbine 2020 First published 2020 Cover design: www.ketchup-productions.co.uk Series cover concept: Mina Bach (minabach.co.uk) Print and digital versions typeset by Siliconchips Services Ltd. ISBN (Paperback): 978-1-912656-42-4 ISBN (PDF): 978-1-912656-43-1 ISBN (EPUB): 978-1-912656-44-8 ISBN (Kindle): 978-1-912656-45-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.16997/book39 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. This license allows for copying and distributing the work, providing author attribution is clearly stated, that you are not using the material for commercial purposes, and that modified versions are not distributed. The full text of this book has been peer-reviewed to ensure high academic standards. For full review policies, see: http://www.uwestminsterpress.co.uk/ site/publish. Competing interests: The author has no competing interests to declare. Suggested citation: Birkinbine, B. J. 2020. Incorporating the Digital Commons: Corporate Involvement in Free and Open Source Software London: University of Westminster Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16997/book39 License: CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 To read the free, open access version of this book online, visit https://doi.org/10.16997/book39 or scan this QR code with your mobile device: Contents 1. Introduction: Open Source Software and the Digital Commons 1 1.1. The Argument and Plan for the Book 2 1.2. Situating Free (Libre) and Open Source Software 6 1.3. Open Source Business Models 17 1.4. FLOSS as Digital Commons 20 1.5. A Note on Methodology 28 2. Toward a Critical Political Economy of the Digital Commons 33 2.1. Political Economy of Communications 34 2.2. Critical Theories of the Digital Commons 42 2.3. Summary 46 3. Shifting Toward the Commons: Microsoft and Competing Models of Software Production 49 3.1. The Rise of Microsoft 1975–1990 52 3.2. Microsoft in the 1990s 57 3.3. The United States vs. Microsoft Corporation 61 3.4. The Halloween Documents 63 3.5. Shifting Toward the Commons 66 3.6. Why Open Source? Why Now? 69 4. From the Commons to Capital: Red Hat, Inc. and the Incorporation of Free Software 73 4.1. The Political Economy of Red Hat, Inc. 75 4.2. Red Hat’s Core Commodities and Intellectual Property 77 4.3. From the Commons to Capital 85 4.4. The Future of Red Hat 86 5. Resisting Incorporation and Reclaiming the Commons: The Case of Oracle and Sun Microsystems 89 5.1. The Oracle Corporation and Sun Microsystems 90 5.2. Protecting the Commons 98 viii Incorporating the Digital Commons 6. Conclusion 101 6.1. Major Findings 102 6.2. Case Studies 103 6.3. On the Benefit of the Commons Paradigm 108 6.4. Political Organisation from Below 109 6.5. Boundary Commoning 112 6.6. Commons Praxis 113 6.7. Concluding Thoughts on Capital and the Commons 118 References 121 Index 135 List of Figures 2.1 Coupling Between Production and Reproduction Circuits 41 2.2 The Commons Circuit of Value 44 3.1 Netscape Navigator Usage Data 1994–2006 60 5.1 Major StarOffice Derivatives 98 List of Tables 1.1 Top Companies Contributing to the Linux Kernel, Versions 4.8–4.13 3 1.2 Types of Open Source Business Strategies 18 1.3 Typology of Property 22 1.4 Social Democratic and Critical Theories of the Commons 28 6.1 Centralised Versus Decentralised Peer Production 110 Acknowledgments This book represents the culmination of more than six years of studying and using free and open source software, which began during my doctoral studies in the School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Oregon. I was first introduced to open source software during the summer of 2011 when a colleague, Jeremy Swartz, took me on a guided tour of the Open Source Con- vention (OSCON) in Portland, Oregon. At the convention, I was offered three different jobs by companies who had exhibits there. I was told, ‘we are looking for people like you’. I was incredibly surprised by this because I knew practically nothing about free and open source software at that time. I had heard of Linux, but that was about it. Nonetheless, all of the exhibitors – including Facebook, Google, the New York Times, and the United States Government – seemed keenly interested in attracting free and open source software programmers to their organisations. That experience piqued my interest in why companies were so interested in open source, and it became the focus of my studies. Along the way, I have had the privilege of discussing the subject with incred- ibly smart and patient people whohave helped me. I thank my dissertation committee for their patience, comments, and critiques throughout the pro- cess.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On Collective Ownership of the Earth Anna Stilz
    BOOK SYMPOSIUM: ON GLOBAL JUSTICE On Collective Ownership of the Earth Anna Stilz n appealing and original aspect of Mathias Risse’s book On Global Justice is his argument for humanity’s collective ownership of the A earth. This argument focuses attention on states’ claims to govern ter- ritory, to control the resources of that territory, and to exclude outsiders. While these boundary claims are distinct from private ownership claims, they too are claims to control scarce goods. As such, they demand evaluation in terms of dis- tributive justice. Risse’s collective ownership approach encourages us to see the in- ternational system in terms of property relations, and to evaluate these relations according to a principle of distributive justice that could be justified to all humans as the earth’s collective owners. This is an exciting idea. Yet, as I argue below, more work needs to be done to develop plausible distribution principles on the basis of this approach. Humanity’s collective ownership of the earth is a complex notion. This is because the idea performs at least three different functions in Risse’s argument: first, as an abstract ideal of moral justification; second, as an original natural right; and third, as a continuing legitimacy constraint on property conventions. At the first level, collective ownership holds that all humans have symmetrical moral status when it comes to justifying principles for the distribution of earth’s original spaces and resources (that is, excluding what has been man-made). The basic thought is that whatever claims to control the earth are made, they must be compatible with the equal moral status of all human beings, since none of us created these resources, and no one specially deserves them.
