Page 2 Elections LIP LIP 2019 Editorial Team

LIP provides you as the reader with all the necessary knowledge to make an informed decision come election day. I encourage you to mindfully vote and be proud of this moment, as for many years people of our nation didn’t have the opportunity. Enjoy the ride, the class of 2019 worked hard to bring you knowledge through our passion – informed journalism. LIP Page 3

TOP LEFT: Nelson Mandela casting his first vote in 1994. PHOTO: Peter Turnley.

ABOVE: Family members are helping an elderly woman walk after she voted for the first time. PHOTO: Susan Winters. ‘I captured LEFT: A woman stands in line to vote on the first voting day while reading The Sowetan. PHOTO: Brooks a moment Kraft. “I will never forget the old people “It was up and down. There were Also in South Africa during the who were voting for the first time in days where there was violence and first democratic elections was the their lives [saying], ‘Now I can die, shootings and then you’d go to a American photojournalist, Peter knowing my children will be free.’ As Mandela rally so full of hope, energy Turnley. of freedom’ an American, I contrasted that to the and excitement.” Turnley was working for the Jana Greyling Winters spent time in townships apathy of American voters.” Kraft was one of the photogra- American publication Newsweek and villages producing content from Winters’ photograph, pictured phers injured in pre-election Magazine at the time and covered 1988 to 1993 and became especially above, shows an elderly woman and violence alongside the chief pho- big news stories happening around ith the sixth general interested in stories documenting a three of her family members who are tographer of The Star, Ken Ooster- the world for the magazine. elections since the end peaceful reconciliation process in helping her walk after she voted for broek, who was killed in Thokoza Like Kraft, Turnley followed of apartheid in 1994 fast South Africa. the first time in her life. The photo township on the East Rand. Mandela during the weeks before Wapproaching, it seems appropriate Winters was not on the same page was taken in a rural village in the Kraft recalls the voting days as the elections and documented his to look back on South Africa’s first as her editors at the Philadelphia Eastern Cape. peaceful even though there were campaign. democratic elections, 25 years ago, Daily News and decided to cover the Another photojournalist who cov- concerns of violence breaking out. “It was an amazing moment of op- and relive this historic time through further reconciliation process inde- ered the elections was Brooks Kraft. “The election days were really timism in general,” recalls Turnley. a medium that can convey emotion pendently on a number of trips dur- At the time Kraft was working as a exciting and everyone felt like they The iconic photograph of Mandela and meaning like no other – ing the struggle and transition years. freelance independent photographer were part of something special. If casting his vote at the ballot box, pic- photography. In 1994 Winters was in Cape Town for the picture agen- you wait a lifetime to tured above, was taken by Turnley The year 1994 marks a very tur- and the Eastern Cape for ten days cy Sygma and was vote, who cares if you during the voting days at Ohlange bulent time in South Africa with before the elections and described sent to South Africa If you wait a wait another ten hours. High School. the first democratic elections taking the general atmosphere as peaceful. in 1994 to cover the lifetime to vote, There was just a lot of On the first day of the elections place, determining the future of the “Although pre-election violence in elections. hope and optimism [on Turnley, his twin brother David who country. Natal and [the] Free State was mak- “I basically moved who cares if you the election days].” is also a photojournalist, and other The world’s focus was on South ing the headlines, the places where I to South Africa for wait another ten His photograph of journalists flew to different cities in Africa and as a result, countless lo- was were pretty calm.” three and a half hours the woman reading The South Africa to document the voting cal and international photographers This state of peacefulness contin- months preceding the Sowetan while standing process. and photojournalists documented ued into the days of voting, explains first democratic elec- in line waiting to vote, “It was an unbelievable human ex- the first general elections and the Winters. tions,” explains Kraft. pictured above, was tak- perience to witness people all across pre-election time through their “[On] the first day I was in a ru- He describes the period leading up en on the morning of the first voting the country, to see the faces and ex- ever-present lenses. ral village […]. I didn’t know that to the elections as very emotional, “It day on 26 April 1994. pressions of people who were voting During the time leading up to the the whole country had become calm was amazing. It’s truly something I’ll “The headline is great because for the first time in their life. It was elections, American photojournalist, until I returned to East London that never forget.” it gives you a visual reference [to a truly beautiful day,” explains Turn- Susan Winters, was accompanying night. The quiet of the voting made Kraft travelled with Nelson Man- the context] but I also just remem- ley. Smuts Ngonyama, about whom she a statement much greater than the dela in the then Northern Transvaal ber her thoughtfulness, her calm- Behind these three photographs had previously written a feature, to bloodshed. I felt the people who had and remembers the tumultuous state ness and her pride. You could see are important stories and memories witness him voting. Ngonyama was invested their lives in the pursuit of of the country. all those things on her face. So [the adding to the value of the historical the ANC leader of the Eastern Cape peace were vindicated.” “I spent a whole week tailing him photograph] was a little bit person- event that was the first democratic at the time. Winters recalls she was “stunned as he went from small town to small al but it also showed the context of election in South Africa. Once again, A staff photographer for thePhil - to see the hundreds of elderly people town and I covered big events what was happening that day,” says the saying “a picture speaks a thou- adelphia Daily News at the time, waiting for hours to vote. and rallies. Kraft about the photograph. sand word” proves its point. Page 4 Elections LIP SA is vry, maar... Hoe vaar die land tot dusver in terme van die regte en vryhede wat in die Grondwet gewaarborg word? Roxanne Mooneys die land in daardie spesifieke aspek goed vaar, terwyl ’n telling Voor 1990 was politieke en bur- nader aan nul op swak prestasie gerregte slegs ’n sekere gedeelte dui. van die Suid-Afrikaanse bevol- Luidens verlede jaar se verslag king beskore. val Suid-Afrika in die kategorie Volgens die navorsingsorgani- van ’n gebrekkige demokrasie. sasie Freedom House, het die ge- ’n Gebrekkige demokrasie bruik van ’n tydelike grondwet in verwys na ʼn land met swak po- 1993 ’n tydperk van beduidende litieke deelname asook ’n swak verandering ingelui met betrek- politieke kultuur. king tot regte en vryhede in die Politieke kultuur het betrek- land. king tot die waardes, oortuigings Heelwat van die veranderin- en houdings van die samelewing ge kan aan die onderhandelinge teenoor politieke instellings. tussen die destydse regering en Wat politieke deelname betref, Patricia de Lille is the leader of GOOD and former mayor of Cape Town. PHOTO: Supplied die ANC toegeskryf word. Hier- ken die indeks aan Suid-Afrika die gesprekke het verseker dat die 8,33 uit 10 toe, maar vir politieke land struikelblokke soos geweld, kultuur slegs 5 uit 10. bomaanvalle en sluipmoorde kon Dr Nicola de Jager, dosent De Lille: ‘When a oorkom. in politieke wetenskap aan die Freedom House se jaarlikse Universiteit Stellenbosch, beweer Freedom in the World-verslag Suid-Afrikaners het ’n materia- ken tellings tussen een en sewe listiese siening van demokrasie. toe wat dui op die stand van ’n ‘‘Hulle sien demokrasie as die woman rises, land se politieke en burgerregte. middele waardeur ’n doel bereik ’n Telling nader aan een beteken kan word, soos om toegang te ’n land geniet optimale vryheid, kry tot ’n huis, kos of ’n werk. terwyl ’n telling nader aan sewe Die probleem is dan dat mense the nation does’ op ’n gebrek aan vryhede dui. die regering [die party wat op In die tydperk voor 1994 is daardie stadium aan bewind is] Lia Snijman having women making it as leaders Authority and the Public Protector. Suid-Afrika nog beskou as ge- in dieselfde lig sien as die poli- of parties, then by definition you are He does mention that women are deeltelik vry, terwyl dit in die tieke stelsel [demokrasie] en die n the 8th of May, voters will not going to have women who are not as well represented in civil soci- jare daarna as heeltemal vry ge- tekortkominge van die regering have 48 political parties to candidates for the presidency.” ety though and adds that “we have klassifiseer is. Die organisasie is word dan as die tekortkominge choose from, but only a few De Lille mentions that one of the to modernise social life for politics ook van mening dat al het die van die politieke stelsel beskou,” Ofemale presidential candidates to se- struggles she faced as a female politi- to emancipate.” He believes that a verkiesing in 1994 ’n groot vers- sê De Jager. lect from. cian is that she “had to fight to make female president for South Africa is kil teweeggebring het, daar nog Sy sê ook dat wanneer daar Patricia de Lille, the presidential [her] voice heard against the men very possible, seeing as Nkosazana veel beperkings in Suid-Afrika is, swak bestuur is, soos oor die candidate for the new political party around many decision-making ta- Dlamini-Zuma was only narrowly soos in sommige ander lande. afgelope 10 jaar in Suid-Afrika, is GOOD, says: “I am possibly the only bles.” Ramphele also speaks of some defeated by Cyril Ramaphosa for the Freedom House voeg by dat mense meer geneig om hulle tot female politician leading a politi- struggles, explaining that “the wom- ANC’s leadership. toestande sedertdien grootliks radikale opsies te wend. cal party through the 2019 national en who make it in politics are those Croucamp comments: “If political dieselfde gebly het, maar dat die “ ’n Nie-demokratiese politie- election.” that play the male game”. parties peruse the stats for impor- gehalte van politieke regte in die ke kultuur ontstaan wanneer jy While there are some female can- Within the top ten of the ANC’s tant indicators of voting behaviour land tot ʼn einde gekom het tydens nie-demokratiese politieke stel- didates that are leading political par- electoral list, as it initially appeared, they will certainly lower the levels Jacob Zuma se termyn. sels sal oorweeg en ook nie-de- ties, such as the National Freedom there are three of testosterone in their Freedom House sê ook dat die mokratiese middele [soos ge- Party, Minority Front and Women female politi- campaign strategies.” opmerkings wat gemaak word in weld] sal oorweeg om jou doel te Forward, they are certainly in the cians. The ANC I think party He explains that women die Freedom in the World-ver- bereik,” sê sy. minority. has had two politics, not just in make up the majority of slag, nie slegs ʼn maatstaf van De Jager sê dat afwaartse De Lille claims: “I set out to be- female depu- South Africa, but glob- registered South African huidige regerings is nie, alhoe- tendense in die doeltreffendheid come the first woman to start a po- ty presidents, ally, are a man’s world. voters. wel daardie regerings grootliks van die regering ’n negatiewe litical party in South Africa, which I namely speaker Croucamp says: “It die verantwoordelikheid dra om impak op vertroue in staatsinrig- achieved.” De Lille started the Inde- Baleka Mbete So, you enter there at is, for instance, impor- te sorg dat die toestande vir regte tings het. pendent Democrats in 2003. and Phumzile your own risk. tant to note that they en vryhede van hoë gehalte is. Sy stem ook saam met Free- Another woman who started a Mlambo-Ngcu- are less likely to vote for Die Britse Economist Intelli- dom House wat betref die ten- political party in South Africa, but ka. parties on the extreme gence Unit stel jaarliks die soge- dense wat gesien kan word in who has since left politics, is Dr Ramphele acknowledges that “we left or right than men would.” He naamde Democracy Index vry; Suid-Afrika sedert 1995. Mamphela Ramphele. When speak- have a significant amount of women elaborates: “The EFF has about 36% ’n verslag waarin die stand van ‘‘Ondersteuning vir demokra- ing about joining politics by starting sitting in parliament, in the provin- female support, according to an Ip- demokrasie in 167 lande gemeet sie was hoog en stabiel tussen her own political party, Agang SA, cial system, in the local authority sos poll, and the Freedom Front Plus word. 1995 en 2006, maar tussen 2006 she says that it was “despite [her] system”. approximately 39%.” Ipsos is a com- Hierdie indeks bestudeer en 2013 was daar ʼn afname,” sê better judgement”. Senior lecturer at the Depart- pany that specialises in information faktore soos die verkiesing- De Jager. “I think party politics, ment of Politics at the North gathering and analysis. proses en pluralisme, regerings- Sy sê ook dat hierdie bevin- not just in South Africa, West University, Dr Piet Croucamp further explains that, funksie, politieke deelname, poli- dinge dui op hoe belangrik dit is but globally, are a man’s Croucamp, seems hope- “the centrist parties such as the ANC tieke kultuur en burgerregte. dat die kwaliteit van die regering world. So, you enter ful, stating that, “the and the DA draw male and female Lande word dan ’n telling tus- moet verbeter om ten einde die there at your own risk,” ANC and the DA have support in more equal numbers. sen nul en tien toegeken. ’n Tel- opkoms van radikale denkwyses says Ramphele (right). made some progress by Gender matters in politics”. ling nader aan tien beteken dat te bekamp. De Lille echoes this, actually setting targets De Lille mentions that she and saying: “Many political for female representation her party will focus on the gender parties are still stuck in the in legislatures. The ANC wage gap, domestic violence against old ways of a patriarchal currently has 48% females women and the prioritisation of system where it is dif- on its party lists and the disadvantaged girls’ education. She ficult for women to DA is at 35%”. claims that, “GOOD believes when a become the lead- He also points out woman rises, the nation does”. ers of the parties that many important According to Ramphele, a type they belong to.” positions are filled of feminism that is influenced by Ramphele by women, such as Ubuntu and focused on the future says: “The prob- those of Speakers generations is what is needed now. lem is that our of both the houses She concluded her interview by say- electoral system of Parliament, the ing: “I hope that your generation will is tied to a party. head of the Na- take over, as proper African femi- Die Suid-Afrikaanse Konstitusionele Hof. FOTO: Ciaran Ryan So, if you are not tional Prosecuting nists.” LIP Elections Page 5

Helen Zille reflects back on her South African political career while expressing her views on various contemporary issues in the Outgoing Western Cape Premier Helen Zille waves as the doors of an elevator close. PHOTO: facebook.com/pg/HelenZille current political sphere in the country.

