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The Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Communications “UNSUNG ATHLETES”: COVERING WOMEN’S SPORTS FOR CHICAGO NEWSPAPERS, 1970s-1980s A Dissertation in Mass Communications by Dunja Antunovic 2015 Dunja Antunovic Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2015 The dissertation of Dunja Antunovic was reviewed and approved* by the following: Marie Hardin Professor of Journalism Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee Ford Risley Professor of Journalism Interim Associate Dean for Undergraduate and Graduate Education Patrick Parsons Don Davis Professor of Ethics, Telecommunucations Jaime Schultz Assistant Professor of Kinesiology *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT In the 1970s, women’s sport in the United States saw several watershed moments. In 1972, Congress passed Title IX, an education amendment that would lead to an exponential increase in girls’ and women’s participation in sport. A few weeks later, Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut dominated the televised coverage of Munich Olympics, conveying images about femininity and athleticism in popular imagination to audiences in the United States. The next year, the “Battle of the Sexes,” Billie Jean King’s tennis match against Bobby Riggs, became a symbol of women’s fight against sexist attitudes and practices in sport. These moments, although credited with spearheading social change and challenging cultural norms, gave only temporary visibility to women’s sport. Ultimately, these efforts did not lead to a substantial shift in gender representations, nor did they challenge gender norms in the sports journalism industry. In this dissertation, I draw upon oral history interviews to illuminate how journalists remembered women’s sport during this time of social change. I interviewed sports journalists who throughout their careers extensively covered women’s sports for their respective newspapers. By centering the voices of journalists, this story foregrounds memories of everyday lived experiences of covering women’s sports. With a focus on one media market, Chicago, the dissertation offers an in-depth analysis of the social, legislative, cultural, and institutional factors that shaped women’s sports coverage in the 1970s and 1980s. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... vi Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 Research Methodology, Research Process ....................................................................... 10 Oral History Interviews ............................................................................................ 10 Recruitment and Interview Procedures .................................................................... 15 The Journalists ................................................................................................................. 21 Chicago Tribune ....................................................................................................... 25 Chicago Sun Times .................................................................................................. 28 Arlington Heights Daily Herald ............................................................................... 29 Organization of the Dissertation ...................................................................................... 30 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 38 Women’s Sports: Historical Context ............................................................................... 40 Women’s Sports Coverage: Gender Ideologies ............................................................... 45 Women in Sports Journalism ........................................................................................... 50 Gendered Journalistic Values and Industry Norms .......................................................... 57 Chapter 3 Planting a Seed: Men’s Memories of Women’s Sports and Title IX ...................... 66 Historical Context ............................................................................................................ 69 Memories of Sport: The Path to Sports Journalism ......................................................... 73 Memories of Women’s Sports: Gender Roles ................................................................. 78 Memories of Title IX: Gradual Change ........................................................................... 83 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 90 Caught up in the Times: Women in Sports Newsrooms ......................................... 97 Historical Context ............................................................................................................ 99 “Girls Didn’t Do That”: Women in Sport and Sports Journalism .................................... 103 “In the Sea of Men”: Tokens Under the Magnifying Glass ............................................. 110 Women Journalist, Women’s Sports ................................................................................ 114 Inclusion of Women: Divergent Strategies ...................................................................... 117 Connections to Feminism ................................................................................................. 121 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 124 Chapter 5 Spaces of Visibility: Journalistic Norms, High School Sports and Recreation ....... 131 Historical Context ............................................................................................................ 133 Changing Newspaper Landscape ..................................................................................... 136 Had to “Deserve” It: Selection Criteria for Girls’ and Women’s Sports ......................... 144 Recreation Sports/Fitness: Spotlight on Women ............................................................. 149 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 155 Poignant Profiles: Television, Femininity, and Athleticism.................................... 162 v Historical Context ............................................................................................................ 165 Dramatic Elements: Olympic Coverage ........................................................................... 170 The Personal Side: Golden Age of Women’s Tennis ...................................................... 174 A “Normal-Looking” Team: The Chicago Hustle ........................................................... 178 A Local Hero: Lisa Ishikawa ........................................................................................... 183 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 187 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 195 Appendix Interview Questions ................................................................................................ 208 References ................................................................................................................................ 210 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I still remember the first time I attended a Chicago Fire professional men’s soccer game in Toyota Park stadium. I don’t remember the score, nor do I remember anything particular about the game. But I do remember a lengthy conversation with former Chicago Tribune sports journalist Mike Conklin at that event about women’s sports in the 1970s and 1980s. He told me about Andrea Jaeger, a teenage star tennis player from Lincolnshire, Illinois, who after claiming a no. 2 ranking in the world retired early from tennis and proceeded to spend all her earnings to establish a foundation for children with terminal cancer, only to become an Anglican nun later in her life. He told me about Title IX and about top female athletes who never received coverage, yet accomplished so much in that time period. This research allowed me to continue talking about these stories and to include other journalists in the conversation. I am deeply indebted to the sports journalists who so generously shared their experiences with me and whose voices substantiated this dissertation. I want to thank Mike Conklin not only for starting that conversation, but also for connecting me to his former colleagues. I am grateful to Phil Hersh, Linda Kay, Marla Krause, Skip Myslenski, Jody Temkin (Homer), Bob Sakamoto, Susan Sternberg, and Owen Youngman from the Chicago Tribune, to Taylor Bell and Steve Tucker from the Chicago Sun-Times, and to Bob Frisk, Howard Schlossberg, and John Radtke from the Arlington Heights Daily Herald for accepting my invitation to participate in this research. I appreciate that they entrusted me with their stories and I can only hope that this dissertation does justice in recognizing their contributions to women’s sports coverage. vii I also would like to thank Lesley Martin at the Chicago History Museum Research Center for directing me to archival material related to this work and Dr. Shennetta Selden
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