    [Show full text]
  • The Costs and Benefits of Government Control: Evidence from China's Collectively-Owned Enterprises Jiangyong Lu /Peking Unive
    The Costs and Benefits of Government Control: Evidence from China’s Collectively-Owned Enterprises Jiangyong Lu /Peking Universitya Zhigang Tao/University of Hong Kongb Zhi Yang/Hua Zhong University of Science & Technologyc May 2009 Abstract: China’s collectively-owned enterprises are unconventional, as they are nominally owned by those people residing in the areas where the enterprises are located but effectively controlled by the local governments. This study finds that collectively-owned enterprises, once being privatized, encounter an increase in the cost of goods sold to sales ratio but manage to lower down the managerial expenses to sales ratio. The findings imply that local government officials may help collectively-owned enterprises gain access to cheaper production inputs, but they may use those enterprises to pursue private benefits, thereby shedding lights on the costs and benefits of government control. JEL classification codes: L33, P31, D23 Keywords: China’s collectively-owned enterprises, costs and benefits of government control, managerial expenses, and cost of goods sold a Department of Strategic Management, Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing, P.R.China. Email: [email protected] b School of Business, and School of Economics and Finance, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong. Email: [email protected] c School of Management, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China. Email: [email protected] The Costs and Benefits of Government Control: Evidence from China’s Collectively-Owned Enterprises May 2009 Abstract: China’s collectively-owned enterprises are unconventional, as they are nominally owned by those people residing in the areas where the enterprises are located but effectively controlled by the local governments.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Source Projects As Incubators of Innovation
    RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS TO ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIOLOGY AND INNOVATION STUDIES / STUTTGARTER BEITRÄGE ZUR ORGANISATIONS- UND INNOVATIONSSOZIOLOGIE SOI Discussion Paper 2017-03 Open Source Projects as Incubators of Innovation From Niche Phenomenon to Integral Part of the Software Industry Jan-Felix Schrape Institute for Social Sciences Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies Jan-Felix Schrape Open Source Projects as Incubators of Innovation. From Niche Phenomenon to Integral Part of the Software Industry. SOI Discussion Paper 2017-03 University of Stuttgart Institute for Social Sciences Department of Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies Seidenstr. 36 D-70174 Stuttgart Editor Prof. Dr. Ulrich Dolata Tel.: +49 711 / 685-81001 [email protected] Managing Editor Dr. Jan-Felix Schrape Tel.: +49 711 / 685-81004 [email protected] Research Contributions to Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies Discussion Paper 2017-03 (May 2017) ISSN 2191-4990 © 2017 by the author(s) Jan-Felix Schrape is senior researcher at the Department of Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies, University of Stuttgart (Germany). [email protected] Additional downloads from the Department of Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies at the Institute for Social Sciences (University of Stuttgart) are filed under: http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/soz/oi/publikationen/ Abstract Over the last 20 years, open source development has become an integral part of the software industry and a key component of the innovation strategies of all major IT providers. Against this backdrop, this paper seeks to develop a systematic overview of open source communities and their socio-economic contexts. I begin with a recon- struction of the genesis of open source software projects and their changing relation- ships to established IT companies.