Mike Wright ple think that [she is] very hard and support has grown since the last gressive populist rhetoric of the or others, are manipulative powers very cold,” even though she claims elections in 2014 where they ob- EFF and the Black First Land behind the throne is complete and he 2019 elections will be a that she isn’t. She attributes her tained 6% of the vote. This year the First (BLF) which is attracting utter garbage.” big test. “If we go the pop- hard exterior on the tough political Institute of Race Relations’ quarter- most of the black youth, as well “I’m not on the national execu- ulist route in South Africa climate in South Africa, especially ly figures for voting intentions in as competing with the histori- tive, not on the federal executive, Twe are pretty doomed. It is a very as a woman, and a member of the South Africa predicts that they will cal linkages of the ANC which neither on the structures of the strong, new element and we cer- leading opposition party to the achieve 11% of the vote. This means captures most of the older vote, party, I don’t try to interfere or pull tainly can’t do that,” are the words ANC. they could find themselves ruling Zille maintains that politics has any strings, but [the opposition] still of outgoing Premier of the Western At the end of her career, Zille in some parts of South Africa as to move to an analysis of com- has to say that ‘Zille is in charge’, Cape, Helen Zille, regarding the says that she is only now becoming either outright leaders or part of a parison between how different defaulting to race the whole time; I DA’s opposition as she touched on ready for her current job. “I haven’t coalition government. Additionally, parties govern, and as of yet, am sick to death of it.” the political past and the future learned quite enough, but I am the ANC has failed to eradicate the the EFF hasn’t been given that Looking at the Western Cape’s of the DA, the Western Cape and ready to do it,” she comments. She persistent evidence of corruption opportunity. future, the current Premier believes South Africa. adds that they luckily have term within their party, resulting in is- “If we are able to remain a that if the DA can retain good gov- Zille (68) admits that she never limits and that she is preparing to sues that impact all South Africans, party of government until our ernance and investor confidence, intended to be a politician; however, leave. which could affect their support. 20th year, we will see a mas- they can turn every crisis into an after working as a journalist at the However, with the upcoming However, any small decrease in sive difference. Sometime in opportunity, further claiming that Rand Daily Mail, she found herself elections, the fact that her reign ANC votes will probably not be that time, the EFF “the Western Cape now joining the Democratic Party, is over, and the possible future of enough to remove the party from will come to power You’ve got has the fastest growing later known as the DA, where she the Western Cape if the DA wins the national government. in some sort of green economy in the became a member of Parliament the provincial elections, Zille says This is where Zille says the DA- coalition, and only to be able to take world as a result of the in 2004; the Mayor of Cape Town that the province is in good hands: run Western Cape battles the most, then will we be able a battering, and if energy crisis, as well in 2006; the leader of the DA in “[Winde] has been part of my team being the only province in South to compare who you want to be in as having a thriving 2007; and finally, the Premier of the for ten years, and he is extremely Africa to be run by a political party governs better,” she politics and want water economy now as Western Cape until now. This role good and he knows what we have other than the ANC, that the inabil- adds. to have a pleasant a result of the drought. has given rise to a mix of challenges done. He doesn’t have to be induct- ity to work properly with a national It is the need for All I can say is that we and positive outcomes, all of which ed into a new program, he knows government is due to inefficiency people to be able to time with people make progress every is now coming to an end. how much we have to go, what we and incapacity, rather than political compare the gov- liking you, then you d ay,” Labelling herself on Twitter as have built, and what we have done malevolence. ernance of parties are in the wrong South Africa’s past, mother, Makhulu (Xhosa for “gran- and what we have delivered. “It is very rare indeed to get a before they can profession as well as current global ny”), wife and “He has got a completely differ- reply from a national minister no make judgements on gender and identity Premier, Zille ent set of skills. I am very good at matter how important the issue is them, and as of now, the “EFF politics, has led to rampant racial acknowl- building processes, systems, and that you’re writing to them about. hasn’t been given the opportu- and gender labelling. When raising edges that, teams. He is an entrepreneur, so he It is rare to work with national nity to prove themselves yet in this concern about the perception of “many peo- will take that governance infrastruc- government and have consistent at- a ruling sphere at any level. The Winde being a white male in South ture that has been built and he will tendance at meetings where people ANC still wins elections even Africa, and the effect on voting this really fly with it. He will be very actually deliver on commitments,” though they govern atrociously, detail would hold, Zille emphasises good at that,” she adds. says Zille. but they will lose these votes that, “we should never ever fall into Moving onto the immi- As Zille exits the political scene, more and more as they lose the trap of our opponents. We don’t nent general elections, a definite new energy is emerging. traction from comparative do identity politics. We believe that Zille believes that these “Goodness, how time flies!” she ex- differences becoming bigger,” if somebody has an identity it is be- next elections are claims as she looks back at the time Zille says. cause they chose it, and they weren’t extremely important COPE and the EFF were formed in One of Zille’s bigger gripes is put into a box based on their race, with regards to South their respective years. COPE was that of the DA being portrayed their gender, or other attributes Africa’s future. established in 2009 where they had as a “white party”, which has to that they could do nothing about in The the hopes of competing with the do with labelling, and nothing life. And so we believe that people EFF’s ANC. After they didn’t achieve the to do with comparative politics. should be able to chart their own support that they were hoping for, ten years ago, she was asked her course in life, determine their own it was the EFF’s turn to attempt to opinion about people perceiv- identity, and not have it imposed on challenge the ANC alongside the ing the DA as a white party, them. DA. of which she refuted the claim “Alan [Winde] will be a damn “I think the EFF is going to grow, strongly, and still does. good premier, and we don’t think no question about that. I would like “[Portraying the DA as a that his biological characteristics there to be a coalition government white party] is the only argu- should exclude him from the job.” somewhere, just so that people can ment the ANC has left,” she says. As for the future of the Western Western Cape Premier see how they govern, because that “I thought that when I left as the Cape, if the DA wins, Zille’s advice candidate Alan Winde is a lesson that people are going to DA leader that that argument to Winde is simple: “Don’t fix what and current Western have to learn and be chastened by,” would end. But the [perpetua- isn’t broken, build on the platform.” Cape Premier Helen Zille. Zille comments. tion of the] argument that me On the point of Zille’s future, she PHOTO: facebook.com/ When asked about the DA’s abil- or James Selfe (the current DA smiles and says: “I have absolutely pg/HelenZille ity to cope and compete with the ag- Federal Executive Chairperson), no idea as I sit here.” Page 6 Elections LIP

Riaan van der Merwe points to unused land in the centre of Pniel. PHOTOS: Courtney Williams Pniel take back their land Courtney Williams ing hectares of land was conducted earlier this year by an independ- he ANC’s accelerated land ent organisation called Ronewa reform mandate is in full Consulting which drafted a report swing with its foundation and identifying the hectares of land that Tbuilding blocks fully cemented in resides in the trust of the Minister, the small town of Pniel, situated in and are therefore the property of the the Cape Winelands district. community. With the elections fast approach- According to the Chair, the report ing, local, provincial and national is currently in its evaluation phase legislature have made significant whereby the Minister of RDLR needs strides in giving back land across to assess Ronewa’s findings before the Western Cape in the so-called approving the CPA’s land claim. “coloured rural areas”. “It looks promising. Cyril Rama- Disgruntled and displeased, the phosa was just in Ebenhaeser, now, people of Pniel claim that this pro- on the 23rd [of March], giving back cess is long overdue yet remain pos- hectares and hectares of land,” said itive in the wake of the reclaimed Cyster. land of their forefathers. Ebenhaeser, located in the Cape Lilburn Cyster sits with his wife Patricia in their home. Brandon Robyn shows the TRANCRAA document. “We don’t care why it’s happen- Wineland district like Pniel, is one ing now, or whether it’s the ANC or said Johnson. The journey to uncov- individuals who allegedly withheld The general consensus amongst of the 23 areas which falls under the the DA, or whoever, we just want er Pniel’s untouched, unused land the information from the communi- Pniel residents is dissatisfaction with TRANCRAA Act of ’98. our land back,” said chairman of the has been in the process since the ty but added: “These guys had their their ward and specifically the DA. Descendants of the Griqua com- Communal Property Association government’s Transformation of own agendas, and when nothing ma- “Look, this is not a reflection of munity in Ebenhaeser had suc- (CPA), Lilburn Cyster, a legal entity Certain Rural Areas Act, 1998 terialised they just left. It wasn’t up councillor Johnson, but what has the cessfully received the title deeds of recently formed by the community (TRANCRAA). until recently, say three or four years DA done? Nothing, and it’s not just 3990 hectares of 178 Vanrhynsdorp of Pniel to administer the process of TRANCRAA applies to 23 ru- back, when more information about Pniel, it’s the whole of the Western Beeswater commercial farmland. reclaiming land in the area. ral areas in four provinces around TRANCRAA surfaced, that’s when Cape,” said Cyster. Ramaphosa said in his speech Pniel is a small town which South Africa. These areas are dubbed the community formed a commit- The community of Pniel formu- when giving out the title deeds: “The overlooks the beautiful landscapes “coloured rural areas” where de- tee.” lated the CPA with Cyster elected settlement of these claims would not and vineyards of the Cape Wine- scendants of various indigenous Concerned resident and member chair on 17 December 2018. have been possible without the close lands district. It is situated just off coloured communities had occupied of the former TRAN- The CPA estab- collaboration of local, provincial and the R310 between Stellenbosch and spaces in the respective regions. CRAA committee, now lished a working national government.” Franschhoek and was initially es- After the Rural Areas act of 1987 the CPA, Brandon Ro- relationship with Accompanied by Minister of Ru- tablished as a missionary station in (since repealed), the land which was byn said: “We’re not We don’t care the department of ral Development and Land Reform, 1843 by the British. once owned by the forefathers who happy! Nothing gets why it’s happening RDLR and the com- Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, and Pniel is 55 hectares in size of were dispossessed through forcible done in Pniel, service now, or whether it’s munity entity was Western Cape outgoing Premier, which the municipality had only ac- removals, is now held in trust with delivery is poor and the ANC or the DA, guided by the de- Helen Zille, Ramaphosa deemed the counted for 27 hectares of land reg- the Minister of RDLR, for the re- whenever you ask about partment to success- ceremony a “triumph of cooperative istered with the department of land spective communities in the identi- certain things, like any- or whoever, we just fully reclaim land governance”. reform by 2016. This is according to fied rural areas. A procedure of land thing, for example our want our land back! which was held in The CPA awaits the verdict pend- ward councillor Malcolm Johnson, claims were meant to be filed and sidewalks, nothing hap- trust with the Min- ing Nkoana-Mashabane’s assess- who is currently in his second term processed before entering the new pens. We don’t want the ister. ment and hopes they too will be tri- as the councillor of Pniel. millennium, however, according to same thing to happen with the land, After establishing and adopting umphant in claiming back the land “We asked the department of Ru- Johnson, TRANCRAA meetings that’s why we formed the commit- the constitution of the CPA, they for Pniel. ral Development and Land Reform were held in isolation from the com- tee. We’ve always governed our own now wait for the entity to be legal- “The land belongs to the com- (RDLR) to investigate the other 28 munity, with Pniel unaware of the town but ever since the town falls ly registered by the department of munity of Pniel, therefore the land hectares and whether or not that possibility of claiming back land. under the Stellenbosch municipality, RDLR. should be given back to the commu- land belongs to the community,” Johnson declined to name the nothing ever gets done.” An investigation into the remain- nity,” said Cyster. LIP Elections Page 7

Following on social media

DA ANC EFF 547K 116K 413K followers followers EFF followers 73.3K followers ANC 642K DA followers 14% of South 11% of South 22.9K Africans Africans followers Shedding

