Women's Suffrage Movement

Idea Book® F O R ED U CAT O RS

WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT

WINTER 2019 / 2020 LETTER

The question is often asked,“ The Library of Congress and HISTORY® are honored to join in 'What does woman commemorating the 100th anniversary of the passage of the 19th want, more than Amendment to the Constitution of the United States as well as the she enjoys? campaign for women’s voting rights that lasted more than seven decades. What is she seeking This centennial offers an opportunity for us to learn about and to obtain? commemorate the experiences, commitment and accomplishments Of what rights of our predecessors. To that end, we present this special edition of the Idea is she deprived? Book for Educators®. It is a companion to the Library of Congress exhibition What privileges Shall Not Be Denied: Women Fight for the Vote and features ideas for are withheld from her?' teaching with primary sources in a I answer, she asks variety of media. The exhibition and teaching materials offer powerful nothing as favor, but as testimony to the individuals — the changemakers with whom we are right, she wants to be familiar as well as those lesser-known participants — whose courage, acknowledged a moral, perseverance, savvy, creativity and hope secured voting rights for responsible being. American women.

She is seeking not to be Dr. Carla Hayden governed by laws, in the Librarian of Congress making of which she has no voice.

—Lucretia Mott, Discourse on Woman,” 1849 © 2019 A&E TELEVISION NETWORKS, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 1598. RESERVED. ALL RIGHTS LLC. TELEVISION NETWORKS, A&E 2019 © BUTTON COURTESY OF GETTY IMAGES OF GETTY COURTESY BUTTON CONTENTS TEACHING WITH PRIMARY SOURCES

WORKERS AT THE WEEKLY JOURNAL THE SUFFRAGIST: Managing Editor loc.gov/resource KIMBERLY /mnwp.160082/ GILMORE, PH.D.

Contributing Editor JULIE PENHALLEGON

04 Business Coordinator WOMEN FIGHT FOR LISSETTE FONG THE VOTE BELLIARD An Overview of the Women’s Suffrage Design Director Movement JA I VILLANUEVA PICKETING SUFFRAGISTS ARE ARRESTED IN FRONT Senior OF THE WHITE HOUSE: Art Director loc.gov/resource ANDREA /mnwp.160038/ Primary sources are powerful on the Library’s website for WARMINGTON teaching tools! Photographs, teachers: loc.gov/teachers. From letters, maps, music, newspapers primary source sets to lesson Copyeditor & and more not only capture plans and other classroom Proofreader ESTHER SUNG student attention but they also materials, they are teach- inspire, fascinate and engage er-tested, free of charge and

A TIMELINE OF THE HOW WE KNOW INDIVIDUALS AND even the most reluctant learners. designed to meet curriculum WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE WHAT WE KNOW ORGANIZATIONS OF Production MOVEMENT Women’s Suffrage-Related THE MOVEMENT CLAUDIA HAUGHN The Library of Congress Teach- standards. 12 18 Collections 36 A Lifetime Membership Certificate BOB MOHR ing with Primary Sources By no means does this volume Program (TPS) harnesses this capture every possible detail, nor Digital Production power by working in collabora- does it include every teachable TIM CALL tion with school districts, primary source related to universities, libraries, cultural women’s suffrage, but we hope institutions and foundations to that it will inspire educators to help teachers use the Library’s further explore the Library’s vast collection of digitized collections, teach with primary I CONSIDER primary sources to enrich their sources and encourage students MYSELF THE“ classroom instruction. TPS to conduct original research. provides educators with both This Idea Book for Educators, LEADERS OF THE MUSIC OF THE STRATEGIES OF SUFFRAGE SUFFRAGE THE SUFFRAGE methods and materials that help also available online at MOVEMENT MOVEMENT MOVEMENT FIRST WOMAN spark student curiosity, build aenetworks.com/ideabook, 40 A Speech by Mary 46 The Equal Suffrage 50 A Newspaper Article Church Terrell Song Sheaf Describing the Suffrage VICTIM AFTER content knowledge, encourage was inspired by the Library of Procession of 1913 critical thinking and motivate Congress commemoration of the THE RATIFICA- further research. 100th anniversary of the 19th TION OF THE This special edition of The Idea Amendment and the Shall Not Be Book for Educators® introduces Denied: Women Fight for the Vote such materials — select primary exhibition: loc.gov ON THE COVER NINETEENTH sources related to women’s /exhibitions/women-fight-for “The Awakening” by cartoonist Henry Mayer AMENDMENT suffrage — and provides sugges- -the-vote/about-this-exhibition. for Puck magazine: NORTH OF THE tions about how the materials can For more information on the loc.gov/item/98502844/ be used in the classroom. The free teacher resources and MASON & photographs, newspapers, sheet professional development PRIMARY SOURCE ADDITIONAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ANALYSIS TOOLS RESOURCES music, speeches and manuscripts opportunities — including 54 56 58 DIXON LINE. featured on the following pages webinars, blogs, teacher insti- PLEASE NOTE THAT ALL introduce multiple aspects of the tutes and more — offered by the COLLECTION ITEM URLS movement and some of the Library of Congress and our TPS ARE HYPERLINKED. —Mary Church Terrell, 1920 people involved. These resources partners across the country, visit complement and enhance a vast our website for teachers: COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY ” array of other topics presented loc.gov/teachers.

3 FOR THE VOTE INTRODUCTION forged uneasy alliances and overcame The campaign for women’s voting countless controversies. Although few rights in the United States lasted more of the women who began the suffrage than seven decades. Considered the campaign before the Civil War lived largest reform movement in U.S. long enough to witness its final victory history, its participants believed that in August 1920, their work was carried securing the vote was essential to on by their daughters, granddaughters achieving women’s economic, social and other women they had inspired, and political equality. Culminating 100 nurtured and taught. Their collective years ago with the ratification of the story is one of courage, perseverance, 19th Amendment to the U.S. savvy, creativity and hope — and it is a Constitution, the fight for women’s story that continues to inspire women suffrage was not for the fainthearted. today. Determined women organized, #ShallNotBeDenied lobbied, paraded, petitioned, lectured and picketed for years. Suffragists were SENECA FALLS AND BUILDING

FIGHT ridiculed, patronized and dismissed by A MOVEMENT, 1776–1890 opponents — and yet they persisted. Notions of equality that inspired Some suffragists were assaulted and America’s war for independence from endured the harsh confines of prison Great Britain brought only modest and for daring to claim rights equal to men, fleeting change to the status of women, but they would not be denied. most of whom remained “civilly dead.” AN OVERVIEW OF THE WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT The movement questioned the Women had no legal identity separate country’s commitment to democracy; from their husbands, and it wasn’t until exposed the nation’s longstanding well into the 19th century that women class, regional and racial divides; were able to sign contracts, own and challenged existing gender property, obtain access to education, stereotypes. Arguments and strategies obtain divorces easily and gain custody for and against women’s suffrage of their children after divorce. The varied over time and place. Proponents desire to address this inequality and challenge the country to live up to its revolutionary promises led to a two-day convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, where 300 women A SUFFRAGIST DRESSED AS and men gathered to debate Elizabeth COLUMBIA, THE GODDESS Cady Stanton’s Declaration of PERSONIFYING AMERICA, AT THE 1913 MARCH IN Sentiments. Modeled after the WOMEN WASHINGTON, D.C.: COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY loc.gov/item/97510759/

4 5 WOMEN FIGHT FOR THE VOTE

Declaration of Independence, it

SUFFRAGISTS outlined women’s inferior status PROMOTE WOMEN'S and included a radical demand for SUFFRAGE: suffrage. loc.gov /item/2014698840/ After the Seneca Falls Convention, women’s rights conventions became annual events, where women met to discuss educational opportunities, divorce reform, property rights and sometimes labor issues. Women lent their support to abolishing slavery with the belief that universal suffrage would follow, but both the 14th and 15th Amendments ignored their demands for suffrage. National leaders responded differently, leading to a split in the movement and contrasting campaigns for voting rights at the local, state and national levels. In 1878, the first federal women’s suffrage amendment was introduced but was soundly defeated later in the first full Senate vote in 1887. As the 19th century neared an end, competing national suffrage groups reunited as the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), and groundwork was laid for a national movement.