    [Show full text]
  • Shared Source Licensing Program for the Windows Embedded Compact (Formerly Windows CE) Platform
    9/6/2020 Shared Source Initiative | Licensing Program for the Windows Embedded Compact Platform Search Microsoft.com PRODUCTS STORE DOWNLOADS SUPPORT United States Shared Source Initiative > Windows Embedded Compact Source Licensing Program Shared Source Licensing Program for the Windows® Embedded Compact (formerly Windows CE) Platform Shared Source Licensing Programs Overview Microsoft offers a Shared Source licensing program for the Windows Embedded Compact (formerly Windows CE) platform. This program is applicable to the Windows Embedded Compact and Windows Embedded CE products. The Windows Embedded Shared Source program helps OEMs and developers speed development, reduce troubleshooting and code debugging time, receive assistance in remote device support and gain a deeper technical understanding of Windows Embedded Compact software. Public/Sample Source code is built at no additional cost into the purchased copies of the Windows Embedded Compact Platform Builder toolkit and provides access to nearly 4 million lines of code. Depending on a partner’s needs and qualifications, deeper levels of Shared Source code access (Private and Premium) are available. How to Participate Public/Sample Shared Source Public/Sample Shared Source code is available at no additional cost with each purchased copy of the Windows Embedded Compact 7 Platform Builder toolkit. Private Shared Source Private Shared Source Code is an optional component of the Windows Embedded Compact 7 Platform Builder toolkit that can be installed during the setup process. The toolkit user must electronically accept the terms and conditions of the Shared Source licensing agreement (EULA) before the Private source code can be installed. Premium Derivatives Program Microsoft also offers Premium access to advanced Windows Embedded Compact 7 source code through the Premium Derivatives licensing program.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Exam Review History of Science 150
    Final Exam Review History of Science 150 1. Format of the Exam 90 minutes, on canvas 12:25pm December 18. You are welcome to bring notes to the exam, so you could start by filling out this sheet with notes from lectures and the readings! Like the mid-term, the final exam will have two kinds of questions. 1) Multiple choice questions examining your knowledge of key concepts, terms, historical developments, and contexts 2) Short answer questions in which ask you to draw on things you’ve learned in the course (from lecture, readings, videos) to craft a short argument in a brief essay expressing your informed issue on a historical question 2. Sample Questions Multiple Choice: Mina Rees was involved in (and wrote about) which of the following computing projects? A) Silicon Valley start-ups in the dot-com period B) Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine C) Works Projects Administration Tables Project D) Federal funding for computing research after WWII Short Answer: (Your answers should be between 100-200 words, and keep to specifics (events, machines, developments, people) that demonstrate your knowledge of materials covered from the course) A) What are two historical factors important to the development of Silicon Valley’s technology industry after World War II? B) In what ways did the field of programming change (in terms of its status and workers) between World War II and the late 1960s? 3. Topics to Review: Below, is a list of ideas to review for the final exam, which covers material through the entire course. You should review in particular, lecture notes, O’Mara’s The Code and other course readings provided on Canvas.