36% of South Africans ANC DA 500K 530K light on EFF followers followers 389K followers party posters How social media Lucian van Wyk nect with you,” says Phiwaba. Furthermore, she adds that just by looking at posters, could influence outh African streets are flooded potential voters immediately with colourful posters cover- know the message the EFF wants ing lamp poles at the moment. to communicate with them with- this election SThese rainbow colours clearly suggest out having to spend any money. that the rainbow nation is approach- The Councillor of Technical Ser- ing election time, but is it still rele- vices of the DA in Stellenbosch, Cher Petersen According to the Social vant to political parties and citizens? Gideon Carinus, is quick to disa- Media Landscape 2019 report, Spokespersons from the so- gree with both Sayed and Madok- n 2014, the previous elections released by World Wide Worx, South called ‘big three’ parties, the ANC, wes’ statements, urging political year, South African politicians Africa’s leading independent tech- DA and EFF, in the Western Cape parties to campaign through other like Cyril Ramaphosa and Jacob nology market research organi- gave LIP an in-depth reflection methods too, instead of simply re- IZuma were still firmly planted on the sation, and media monitoring or- on different campaign posters. lying on posters when he encour- earth and zero tweets were on Twitter. ganisation, Ornico, there are 21 Opinions differ on whether ages people to “make use of the This elections year Twitter is million Facebook users in South using posters as a campaigning various social media platforms buzzing with political presence. Africa, representing 36% of the method during the elections are when marketing your campaign. Zuma with his tweets pleading for population this elections year. still relevant in the highly digi- I would get more out of reading a money to assist with his legal fees and In South Africa, the three tal era that we live in today. This WhatsApp message or Facebook Ramaphosa with his videos on trains. biggest political parties – the ANC, is because social media is becom- post than looking at a poster.” They’re both regular commuters the DA and the EFF – all have rel- ing one of the main tools to mar- A Marketing Campaign Man- on the Twittersphere now and use atively small followings considering ket one’s self, cause, or company. ager at the Shoprite Group, Josh it to shape the conversation in the the population of 58 million peo- According to the Chairperson Raats (24), believes that political elections year. Social media experts ple. On Facebook the ANC has 500 of the ANC’s Western Cape Youth parties are missing the mark when say social media won’t influence the 000 followers, the DA has 530 000 League and candidate for provin- choosing a poster over advertis- outcome of the elections but it acts followers and the EFF have 389 cial parliament, Mohammed Khalid ing on another digital platform. as an echo-chamber where peo- 000 followers, while on Twitter the Sayed, campaigning through the “Nearly every South African ple only hear voices that support numbers stand at 642 000 use of posters is still the best way to has access to some form of digi- their viewpoints, thus reinforcing it. to the ANC, 547 000 to the canvass during the election season. tal media that they engage with Social media is becoming an DA and 413 000 to the EFF. “When you look at the socio-eco- regularly, even citizens that find integral tool in promoting social Managing director of World nomic conditions in South Africa, themselves on the lowest end issues, marketing products and ide- Wide Worx, Arthur Goldstuck there are still so many people who of the income bracket,” he says. as. Electoral candidates, politicians speaks about possible manipulation don’t have access to the internet and However, he does add that, and political parties can use social using social media: “attempts to social media. This includes young considering how a political cam- media as a campaign tool, a focus manipulate the public, the people. So I think posters are going to paign is an aggressive, short-lived group and an avenue for discussion. voter and people’s opinions – stay relevant for a long time,” he says. campaign that requires as much “Only about 30% of South it’s almost certain that we’ll see The EFF’s Western Cape Media exposure as possible to be suc- Africans are on Facebook and attempts at that. Everyone is and Communications Liaison of- cessful, posters on a lamp pole the numbers go down for all the looking out for those [attempts]. ficer, Phiwaba Madokwe, is also of would be an additional opportuni- other platforms. Majority of the It’s going to be a lot more difficult the opinion that using current meth- ty for the brand to be recognised. voters aren’t actually on social and where it does happen, it will ods such as social me- According to Sayed, Madokwe media,” says communications and probably be called out quite quickly.” dia is not the best and Carinus, the hefty amount of media lecturer at the University of Goldstuck and Engelbrecht way to market money that goes into producing elec- KwaZulu-Natal, Dr Sandra Pitcher. agree that social media is a tool that your party. tions posters is a necessity to be rec- Social media marketing expert requires a savvy way with words “Using ognised during the elections season. and founder and director of Great but also a self-regulated sense of posters to “If a political party is not go- Dane Digital (a marketing and responsibility, which political parties campaign ing to spend a lot on an election communications agency), Sarietha and politicians need to use to inform for elections campaign, it’s going to be diffi- Engelbrecht, says politicians and voters. As a hub of discourse, it is are the meth- cult for them to get their message political parties need to use social imperative that it is utilised ods people re- across to voters, and thus difficult media effectively in order to connect effectively and not to spond to and what to transform the lives of people with the masses and share pertinent mislead or coerce voters. they expect during election season. and to ensure wealth is distribut- information for an informed vote. “There’s so much conversation They are cost effective and reach a ed equally in society,” says Sayed. Pitcher says that as a free way going on but it’s very difficult to lot of people as opposed to depend- Sayed, Madokwe and Carinus of sharing information with monitor and respond to all of that, ing on social media,” she comments. emphasise that the key to a success- voters and newsmakers about their so you can’t control the things that “How many of those people ful poster campaign is to keep the policies and campaigns, people say. It’s kind of a double-edged have data? You are then putting a wording on your poster short and political parties and politicians have a sword. Social media is great burden on those very same peo- to the point, making sure the col- responsibility to do so on social because it gives everyone a voice ple you say you want to liberate, our of your poster stands out and media without dark ways to coerce but it’s also terrible because it gives by expecting them to buy data to always try to have a relevant im- voters or spreading misinformation. everyone a voice,” says Engelbrecht. GRAPHIC: Lucian van Wyk to be able to reach you and con- age accompanying your message. Page 8 Elections LIP The youth’s importance ANC dominates since ‘94 but... The younger generation of South Africans have an increasingly important role to play in the 2014 political landscape, but are proving difficult to be encour- aged to participate in the vote. “Hands down the most im- portant demographic that needs 16% inspiring in this country is the 18 to 19-year-olds millions of under- and unem- registered ployed young people,” reiterates 2004 Grace Garland, an associate of 2009 The Ethics Institute, Independent Electoral Com- mission’s Chief Electoral Officer, 1999 Sy Mamabolo, said that it would Parliamentary seats be “conversing with young people on social media, and will have 54% ANC voter registration points at some 20 to 29-year-olds DA tertiary institutions”. registered EFF The youth’s reluctance to NP engage in voting is shown by OTHER the fact that only 16% of 18 to 19-year-olds eligible to vote, have registered, as well as only 54% of 2019 the 20 to 29-year-olds. This falls 1994 2014 short of the 33% of 18 to 19-year- olds and 64% of 20 to 29-year- olds who had registered for the 2014 elections. 33% Litchfield-Tshabalala, a former 18 to 19-year-olds parliamentary member for the 400 EFF, suggests that the problem registered lies in education. “The concern though, is how the ANC has killed education after 1994. We are producing ANC votes decline in Zuma reign but can Ramaphosa be ... students whose numeric, linguis- tic and analytical faculties are 64% systematically dumbed down,” 20 to 29-year-olds she says. registered She also pinpoints the ANC Mr Fix-it-all? Youth League’s ability to fully use their freedom of expression and Tashin Singh is larger than the ANC, and as Garland comments that, “our association as being a threat to of its constituency. such, is likely to secure the 2019 country’s social destiny rides the party capturing the youth. “The tendency has been to general elections for the party. on whether or not the govern- “SA is a youthful country, control the ANCYL and shape its eading into South Af- “It seems that Ramaphosa is ment proves worthy of the trust therefore, the ANCYL must be agenda, which ultimately led to rica’s sixth democrat- more popular than the ANC itself, the majority continues to place given space for articulating its as- another ANC offshoot, the EFF,” ic election, there are and seen as quite popular amongst in it. If it does not purge itself of Hdoubts as to whether the ANC voters who would usually vote for corruption, it will fail to do so”. pirations, and to represent those adds Litchfield-Tshabalala. will be as dominant as in pre- other political parties,” she says. She also believes that the fore- vious years, and whether Pres- Whilst there are many who seeable future of this will be down The rise of opposition parties ident Cyril Ramaphosa is the believe that Ramaphosa is suc- to Ramaphosa and the ANC. The DA and the EFF remain the right man to dispel these doubts. cessfully on his way to righting “The ANC retains a strong two closest contenders to the Since South Africa’s first the ship, Chilenga-Butao believes hold on the nation’s heart, and ANC. 2014 democratic election the ANC that there are people in South rightly so, owing to our history. Both Garland and Thokozani has seen growth in their par- Africa who are of the opinion Yet it has floundered disastrous- Chilenga-Butao, a PhD candi- liamentary representation to that he hasn’t quite delivered on ly in terms of actual governance. date and associate lecturer at the a point where they received the expectations set out for him. There will certainly be many University of the Witwatersrand, nearly 70% of the votes in She believes Ramaphosa’s fail- people who have lost faith in the believe the EFF are to be the the 2004 general elections. ure to remove certain ministers party because of the Zuma years, However, the current ruling from the Cabinet, not suspend- but many more who are eager biggest threat going forward with 29 a message that resonates with the Parties contested party suffered some setbacks ing or removing persons linked to give Ramaphosa the bene- youth. 2014 elections in the wake of the Jacob Zuma to corruption allegations and fit of the doubt,” says Garland. The DA, however, remain a era. The former president, who the Eskom crisis, were amongst A former parliamentary strong candidate according to served in office from 2009 un- many of his unpopular decisions. member for the EFF, Dr Kha- Litchfield-Tshabalala. til his resignation in 2018, re- “Realistically, it may be nyisile Litchfield-Tshabalala, “This is because one cannot ceived 65.9% of the votes in his difficult, legally, for him to counters the disposition that the forthrightly say who owns it, 2019 inaugural year and 62.15% in summarily dismiss individuals ANC’s slide began with Zuma. unlike many opposition parties the subsequent 2014 elections. named in alleged acts of cor- “Firstly, I would like to dispel where the domination of a figure Ultimately, it has been up to ruption but it seems that this the notion that the dip in ANC is quite evident,” she says. Ramaphosa to restore the faith is what the public was expect- popularity happened in the Zuma In order for the ANC to in the country’s first democrat- ing,” comments Chilenga-Butao. years. Granted, the ANC suffered continue being the dominant ic ruling party, as alluded to An associate of The Ethics dents during his tenure, it was a 48 by Thokozani Chilenga-Butao, Institute, Grace Garland, says matter of time, before the ANC force in South African politics, Parties contesting they will have to find solutions to a PhD candidate and as- she sees the ANC and South Af- revolutionary rhetoric and its potentially threatening issues that 2019 elections sociate lecturer at the Uni- rican politics heading in a cer- concrete reformationist stance go beyond what the steadfast DA that the youth remain a chink in versity of the Witwatersrand. tain direction should it fail to and policies caught up with and the charismatically led EFF the ANC armour, and the party She believes that Ramaphosa wipe out widespread corruption. it,” says Litchfield-Tshabalala. can provide. A sentiment shared shooting itself in the foot cannot by many political experts is be discounted.

How strong is number of number of people who registered the voting ballets cast to vote conversion? LIP Elections Page 9 ...is dit hoe ons parlement sal lyk in 2019?

2019?

ANC DA EFF Res ’n Gemiddelde persentasie is uitgewerk vanuit politieke ontleders se voorspellings. Die omvang van hierdie statistiek is 1:10 ANC sal weer wen – maar hoe ver? Foto: Wikimedia Commons