NEW TACTICS FOR A NEW GENERATION, 1890–1915 Before the end of the 19th century, suffragists achieved victories in four western states and partnered with new organizations, including the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the National Association of Colored Women, which expanded the reach of their message. Challenging the status quo, suffragists worked to persuade women across the nation that they deserved the same rights IMAGE OF SUFFRAGIST that men took for granted, while FRANCES ELLEN WATKINS HARPER: also appealing to male political loc.gov/item/2002698208/ leaders to support their cause. Traditional approaches — petitioning and lobbying — and COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY IMAGES OF GETTY COURTESY BUTTON

6 7 WOMEN FIGHT FOR THE VOTE

SUFFRAGISTS FROM SAN newer, innovative techniques such the pickets, but when the United FRANCISCO as parades and public States entered World War I in BEING GREETED IN NEW JERSEY: demonstrations, political art as well April, any criticism of the loc.gov/item as the use of planes, automobiles, government was considered /mnwp000422 motion pictures and other treasonous. emerging technologies were used As World War I progressed, to spread their message. These many suffragists, including creative strategies and tools helped longtime pacifists, stopped garner media attention, raise campaigning for the vote and money, apply political pressure and devoted themselves to war work. attract new recruits, including The NWP, however, did not more working-class and college support the war and did not halt its women. A flurry of activity led to agitation. Using Wilson’s own more suffrage wins in the West, speeches against him, the NWP while leaders of the newly formed highlighted the government’s Congressional Union (later known hypocrisy of supporting democracy as the National Woman’s Party abroad while denying its women [NWP]) focused on Washington, citizens at home the right to vote. D.C. The first national suffrage Beginning in June 1917 suffragists parade occurred on March 3, 1913, were arrested for picketing, to coincide with President imprisoned and subjected to brutal Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration. treatment. Women from all social The parade put the president-elect and Congress on notice that suffragists would hold the Democratic Party responsible if it failed to pass a women’s suffrage amendment.

CONFRONTATIONS, SACRIFICE AND THE STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY, 1916–1917 By late 1916, leaders of NAWSA acknowledged that the group’s state-by-state strategy was taking classes risked their health and YELLOW RIBBON too long. They unveiled their WITH A BUTTON OF reputations by continuing to ELIZABETH SMITH “winning plan,” a two-pronged protest for the vote. MILLER: attack that paired the careful loc.gov/resource coordination of state work with HEAR US ROAR: VICTORY, /rbcmil.scrp4000702/ more aggressive nonpartisan 1918 AND BEYOND lobbying in Washington, D.C., for a Suffragists’ ongoing acts of civil federal amendment. By year’s end, disobedience, their extensive and both NAWSA and the NWP were strategic lobbying of Congress and working toward a federal the president, women’s wartime amendment but differences contributions — they all led to remained. In January 1917, the President Wilson’s endorsement NWP instituted the controversial of the 19th Amendment and its and “unladylike” practice of passage in the House of picketing the White House. At first, Representatives in January 1918. President Wilson was tolerant of Securing enough votes in the

SUFFRAGISTS MARCHING IN NEW YORK CITY: loc.gov /item/97500064/

8 LIBRARY COURTESY OF CONGRESS 9 WOMEN FIGHT FOR THE VOTE

THE RIGHT OF “CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES TO VOTE SHALL NOT BE DENIED OR ABRIDGED BY THE UNITED STATES OR BY ANY STATE ON ACCOUNT OF SEX.

19th Amendment ”Passed by Congress June 4, 1919 Ratified August 18, 1920

CLIFFORD BERRYMAN’S EDITORIAL CARTOON IN THE JANUARY 10, 1918, WASHINGTON EVENING STAR: loc.gov/item /2016679510

Senate took until June 1919, at education, citizen participation and which point attention shifted to the legal, economic and educational the states for a new and advancement of women, which exhausting ratification campaign. continues to this day. Simultaneously, After Tennessee became the 36th the NWP introduced the Equal Rights state to ratify the 19th Amendment (ERA), hoping to secure Amendment and suffragists had further rights for women; the ERA secured the required three- passed the Senate in 1972 but remains fourths majority of the states, the unratified. A remarkably hard-fought amendment was added to the U.S. accomplishment, the 19th Constitution on August 26, 1920. Amendment was just the beginning of Three months later, in a successive achievements, as waves of presidential election year, millions women activists drew strength and of women across the country were inspiration from the suffragists who ALICE PAUL IN FRONT OF THE able to vote for the first time. had preceded them and had furthered NATIONAL WOMAN’S PARTY’S NAWSA quickly transformed the nation’s democratic ideal of RATIFICATION FLAG: loc.gov/item/97500088/ into the League of Women Voters equality for all. with an emphasis on voter COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY

10 11 Excerpted from One Hundred Years Toward Suffrage: An Overview, A TIMELINE OF THE WOMEN’S compiled by E. Susan Barber with additions by Barbara Orbach Natanson, the text accompanies “Votes for Women: The Struggle for Women’s Suffrage: Selected Images from the Collections of the Library of SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT Congress”:loc.gov/rr/print/list/076_vfw_timeline.html.

1848 (July 19–20) 1833 The first women's rights convention in the United Oberlin College becomes States is held in Seneca the first coeducational col- Falls, New York. Many lege in the United States. participants sign a "Dec- 1866 In 1841, Oberlin awards the laration of Sentiments and 1776 first academic degrees to Resolutions" that outlines Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony form the Abigail Adams writes three women. Early grad- the main issues and goals 1840 American Equal Rights As- to her husband, John, uates include Lucy Stone for the emerging women's 1851 sociation, an organization who is attending the and Antoinette Brown. (March) movement. Thereafter, women's rights meetings for white and black women Continental Congress The World's Anti-Slavery Former slave Sojourner 1869 are held on a regular basis. and men dedicated to the in Philadelphia, asking Convention in London Truth delivers a speech goal of universal suffrage. The women's rights that he and the other rejects the credentials of loc.gov/item/rbcmiller001182/ before a spellbound loc.gov/item/97500087 movement splits into two men — who were at American delegate Lucretia audience at a women's factions as a result of work on the Declaration Mott and other female rights convention in 1861–1865 disagreements over the of Independence — American delegates. This Akron, Ohio. The speech The American Civil War Fourteenth and soon- "Remember the Ladies." experience prompts Mott becomes known far and disrupts suffrage ac- to-be-passed Fifteenth John responds with hu- and Elizabeth Cady Stanton wide as "Ain't I tivity as women, North Amendments. Elizabeth mor. The Declaration's 1837 to take up the cause of a Woman?" and South, divert their Cady Stanton and Susan wording specifies that women's rights. loc.gov/item The first National Female energies to "war work." "all men are created B. Anthony form the more Anti-Slavery Society loc.gov/item/97500244/ /scsm000880/ The War itself, however, equal." radical, New York-based convention meets in New serves as a "training National Woman Suffrage York City. Lucretia Mott, a ground," as women gain Association (NWSA). Lucy Quaker activist, is instru- important organizational Stone, Henry Blackwell, mental in organizing the 1850 and occupational skills and Julia Ward Howe orga- convention, having had the they will later use in 1868 nize the more conservative experience of being denied Amelia Jenks Bloomer postbellum organiza- American Woman Suffrage membership in earlier launches the dress reform tional activity. The Fourteenth Amendment Association (AWSA), in anti-slavery organizations movement with a costume loc.gov is ratified, which extends Boston. In this same year, because she was a woman. bearing her name. The /item/2017562126/ to all citizens the protec- the Wyoming territory is Eighty-one delegates from Bloomer costume was tions of the Constitution organized with a woman twelve states attend. later abandoned by many against unjust state laws. suffrage provision. In 1890, suffragists who feared it This Amendment is the first Wyoming was admitted to

detracted attention from OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY IMAGES OF GETTY COURTESY BUTTON to define "citizens" and the Union with its suffrage more serious women's "voters" as "male." provision intact. rights issues. loc.gov/item/2004679121