    [Show full text]
  • "A Critique of the “Common Ownership of the Earth” Thesis "
    Article "A Critique of the “Common Ownership of the Earth” Thesis " Arash Abizadeh Les ateliers de l’éthique / The Ethics Forum, vol. 8, n° 2, 2013, p. 33-40. Pour citer cet article, utiliser l'information suivante : URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1021336ar DOI: 10.7202/1021336ar Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir. Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter à l'URI http://www.erudit.org/apropos/utilisation.html Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l'Université de Montréal, l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Pour communiquer avec les responsables d'Érudit : [email protected] Document téléchargé le 30 juin 2014 03:21 A CRITIQUE OF THE “COMMON OWNERSHIP OF THE EARTH” THESIS 1 ARASH ABIZADEH MCGILL UNIVERSITY 2 0 1 3 ABSTRACT In On Global Justice, Mathias Risse claims that the earth’s original resources are collecti- vely owned by all human beings in common, such that each individual has a moral right to use the original resources necessary for satisfying her basic needs. He also rejects the rival views that original resources are by nature owned by no one, owned by each human in equal shares, or owned and co-managed jointly by all humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideologies of Autonomy
    Wikipedia @ 20 Ideologies of Autonomy Christopher M. Cox Published on: Jun 11, 2019 Updated on: Jun 21, 2019 Wikipedia @ 20 Ideologies of Autonomy Introduction When I first began routinely using Wikipedia in the early 2000s, my interest owed as much to the model for online curation the site helped to popularize as it did Wikipedia itself. As a model for leveraging the potential of collective online intelligence, emerging modes of online productivity enabled everyday people to help build Wikipedia and, just as importantly for me, proliferated the use of “Wikis” to centralize and curate content ranging from organizational workflows to repositories for the intricacies of pop culture franchises. As a somewhat obsessive devotee of the television series Lost (2004-2011), I was especially enthusiastic about the latter, since the Lostpedia wiki was an essential part of my engagement with the series’ themes, mysteries, and motifs. On an almost daily basis during the show’s run, I found myself plunging ever deeper into Lostpedia, gleaming reminders of previous plot points and character interactions and using this knowledge to piece together ideas about the series’ sprawling mythology. Steadily, as Wikipedia also became a persistent fixture in my online media diet, I found myself using the site in a similar manner, often going down “Wikipedia holes” wherein I bounced from page to page, topic to topic, probing for knowledge of topics both familiar and obscure. This newfound ability to find, consume, and interact with a universe of ideas previously diffuse among various types of sources and institutions made me feel empowered to more readily self- direct my intellectual interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Adventures with Illumos
    > Adventures with illumos Peter Tribble Theoretical Astrophysicist Sysadmin (DBA) Technology Tinkerer > Introduction ● Long-time systems administrator ● Many years pointing out bugs in Solaris ● Invited onto beta programs ● Then the OpenSolaris project ● Voted onto OpenSolaris Governing Board ● Along came Oracle... ● illumos emerged from the ashes > key strengths ● ZFS – reliable and easy to manage ● Dtrace – extreme observability ● Zones – lightweight virtualization ● Standards – pretty strict ● Compatibility – decades of heritage ● “Solarishness” > Distributions ● Solaris 11 (OpenSolaris based) ● OpenIndiana – OpenSolaris ● OmniOS – server focus ● SmartOS – Joyent's cloud ● Delphix/Nexenta/+ – storage focus ● Tribblix – one of the small fry ● Quite a few others > Solaris 11 ● IPS packaging ● SPARC and x86 – No 32-bit x86 – No older SPARC (eg Vxxx or SunBlades) ● Unique/key features – Kernel Zones – Encrypted ZFS – VM2 > OpenIndiana ● Direct continuation of OpenSolaris – Warts and all ● IPS packaging ● X86 only (32 and 64 bit) ● General purpose ● JDS desktop ● Generally rather stale > OmniOS ● X86 only ● IPS packaging ● Server focus ● Supported commercial offering ● Stable components can be out of date > XStreamOS ● Modern variant of OpenIndiana ● X86 only ● IPS packaging ● Modern lightweight desktop options ● Extra applications – LibreOffice > SmartOS ● Hypervisor, not general purpose ● 64-bit x86 only ● Basis of Joyent cloud ● No inbuilt packaging, pkgsrc for applications ● Added extra features – KVM guests – Lots of zone features –
    [Show full text]
  • To What Extent Is Squatting an Alternative to Capitalism? Squatting in Europe Beyond the Housing Question
    To What Extent is Squatting an Alternative to Capitalism? Squatting in Europe Beyond the Housing Question Miguel Martínez, Claudio Cattaneo Abstract Is squatting a feasible alternative to the housing problems within the capitalist system? Is squatting only a marginal activity undertaken by people in need who are motivated against the rule of capitalism? Is squatting no more than a temporary reaction, to the unsolved “housing question” in the current crisis due to the malfunctioning of the capitalist mechanisms? In spite of several decades of social and political squatting, most of these questions remain very controversial nowadays. In this article we argue that there are evidences in both the practice and the discourse of political squatters, that various forms of alternatives, interferences and challenges to the capitalist system are actually developed. In addition, squatting not only satisfies housing needs, but