Dennis Delport (NGV),” sê hy. Dit is juis daarom dat ’n wenpersentasie sal behaal, wat gemiddelde ANC. “Tog sal die EFF Joubert. Hy stem saam dat die party Pelser meen dat die ANC met slegs verdere probleme kan veroorsaak. sukkel om sy steun in die provin- GOOD glad nie ’n faktor buite die 48% van die stemme in Gauteng Die ANC se jarelange bedreiging, sie bo 14% te lig. Selfs [14%] sal ’n Wes-Kaap en die Noord-Kaap sal anneer die uitslag van tevrede gaan moet wees. die DA, sal ook net dít bly – ’n groot prestasie wees,” sê hy. wees nie. die verkiesing op 8 Mei Die rede vir dalen- tandelose bedreiging. Die kleiner partye soos die VF Wat egter werklik in die ver- bekendgemaak word, sal de sukses is volgens “Interne blapse gaan Plus, ACDP en IFP sal ook beter kiesing gaan gebeur, sal niemand Wdie ANC weer die land regeer. Hulle Venter oor verskeie die DA vanjaar duur vaar as gewoonlik, volgens Venter. weet nie. Die uitslag word ook deur gaan egter nie met dieselfde sukses kommerwekkende te staan kom,” sê Pelser plaas ook groot hoop in veral verskeie ander eksterne faktore wen as in die verlede nie, sê twee uitlatings en interne Venter. Hy sê die die VF Plus. “Die VF Plus sal groei, bepaal. Só ’n faktor is die stemper- van die land se voorste politieke blapse binne die DA sal moeilik die redelik skerp, ten koste van die DA, sentasies, sê Venter. “Die stemper- ontleders, eo Venter (onder) en ANC. “Die oopvlek- 23%-stempersen- maar natuurlik van ’n baie lae basis sentasie is krities in proporsionele Waldimar Pelser (regs) king van groot- tasie van 2014 kan af,” sê hy. verkiesings en die tendens sedert Die rede vir die ANC se skaalse korrupsie, herhaal en sal tevrede Cope gaan volgens Venter swak- 1994 is ’n dalende stempersentasie. voorspelde oorwinning is volgens staatskaping en Eskom moet wees met slegs ker vaar in die verkiesing. Dit is daarom dat ons ’n nasionale Venter, verbonde aan die Noord- behoort die ANC ernstig 19-20% van die steun by Met die aanloop tot die verkiesing stempersentasie van tussen 70-72% wes-Universiteit (NWU) se poli- in die voet te skiet,” sê hy. die stembus. Die DA sal egter het daar ook verskeie nuwe politieke kan verwag.” tieke departement, eenvoudig: par- Volgens Venter het na raming 3 volgens Venter in die Wes-Kaap aan partye begin kop uitsteek. Een só Nog ’n faktor is verstedeliking. ty-identi sering of lojaliteit is baie miljoen kiesers in 2016 se plaaslike die bewind bly. ’n party is die voormalige DA-lid “Verstedeliking raak ’n al hoe groter sterk in SA. “Mense moet baie verkiesing hul steun aan die Pelser het e ens meer hoop vir Patricia de Lille se GOOD. Venter politieke faktor en met ’n verstede- ver gedruk word om van ANC onttrek omdat hulle die DA. “Die DA gaan wit stemme meen hierdie party sal slegs beteke- likingskoers van tussen 60-70% party te verander. Die nie vir Jacob Zuma se verloor en aan die marges wen aan nisvolle steun in die Wes-Kaap kry. gaan dit ’n groot rol speel,” meen proses word verder ANC wou stem nie. swart steun, maar net-net genoeg Die politieke joernalis Jan-Jan Venter. gekompliseer deur “Nou het ons die om vir die klein verlies aan wit stem Joubert (regs) sê dat die teenwoor- As daar dieper na verkiesingstatis- identiteitspolitiek. Cyril Ramapho- te vergoed. Ek reken die DA sal baie digheid van nuwe partye tiek gekyk word, sê Venter Die ANC sal baie sa-ANC en die vraag gelukkig wees met 23-25%,” sê hy. soos GOOD en die die volgende: “Indien moeilik die 60%- is of ons weer so ’n Diegene in hul rooi oorpakke sal ATM maak dit moeili- ons met ’n 70%-stem- vlak in die verkiesing wegblystem gaan sien ook beter vaar as in 2014, volgens ker om vanjaar die persentasie werk, sal bereik en sal tevrede weens Eskom en staats- Venter. Julius Malema se EFF maak uitslae te voorspel ongeveer 19 miljoen moet wees met waarskyn- kaping,” sê hy. geen geheim van hul vooruitsig as in 2016. Suid-Afrikaners aan lik 57-58% van die steun.” Pelser benadruk weer die dat hulle beter sal vaar nie. In 2014 “Dit is omdat die verkiesing deel- Pelser, hoofredakteur van Rap- ANC se nansiële probleme. “Die het die EFF 6% van die stemme die drie grootste neem uit die byna port, meen egter 60% is haalbaar, ANC het ernstige geldprobleme, verwerf. Hulle sal volgens Venter partye, die ANC, 27 miljoen moontlike maar dat die ANC die meerderheid- vererger deur die feit dat hulle vanjaar 9% bekom. DA en EFF, wat in die geregistreerde stem- stem in Gauteng gaan verloor. toegang verloor het tot die geldpotte Pelser meen dat die EFF ’n groot verlede sowat 94% van geregtigdes. Dit beteken “In Gauteng lol E-tol, Esidimeni van verskeie groot metro’s, veral “pretbederwer” is in Gauteng, waar die stemme tussen die drie dat ’n politieke party onge- [die gesondheidsorgskandaal wat Johannesburg en Tshwane,” sê hy. die party die beste geposisioneer is van hulle getrek het, elk so intern veer 48 000 stemme moet kry om 143 lewens geëis het] en die drei- Hy meen verder dat dit onduidelik om te kapitaliseer op “die gatvolheid verdeeld is en sulke oninspireren- een verteenwoordiger in die sesde gende Nasionale Vervolgingsgesag is of Ramaphosa in KwaZulu-Natal van ’n linkse elite” met die uiters de verkiesingsveldtogte voer,” sê parlement te kry.” Page 10 Elections LIPLIP Vyf presidente – vyf dramatiese eras Die afgelope 25 jaar se vyf presidente van Suid-Afrika word hier onder die vergrootglas geplaas. Anke van der Merwe het ondersoek ingestel. Die ‘heilige versoener’ Die ‘vigsontkenner’ ‘Zuma se plekhouer’

olgens The Daily Maverick se Opionista was Nelson Mandela rof. Adam Habib, die visekanselier van Wits en ’n dosent in abib sê Kgalema Motlanthe (presidensie: 25 September 2008 (presidensie: 10 Mei 1994 – 16 Junie 1999) die “heilige van politieke geografie, sê Thabo Mbeki (presidensie: 16 Junie 1999 – 9 Mei 2009) se grootste fout was om Jacob Zuma te vertrou. versoening en kohesie, maar nie die perfekte president nie”. Prof. – 24 September 2008, bedank) se grootste bydrae tot Suid-Afrika Motlanthe was nie eens ’n jaar amptelik president nie. Volgens VPatrick Bond, ’n spesialis in politieke ekonomie aan die Universiteit van Pwas met betrekking tot ekonomiese groei. “Alles is egter ontrafel deur die HHabib was sy grootste prestasie dat “hy die regering laat aanhou funksio- die Witwatersrand (Wits), meen onder sy swakker besluite tel die her- Zuma-presidensie,” voeg Habib by. neer het. Hy het min ruimte gehad om in te beweeg.” Daar was dus niks aanstelling van Derek Keys en Chris Stals, onderskeidelik die minister Mbeki het in 1996 die klasseprojek op die been gebring en dit het volgens Habib wat Motlanthe kon doen om langer as president aan te bly van finansies en die president van die Reserwebank uit die meer neo-liberalisme en nuwe bestuur beteken. Die klasseprojek het nie. apartheidsera, “wat neo-liberale reëls ingestel het”. daarop neergekom dat ’n meer kapitalistiese aanslag op die ekonomie “Hy het min impak gehad op die regering, maar hy het die regering Bond voeg by: “Mandela het groot klem op eiendomsreg binne die uitgeoefen moes word. Habib sê: “Mbeki se projek was nie gemik op ra- kop bo water laat hou in ’n moeilike tydperk.” grondwet geplaas, wat die gebruik daarvan vir potensiële restitusie dikale ekonomiese groei nie. Dit was eerder bedoel om swart ekonomiese Habib sê: “Motlanthe was ’n plekhouer totdat Zuma aan die bewind beperk het.” bemagtiging (SEB) te versterk.” sou kom. Hy was ’n waardige man en daar is na hom terugverlang tydens Onder Mandela se goeie punte sonder Bond uit hoe Mandela sy inv- Volgens Habib is Mbeki se grootste tekortkoming die ontkenning van die Zuma-jare.” loed in die samelewing meesterlik gebruik het tydens die verkiesing van MIV/vigs en dat “dit moontlik die grootste vlek teen sy presidensie is”. 26 tot 29 April 1994. Mbeki het in 2000 ontken dat MIV uiteindelik vigs veroorsaak en die Daar was verskeie anti-demokratiese bewegings in daardie tyd wat virus se oorsaak op armoede en rassisme blameer. teen Mandela gekant was. “In baie aspekte sou Mbeki as een van die toppresidente beskou kon “Tot en met die moord op Chris Hani in April 1993, was dit glad word, as die MIV-debakel nie sy nalatenskap beklad het nie,” sê Habib. nie vanselfsprekend dat die magstruktuur tot basiese demokrasie sou Volgens die emeritusprofessor Hermann Giliomee, voorheen verbon- verander nie,” sê Bond. de aan die departement geskiedenis aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch, het “ ’n selfversekerde Nelson Mandela nie omgegee om homself met intelli- gente adviseurs te omring nie, maar Mbeki moes ‘altyd die slimste in die vertrek wees’ ”. Hy voeg by: “Ramaphosa het gewens dat Mbeki dapper genoeg sou wees om raad te vra van diverse bronne en nie net mense met dieselfde idees nie.”

25 years of power Ingrid Klückow takes a closer look at the democratic presidents and their contributions to South Africa’s current economic and political state.

Mandela Mbeki Motlanthe According to the previous CEO of the Institute Ivor Jenkins, known as a leader in the fields of With his term not exceeding six months, an for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA), Paul peacebuilding and democratisation, believes Associate Professor of political sociology at Graham, Nelson Mandela’s term strengthened that the highlight of Thabo Mbeki’s term is Stellenbosch University, Professor Lindy Hei- the independence of the judiciary and legisla- the fact that there was a smooth transition of necken, explains that Kgalema Motlanthe “did ture. Not only was Mandela’s term filled with power from Mandela to Mbeki. not polarise, he created political stability.” Civil transformative actions, it also shaped the South society had a high level of trust in Motlanthe African democracy. Graham states: “It was dur- According to Jenkins, the foundation of and according to Heinecken he was a bridge ing the Mandela-term that the justice portfolio Mbeki’s term was based on the idea that between the old ANC and the new ANC. The in Parliament, under the chair of Adv Johnny de Africa, and in particular South Africa, high level of trust he enjoyed was due to the Lange, amended or replaced or repealed some should take the responsibility to resolve their fact that there were no scandals linked to his 500 laws to bring our legal system into line with respective economic and poverty problems. past. Heinecken admires Motlanthe for the the new Constitution.” He states that, “although some say the Mbeki manner in which he held the country together administration was too pan-Africanist, I do during a very fragile time. Mandela’s term also set the tone in respect of believe that this was one of Mbeki’s highlights unity and equality. Graham explains that this of his term”. was evident in 1998 when the SA Rugby Board, along with the business tycoon and former rugby Jenkins is aware of Mbeki’s weaknesses player, Louis Luyt, opened a civil case against and argues that Mbeki lost touch with the Mandela in which he was subpoenaed to appear. public. This caused a disconnect between Graham states that Mandela’s presidential seat the political elitist leaders and the suffering could have created an opportunity for him to of the South African citizens. Jenkins argues refuse to appear. However, this was not the case. that Mbeki “enclosed himself with intellectual Mandela appeared in court to be questioned theorists,” which contributed to the increased under oath. This act of responsibility initiated a support of Jacob Zuma, and which resulted precedent lacking in today’s politics, according to in Mbeki being deposed as ANC president at Graham, which is that, “no one is above the law.” the 2007 ANC conference in Polokwane.

The Union Buildings in Pretoria. ILLUSTRATION: Andrea Mouton LIPLIP Elections Page 11 Vyf presidente – vyf dramatiese eras Die afgelope 25 jaar se vyf presidente van Suid-Afrika word hier onder die vergrootglas geplaas. Anke van der Merwe het ondersoek ingestel. ‘Zuma se plekhouer’ ‘Die groot verdeler’ Die ‘beleggingsprofeet’ abib sê Kgalema Motlanthe (presidensie: 25 September 2008 iliomee sê: “Jacob Zuma (presidensie: 9 Mei 2009 – 14 Februarie nder Cyril Ramaphosa (presidensie: 14 Februarie 2018 – hede) – 9 Mei 2009) se grootste fout was om Jacob Zuma te vertrou. 2018, bedank) het die verkiesingsveldtog in 2009 gebruik om die se sterkpunte is die feit dat hy sy belofte om investering na Motlanthe was nie eens ’n jaar amptelik president nie. Volgens gees van die Mandela-presidensie te herroep, maar is Suid-Afrika te lok, kon nakom. Ramaphosa het belowe om $100 HHabib was sy grootste prestasie dat “hy die regering laat aanhou funksio- Ggekonfronteer met wydverspreide kritiek op dienslewering, korrupsie en Omiljard in te samel uit buitelandse beleggings oor ’n tydperk van vyf jaar. neer het. Hy het min ruimte gehad om in te beweeg.” Daar was dus niks die vervreemding van minderheidsgroepe.” “Hy het skeptici verkeerd bewys toe Saudi-Arabië hulle tot ’n belegging volgens Habib wat Motlanthe kon doen om langer as president aan te bly Giliomee sê voorts Zuma het ’n spesiale appèl gemaak tot Afrikaners van $10 miljard verbind het, die Verenigde Arabiese Emirate $10 miljard nie. en gesê dat “uit al die wit groepe in Suid-Afrika, is die Afrikaners die en China ’n verdere $14,7 miljard,” sê Timeslive. “Hy het min impak gehad op die regering, maar hy het die regering enigste egte Suid-Afrikaners”. “Amper alle Afrikaners wat kommentaar Timeslive identifiseer een van Ramaphosa se slegste besluite as toe kop bo water laat hou in ’n moeilike tydperk.” gelewer het, was gekant teen Afrikaners wat so uitgesonder is,” sê Gilio- hy BTW met 1% laat styg het. “Al is hy deur die regering se sukkelende Habib sê: “Motlanthe was ’n plekhouer totdat Zuma aan die bewind mee. finansies daartoe genoop, het hy ander opsies gehad, soos om staatsbeste- sou kom. Hy was ’n waardige man en daar is na hom terugverlang tydens “Zuma was die swakste ANC-president van almal,” sê die Daily Mave- ding beter te bestuur en in te kort,” sê Timeslive. die Zuma-jare.” rick se Opinionista. “Hy was twee keer instrumenteel in die verdeling van Bond sê baie mense wat krities was van die aanhoudende korrupsie die ANC. Sy korrupsieprofiel het die totstandkoming van die Congress binne die ANC, word nou reg bewys. “Dit kan gesien word in die verkie- of the People (Cope) bevoordeel en sy onverdraagsaamheid van interne singslys en die mislukking om uiters hoë vlakke van private en openbare verandering en radikalisme het die stigting van die Economic Freedom korrupsie te pak,” sê Bond. Fighters (EFF) bewerkstellig.” “ ’n Selfs moeiliker tydperk lê voor, gekenmerk deur die versterking van Ramaphosa se sosiale mag,” sê Bond.