12 13 A TIMELINE OF THE WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT

1895 1911 Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1900 The National Association publishes The Woman's Opposed to Woman Symbolizing the passing Bible. After its publication, Suffrage (NAOWS) is of the suffrage torch to NAWSA moves to distance organized. a new generation, Susan itself from this venerable B. Anthony steps down suffrage pioneer because as president of NAWSA. 1872 many conservative suffrag- Recognizing Carrie ists consider her to be too Susan B. Anthony is Chapman Catt's potential 1878 radical and, thus, potentially arrested and brought to as an organizer and a damaging to the suffrage 1870 trial in Rochester, New A Woman Suffrage Amend- speaker, Anthony chooses 1876–1879 campaign. From this time, York, for attempting to ment is introduced in the Catt to succeed her. Stanton – who resigned as The FifteenthTIMELINE Amendment United States Congress. vote for Ulysses S. Grant Lawyer Belva Ann Lock- 1893 enfranchises black men. NAWSA president in1892 – loc.gov/item/97500090/ in the presidential elec- wood is denied permis- The wording is unchanged NWSA refuses to work for Hannah Greenbaum Solo- is no longer invited to sit tion. At the same time, sion to practice before in 1919, when the amend- its ratification, arguing, in- mon founds the National on the stage at NAWSA Sojourner Truth appears the Supreme Court. She ment finally passes both stead, that it be "scrapped" Council of Jewish Women conventions. at a polling booth in spends three years pushing houses. in favor of a Sixteenth (NCJW) after a meeting of Grand Rapids, Michigan, through legislation that Amendment providing the Jewish Women's Con- demanding a ballot; she enables women to practice universal suffrage. Freder- gress at the Columbian Ex- is turned away. before the Court and ick Douglass breaks with position in Chicago, Illinois. 1912 loc.gov/item/mnwp000339/ becomes the first woman to Stanton and Anthony over In that same year, Colorado do so in 1879. Theodore Roosevelt's NWSA's position. becomes the first state to Progressive (Bull loc.gov/item/97510763 1890 loc.gov/item/2011648984 adopt a state amendment Moose/Republican) The NWSA and the AWSA enfranchising women. Party becomes the 1874 are reunited as the Nation- first national political al American Woman Suf- party to adopt a woman The Woman's Christian frage Association (NAWSA) suffrage plank. Temperance Union under the leadership of loc.gov/pictures (WCTU) is founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Al- /item/2009631526/ Annie Wittenmyer. With ice Stone Blackwell, editor Frances Willard at its of the Woman's Journal, 1896 head (1876), the WCTU an organ of the American becomes an important Woman Suffrage Associ- Mary Church Terrell, force in the fight for ation, is instrumental in Ida B. Wells-Barnett, woman suffrage. Not merging the two groups. Margaret Murray Wash- surprisingly, one of ington, Fanny Jackson the most vehement Coppin, Frances Ellen opponents to women's Watkins Harper, Char- enfranchisement is lotte Forten Grimké, and the liquor lobby, which Harriet Tubman meet fears women might use in Washington, D.C., the franchise to prohibit to form the National the sale of liquor. Association of Colored Women (NACW). loc.gov/item/2003674596 COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY

14 15 A TIMELINE OF THE WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT

1917

Women win the vote in 1913 New York State. A suffrage (March 3) petition signed by more than a million women Members of the Congres- signals the determination sional Union organize a 1916 of the women of the state 1919 TIMELINEsuffrage parade, carefully NAWSA president Carrie (and the suffrage campaign (May–June) scheduling it for the day Chapman Catt unveils her workers who gathered the before President Wilson's The Nineteenth Amend- 1913 "winning plan" for suffrage signatures) to gain the vote. inauguration (it is said victory at a convention in 1918–1920 ment passes both House loc.gov/item/rbcmiller002058 Alice Paul and Lucy Burns that when Wilson arrived and Senate in a special Atlantic City, New Jersey. The Great War (World organize the Congressio- in town, he found the session and goes to the Catt's plan required the War I) intervenes to nal Union, later known streets empty of wel- states for ratification. coordination of activities slow down the suffrage as the National Woman's coming crowds and was by a vast cadre of suffrage campaign as some – but Party (1916). Borrowing told that everyone was workers in both state and not all – suffragists the tactics of the radical, on Pennsylvania Avenue local associations. decide to shelve their militant Women's Social watching the parade). Not suffrage activism in and Political Union (WSPU) all of the parade observers favor of "war work." In in England, members of the are suffrage supporters. the long run, however, Woman's Party participate Hostile members of the this decision proves to in hunger strikes, picket crowd swarm and insult the 1916 be a prudent one as it the White House, and en- marching women. 1920–1921 adds yet another reason gage in other forms of civil Jeannette Rankin of loc.gov/item/2014691447/ to why women deserve Its victory accomplished, disobedience to publicize Montana becomes the first the vote. the NAWSA membership the suffrage cause. American woman elected becomes the nucleus of the to represent her state in loc.gov/item/ihas.100010516 loc.gov/item/2014692350/ League of Women Voters. the U.S. House of Repre- Maud Wood Park becomes sentatives. 1920 the first president of the loc.gov/item/mnwp000300/ (August 26) League. loc.gov/item/98511969/ Following ratification by the necessary thirty-six 1923 states, the Nineteenth Amendment is adopted. The National Woman's chroniclingamerica.loc Party first proposes the .gov/lccn/sn85066387 Equal Rights Amendment to /1895-05-21/ed-1/seq-4/ eliminate discrimination on the basis of gender. It has never been ratified. loc.gov/item/2016891452 COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY IMAGES OF GETTY COURTESY BUTTON

16 17 HOW

WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE-RELATED COLLECTIONS WE As with any historical topic, what we know about the women’s suffrage movement depends on the pieces of evidence — the primary source materials in a variety of media — that remain. The more material that is available and accessible, the better! Of course, how we interpret the KNOW evidence matters a great deal. And the extent to which the evidence reflects multiple perspectives determines how comprehensive our conclusions can be. In the case of women’s suffrage, the Library of Congress holds a great deal of primary source material that not only remains but is available. Due to WHAT digitization, more is accessible than ever before on the Library’s website: loc.gov. The materials reveal a great deal about the movement — from its leaders to individuals and organizations that were involved, from the movement’s tactics and strategies to its music and more. WE The online collections present thousands of individual objects that make it possible for teachers to select compelling, individual primary sources to convey content or to engage students in a particular analysis skill. ACTRESS MARGARET VALE HOWE They also enable students to pose their PARTICIPATES IN THE MARCH 1913 SUFFRAGE PARADE IN WASHINGTON, D.C.: own questions, conduct original online

loc.gov/item/2014692808/ OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY KNOW research and make their own discoveries.

18 19 HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW

PORTRAITS OF CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT, PART OF THE CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT PAPERS: loc.gov/resource /mss15404.mss15404 -018_00126_00326/?sp=68

SCRAPBOOK PAGES FEATURING A PHOTOGRAPH OF NATHANIEL SCHMIDT AND THE EFFORTS OF THE MEN'S LEAGUE FOR WOMAN SUFFRAGE: loc.gov/item/2002719620 /s15404018_00126_00326/?sp=68

SUSAN B. ANTHONY AND ELIZABETH CADY STANTON ON THE COVER OF EQUAL RIGHTS, PART OF THE THE COLLECTIONS ELIZABETH CADY STANTON PAPERS: The following sections describe collections within the loc.gov/resource Library of Congress that relate to women's suffrage. /mss41210.mss41210 -005_00319_00337/?sp=6

SUSAN B. ANTHONY PAPERS loc.gov/collections/susan-b-anthony-papers/about-this-collection/

The papers of reformer and suffragist Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906) include correspondence, diaries, a daybook, scrapbooks, speeches and miscellaneous EXCERPT FROM items. The papers relate to Anthony’s interests in abolition and women's SUSAN B. ANTHONY’S education; her campaign for women's property rights and suffrage in New York; SPEECH, “MAKE THE SLAVE’S CASE OUR OWN”: loc.gov/resource/mss11049.mss11049 and her work with the National Woman Suffrage Association, the organization