also other social needs within a context of political experiments of self-management and autonomous mobilisation against many facets of capitalism and urban speculation. However, we also raise the question of the limits and contradictions of such an alternative. These can occur when the squatting experiences are isolated, when they carry on internal reproduction of capitalist relationships or when the capitalist and urban growth machine is not really affected by occasional cases of squatting. This ambivalence may explain the usually opposed approaches that squatting receives in the political arena. Therefore, it is not just a matter of turning every form of squatting into a political anti-capitalist collective what can contribute to enhance its anti-capitalist struggle, but the depth of the contentious interactions with the capitalist processes, and contradictions as well, in which the squatters movements engage.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Berkeley Software Distribution
    Free berkeley software distribution Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) was a Unix operating system derivative developed and . The lawsuit slowed development of the free- software descendants of BSD for nearly two years while their legal status was in question, and as a OS family​: ​Unix. Software Central is a consolidation of several IST sites that offer software to UC Berkeley faculty, staff and students. The products available through this site are ​Productivity Software · ​Mathematics & Sciences · ​VMware · ​Stata. Software Central. The API department runs the Campus Software Distribution Service, which: Runs a distribution service through (link is. Free Speech Online Blue Ribbon Campaign. Welcome to ! UNIX! Live free or die! Google. Custom Search. What is this page all about? This page is. BSD stands for “Berkeley Software Distribution”. which is available on CD-ROM and for free download from FTP sites, for example OpenBSD. All of the documentation and software included in the BSD and As you know, certain of the Berkeley Software Distribution ("BSD") source. Template:Redirect Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, sometimes called many other operating systems, both free and proprietary, to incorporate BSD code. BSD (originally: Berkeley Software Distribution) refers to the particular version of the UNIX operating system that was developed at and distributed fro. Short for Berkeley Software Distribution, BSD is a Unix-like NetBSD is another free version of BSD compatible with a very large variety of. Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) is a prominent version of the Unix operating system that was developed and distributed by the Computer Systems. Early in , Joy put together the "Berkeley Software Distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Ownership, Social Justice and World-Ownership Fabien Tarrit
    Self-Ownership, Social Justice and World-Ownership Fabien Tarrit To cite this version: Fabien Tarrit. Self-Ownership, Social Justice and World-Ownership. Buletinul Stiintific Academia de Studii Economice di Bucuresti, Editura A.S.E, 2008, 9 (1), pp.347-355. hal-02021060 HAL Id: hal-02021060 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02021060 Submitted on 15 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Self-Ownership, Social Justice and World-Ownership TARRIT Fabien Lecturer in Economics OMI-LAME Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne France Abstract: This article intends to demonstrate that the concept of self-ownership does not necessarily imply a justification of inequalities of condition and a vindication of capitalism, which is traditionally the case. We present the reasons of such an association, and then we specify that the concept of self-ownership as a tool in political philosophy can be used for condemning the capitalist exploitation. Keywords: Self-ownership, libertarianism, capitalism, exploitation JEL : A13, B49, B51 2 The issue of individual freedom as a stake went through the philosophical debate since the Greek antiquity. We deal with that issue through the concept of self-ownership.
    [Show full text]
  • FOSS Philosophy 6 the FOSS Development Method 7
    1 Published by the United Nations Development Programme’s Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia www.apdip.net Email: [email protected] © UNDP-APDIP 2004 The material in this book may be reproduced, republished and incorporated into further works provided acknowledgement is given to UNDP-APDIP. For full details on the license governing this publication, please see the relevant Annex. ISBN: 983-3094-00-7 Design, layout and cover illustrations by: Rezonanze www.rezonanze.com PREFACE 6 INTRODUCTION 6 What is Free/Open Source Software? 6 The FOSS philosophy 6 The FOSS development method 7 What is the history of FOSS? 8 A Brief History of Free/Open Source Software Movement 8 WHY FOSS? 10 Is FOSS free? 10 How large are the savings from FOSS? 10 Direct Cost Savings - An Example 11 What are the benefits of using FOSS? 12 Security 13 Reliability/Stability 14 Open standards and vendor independence 14 Reduced reliance on imports 15 Developing local software capacity 15 Piracy, IPR, and the WTO 16 Localization 16 What are the shortcomings of FOSS? 17 Lack of business applications 17 Interoperability with proprietary systems 17 Documentation and “polish” 18 FOSS SUCCESS STORIES 19 What are governments doing with FOSS? 19 Europe 19 Americas 20 Brazil 21 Asia Pacific 22 Other Regions 24 What are some successful FOSS projects? 25 BIND (DNS Server) 25 Apache (Web Server) 25 Sendmail (Email Server) 25 OpenSSH (Secure Network Administration Tool) 26 Open Office (Office Productivity Suite) 26 LINUX 27 What is Linux?
    [Show full text]