25 years of power ILLUSTRASIES: Annalise Kotzé Ingrid Klückow takes a closer look at the democratic presidents and their contributions to South Africa’s current economic and political state.

Zuma Ramaphosa With his term not exceeding six months, an According to a conflict dynamics accredited Independent journalist and Africa relations Associate Professor of political sociology at commercial mediator, Judith February, “there expert, Liesl Louw-Vaudran, delivered some Stellenbosch University, Professor Lindy Hei- was nothing good about the term Jacob Zuma insight as to what President Cyril Ramaphosa necken, explains that Kgalema Motlanthe “did served and South Africa will take a decade has achieved. She declared that Ramaphosa not polarise, he created political stability.” Civil or more to fix what he broke”. Her view is successfully managed to diffuse a “very dan- society had a high level of trust in Motlanthe supported by President Cyril Ramaphosa, gerous situation regarding the redistribution and according to Heinecken he was a bridge as he declared during his State of the Nation of l an d .” between the old ANC and the new ANC. The Address earlier this year that Jacob Zuma’s high level of trust he enjoyed was due to the term was “nine wasted years”. fact that there were no scandals linked to his Louw-Vaudran strongly believes that the past. Heinecken admires Motlanthe for the According to February, South Africa’s deficit Zondo Commission of Inquiry into State manner in which he held the country together ballooned as the state was captured by Zuma Capture, and the employment of Ministers during a very fragile time. and his allies. The ongoing Commission of Pravin Gordhan and Tito Mboweni into his Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture are cabinet, also strengthened Ramaphosa’s term, actively discovering more evidence of corrup- as it contributed to the exposing of corrup- tion. February states that poor governance is tion. a label that could be used to describe Zuma’s term. “One need only to look at Eskom, However, a point of concern for Louw- SARS, SAA and the SABC to see the extent to Vaudran is the fact that Ramaphosa has not which Zuma deployed his cronies to ensure succeeded in eliminating Zuma’s cronies they did his bidding,” February says. from the ANC candidates list. Malusi Gigaba, former Minister of Home Affairs, and Nom- Zuma’s focus on improving the lives of the vula Mokonyane, Minister of Environmental poor and marginalised became distorted with Affairs, being two of these cronies. the increase of corruption during his term. February ventures further into the South Ultimately, she is very optimistic about African democratic institution and describes Ramaphosa’s ability to “build a strong team how the “National Prosecuting Authority which will attract international investors.” became an institution stacked with incapable, The Union Buildings in Pretoria. politically connected individuals.” ILLUSTRATION: Andrea Mouton Page 12 Elections LIP

The origin of voting ink

Election, electoral, indelible or voting ink are all different terms used to refer to the ink used when marking your thumb in elections. But do South Africans know how the marked thumb came about? by Jessica Josephs

lection time sees countless smooth,” discusses American jour- a team of forensic police members marked left thumb selfies nalist, Bill Keller, on South Africa’s managed to duplicate the ink within across social media platforms. 1994 elections. a few hours, regardless of its top-se- EAn expert on the role of youth and During the apartheid regime, cret formula. elections, Rabia Abba Omar, says black South Africans were forced that like the “I voted” stickers in the to carry a form of identification 2019 Elections United States of America (USA), called a “dompas”. This was a tool the marked thumb allows all South used to control their movements. A This year’s elections will see 167 000 African voters to show off that trend soon evolved concerning the voting ink pens across the country. they’ve exercised their democratic burning of the “dompas” as a form of Marketing Director of Voting Ink right. protest, which eventually became explains that each pen can mark be- a problem for the electoral com- tween 350-400 people. The first electoral ink mission after the apartheid regime Voting Ink is the leading manu- fell – causing there to be no way to facturer of indelible ink for the Af- The first time electoral ink was used identify those voters, explains Keller. rican continent. They have managed was in India’s 1962 general elections. The lack of a voters’ roll was to manufacture and supply to 15 India was having trouble with iden- another problem the 1994 elections African markets – including South tity theft and double votes. A team faced. There simply was not enough Africa’s neighbouring countries, of scientists led by Dr ML Goel were time to compile a list of voters. Al- Zimbabwe and Mozambique – and appointed to find a solution to the though the Electoral Act allowed for have more than 40 customers world- problem and soon developed indel- the issuing of temporary voter cards wide. ible ink which is now used in over where possible, the distribution “The prime challenge is to make 50 countries during election time took too much time and resources. sure that it is correctly applied on across the globe. With no formal voters’ roll, the both the cuticle and the fingernail. Indelible ink consists of silver ni- only other way to keep a record of The pens must also not be free- trate, several dyes and aromatic ma- who voted was to mark the voter’s ly available and open to abuse by terials, and when applied on the left left thumbs with voting ink. nefarious groups who could mark thumb and exposed to light, becomes According to Amy Mawson’s es- ignorant voters, prior to voting,” ex- impossible to remove. The ink can say, entitled Organising the First plains Howard when asked on the only be removed once the external Post-Apartheid Election: South Afri- challenges of Voting Ink during an skin cells renew itself – which can ca, 1994, officials decided that vot- election period. take up to four weeks. The indelible ers’ thumbs would be marked with Media Liaison Officer of IEC, ink also contains biocide – a chem- ink that only became visible under Trevor Davids, explains what hap- ical used to ensure that bacteria are ultraviolet light. pens when voters do not have a nail not transferred from one voter to the Election officials were concerned or thumb on the left hand: “When next. that using visible ink on KwaZu- a voter has no nail or thumb, the lu-Natal (KZN) voters would make voting officer then needs to use the 1994 Elections them vulnerable to be confronted by next available finger – the index and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) – so on. If the voter has no left hand, Historically in South Africa, voting due to the tension caused by the IFP we then make use of the right hand. ink was not initially used as a solu- boycotting the elections. If the voter has neither their left or tion to identity theft or double votes, Independent Electoral Commis- right hand available, the voting of- but rather as a form of identification. sioner (IEC) leader of 1994 and ad- ficer makes a copy of your ID, a form “The issuing of identification vocate, Johann Kriegler, stated that needs to be filled out and then you cards was hampered in some areas on the election day of 1994, the ul- are able to vote.” by violence; in others by the difficul- traviolet ink ran out and they did not Indelible ink has managed to make ty of reading fingerprints from rural have access to more in South Afri- a big return. It is now being used in blacks who had laboured so hard ca, as the ink was supplied through five additional states in the USA– the they had literally worn their fingers ships from the USA. Soon enough first time in the last 20 years. LIP Elections Page 13 The honeymoon that never began On the brink of democracy, many South Africans had high expectations of the ANC.

Aaliyah Davids signer Nazlie Mohedee (58). being disappointed when it didn’t. 70% Regardless, some saw the short- Repeatedly over the past twenty-five he ANC made various prom- comings of the ANC and took a years, he has not voted because he ises to right the wrongs of step back. The elections of 1999 saw feels that the government has failed. 69.7% the previous government. internal resistance among people Mohedee takes it one step fur- TTwenty-five years later, the ruling as they watched the political party ther, stating that “the quality of political party is still making such they once believed would change government participation, human promises to right the wrongs of both everything, become corrupt. “Who rights, safety, rule of law and health- the previous government and their does one vote for if you don’t know care, is worse than that provid- own governing. But, is it too late? who to trust?” questions Mohedee. ed by the apartheid government.” More than nine million out of A distinguished professor at Stel- Waghid too believes that the the potential 35.9 million eligible lenbosch University, Yusef Waghid ruling party, as well as many oth- voters are not registered for South (60), did not vote as he felt that he er political parties , have not ful- Africa’s 2019 elections. For many, could not vote for any other par- filled their pre-election promises. 66.4% this apparent voter apathy has ex- ty but the ANC. “I was politically Gabier and Waghid feel strongly isted since the first democratic elec- conscientised about the corrup- 65.9% tions. 1994 promised a honeymoon [made aware] tion within South period that never quite started. to support Africa, but both still Like many others, school teach- the liberation believe that vot- er Faghmee Gabier (55), was what movement. I ing can bring about can be described as politically ac- felt that the change under the tive prior to ’94. He was involved in ruling party right circumstances. several political protest actions. “I abandoned the Considering that was even locked up for one night, transformation the ‘right’ circum- for throwing stones and things like struggle but stances seem to be that,” he says. So ready were people that being said, far off, Mohedee is 62.7% to fight for transformation, along- I could not see less optimistic. “I side the ANC, that a night in jail myself voting feel by voting now, ANC election results from 1994-2014. GRAPHIC: Aaliyah Davids Aaliyah 1994-2014. GRAPHIC: from election results ANC 62.1% could not deter them. The ANC, for any other Nazlie Mohedee PHOTO: Facebook you are willingly both then and now, is associat- political party supporting a bro- ed with the struggle for liberation that I invariably associated with racial ken system.” Voting can only change and so many continue to vote for oppression and exclusion,” he says. South Africa’s situation if there is an 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 the party despite its shortcomings. The ANC had not risen to the accountable party willing to listen 60% Simply living under apart- high expectations for them, post to its people. Government needs a Professor Yusef Waghid PHOTO: Faculty of Education, Stellen- heid rule meant being polit- ’94. Gabier admits to expecting cleanup, says Mohedee, and it is only bosch University ically active, says fashion de- change to happen overnight and then that change will come about.

Hester Witbooi PHOTO: Marecia Damons ‘I vote every time because it’s my right to do so’

Marecia Damons journey to vote on 27 April 1994: coming. It was an exciting time. banned! We didn’t pay for what we just one of those’. It’s not! It’s your fu- “I voted at the George Municipal- That time you didn’t register; you stood for.” Her enthusiasm is sud- ture that you’re deciding on and we South Africa’s first democraticity Civic Centre, but we were actu- just got up and went and took your denly brought to a halt as she looks to must take our future seriously be- elections in 1994 enabled its citizens ally supposed to vote in Parkdene. ID. I remember we went at 12pm. It the ground and despondently shakes cause tomorrow things can change. to form part of what is considered “We were registered in the Park- was just a buzz of excitement. Every- her head. “It’s just so sad to see that “I feel like [voting] is my right. today as one of the most significant dene ward, but it was too crowded. one was just excited to go vote.” the youngsters don’t want to vote. 1994 changed our lives in South moments in South Africa’s history. Because of the long queues they took The buzz continued long after “[My daughter] said that she’s not Africa for the better. There were Client services officer at the Depart- some of us with busses to different the ballot had been cast. “It was going to vote. I said to her she must more opportunities for everyone. ment of Labour in George, 43-year- voting stations.” Witbooi explains so energetic and alive! The excite- understand this is not like that time. I’m a true citizen of SA - that’s why old Hester Witbooi, has voted dur- how she and her parents stood in the ment lasted the whole day! When I It’s not just for me, it’s for everyone. I vote,” she adds unwaveringly . ing every election since 1994 and queue for nearly four hours despite made my mark, it was a ‘wow’ mo- When I voted, my sisters were still With the 2019 general elections believes each moment is an oppor- the African sun beating down on the ment because I did something that in school. And I thought I’m not fast approaching, Witbooi explains tunity to be an advocate for change. masses: “It was an important mo- could change my life. And it did.” doing this just for myself, I’m that although she has voted for the In her sun-lit living room, a South ment. We didn’t mind the weather. Witbooi proudly adds that her ea- doing it for my sisters as well.” same political party each year, she African flag is proudly displayed It was a very sunny and hot day, but gerness to vote came from a deeper She takes a few sips of water be- might have a change of heart this time: on a brick wall. Above it, hangs a people still came out in numbers.” place than being denied that right fore sharing her thoughts on young “Every time I go, I always ask myself: portrait of the late former South Witbooi’s eyes gradually light before: “At the time, I was part of the South Africans who aren’t voting. Who am I going to vote for? Am I African President Nelson Mande- up and a smile creeps upon SRC at our school, Hillcrest Second- “Some of them seem so ignorant still going to vote for who I believe la. With a cold glass of water upon her brown skin as she remem- ary in Mossel Bay, and we were one of as to why it is so important. Why do in? Then [I] stand there and decide her wooden coffee table, Witbooi bers making history in 1994: the groups that were against paying you think we have this democracy [I’ll] rather vote for the same one. takes a seat on her sofa and begins “All the non-whites were eager to exam fees. We had a march at school, that we currently do? Because people “This time around I’ve got a dif- to share the story of a long-awaited vote because we knew change was and you know what? Exam fees were died for this! And [they] think ‘Ag it’s ferent view. But I’m still deciding.” Page 14 Elections LIP The ABCs of education in the manifestos