-007_00161_00181/?sp=5&r=-0.629,-0.053,2.258,1.261,0 OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY IMAGES OF GETTY COURTESY BUTTON she and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded in 1869 when the suffrage movement

20 21 HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW

PORTRAIT OF SUFFRAGIST NANNIE HELEN BURROUGHS (LEFT) AND A COMPANION: loc.gov /item/98503266/

split into two rival camps at odds about whether to press for a federal women’s suffrage amendment or to seek state-by- state enfranchisement. With the possible exception of her close collaborator Stanton, no woman is more associated with the campaign for women’s voting rights than Anthony, whose name became so synonymous with suffrage that the federal amendment, which formally became the 19th Amendment, was called for many years by its supporters as simply the Anthony Amendment. Individuals represented in this collection by either correspondence or diary entries include Rachel Foster Avery, Amelia Jenks Bloomer, Adelaide Johnson, Lucretia Mott, Wendell Phillips, Parker Pillsbury, Anna Howard Shaw, Elizabeth The collection consists of Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone. approximately 500 items (6,265 images). Also included are six scrapbooks compiled by Anthony’s younger sister CARRIE CHAPMAN Mary. The scrapbooks primarily document Susan’s and Mary’s activities on CATT PAPERS loc.gov/collections/carrie-chapman behalf of woman suffrage, especially the -catt-papers/about-this-collection/ conventions of the National Woman Suffrage Association and the New York State Woman Suffrage Association. The The papers of suffragist, political scrapbooks also contain biographical strategist and pacifist Carrie Lane articles on Anthony and her associates in Chapman Catt (1859–1947) include the suffrage movement and articles on diaries, correspondence, speeches, and women in higher education and profes- articles, subject files and miscellaneous sional employment, particularly in law, items, including photographs and printed ELIZABETH SMITH MILLER medicine and journalism. matter. SHOWCASING THE BLOOMER Completing the collection are manu- Although Catt served as president of OUTFIT: loc.gov/static/exhibitions scripts of speeches and other writings. the National American Woman Suffrage /women-fight-for-the-vote Anthony’s early focus was temperance Association (NAWSA) from 1900 to 1904, /images/objects/ws0011 and abolition as well as women’s suffrage she is perhaps best remembered for her standard.jpg and education. The manuscripts date second stint as NAWSA president, which from her first public address in 1848 to began in 1915. Within a year of resuming

COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY 1895 when she spoke about Elizabeth the presidency, Catt had come to accept Cady Stanton’s The Woman’s Bible. the criticism of the National Woman’s

22 23 ALISON TURNBULL HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW HOPKINS PICKETS THE WHITE HOUSE: loc.gov/resource /mnwp000222/

TEACHING IDEA

Share these collection descriptions with students.

Invite them to choose one and instruct them to dive into the collection. See what piques their curiosity, and encourage them to share their findings with the class. As students describe their findings, keep a tally of the different kinds of evidence they find — photos letters, buttons, speeches, and more — as well as the different perspectives they reflect, the different time periods and locations they represent and more.

WOMEN ADVERTISING THE SUFFRAGE PARADE: loc.gov/resource/hec.02009/

Party (NWP) that NAWSA’s state-by- Subject File series in the collection historic 1848 convention in Seneca Falls, state strategy was taking too long. A reveal the tactics she employed in New York; drafts of Stanton's memoirs, brilliant strategist, she unveiled her achieving this goal. Eighty Years and More: Reminiscences, secret “Winning Plan,” a two-pronged The collection consists of approxi- 1815–1897; and a draft of her controversial attack that called for the careful mately 9,500 items. The Woman’s Bible, which nearly coordination of state work with an splintered the suffrage movement when aggressive nonpartisan lobbying effort ELIZABETH CADY published in 1895. in Washington for a federal amend- STANTON PAPERS While leading the suffrage fight, ment. By the end of 1916, both Stanton along the way actively supported loc.gov/collections/elizabeth-cady NAWSA and the NWP were working dress reform and women's health issues, -stanton-papers/about-this-collection/ toward the federal amendment, and it greater educational and financial is Catt and Alice Paul of the NWP, as The papers of suffragist, reformer, and opportunities for women, more liberal the respective leaders of the two feminist theorist Elizabeth Cady Stanton divorce laws and stronger women’s largest national suffrage organiza- (1815–1902) include correspondence, property laws. She also became an tions, who have received most of the speeches, articles, drafts of books, outspoken critic of church authority, as credit for securing the passage and scrapbooks and printed matter relating to best represented by publication of her ratification of the amendment. Stanton and the woman’s rights move- controversial The Woman’s Bible. As a Most of Catt’s papers relate to her ment. Highlights of the collection include supporter of the temperance movement, efforts to secure the ballot for women. an official report and contemporary though not particularly active in it, she

COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY General Correspondence and newspaper clippings relating to the insisted that drunkenness should be a

24 25 HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW ALICE PAUL SEWS ANOTHER STAR, REPRESENTING ANOTHER STATE'S RATIFICATION OF THE 19TH AMENDMENT, ONTO THE NATIONAL WOMAN’S PARTY RATIFICATION FLAG: I WISH YOU TO loc.gov/item “ /mnwp000263 KNOW WHAT FAITH IS REPOSED IN YOU, AND HOW EARNESTLY TWENTY MILLION WOMEN ARE WAITING FOR POLITICAL FREEDOM. ”—Jeannette Rankin, 1918 cause for divorce. She maintained that women must have the right to their own wages and must take their rightful place in business and the professions. She believed that “self-development is a higher duty than self-sacrifice” and that women and men should be equal before the law, in churches and in society. She saw women’s voting rights as basic to all other rights and cam- paigned for both state suffrage laws as well as a federal constitutional amendment that would secure such rights for women nationally. The collection elucidates the goals, tactics and activities of those associated with the woman’s rights campaign and depicts both external opposition as well as internal division. The correspondence provides glimpses into Stanton’s family life, illustrating how she balanced her family responsibilities with the demands placed on her as a leader in the movement. The collection consists of approximately 1,000 items. COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY IMAGES OF GETTY COURTESY BUTTON

26 27 HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW

MARY CHURCH TERRELL PAPERS between 1890 and 1920, with a shift in loc.gov/collections/mary-church-terrell focus to international women’s -papers/about-this-collection/ movements in the 1930s. The collection is arranged in three series: The Mary Church Terrell papers The General Correspondence series reflect all phases of her public career, consists of correspondence with showing her as educator, lecturer, club individual members and supporters of woman, writer and political campaign- the association, and with its officials. er. Among the issues she addressed The collection features letters from were lynching and peonage conditions many of the leaders in the American in the South, women’s suffrage, voting and British women’s rights movements. rights, civil rights, educational pro- The Subject File includes biographi- grams for blacks and the Equal Rights cal information on some of the princi- Amendment. Terrell was one of the pal suffrage workers, a collection of founders in 1896 and the first president anti-suffrage literature, progress of the National Association of Colored reports from state and local suffrage Women. Among the groups featured in organizations affiliated with NAWSA, the correspondence series in the papers and records relating to the work of the are the National American Woman Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage Association, National Woman’s Suffrage (later the National Woman’s Party and International League for Party). Peace and Freedom. The Miscellany series includes a set Spanning the years from 1851 to of indexed scrapbooks prepared by Ida 1962 — with the bulk of the material Porter Boyer, which documents concentrated in the period from 1886 activities in the woman’s rights to 1954 — the collection contains movement as reported in the nation’s diaries, correspondence, printed newspapers and periodicals during the matter, clippings, and speeches and years from 1893 to 1912. writings, primarily focusing on Terrell’s The records collection consists of career as an advocate of women’s rights approximately 26,700 items. and equal treatment of African Ameri- cans. NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN This collection consists of approximately 13,000 items. SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION (NAWSA) BOOK COLLECTION NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN loc.gov/collections/national -american-woman-suffrage SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION DELEGATIONS AND -association/about-this-collection/ REPRESENTATIVES (NAWSA) RECORDS LINE UP FOR THE 1913 loc.gov/collections/national The NAWSA collection is a library of SUFFRAGISTS PARADE IN -american-woman-suffrage WASHINGTON, D.C.: nearly 800 books and pamphlets -association-records/about loc.gov/item documenting the suffrage campaign /mnwp000339/ -this-collection/ that were collected between 1890 and The majority of the NAWSA records 1938 by members of NAWSA and relate to the organization’s efforts to donated to the Rare Book Division of secure the franchise for women the Library of Congress in 1938. COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY

28 29 CLICK IMAGES FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW

THE NATIONAL WOMAN’S PARTY CELEBRATES TEN- NESSEE’S RATIFICATION OF THE 19TH AMENDMENT: The bulk of the collection is loc.gov/item/mnwp000256/ derived from the library of Carrie Chapman Catt, president of NAWSA from 1900 to 1904 and again from 1915 to 1920. Additional materials were donated to the NAWSA Collection from the libraries of other members and officers including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Alice Stone Blackwell, Julia Ward Howe, Elizabeth Smith Miller and Mary A. Livermore.

