Hypernatremia: 2 Months Back When He Had Progressive Decrease in Vision (Right > Left)
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Correspondence to increased intrathoracic pressure and central radiologist regarding vascular injury when there is venous pressure, decreased venous return from the refractory hypotension so that necessary steps can be brain and increased ICP[4] taken to identify and treat iatrogenic complications that • Patients with aneurysmal SAH have disturbed might compound the pre‑existing morbidity. autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Hence, intraoperative hypotension of any cause has an REFERENCES adverse effect on the outcome of SAH[5,6] • Patients with poor grade SAH (Fischer III/IV) and 1. Young WL, Pile-Spellman J. Anesthetic considerations for interventional Neuroradiolgy (Review). Anesthesiology angiographic evidence of vasospasm which our 1994;80:427-56. patient had, are at risk for cerebral hypoperfusion 2. Varma MK, Price K, Jayakrishnan V, Manickam B, Kessell G. because of impaired cerebral autoregulation and Anaesthetic considerations for interventional neuroradiology. thus intraoperative hypotension and cerebral Br J Anaesth 2007;99:75-85. [6,7] 3. Kent KC, Moscucci M, Mansour KA, Dimattia S, Gallagher S, hypoperfusion compounds the poor outcome Kuntz R, et al. Retroperitoneal hematoma after cardiac • Blood loss leading to severe anaemia (Hb 3.8 g%) catheterization: Prevalence, risk factors, and optimal during the procedure might have lead to decreased management. J Vasc Surg 1994;20:905-10. oxygen‑carrying capacity of blood and further 4. De Laet I, Citerio G, Malbrain ML. The influence of exacerbate the hypoxic injury to brain. intraabdominal hypertension on the central nervous system: Current insights and clinical recommendations, is it all in the Thus a combination of age, poor grade SAH, diffuse head? Acta Clin Belg Suppl 2007;1:89-97. atherosclerosis, pre‑existing vasospasm, raised 5. Chang HS, Hongo K, Nakagawa H. Adverse effects of limited hypotensive anesthesia on the outcome of patients with intra‑abdominal pressure leading to raised ICP, severe subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2000;92:971-5. anaemia and delayed diagnosis and management 6. Voldby B, Enevoldsen EM, Jensen FT. Cerebrovascular of perforated iliac artery injury lead to poor clinical reactivity in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. outcome in our patient. J Neurosurg 1985;62:59-67. 7. Rabinstein AA, Friedman JA, Weigand SD, McClelland RL, This case demonstrates that possibility of catastrophic Fulgham JR, Manno EM, et al. Predictors of cerebral vascular perforation with intra‑abdominal haematoma infarction in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2004;35:1862-6. although rare, must be considered during INR procedures when severe hypotension unresponsive to fluid management develops during the procedure. Access this article online The combination of severe hypotension with elevated Quick Response Code: intra‑abdominal pressure in poor grade SAH can have Website: deleterious effect on intracranial compliance leading to www.jnaccjournal.org poor neurological outcome in patients with sub‑arachnoid haemorrhage and pre‑existing vasospasm. Thus, the DOI: anaesthesiologist must be aware of this complication 10.4103/2348-0548.139118 and should anticipate and inform the interventional of craniopharangioma. He was apparently well Hypernatremia: 2 months back when he had progressive decrease in vision (right > left). He was not able to visualize on A known complication of lateral vision, and his right side pupil was not reacting to light. He got operated for the same and was shifted for conivaptan elective ventilation. On 1st postoperative day, his trachea was extubated as computerized tomography (CT) scan was normal. One week after surgery, he suddenly Indu Kapoor became drowsy. On investigation, there was electrolyte imbalance (Na+ ‑ 116 mEq/L, K+ ‑ 2.7 mEq/L). He was We report a 30‑year‑male who was diagnosed case started on 3% NaCl infusion along with KCl supplement. Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, Neurosciences Centre, All India Institutes of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India Address for correspondence: Dr. Indu Kapoor, Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, Neurosciences Centre, All India Institutes of Medical Sciences, New Delhi ‑ 110 029, India. E‑mail: [email protected] Journal of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care | Vol. 1 • Issue 3 • Sep-Dec 2014 | 215 Correspondence The electrolyte levels improved gradually over a period hyponatraemia from January 2009 through November of 1 day (Na+ ‑ 120 mEq/L, K+ ‑ 3.6 mEq/L) along with 2010. Regardless of whether the patient was euvolemic improvement in his general condition. Two days later, or hypervolemic, no significant difference was noted in infusion of the injection conivaptan was started by a serum sodium concentration after initiation of treatment nursing staff in the presence of a neurosurgeon and was or in frequency of over‑correction between groups.