ANC: Since the election in an indication that the DA: The DA suggests that studying.” 1994, the national matric pass rate government not only lacks inno- the current quality of higher ed- Furthermore, when students has seen growth, increasing from vative ideas, but does not know ucation has been tainted – quality obtain a qualification, there is an 50% in 1994 to 78% in 2018. The the role of education in society,” has been sacrificed by the ANC in increasing struggle to find a job. ANC suggests this is due to the says Madokwe. the pursuit of numbers and The party aims at expanding major shift in the balance of high She goes on to say: “There is as a result corruption has access to and improvement of performers to schools with stu- such a huge disjuncture between found its way into tertiary higher education and training. dents from financially disadvan- basic education and higher edu- education. This would involve more com- taged backgrounds. cation that no university consid- The DA critiques the prehensive bursary packages, What is not mentioned, as EFF ers 30% as a pass rate, and these current system’s inability to scrapping the National Youth Provincial media and communi- children are doomed and forced encourage adaptability. Development Agency (NYDA) cations liaison, Phiwaba Madok- to study in these badly managed The DA manifestoand channeling funding into the we, suggests, is the ever TVETs, these unaccredited speaks of high failure rates Khuphuka Opportunity Cen- decreasing matric pass and expensive private col- at universities and colleges saying tres (Khuphuka meaning ‘go up- rate. leges or sit at home with “many [students] are left stranded wards’), a centre for entrepreneur- “30% is an insult and their useless passes.” after spending time and money ial training and career advice.

EFF: Madokwe believes in Paulette Preyser, an educator FF Plus: of conciliation and arbitra- the EFF’s dedication to education. at IEB private school, Reddam The FF Plus identifies tion. She says: “The role of education in House Waterfall, has been teach- the need for quality “There must be other a young democracy like ours, or ing for over 20 years with six of teachers at less affluent mechanisms where we can even beyond, cannot just be for those at government schools in order to battle the gap address a teacher’s concerns oth- getting as many learners as pos- schools. She disagrees between financial instability and er than striking. Striking is also a sible to pass.” One of the major with the EFF’s desire to quality education. They suggest very dangerous thing. Strikes tend goals for the EFF is free decolo- eliminate IEB education, these teachers receive higher re- to be hijacked by vigilantes and nised education for all. saying: “At this point na- muneration, as well as perfor- turn very dangerous in many cas- The EFF suggests “One educa- tional education is not at mance bonuses. es with looting and destruction of tion system, one country” and for a standard that we can be The FF Plus wishes to prohib- property and the endangerment this reason they aim to abolish the properly internationally it all forms of protest action and of people and even learners at Independent Examination Board recognised in terms of education, marches near schools while abol- schools. We’ve seen that before,” (IEB). All South African matricu- in terms of medicine, in terms of ishing trade unions and tackling suggests the chairperson of the FF lants will be required to write the law. It’s a problem. The system is “undisciplined teachers”. Instead Plus, Adv Anton Alberts.. same examinations. unfortunately flawed currently.” they wish to implement a system by Zoë Human

outh Africans may not be vot- nomics division at Wits’s School of public sector entities, that drain the year!” states one of the statistics dis- ing on economic policies in Economic and Business Sciences, coffers of the government, is vital played on the party’s website. the upcoming general elec- Prof Uma Kollamparambil. [for economic growth],” Kollam- Butler does not believe the econ- tions,S but their vote on 8 May might According to Kollamparambil, parambil says with regards to the omy will be greatly affected by the determine the prospects of the coun- the extent to which the elections policies needed to sustain economic elections. “None of the parties have try’s economic growth. will impact growth. a persuasive economic policy reform Can “It is hoped that the elections will the economy Butler also programme,” says Butler. prove to be a turning point for South depends on its points to the role “[The elections] may provide Africa and that the country can leave outcome, as of the “state-owned Ramaphosa with an opportunity to the recent years of low growth and she comments: enterprises crisis”, introduce a coherent reform pro- corruption behind,” says economics “A significant especially operational gramme,” adds Butler. your lecturer at the University of the Wit- decline in ANC problems at Eskom, “Governance and infrastructure watersrand, Dr. Kenneth Creamer. vote share is in hindering the required for reigniting investments South Africa’s economy has required to bring political economy. and employment generation” are struggled in recent years. A short- about sustained The Worldhighlighted by Kollamparambil as lived recession last year meant 2018 change in Inequality Report challenges for South Africa’s politi- had only 0.8% economic growth governance.” Dr. Kenneth Creamer 2018 found that cal economy. compared to 1.4% growth in 2017, The factions South Africa is Both Creamer and Kollampar- according to Statistics South Africa. within the ANC one of the most ambil acknowledge that corruption FocusEconomics, a provider of also play a role unequal countries must be curbed if South Africa wants economic analysis and forecasts in economic de- in the world and is to see economic growth, regardless in 130 countries, has predicted a cisions, which classified as “extreme of the upcoming elections. growth of 1.6% in 2019. the elections will inequality” along The scholars point out corruption A professor of politics at the not be able to in- with the Middle East at state level’s role in furthering in- University of Cape Town, Anthony fluence. and Brazil. equality and economic problems in Butler, sees slow growth and “Substantially “Given the high the country. help high unemployment rates as the reduced nation- levels of inequality “Clean government,” as Creamer challenges still facing South Africa’s al government in South Africa it is calls it, as well as “effective service political economy. majority of the imperative that we delivery and developmental pro- “Gross domestic product (GDP) ANC will neces- Prof. Anthony Butler are led by ethical politicians grammes are all essential if South per person has been declining over sitate a re-assess- committed to putting in place Africa is to achieve higher rates of the past four years where 37% of the ment by the government and focus policies that will foster inclusive economic growth, investment and SA labour force does not have work,” on continuing with the clean-up of growth,” says Creamer. job creation after the 8 May elec- states Butler. corruption. Change in government “While the DA stands out with tions.” Currently, the political economy at the provincial level, especially in its liberal policy agenda, it is unclear Butler stresses that the types of is in a state of flux due to the im- Gauteng, will be a major wake-up how the EFF and other parties differ policies needed are ones that will pending elections. call for the ANC,” she adds. from the ANC on the policy front,” attract investment from the private grow? “[South Africa’s current political FocusEconomics have noted that Kollamparambil says. sector. economy is] fluid and uncertain, giv- the government bailout of Eskom The DA has had economic suc- “Growth is driven primarily by en the factionalism within the ANC could push the fiscal deficit beyond cess in the Western Cape, which it private firms. Government must cre- and the other minor parties vying 4.0% of output in 2019. is using to help drive support. “The ate an environment in which firms by Kara van der Berg for additional shares in the coming “Policy certainty is paramount. DA-led Western Cape created 75% are willing to invest, so generating elections,” says the head of the eco- Restructuring of Eskom and other of South Africa’s new jobs in the past growth and employment.” LIP Elections Page 15 Levelling party Concerns over voter turnout

Dominique Jeftha ty of the Free State (UFS), Dr Ina Gouws the fact that fewer young playing field Parents and grandparents influence people than ever registered for the to a large extent how the youth vote, 2019 elections, show a bleak future Byron Mühlberg the money in this Fund reaches a to- According to DA spokesperson experts say. ahead when it comes to turnout. Po- tal of one million rand.” and MP Solly Malatsi: “The DA’s at- “While it makes voters look litical parties are failing to convince he Political Party Funding “A Multi-Party Democracy Fund titude to party political funding has more at ideology and policies which a very significant portion of the eli- Bill was signed into law by will receive money from donors been consistent. We have given our moves them beyond sentiment, gible population to go to the voting President Cyril Ramaphosa and allocate it to represented polit- donors the assurance that their do- people still vote based on who their booths,” says Gouws. Tin Parliament on 28 January, bring- ical parties in accordance with the nations would remain confidential, grandparents and parents vote/vot- Gouws believes that voter ing with it new checks and balances prescribed formula. The Act also if that is what they wished. This is ed for because they are trained in participation in South Africa is com- on South African political parties. stipulates the purposes for which because many donors believe, right- the ideologies of those parties from plicated. The move was made in an effort to money allocated from the Fund may ly or wrongly, that they will be dis- a young age. “Political partici- bring greater transparency to party b e u s e d .” advantaged or intimidated were the Turning eight- pation for South Af- funding. For the large part, smaller par- fact that they donated to an opposi- een does not ricans seems to be The Bill, which is now an Act, ties—who will benefit the most from tion party to become public.” make all the in- driven by fear and/ took effect on 1 April 2019 and the Multi-Party Democracy Fund— The DA’s sentiment does not rep- fluences of par- or anger and that in- requires political parties to disclose have reacted favourably to the sign- resent the only source of doubt sur- ents disappear,” Voting still forms who they vote the source of their donations, as well ing in of the Act due to the checks rounding the Act’s practicality. says special re- takes place mostly for. South Africans as prohibit government institutions and balances it will place on their According to GOOD spokesper- porting lecturer decide who to vote for from making donations to political much larger polit- son, Cameron at Cape Penin- along racial lines because of the influ- parties. ical rivals. Large- Arendse, while sula University ence of their past so- The signing-in of the Act has been scale corruption is the party supports of Technology cialisation, the media, well-received by both civil society directly targeted the Political Party (CPUT), Asanda personal lived experi- and political parties due to its aims by the Act’s pro- We have taken a Funding Bill, they Ngoasheng. ences and perceptions to mitigate clandestine sources of visions, and as bold step that seeks will, however, South Africa’s 25-year-old de- around the possibility of a better fu- party funding. a result, smaller to protect and defend “await to see how mocracy is at a defining moment in ture,” says Gouws. “This is a victory for transparen- parties—in theo- the legislation will time. People are disillusioned with “Most South Africans vote based cy and a victory for our democracy,” ry—stand to gain our young democracy be implemented the parties and there seems to be a on historical memory and intergen- says Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) more. and that it is ap- lot of uncertainty regarding who to erational trauma. Those who were chief whip, Narend Singh. “The IFP Despite this, plicable to all po- vote for. victims of apartheid vote to ensure has championed alongside civil the ruling party litical parties.” Political parties have a much big- apartheid never happens again. society organizations the drafting and the opposition both expressed The trouble, at present, seems to ger worry on their hands, and that is Those who were beneficiaries vote of this legislation which has now support for the Act and its provi- rest in the Act’s implementation. voter turnout. Parties cannot win if for the party that is most capable become an Act of parliament. sions of funding disclosure. While the Act, on paper, came into their support base doesn’t show up of ensuring they continue to hold “This Act will see for the first time “In welcoming the Political Par- effect on 1 April — along with its or vote. on to the unearned privileges from the levelling of the playing field and ty Funding Act, we have no doubt provision for the establishment of The eligible voters in South Afri- apartheid. Youth, who didn’t live halt the abuse of state resources for that we have taken a bold step the Multi-Party Democracy Fund ca don’t all cast their votes. 86% of through apartheid but are affected party-political purposes.” that seeks to protect and defend our — there has been no enforcement or eligible voters voted in 1994, and by its legacies are also influenced by The Act is said to benefit smaller young democracy,” reads the official implementation as of yet. 20 years later, in 2014, only 73.48 their parents voting patterns,” says political parties in particular. statement released by the ANC. Another point of scepticism is tge % of eligible voters actually voted. Ngoasheng. According to the African Chris- “The ANC has consistently sup- timing of the Act. Despite that fact According to senior lecturer in the Gouws, believes that “voting still tian Democratic Party (ACDP) ported the principle of regulating that it has already come into effect, department of Political Studies and takes place mostly along racial lines. spokesperson, Keeno Peterson, funding for political parties. We there is no means by which polit- Governance at the The DA did make inroads in chang- the Act “will increase the level of view this as an important milestone ical parties running for election Universi- ing their voters’ profile and managed transparency and create a more bal- in strengthening our democracy and in May can disclose their to get significant support from black anced playing field for smaller par- enhancing transparency as a corner- funding in time in the voters and most especially coloured ties.” stone of our democracy.” manner required voters. But I believe that up to 2014, A further provision put in place On the other hand, while the DA by the Act, ren- race became less important and is- by the Political Party Funding Act is has indicated that it will abide by dering it cur- sues of service delivery became the establishment of a ‘Multi-Party the provisions of the Act; it has nev- rently appli- more important. This changed Democracy Fund’. The Fund, which ertheless expressed some degree of cable. since then and now here in will be overseen by the Independent scepticism over the Act’s usefulness 2019, race has become a Electoral Commission (IEC), will in tackling corruption. factor at the insistence of ensure that donations are split equal- certain political parties ly among the political parties which and their leaders.” are represented in Parliament. This is a considerable change Photo: Deon Raath from the previous method of fund distribution, in which do- nations are handed out propor- tionally to the number of seats represented by each party in Parliament. According to IEC represent- ative Tsile Maswanganyi, al- though the Act came into effect as of 1 April, “the allocation [of funds] to political par- ties will come into effect the day when Page 16 Elections LIP Youth vote may strengthen democracy Liezl Human old showed better results, with 64% registered A recent statement by the Parliamentary “[The IEC has] purposefully ran a youthful voters. Monitoring Group (PMG) showed results of a campaign to attract young persons,” says ow voting numbers amongst young Chairman of the Board and Head of African 47% decrease in registrations by people between IEC spokesperson, Kate Bapela. She explains people may have contributed to the Futures & Innovation at the ISS, Dr Jakkie the ages of 18 and 19, in comparison with the that, “X’sê is part of the drive to talk to young ANC remaining in power for so long. Cilliers, says: “Our impression is that there is same age demographic in 2014. Those aged 20 South Africans in their everyday parlance.” LThe lack of democratic participation by an increase in voter registration at [young] ages, to 29 similarly saw a 9% decrease in registration. X’sê is an IEC campaign that implemented our nation’s youth in the upcoming but the first-time voters are not registering – and The study by the ISS shows that young voters initiatives primarily targeting young people to elections will have decisive effects on that’s the main concern.” constitute a considerable portion of South Africa’s encourage them to vote. the political environment of our Cilliers says that voter apathy amongst our voting age population and low youth voting Chief Survey Statistician at Statistics South country. youth adversely affects numbers would, as such, have Africa, Dr Mosidi Nhlapo, says the reasons for A study by the Institute opposition parties. “Your an impact on the outcome of young people not voting are “more complex than for Security Studies (ISS) older voter tends to There is almost the upcoming elections. just apathy”. indicates that since 1994 the vote for the ANC. They nothing that is more A professor of sociology “Support and, by extension, voting will youth voting registration follow the traditional important in terms of at the University of the depend on the ability of political parties to numbers amongst 18 ‘what my parents voted Witwatersrand, Dr Roger articulate youth concerns. For instance, issues to 19 year-olds for’, while your born-free exercising our Southall, says that it is not around the demand for free higher education dwindled to 33% voters definitely are more democratic right. necessarily voter “apathy” that and decolonisation that emerged during the Fees in the last general flexible in their votes demotivates young people, but Must Fall movement are a case in point,” says elections in and don’t necessarily rather “alienation”. Nhlapo. 2014. People follow the voting pattern of their parents,” he “I don’t think the political parties are really ANC support amongst the born-free aged 20 to comments. Cilliers further says: “The essence of addressing young people’s concerns,” says generation is likely to decline further, yet this is 29 years democracy is voting, so it is hugely important Southall. “It is important to get young people not reflected in voting outcomes as many young that every South African registers and votes. involved in elections, for reasons of the legitimacy people become more politically withdrawn and There is almost nothing that is more important in of the democratic system. Large numbers of the alienated. terms of exercising our democratic right. I think youth feel our democracy is failing them,” he adds. “Commentators have predicted that many people feel disillusioned and that the vote The PMG statement which showed support for ANC among young people – is not making much of a difference, in terms dwindling youth registration numbers came as a mainly young Africans – will decline as those of outcomes.” shock, as the Independent Electoral Commission born after the end of apartheid, or who were (IEC) recently released a report indicating that very young at the end of apartheid, reach 81% of the new registrations in March 2018 voting age,” says Nhlapo. and January 2019 were by people The upcoming elections may also show under the age of 30. growing EFF support amongst young people. “The emergence of the EFF in the political space should not be taken lightly,” Nhlapo says. “The number of Student Representative Councils in institutions of higher learning under the control of the EFF has increased in recent times – this might influence the youth vote going into the 2019 elections.” In the same vein, Southall says: “The EFF is aiming for the youth vote, but a lot of its constituency is not registered. We may overestimate the effect of the EFF having captured SRCs. Most young people are not in higher education.” ‘And united