The NAWSA collection consists of a variety of materials including newspapers, books, pamphlets, memorials, scrapbooks and proceedings from the meetings of various women’s organizations that document the suffrage fight. The collection is divided into 16 sections, which is in accordance to NAWSA’s original organization: Reliable Sources on the Woman Movement Brief Biographies Woman and Work Women and War Sociology and Ethics Concerning Women The Evolution of Woman The Woman Suffrage Campaign Biographies of Women Women and the Law Parenthood and Related Subjects Prostitution Women and Costumology Women and Clubs Letters, Poems, Novels, Humor Opposition to Woman Suffrage Scrapbooks

Note that the collection mirrors the biases of NAWSA’s membership. For the most part, it represents the concerns of well-educated, middle- COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY IMAGES OF GETTY COURTESY BUTTON

30 31 NAWSA HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW

SUFFRAGIST PARADE IN NEW YORK CITY: loc.gov/resource /cph.3a52079/ THE TORCH OF POLITICAL FREEDOM FOR WOMEN BEING PASSED FROM NEW YORK STATE TO NEW JERSEY: loc.gov/resource /sn78004456/1915-08-15 /ed-1/?sp=9

MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL WOMAN’S PARTY PROTEST OUTSIDE THE WHITE HOUSE: loc.gov/item/mnwp000303/

NATIONAL WOMAN'S PARTY MEMBERS FROM NEW ENGLAND STATES GATHER IN WASHINGTON, D.C.: loc.gov/item/mnwp000198/

and upper-class white women living in international women’s suffrage the National Woman’s Party’s push for the North, and especially in New organizing. ratification of the 19th Amendment as England. There is little in the collection well as its later efforts for passage of to document the role of Southern WOMEN OF PROTEST: the Equal Rights Amendment women or women of color. Work- Founded in 1913 as the Congressio- ing-class women receive a slightly PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE nal Union for Woman Suffrage (CU), larger share of attention, but for the RECORDS OF THE NATIONAL the NWP introduced tactics and most part, the collection details the WOMAN’S PARTY strategies to the American women’s experiences of the affluent white loc.gov/collections/women-of suffrage campaign that were inspired women who formed the suffrage -protest/about-this-collection/ by its leaders’ experiences with the campaign’s leadership cadre. militant wing of the British suffrage The online collection features nearly The photographs in this collection movement. Its tactics included 2,000 items. In addition, NAWSA were all taken between the years 1875 holding open-air demonstrations; records (1839–1961) are also available and 1938 but largely were created distributing pamphlets; organizing online. The collection consists of between 1913 and 1922. The images elaborate parades and pageants; approximately 26,700 items (52,078 depict the tactics used by the militant circulating suffrage petitions; mount- images). These records reflect NAW- wing of the suffrage movement in the ing billboards on public highways; SA’s multifaceted history, including the United States — including picketing, orchestrating nationwide automobile activities of precursor organizations petitioning, pageants, parades and and train tours of suffrage speakers; involved in the abolition and women’s demonstrations, hunger strikes and picketing the White House and rights movements, state and federal imprisonment — as well as individual congressional office buildings; campaigns for women’s suffrage, the portraits of organization leaders and burning watch fires; conducting

ratification of the 19th Amendment and members. The photographs document hunger strikes; and facing arrest, OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY

32 33 HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW

SUFFRAGISTS ELISABETH FREEMAN, VERA WENT- WORTH, ELSIE MCKENZIE AND IDA CRAFT: loc.gov/item/2014693703/

imprisonment, and force-feedings. with a study of the suffrage movement, prominent in the movement, on both suffragists. Anti-suffrage sentiment browse the list of Recommended excellent opportunities for students to After suffrage was achieved, the NWP its counter movement and its impact on the national and local levels. Some seeps into much of the popular music Topics in Chronicling America: question the accuracy of newspaper launched a campaign for the Equal society and popular culture through the composers and lyricists are so obscure of the time; a striking amount of song loc.gov/rr/news/topics/index.html. accounts and to notice whose perspec- Rights Amendment and dedicated lens of music. The digital collection that we know nothing more about them lyrics expose male anxiety about a The page for each topic provides tives these accounts might misrepre- itself to achieving social, political and includes mostly published sheet music than their names. In fact, there is a woman's ability to vote, predicting the important dates relevant to that topic, sent or exclude. economic equality for women and texts, and also showcases self-pub- certain irony in the names that some societal demise of the family and the sample articles and strategies for This collection currently consists of throughout the world. lished works and a handful of manu- suffragists provided when registering consequent subjugation of men. searching Chronicling America to find nearly 15 million pages from more than The online collection includes 448 scripts. Music included in the digital music for copyright; women who This collection consists of more more. Topic categories that might be 2,800 newspapers, representing every digitized photographs selected from collection served vastly different wrote impassioned song texts about- than 200 items. helpful in investigating issues related to state in the U.S. and more than a dozen approximately 2,650 print photo- purposes: there are suffrage hymns and suffrage and equality sometimes women’s suffrage include “African languages. graphs in the Records of the National martial pieces that were intended for identified themselves in print only CHRONICLING AMERICA American History”; “Politics, Govern- Woman’s Party. performance at suffrage meetings and with modest initials or with their chroniclingamerica.loc.gov ment, and World Leaders”; and public demonstrations parlor songs husband’s name. “Struggle for Human Rights and WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE IN SHEET published to support specific suffrage When searching the music selec- Chronicling America is a partnership Freedoms.” MUSIC COLLECTION or anti-suffrage leagues and organizations included in the digital collection, between the National Endowment for Chronicling America is also full-text tions, sheet music published by it is important to examine the lyrics of the Humanities and the Library of searchable, so students can search for loc.gov/collections/womens songsharks, commercial sheet music every piece of sheet music. While Congress that seeks to preserve and names, places and events within a year -suffrage-sheet-music/about-this drawing upon the topical theme for some titles and cover art initially provide open access to America’s or date range. Historical newspapers all -collection/ marketing purposes amateur and songs suggest support of women’s suffrage, historic newspapers. reflect the biases of the people who This collection, spanning the years likely never performed in public. Often, many lyrics reveal an anti-suffrage An easy way to begin exploring this created them. They therefore provide from 1838 to 1923, provides researchers songs were dedicated to women message that ultimately mocks trove of historical newspapers is to COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY

34 35 Individuals and Organizations of the Movement

A LIFE MEMBERSHIP CERTIFICATE 36 occurred in1890, whentwo rival edit reflects themerger that This seeminglysimple, handwritten between “National” and“Woman.” word “American” was added tion oftheUnited States,” andthe “National Woman Suffrage Associa- on thecertificateoriginally read the nationalgovernment.” immunities guaranteed tocitizensby to alltherights, privilegesand citizens oftheUnited States, entitled movement. It reads “Women are states thecore values thatdrove the almost aprimer. participants —thecertificateis struggles, from itsleadersto From themovement’s goalstoits the women’s suffrage movement. students intonumerous aspectsof compelling pointofentryfor /rbcmiller001370 available onlineatloc.gov/item Association oftheUnited States, National AmericanWoman Suffrage Membership Certificatefrom the Anne FitzhughMiller’s Life The printedtitleoftheAssociation The topofthecertificateclearly /rbcmiller002645/ loc.gov/item SUSANB. ANTHONY: MILLER ANDFITZHUGH PORTRAITOF ANNE /, canprovide a

COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS certificate. the statementon that was similar to identify language Amendments and the 14th and15th read thetextof Invite studentsto 1 TEACHING IDEAS 19th Amendment. ratification ofthe to NAWSA after the and whathappened why theymerged sociations differed, find outhowtheas- conduct research to Invite studentsto 2 INDIVIDUALS ANDORGANIZATIONS OFTHEMOVEMENT movement. women’s suffrage they playedinthe en andtheroles of thefourwom- to research each Encourage students 3 37 the funds. have purchased with the associationmay to considerwhat day’s economy and $50 in1900 into- mine thevalueof students todeter Challenge 4 - /rbcmiller001370/ loc.gov/item ANNE FITZHUGH MILLER: SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATIONFOR NATIONALAMERICAN WOMAN MEMBERSHIP TO THE CERTIFICATE OFLIFETIME

ELIZABETH SMITH MILLER AND INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS OF THE MOVEMENT DAUGHTER ANNE LUCY G. BRANHAM PROTESTS FITZHUGH MILLER: THE IMPRISONMENT OF loc.gov/resource SUFFRAGIST ALICE PAUL: /rbcmil.scrp7000602/ loc.gov/resource /mnwp.160034

factions — the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) — merged. Both groups were organized in the late 1860s to secure the vote for women, but they disagreed about strategy. NWSA favored women's enfranchisement through a federal constitutional amendment while AWSA believed success could be more easily achieved through state-by-state campaigns. NAWSA combined both of these techniques. There are four names on the certificate: two well-known and two lesser known. They are Anne Fitzhugh Miller, Elizabeth Cady Stanton (President), Susan B. Anthony (President) and Harriet Tayler Upton (Treasurer). Finally, the certificate indicates that Miss Miller paid $50.00 to become a lifetime member of NAWSA in February 1900.

I HAVE WORKED ALL MY“ LIFE FOR SUFFRAGE, AND I AM DETERMINED THAT I WILL NEVER AGAIN STAND UP ON THE STREET CORNERS A OF GREAT CITY APPEALING TO EVERY TOM, DICK, AND HARRY FOR THE RIGHT OF SELF-GOVERNMENT.

”—Harriot Stanton Blatch, 1916 PORTRAIT OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: loc.gov

/item/2004670381/ OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY

38 39 Leaders of the Movement

A SPEECH BY MARY CHURCH TERRELL handicapped sex. fullest emancipationof the he first committed himselftothe than theywere on theday when ever putmore strongly tothetest spirit andsenseof justice were doubtful iftheindependence of Douglass theex-slave. It is ter displayed by Frederick qualities andstrength of charac more onthatoccasion were such upon herasawoman, how much which sheknewwould beheaped the ridiculeanddenunciation courage andsublime contempt for woman manifested audacious noted that: Elizabeth CadyStanton butalso [sic].” Shenarrated thebravery of great woman 60years agotoday effective servicehe rendered that Stanton represented andthe of thecausewhichElizabethCady commending “hisardent espousal played attheearlierconvention, role thatFrederick Douglass the next page),sheaddressed the (the first two pagesare featured on morning. Inhereight-page speech Johnson Opera House that addressed theaudienceat was oneofthree women who lecturer, politicalcampaigner— movement. speeches honoringpioneersofthe suffrage movement andtodeliver speak oftheimportance unveil acommemorative tabletto gathered againinSenecaFalls to yet beenachieved, andluminaries York. Women’s suffrage hadnot Convention atSenecaFalls, New anniversary oftheWoman’s Rights May 27, 1908, marked the60th …if Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the Mary Church Terrell —educator, -

40 begin at2:30PM. High SchoolforthePupils”were to event’s program, “Exercises atthe Terrell’s remarks, andaccording tothe and AnnisFord Eastman followed made by Frederick Douglass. she reflected onthecontributions sisters ofthemore favored race” as felt “several inchestallerthanher particularly asawoman ofcolor, she Addresses by Lydia Commander K. Terrell shared that asawoman, and AMERICAN SUFFRAGIST PORTRAITOF AFRICAN loc.gov/item/95519620/ CHURCH TERRELL: MARY

COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS -021_00361_00366/?sp=2 /mss42549.mss42549 loc.gov/resource FREDERICK DOUGLASS”: SUFFRAGEMOVEMENT AND “THE WOMANSPEECH, CHURCH TERRELL’S1908 EXCERPT FROM MARY

41 LEADERS OFTHESUFFRAGE MOVEMENT TEACHING IDEAS each one’s contributions. research tolearnmoreabout ofthemovement andpioneers speech forthenamesofother Direct studentstoscanthe 2 Convention. celebration oftheSeneca Falls related tothis60thanniversary to identifyadditionalmaterials Direct studentstosearch loc.gov 1 and whowas involved. which “exercises” wereincluded Challenge themtofindout /rbcmil.scrp4006501/?st=gallery with students:loc.gov/resource program Share theanniversary 4 Seneca Falls Convention of1848. movement andespeciallyatthe Douglass tothewomen’s suffrage the contributionsofFrederick Encourage studentstoresearch 3

. LEADERS OF THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT

One benefit of having multiple collections • “Equality Before the Law: An Equal Suffrage related to a topic is the possibility to explore Campaign Song”: loc.gov/item/2017562149/ events from varying perspectives, to put the This opens with a chanted recitation of the collections in conversation with each other. opening of the Declaration of Independence. Encourage your students to research in Students might research further to learn more FURTHER the collections featured in this book to find about the role of music in the women’s suffrage items directly related to the original Seneca movement. INVESTIGATION Falls event, the anniversary at which Terrell delivered her speech or other closely related • Equality League of Self-Supporting Women. events and people. Report for Year 1908–1909 by President Harriot Searching loc.gov, students might discover Stanton Blatch: loc.gov/item/rbcmiller001243/ the following: Students may recognize Blatch as one of the • Report of the Woman’s Rights Conven- speakers listed on the 1908 Programme. The tion, Held at Seneca Falls, New York, July 19th curious and observant will be rewarded with and 20th, 1848. Proceedings and Declaration a description of the tablet unveiled at the 1908 of Sentiments: anniversary celebration. loc.gov/item/rbcmiller001106/ This includes the text of The Declaration Each primary source might prompt addition- of Sentiments and a list of who signed it. The al questions and further research and investi- report of proceedings notes that after the gation. For example, students might notice the Declaration was read, Frederick Douglass, manuscript (handwritten) note on the 1848 Re- among others, “freely discussed” it before port of the Woman’s Rights Convention and won- it was unanimously adopted. Students may der about Rhoda Palmer, who wrote and signed note that the opening of the Declaration of the note. They might discover “Rhoda J Palmer’s Sentiments closely mirrors the Declaration memories of the 1848 woman’s rights conven- of Independence, though the Seneca Falls tion,” loc.gov/item/rbcmiller001108/,which was Declaration replaces the phrase “all men are created May 18, 1908, just days before Terrell de- REPORT OF THE 1848 SENECA created equal” with “all men and women are livered her speech at the anniversary commem- FALLS WOMAN’S RIGHTS created equal.” Students might also note the oration ceremony. They might also consult other CONVENTION: loc.gov/resource/rbcmil list of women who signed the Declaration, primary and secondary sources to learn more .scrp4006702/?st=gallery followed by the names of “gentlemen present about her remarkable life: she signed the 1848 in favor of the movement.” Declaration of Sentiments and lived to vote in New York State in 1918 at the age of 102. Reading • Our Roll of Honor. Listing of Women and her memories of the 1848 Seneca Falls Conven- Men Who Signed the Declaration of Sentiments tion might prompt some to wonder about other at the Fai doirst Woman’s Rights Convention, accounts and search Chronicling America to July 19–20, 1848: discover articles about both the first Convention loc.gov/item/rbcmiller001182/ and the anniversary celebration. Created May 1908, notice that it includes Thousands of items in various collections re- men’s “Signatures to the ‘Declaration of veal the connections between the many men and Sentiments.’ ” women who fought for women’s right to vote and their involvement in other reforms, including abolition and temperance. In short, there are limitless opportunities for learning and discov- ery in the collections. COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY IMAGES OF GETTY COURTESY BUTTON