[3] further monitored by the anaesthesiologist on duty in However, conivaptan given as a bolus can effectively the Neuro‑ICU. He was started on injection conivaptan treat acute hyponatraemia in brain‑injured patients.[4] infusion 20 mg IV over 30 minutes followed by 20 mg IV over 24 h. At the starting point of infusion, the Efficacy of vaptans is now well‑accepted for management serum sodium level was 123 mEq/lt. Subsequent ABG of hyponatraemia over a short period. However, vaptans have not become the mainstay treatment of hyponatraemia picture showed rapid rise in Na+ level within 20 minutes yet.[5] Whereas conivaptan is to be administered (Na+ ‑153 mEq/L, K+ ‑ 5.5 mEq/L). Within that duration, intravenously, the other vaptans such as tolvaptan, he became drowsy, irritable and disoriented; therefore, lixivaptan and satavaptan are effective as oral medication. the trachea was intubated to secure the airway. His Tolvaptan is approved for treatment of clinically hourly urine output was 150‑200 ml/h, and urine specific significant hypervolemic/euvolemic hyponatraemia‑ gravity remained between 1007‑1008. The central venous serum sodium <125 mEq/L or less marked symptomatic pressure was also measured, and it was within normal hyponatraemia that has resisted correction with fluid range (9‑10 cmH O). A repeat CT scan was performed 2 restriction‑but not heart failure without hyponatraemia.[6] to rule out any intracranial bleed or infarction, and the Conivaptan is a nonspecific arginine vasopressin receptor findings were non‑significant. antagonist that has been used as therapy in adults who Electrolyte abnormalities are linked to adverse outcomes have hypervolemic hyponatraemia due to congestive [7] and increased mortality in hospitalized patients. While heart failure. Intravenous conivaptan is effective for the differential diagnosis for hyponatraemia is diverse, increasing serum sodium levels and may be a potential most cases stem from arginine vasopressin (AVP) adjuvant to enhance diuresis in children with cardiac [8] dysregulation, where hypoosmolality fails to suppress disease. Further studies are required before conivaptan AVP synthesis and release. Despite the long‑recognized can be recommended for routine use in children. However, conivaptan has not been approved by the problem with excess AVP in euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatraemia, traditional therapeutic options have FDA for the treatment of decompensated congestive relied on nonspecific and potentially problematic heart failure. No dose adjustment is necessary in patients strategies.[1] with mild or moderate renal impairment and in patients with mild hepatic impairment.[9] No data are available Conivaptan is a non‑peptide inhibitor of antidiuretic on the use of vaptans in acute hyponatraemia, and they hormone (vasopressin receptor antagonist). It was are not indicated in hypovolemic hyponatraemia.[10] approved in 2004 for the treatment of hyponatraemia However, there are case reports where an extremely (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of rapid correction of serum sodium with a typical dosing inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). It regimen of conivaptan were seen.[11] Vasopressin‑receptor inhibits two of the three subtypes of the vasopressin antagonists, by reversing osmotic shifts, may be novel receptor (V1a and V2). Effectively, it causes iatrogenic agents to control ICP and cerebral edema, especially in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. It is given as loading the setting of falling sodium.[12] dose 20 mg IV infusion over 30 minutes and then The one of the possible cause of sudden neurological 20 mg IV as continuous infusion over a 24‑h period deterioration in this patient was diabetes insipidus which for 2‑4 days. After initial day of treatment, it may be was ruled out by hourly urine output measurement increased to 40 mg/day if necessary. Monitor serum that was within normal range as was the urine specific sodium and volume status frequently; a significant gravity. His volume status, adequately measured by increase in serum sodium (>12 mEq/L/24 h) may result central venous pressure, was also in normal limits. The in serious neurologic effects. Vaptans can be considered intracranial bleed or infarction was also ruled out by a new effective tool for the treatment of euvolemic and doing a repeat CT scan was normal. hypervolemic hyponatraemia. Nevertheless, more comparative research of vaptans versus other therapies There was no specific indication to start the conivaptan on clinical grounds is needed to more accurately infusion in our patient as he was responding well to assess the value of these drugs in the treatment of the treatment with hypertonic