we shall Graphic: stand’ Elri Voigt

Elri Voigt South African voters have become familiar with coalitions within provincial wo parties stand on either side or local government. According to two should have 51% or more. of a table, a contract placed political analyst and senior researcher The advances from the courting party that it can have a between them, then with just at the Centre for Humanities Research can be refused. When this happens, the positive Ta lick of ink, the partnership is official. at the University of the Western Cape outcome. “Parties exercise party will have to try elsewhere or face They have just entered into a coalition. (UWC), Ralph Mathekga, there are another election. accountability on each coalitions in Nelson Mandela Bay, “If you can’t form a coalition other, reducing chances The criteria Tshwane and the City of Johannesburg. in a certain period of time, you are of wrongdoing,” says Mathekga. “The idea is that coalitions bring forced to have another election,” The relationship will have to “A coalition is a marriage of about checks and balances on the Verwoerd explains. overcome the inequality in terms of convenience, not of love,” states freelance exercise of power,” he explains. If this courtship does advance, they power in the arrangement. This can be journalist and political analyst, Jan-Jan enter a unique partnership, as no seen in the coalition in Nelson Mandela Joubert. The courtship coalition works in exactly the same way. Bay which formed after the 2016 local This has proven to be an appropriate Joubert provides insight into this next government elections. It consists of the metaphor for the complicated phase. “There are no set rules in a DA and four other parties. According to partnership, partnership, as a coalition is built on a The inner workings of a coalition coalition. Each one is a work in progress,” News24, the DA had 46.7% of the vote, but a broken similar premise to marrying someone do resemble a marriage arrangement, he explains. making it the majority party, while the system. for the sake of convenience, or necessity. as it does have to undergo a courtship other parties are in the minority. “It’s disastrous at local Former ANC MP and South process. The advances can begin before The divorce According to Joubert, “the junior government level when it Africa ambassador, Melanie Verwoerd, or after the election results have been party always suffers.” doesn’t work, but if you get provides a defintion of this term. “This [a announced, but Mathekga remarks that What most coalitions do have in While they do gain some power, that at a provincial and national coalition] is when one party doesn’t get pre-election coalitions are rare, because common though, is that there is often no Verwoerd comments that it is disruptive level the chaos and fallout would be an outright majority [in an election], so parties would have to admit they have love lost between the parties. and the minority party also tends to lose far bigger,” Verwoerd predicts. they don’t get above 50%, and therefore failed before the results are in. “Coalitions, because of the fact that the support of their own voters. “Your government could grind to a halt,” have to work in a formal arrangement “Once all parties fail to attain an they are a negotiated settlement between The rising tension can result in the she adds. with another party in order to get the outright majority, parties can always opposing parties, become very unstable,” relationship coming undone. Despite the unstable nature of these majority,” she explains. negotiate and constitute the necessary Verwoerd describes. “Often the minority party withdraws partnerships, they are likely to remain According to Verwoerd, it is vital majority (51%). It’s all about the “They lengthen the process of because they are annoyed with the as part of the political system, although that voters are aware of coalitions and proportional majority,” Mathekga decision making as negotiations drag. majority party in the coalition, then you Verwoerd is of the opionion that it will what they are, especially in an elections explains. They can hamper service delivery,” get to the situation where you have remain at provincial level. year. “It is very important that voters The groom thus starts looking for a comments Mathekga. political paralysis,” Verwoerd says. “I don’t see it easily coming to a educate themselves properly so that they partner who is able to increase his voting However, he’s optimistic that parties When a coalition government fails, national level for the next decade,” she don’t fall for fearmongering,” she says. percentage, so that when combined, the can make this arrangement work, and the consequences are not just a broken concludes. LIP Elections Page 17 Vibe to vote Scan the QR code with QRbot to listen to ANC Election Album 2019

Soundtracks to the struggle - How music has played and continues to play a significant role in inspiring hope and sending a political message to the masses.

communities with their expe- ‘Thuma Mina’ ”. ANC Election these messages during riences in the township”. “Thuma Mina” is also Ma- Album apartheid. Mthembu expresses that, thiso’s favourite track from “ ‘uPhephela’ is my From “Wathint’ abafazi “’gwijo is interesting because the album because it “gives a favourite song on Strijdom, wathint’ imboko- it is functional music. It is sense of hope to the society the album because Catherine Del Monte do, uza kufa” meaning “you like a war cry that people can not to panic as things will be it was the song that ormer ANC trade strike a woman Strijdom, sing in rallies and branch turning around soon for the branch members sang when we unionist, activist and you strike a rock, you will be meetings, so the party uses better”. won the SRC election at UCT senior shop steward crushed, you will die” sung these albums to circulate the The EFF also boasts a col- [in 2018] and then at various atF a chemical manufactur- during the 1956 Women’s message of the party through lection of tunes from their tertiary institutions. Branch ing company in Markman March to Parliament; to song because people don’t most recent election album members met in the early Township in Port Elizabeth “Oliver Tambo bamb’isandla have the time or patience to entitled, EFF Jazz Hour Vol. hours to celebrate together and during the apartheid struggle, sam” meaning Oliver Tambo read manifestos”. 3. This 12-track album is the that song felt so vibrant.” Phil Goduka, conjures up the please hold my hand”, amag- “Phakama Ramaphosa” third album in their arsenal of Vice-chair of DASO ( Demo- memory of the moment F.W. wijo, or “election songs”, are meaning “get up Ramaphosa” struggle songs following the cratic Alliance Student Organ- de Klerk announced the un- an African form of satire is Ramaphosa’s presidential release of their manifesto on isation) at Stellenbosch, Yanga banning of the ANC and the through which very serious song. In a more idiomatic the 2nd of February. Keva, explains that, while the release of Nelson Mandela in and very contextual issues are sense, the song acts as a call Many of the songs on the DA cannot brag as wide a col- 1990. expressed. for Ramaphosa to fill the album feature EFF spokes- “On the 2nd of February, it On the 22nd of February, lection of songs as the ANC or presidential position. Sung person, Dr Mbuyiseni Ndlozi, was very emotional the songs just over a month after the the EFF, they do have two main mainly during his campaign, including “uPhephela” - track you were singing. We didn’t release of their 2019 manifes- election songs. the song is considerably less 8 on the album, “uMalema know what they [the songs] to, the ANC released its first “DA ayilalanga, iguqe ngam- politically inflammatory than Lo” - track 9 on the album, meant but we could hear and studio album entitled, ANC adolo” meaning, “the DA is former president, Jacob Zu- and “Zizojika izinto” which feel your anger, your joy; the Election Album 2019. not asleep, it is on its knees, ma’s campaign song, “uMshi- features on both the ANC and voices got louder; the intensi- The gold and green album hard at work”, and “Sikhokhele ni Wam” meaning “bring me EFF albums meaning “things ty was there…What was it all with President Cyril Rama- Maimane, yimbi lendawo” my machine gun”. will turn around, things will about?” phosa donning a happy, meaning, “this is a bad place, Another fond favourite that change”. The corner of Goduka’s hopeful smile on the cover we are afraid of this place, lead features on the album is “Thu- “uPhephela” is Cayla Zuk- mouth curls into a slight was produced under the us Maimane, lead us out of the ma Mina” meaning “Send iswa Jack’s (22) personal smile as he recounts these Johannesburg-based music darkness”. Me”. Originally composed by favourite on the album. Jack words uttered by white wom- label, “Next Music”. Keva adds that, “amagwijo or the late South African jazz served as the EFFSC (the en working in the factory at With a foundation in jazz, ‘election songs’ are an intrinsic legend, Hugh Masekela as Economic Freedom Fighters the time who expressed their the 15-track album consists part of South African culture well as Sello Twala and gospel Student Command) cam- wonderment in the evocative of an eclectic mix of gen- that is very crucial to our way giant, Peter Mokoena. paign manager for the EFFSC ability of the struggle songs, res from kwaito to gospel. of life. They express our joys, With “Thuma Mina” often candidates while completing even when they did not un- Many of the songs are sung our sadness, our beliefs and being referenced by Rama- her honours degree in finan- derstand the meaning. in Nguni - a cluster of Bantu our plans for the future – they phosa at events such as at the cial analysis and portfolio “You see, the songs carry languages including isiXhosa, [election songs] are the oil that release of the ANC manifes- management at UCT in 2018. something to someone who isiZulu, siSwati and Ndebele. keeps the engine running dur- to and the 2019 State of the She explains that the song doesn’t even understand the Music journalist and author ing an election.” Nation Address, the song has “uPhephela” is usually sung words,” Goduka says. of Born to Kwaito: Reflections become the ANC’s election during tertiary institution Goduka adds that, because on the Kwaito Generation, theme, sending a message of elections and is a way the ANC was banned, written Sihle Mthembu, says that, inclusivity, community, hope of saying that the literature of the political lead- contextually, the music gen- and change. EFF will “land ers’ messages was few and far res chosen for the album are UCT SASCO (the South safely” at between. A song was very important. African Students Congress) these insti- often the only effec- “Kwaito is a music genre branch secretary and student tutions. tive way to send that is now 25 years old and in his final year of BCom As Jack would appeal to a lot of the (Economics and Finance), reminisc- working-class voters and that Yonela Mathiso, says that, “the es about is an important part of the message is clear that the ANC the EFF’s black base,” Mthembu says. is the only registered politi- SRC He adds that, “kwaito is cal party on the ballot that is election also able to connect capable of transforming the victory in middle-class, black society in general. This is well 2018 she captured by the song entitled says: Scan the QR code with EFF Election QRbot to listen to EFF Album Jazz Hour Vol. 3 Page 18 Elections LIP Só stem res van Afrika in 2019 SZ Minnaar