42 43 LEADERS OF THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT

EXCERPT OF RHODA J. PALMER’S BUT I ASK NO FAVORS FOR MY SEX. I SURRENDER MEMORIES OF THE 1848 SENECA FALLS WOMEN’S RIGHTS CONVENTION: “ loc.gov/resource/rbcmil NOT OUR CLAIM TO EQUALITY. ALL I ASK OF OUR .scrp4006802/?sp=2 BRETHREN IS, THAT THEY WILL TAKE THEIR FEET FROM OFF OUR NECKS, AND PERMIT US TO STAND UPRIGHT ON THAT GROUND WHICH GOD HAS DESIGNED US TO OCCUPY. ” —Sarah Grimké, Letters on Equality of the Sexes, 1838

WOMEN WITH FLAGS AT A SUFFRAGE OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY IMAGES OF GETTY COURTESY BUTTON PARADE: loc.gov/resource /hec.10354/

44 45 Music of MUSIC OFTHESUFFRAGE MOVEMENT the Suffrage Movement

THE EQUAL SUFFRAGE SONG SHEAF 46 sheaf isabundle, so toothis set towell-known tunes. And,asa lyricsarein whichpro-suffrage of theothersongsinvolume, “Come Vote, Ladies!”isindicative use atgatheringsandevents. high —madeiteasytocarryfor size —only18centimeters the movement. Its diminutive clues abouttherole ofmusicin entirety: the 20-pagebookletinits context through thearts. View their understanding ofhistorical dents, inspiringthemtoexpand movement comealive forstu- sounds ofthewomen’s suffrage published in1912, makes these Doodle,” “America” andothers. patriotic onessuchas“Yankee popular tunesoftheday, often written by suffragists butsungto songs featured originaltexts the movement. Many suffrage suffragists topenmore musicfor song competitionsencouraging across thecountrysponsored prison. Suffrage organizations other women inmatesinthe service andsuffrage meetingfor House, theyorganized asong protesting infront oftheWhite ists were incarcerated after instead. In1917, whensixsuffrag music andsangtheirmessage set thosesuffrage speechesto vent theordinance, thesuffragists prohibited attherally.To circum “votes forwomen” speecheswere Police informedthewomen that who were holdingapublicrally. about suffragists inLosAngeles New York Timespublishedastory spirit insong. OnJune 15, 1911,The and assertedtheirunbreakable ists consistently unified, rallied marches andprisoncells, suffrag meetings tolarge-scale city-wide From localcommunitysuffrage The cover provides several The Equal Suffrage Song Sheaf, loc.gov/item/2017562122/.

- -

COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS loc.gov/item/2017562122/ EQUAL SUFFRAGE SONGSHEAF: LYRICS INEUGÉNIE’M.RAYÉ-SMITH’S “THE CAUSE, BRAVE, STRONG AND TRUE!” 47 MUSIC OF THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT

volume was a collection of songs. struggle for suffrage and the TEACHING IDEAS The table of contents provides struggle for American indepen- more information. The volume dence. The lyrics are carefully 3 was self-published by Eugénie crafted to fit the melodic struc- M. Rayé-Smith; she was a ture and meter. Key ideas are Recreate the musical atmo- lecturer, author, editor, suffragist emphasized by placement on sphere of a suffrage rally by singing together as a class. and social worker. Rayé-Smith high pitches, and the insistent Discover how the melody was also a professor in the law main idea dominates the ear- complements and enhanc- department at New York Univer- worm refrain. The lyrics es the lyrics. Notice how sity and an editor of The Woman expound upon the the move- singing together strengthens social bonds. Lawyer’s Journal. ment’s history, rhetoric and The titles appeal to patriotic tactics; the upbeat melody 4 and religious sentiments to energizes the message. The galvanize allies and persuade the sense of solidarity in singing Invite students to create and ambivalent. Many of the melo- with others empowered perform an original suffrage dies, which are included in participants to courageously song, poetically pairing the parentheses, draw from Euro- carry forth the message. SHEET MUSIC FOR ideals of the movement with pean musical traditions. Though “SUFFRAGE MARCH” a well-known melody which BY LUCENIA W. enhances their impact. the tunes were widely known in RICHARDS: the early 20th century, only some loc.gov/resource remain common knowledge /mussuffrage .mussuffrage today. -100043/?sp=1 Consider one representative song from the volume: “‘Votes for Women,’ Sure to Win.” The melody choice, “Yankee Doodle,” suggests parallels between the

TEACHING IDEAS 1

Invite students to compare the Song Sheaf to other historical examples of political lyrics set to common tunes, such as 1770’s “The New Massachusetts Liberty Song to the Tune of the British Grenadier”: loc.gov/item /rbpe.03700400. Challenge them to consider how this tradition continues today. SHEET MUSIC FOR 1916’S “SHE'S GOOD ENOUGH TO BE YOUR BABY'S 2 MOTHER AND SHE'S GOOD ENOUGH TO VOTE WITH YOU”: Ask students to create a list loc.gov/item/2017562275/ of tunes that everyone in the class knows. Ask how their choices reflect their community’s unique iden-

tities and experiences, and OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY how they compare to the melodies of the Song Sheaf.

48 49 STRATEGIES OF THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT

OTHER RELATED CHRONICLING AMERICA ENTRIES

OFFICIAL PROGRAM The Call: “Women Parade Today, COVER FOR THE MARCH Storm Capital City” chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn 1913 WOMAN SUFFRAGE /sn85066387/1913-03-03/ed-1/seq-15/ PROCESSION IN WASHINGTON, D.C.: The Sun: “Fifty Women Riders to Head loc.gov/resource Suffrage Parade” In its opening sentence, the article /rbpe.20801600/?sp=1 chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn A NEWSPAPER declares: “A new age, an age of /sn83030272/1912-03-10/ed-1/seq-56/ ARTICLE complete cooperation of men and The Washington Times: “Many Call DESCRIBING Monday’s Outrage Blot on Fair Name women in the world’s councils, is to of Capital” THE SUFFRAGE be announced at the National Capital chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn on March 3. The announcement is to /sn84026749/1913-03-07/ed-1/seq-7/ PROCESSION be in the form of a pageant, which its The Meade County News: “Mob Defies OF 1913 organizers plan shall surpass in Police: Suffrage Parade of 5,000 Women Broken Up by Howling Mob” novelty and beauty anything of its chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn kind ever held in this country.” /sn85030287/1913-03-06/ed-1/seq-3/ The article goes on to describe the elaborate organizational structure of In 1913, the National American the parade and its symbolic elements: Woman Suffrage Association “Five grand divisions will contain (NAWSA) had an urgent mission: fifty sections. Each section will be capture the attention of the people proceeded by its band.” The reader is of the United States and their told that women representing elected leaders so that they could different processions, trades and be convinced of the need to enact a occupations will march together in constitutional amendment color-coded sections, with lawyers guaranteeing women’s right to wearing purple and homemakers in vote. A group of media-savvy brown, and each group will be NAWSA leaders, including the preceded by a float. Foreign delega- young activist Alice Paul, quickly tions will wear “native costume” and seized upon a strategy. On March those nations that have already of the Suffrage Movement: of the Suffrage 3, 1913, the eve of the inauguration secured voting rights for women will of President Woodrow Wilson, march ahead of the others. they would stage a massive parade One suffrage leader, Patricia and pageant in Washington, D.C., Margaret Street, is quoted in the that would generate coast-to-coast article as saying that the pageant “is press coverage, energize their own to be at once the expression of supporters and place suffrage on conviction and the voicing of a the national agenda in a way that it demand.” Judging by the results, that Strategies hadn’t been for years. demand was heard. “Suffrage Story to Be Told in The parade and pageant took place Pageant,” a full-page article on the on March 3, though the marchers parade and pageant in the January were subject to verbal abuse and 19, 1913, edition of The Washington physical attacks by spectators and Herald, serves as an example of the police officers. Within two weeks, sort of extensive news coverage marchers obtained an audience that the NAWSA leaders had with President Wilson, who went hoped for. It also provides an on to meet with suffrage leaders excellent opportunity to explore several more times. The 19th the goals of the event’s organizers Amendment became law less than and the scale of their ambitions. eight years later. COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY

50 51 STRATEGIES OF THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT

COVERAGE BY THE WASHINGTON HERALD OF THE THEN-UPCOMING MARCH 1913 SUFFRAGIST PROCESSION: CHRONICLINGAMERICA.loc.gov /lccn/sn83045433 /1913-01-19/ed-1/seq-26/

TEACHING IDEAS 1

Ask students to identify a political cause that they believe in and to brainstorm the strategies they would use to spread their message on a national scale.

Encourage students to summarize the way in which the parade was to be organized according to this article. Ask them what groups they would expect to see — or want to see — represented that are not mentioned in the parade’s description.

Encourage students to examine the pages of The Washington Herald before and after the page that this article appears on. Ask them to describe the stories and features that are on these pages, and what the position of this article tell them about the importance it was given by the newspaper’s editors.

52 53 bserve o

Guide students with the sample questions as they respond to the

teacher’s guide r

n primary source. Encourage them to go back and forth between

e the columns; there is no correct order. s

Analyzing Primary Sources e

observe reflect question Ask students to identify and note details. Encourage students to generate and test Invite students to ask questions that lead

Sample Questions: hypotheses about the source. to more observations and reflections.

What do you notice first? • Find something small Where do you think this came from? • Why do you What do you wonder about...

but interesting. • What do you notice that you didn’t think somebody made this? • What do you think who? • what? • when? • where? • why? • how?

expect? • What do you notice that you can’t explain? was happening when this was made? • Who do

• What do you notice that you didn’t earlier? you think was the audience for this item? • What

54 tool was used to create this? • Why do you think this

item is so important? • If somebody made this today,

what would be different? • What can you learn from examining this?

further investigation Help students to identify questions appropriate for further investigation, and to develop a research strategy for finding answers. Sample Question: What more do you want to know, and how can you find out?

A few follow-up Beginning Advanced For more tips on using primary activity ideas: Have students compare two related primary source items. Ask students to consider how a series of primary sources support sources, go to or challenge information and understanding on a particular topic. Intermediate Have students refine or revise conclusions based on their study of http://www.loc.gov.teachers Have students expand or alter textbook explanations of history each subsequent primary source. based on primary sources they study.

LOC.gov/teachers| LOC.gov/teachers

S E R V B E O

N R E

F I

L T

Primary Source Analysis Tool S

T U

OBSERVE REFLECT QUESTION 55

FURThER INVESTIgATION

LOC.gov/teachers ADDITIONAL RESOURCES FROM THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

Library of Congress HISTORY “The State Where Women Voted Long Before the RESOURCESPHOTOGRAPH COLLECTION 19th Amendment” Explore videos and articles from HISTORY This feature article profiles how and why Wyoming, as The Library of Congress offers extensive Votes for Women: The Struggle for Women’s Suffrage well as other states in America’s “Wild West,” adopted loc.gov/rr/print/list/076_vfw.html that document the American women’s women’s suffrage long before other areas of the United primary and secondary sources related to suffrage movement and profile the women States. women’s suffrage. These links are just a who fought to win the vote. history.com/news/the-state-where-women-voted sample of what is available. ONLINE GUIDE -long-before-the-19th-amendment 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guides.loc.gov/19th-amendment “American Women’s Suffrage Came Down to One Vote” ONLINE EXHIBITIONS Find out how the fate of women’s suffrage was decided by a single vote — and an influential mom — in Tennessee. Shall Not Be Denied: Women Fight for the Vote BY THE PEOPLE loc.gov/exhibitions/women-fight-for-the-vote history.com/news/american-womens-suffrage (CROWDSOURCED -19th-amendment-one-mans-vote Women Come to the Front loc.gov/exhibits/wcf/ TRANSCRIPTION PROJECT)

Seneca Falls Convention Suffrage: Women Fight for the Vote The Gibson Girl’s America: Drawings by Discover what happened at the very first women’s crowd.loc.gov/topics Charles Dana Gibson rights convention in the United States and how it kicked /suffrage-women-fight-for-the-vote/ loc.gov/exhibits/gibson-girls-america off the decades-long battle for the ballot. history.com/topics/womens-rights /seneca-falls-convention CLASSROOM RESOURCES

Primary Source Set: Women’s Suffrage

PIONEER PROFILES loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials

/primarysourcesets/womens-suffrage/

ACTIVIST INEZ MILHOLLAND Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lesson Plan: Suffrage Strategies: Voices for Votes LEADS THE MARCH 1913 history.com/topics/womens-history NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN /elizabeth-cady-stanton loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION /lessons/suffrage/ VIDEOS PARADE IN WASHINGTON, D.C.: loc.gov/item/2014691486 Susan B. Anthony Lesson Plan: Suffragists and Their Tactics history.com/topics/womens-history loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials The 19th Amendment /lessons/suffragists/ Historian Matthew Pinsker provides an overview /susan-b-anthony of American women’s fight for the right to vote, from the first states to grant suffrage through the ratification of the 19th Amendment. Lucretia Mott RECOMMENDED TOPICS IN history.com/topics/womens-history/lucretia-mott history.com/topics/womens-history CHRONICLING AMERICA /19th-amendment-video

PORTRAIT OF ELIZABETH Alice Paul CADY STANTON: Women Who Fought for the Right to Vote loc.gov/item/2004670381/ loc.gov/rr/news/topics/alicePaul.html Historian Yohuru Williams introduces the women whose efforts were essential to the Carrie Chapman Catt success of the U.S. women’s suffrage movement. loc.gov/rr/news/topics/catt.html history.com/topics/womens-history /women-who-fought-for-the-vote-video Golden Flyer Suffragettes loc.gov/rr/news/topics/golden.html ARTICLES Elizabeth Cady Stanton loc.gov/rr/news/topics/stanton.html Women’s Suffrage Review the history of the women’s suffrage movement Helen Keller in America, from its early roots in the abolitionist loc.gov/rr/news/topics/keller.html movement to the silent sentinels of the World War I era. Ida B. Wells history.com/topics/womens-history loc.gov/rr/news/topics/ida.html /the-fight-for-womens-suffrage Susan B. Anthony A SUFFRAGIST HOLDS A COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY SIGN ASKING THE PUBLIC loc.gov/rr/news/topics/susanb.html TO HELP WIN THE VOTE: loc.gov/item/97500240/

56 57 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ELSA UELAND, FOUNDING PRESIDENT OF THE COLLEGE EQUAL SUFFRAGE LEAGUE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA: loc.gov/item/mnwp000177

SUFFRAGIST MARGARET FOLEY The Library of Congress is the world’s largest library, offering access to the DISTRIBUTES COPIES OF creative record of the United States — and extensive materials from around WOMAN'S JOURNAL AND SUFFRAGE NEWS: the world— both on-site and online. It is the main research arm of the U.S. loc.gov/resource Congress and the home of the U.S. Copyright Office. Explore collections, /mnwp.150016/ reference services and other programs, or plan a visit at loc.gov; access the official site for U.S. federal legislative information at congress.gov; and register creative works of authorship at copyright.gov. The following individuals from the Library of Congress contributed to this Idea Book: Lee Ann Potter, Stephen Wesson, Cheryl Lederle, Carolyn Bennett, Carroll Johnson-Welsh, Janice Ruth and Elizabeth A. Novara. COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY COURTESY IMAGES OF GETTY COURTESY BUTTON

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 58 59 Shall Not Be Denied: Women Fight for the Vote is part of the national commemoration of the 100th anniversary of women's suffrage, marking major milestones in 2019 and 2020.

View the exhibition in person at the Library of Congress or online at loc.gov/exhibitions/women-fight-for-the-vote/about-this-exhibition/.

60 We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal.

—Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Declaration of Sentiments, 1848