uid-Afrika is nie die enigste Sommige lande hou vanjaar meer Kieseropkoms in 2014 Afrikaland wat vanjaar stem- as een verkiesing, soos Madagaskar bus toe gaan nie. Altesaam 23 wat na verwagting gaan stem vir ’n Algerië 51,70% SAfrikalande hou vanjaar verkiesings Nasionale Vergadering én provinsi- op nasionale vlak. Kiesstelsels ver- ale, streeks- en plaaslike verkiesings Tunisië 69,00% skil van land tot land en die verskil- hou. Drie van Suid-Afrika se ses lende stelsels stem nie noodwendig buurlande hou ook vanjaar presi- Egipte 47,50% ooreen met die stelsel in Suid-Afrika densiële of algemene verkiesings. nie. Sommige lande stem byvoor- Namibië, Botswana en Mosambiek Malawi 70,25% beeld direk vir ’n president en nie vir gaan na verwagting in Oktober hul ’n party soos in Suid-Afrika nie. kruisies by die stembus trek. Namibië Namibië het ’n tweekamer- twyfel of Swapo ’n tweederdemeer- parlement wat bestaan uit die Na­ derheid gaan behaal. Sy voer aan sionale Vergadering (laerhuis) en die dat vanjaar waarskynlik een van die Nasionale Raad (hoërhuis). moeilikste verkiesingsjare vir Swapo In Namibië stem kiesers af- gaan wees. “Tye is moeilik en Swapo sonderlik vir die president en gaan kiesers moet oorreed dat hy die Nasionale Vergadering. Na- uitdagings reg gaan bestuur,” sê sy. mibië is die eerste Afrikaland “Namibië se ekonomie beleef sy wat ’n elektroniese stemstelsel ergste krisis sedert onafhanklik­ gebruik het met die algemene ver- wording. Werkloosheid is hoog. kiesing in 2014. Vanjaar sal dit die Kommer heers oor korrupsie, met tweede keer wees wat ’n elektronie- veral die toekenning van tenders. se stemstelsel in Namibië en Afrika Swapo se toegeneentheid tot die gebruik word. groeiende getal Chinese in die land, Hage Geingob is in die vori- aan wie baie van die groot kon­ Kieseropkoms sover ge verkiesing as Namibië se derde struksietenders toegeken word, ont- in 2019 president ver- stel kiesers. Om alles te kroon, kies sedert die beleef Nigerië 35,60% land se onaf- Namibië hanklikheid- die ergste droogte se- Guinee-Bissau 84,69% wording in 1989. dert die 1800’s. Dit is Geingob se par- weliswaar nie Swapo Senegal 66,27% ty, die South West se skuld nie, maar dit Africa People’s Orga- dra by tot ’n algemene nisation (Swapo), het ’n gees van moedeloos- oorweldigende 80,01% heid in die land,” sê Rade- Kieseropkoms in 2014 van die stemme op hom meyer. Aangesien Swapo so verenig. Die Popular ’n groot persentasie stemme Botswana 84,75% Democratic Movement tydens die vorige verkiesing (PDM), wat in die vorige behaal het, sukkel kleiner Namibië 72,00% verkiesing as Democratic partye om hul stem te laat Turnhalle Alliance bekend- hoor. Rademeyer beweer Suid-Afrika 73,50% gestaan het, maar sedertdien ander partye kon nog nie as ’n naamsverandering ondergaan het, opposisiepartye die mas opkom nie. Mosambiek 48,49% het die naasmeeste persentasie stem- “Die enigste opposisieparty wat me behaal: 4,8%. hom aktief beywer om die nodige Ronelle Rademeyer, nuusredak- wigte en teenwigte te bied deur ka- Dié 23 Afrikalande (in donker kleure) hou vanjaar een of meer nasionale verkiesings: Algerië, Botswana, Kameroen, teur van die Namibiese dagblad binetslede in die Nasionale Verga- Tsjad, die Kongo, Egipte, Etiopië, Ghana, Guinee, Guinee-Bissau, Libië, Madagaskar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritanië, Republikein, voorspel dat Swapo dering oor klippies in die nasionale Mosambiek, Namibië, Niger, Nigerië, Senegal, Somaliland (selfregerende gebied), Suid-Afrika en Tunisië. Guinee- sy meerderheid gaan behou, maar skoen uit te daag, is die PDM,” sê sy. Bissau, Nigerië en Senegal het reeds vanjaar gestem. INFOGRAFIKA: SZ Minnaar Botswana Mosambiek In Botswana word die president nie die manier waarop die stemme toe- In Mosambiek gaan kiesers twee ing 36,61% van die stemme behaal. is dit belangrik om te bepaal waar direk deur kiesers aangewys nie, geken word,” sê Grant Masterson, kruisies trek: een vir ’n president en Renamo het in 2013 die plaaslike gemeenskappe is om die verkiesing maar deur die Nasionale Verga- senior programbestuurder van die een vir ’n wetgewende liggaam, die verkiesings geboikot en verlede jaar te kan administreer. Daar moet nou dering, soos in Suid-Afrika. Maar Verkiesingskommissie vir Volhou- Assembleia da República. Om as se plaaslike verkiesings betwis. voorsiening anders as in Suid-Afrika, word die bare Demokrasie in Afrika (Eisa). president verkies te word, moet die “Renamo se betwissing van gemaak word Nasionale Vergadering deur middel Selatlhwa sê die BDP se grootste kandidaat ten minste 50% van die verlede jaar se plaaslike verkies- vir mense om van ’n meerderheidstelsel gekies. mededinger is die Umbrella for De- stemme behaal. Indien geen kan- ing en die opgang wat hulle te stem waar Innocent Selatlhwa, mocratic Change (UDC). didaat 50% van die stemme behaal gemaak het, is dalk ’n hulle bly,” sê senior verslaggewer van Die UDC is ’n koalisie nie, word daar ’n tweede keer gestem aanduiding van ’n Masterson. die Botswana-dagblad tussen die Botswa- vir die twee kandidate wat die groot- effense verandering “Die ander Mmegi, voer aan dat die na National Front, ste persentasie stemme in die eerste in stempatrone,” probleem is dat huidige regerende party, Botswana Con- ronde behaal het. voeg Maphasa by. Idai maar net een Botswana Democra- gress Party en In die vorige algemene verkiesing Die impak van die sikloon was. Die sik- tic Party (BDP), die die Botswana in 2014 is Filipe Nyusi as president sikloon Idai, wat in Maart loonseisoen is egter nog gunsteling is om te People’s Party. verkies en sy party, Frente de Liber- groot skade in Mosambiek nie verby nie. Mosambiek wen. Die BDP het in Daar was ’n tação de Moçambique (Frelimo), het en ander Oos-Afrika- ervaar periodiek verskillende die vorige verkiesing moontlikheid dat 57,03% van die stemme behaal. lande aangerig het, op siklone. Dit is nie te sê dat daar 46,45% van die stem- Botswana vanjaar ge- “Sedert die burgeroorlog in 1992 die verkiesing moet nog ’n groot sikloon gaan wees me behaal. Die BDP skiedenis sou maak en is Frelimo die oorheersende par- ook nie buite rekening nie, maar indien dit gebeur, kan kraai koning in die die tweede Afrikaland wees ty in die verkiesings en ek voorsien gelaat word nie. Mas- die skade ernstig ophoop,” waar- parlement aangesien om van ’n elektroniese stemstelsel nie dat dit veel gaan verander nie,” terson lê veral klem sku hy. die persentasie stemme nie direk gebruik te maak. sê Thulani Maphasa, MA-student op die opvallende “Mosambiek is ’n arm land en verband hou met die persentasie Selatlhwa sê in 2017 het ’n wet in by Wits en verbonde aan die Suid- hoeveelheid infra- minder ontwikkeld as meeste lande stoele nie. die Botswana-parlement geslaag om Afrikaanse Instituut vir Internasio- struktuur wat deur en selfs minder ontwikkeld as die “Al het die regerende party min- ’n elektroniese stemstelsel in te stel nale Betrekkinge (SAIIA). sikloon Idai vernietig omliggende lande in die streek. der as 50% van die algemene stem- met die algemene verkiesing vanjaar. Die vernaamste opposisie, Re- is en die gemeenskappe wat daardeur Daar is ook nie baie hulp wat inkom me gekry, het hulle byna 60% van die Die wet is egter herroep ná sistência Nacional Moçambicana verplaas is. om te help met die skade wat Idai stoele in die parlement behaal weens grootskaalse ongelukkigheid. (Renamo), het in die vorige verkies- “Vir die verkiesingskommissie aangerig het nie,” beweer Masterson. LIP Elections Page 19 Agter die skerms van verkiesings Die werk wat deur die onafhanklike verkiesingskommissie (OVK) verrig word, strek verder as om bloot stembriewe te voorsien. Dit verg maande lange voorbereiding en duisende per- soneellede om sake glad te laat verloop op 8 Mei.

Annerine Snyman Dié bykomende personeel is vol- “Geen veldtog-aktiwiteite is gens Davids ook van uiterste belang veronderstel om op 8 Mei plaas olgens Courtney Sampson, siende dat dit ’n lang en uitdagende te vind nie. Die OVK het al die die OVK se Wes-Kaapse pro- dag is en gewoonlik word sommige gedrag van politieke partye, wat 27 vinsiale verkiesingsbeampte, van die personeel vervang om foute buite die grense van stemlokale miljoen kiesers Vhet die OVK na afloop van 2016 se te voorkom. kiesers nader, veroordeel,” sê Davids. plaaslike verkiesing onmiddellik Die OVK poog ook om so veel as Suid-Afrikaanse burgers in die landwyd begin om voorbereidings te tref vir moontlik van hierdie personeel vir buiteland sal by hulle spesifieke land vanjaar se algemene verkiesing. enige opkomende verkiesings te be- se Suid-Afrikaanse konsulaat kan “Die kiesersrol is ’n deurlopen- hou om sodoende die institusionele stem, net soos in SA. Hulle stem de ding. Dit moet gedurig aangepas kennis te bewaar. Die OVK is verder egter op 27 April, heelwat vroeër as 3,2 word. Ons praat dus van maklik 18 daarop gefokus om werklose men- SA se stemdag, sodat die stemme maande se voorbereiding vir ’n ver- se in diens te neem as hulle verkie- van die sowat 122 internasionale miljoen kiesers in die kiesing,” verduidelik Sampson. singspersoneel. In 2016 se provinsia- stasies betyds na Pretoria gestuur Wes-Kaap Trevor Davids, die OVK se le verkiesing was 76% van die sowat kan word. Alle stemme word saam Wes-Kaapse mediaskakelbeampte, 18 000 OVK-beamptes werkloos. op 8 Mei getel. Davids sê dat daar na wat al by elke verkiesing sedert 1994 Dit is ’n redelike veeleisende beraming sowat 36 000 SA burgers betrokke is, verduidelik dat stem- dag vir hierdie beamptes. Stemlo- oorsee gaan stem. briewe vir tot ses maande ná die kale open om 07:00. Dit vereis dat Sampson verduidelik dat stemlo- verkiesing bewaar word, indien daar OVK-beamptes om 06:00 reeds op kale in landelike gebiede gewoonlik 60% enige geregtelike stryd oor die uit- hul pos moet wees. Davids verdui- verder uitmekaar versprei is as in van hierdie kiesers slag van die verkiesing mag opduik. delik dat die streeksbestuurders, wat stedelike gebiede. woon in die Kaapse “Slegs ná ses maande, in­ verantwoordelik is vir stemlokale, “Stemlokale word regoor die dien daar geen hofstryd oor die reeds omstreeks 04:00 op die paaie is provinsie versprei en daar is sekere metro verkiesingsuitslag is nie, of om seker te maak dat die lokaal al sy riglyne wat bepaal hoe die versprei- indien die dispuut opgelos is, word benodighede het. ding daarvan moet werk,” verduide- die stembriewe vernietig,” sê Davids. Dit sluit onder meer in dat die no- lik Sampson. Elke politieke party het volgens Da- dige hoeveelheid stembriewe afgele- Wat die finansiering van die ver- vids die reg om twee party-agente na wer is, wat volgens Sampson uitge- kiesing betref, verduidelik Sampson elke stemlokaal te stuur. werk word as 100% plus 25% van die dat die staat die geld wat vir verkie- 1 578 “Alle party-agente moet op die stembriewe wat benodig word. sings benodig word, voorsien. stemlokale in die Wes- uitslagbrief teken om te bevestig dat Aktiewe politieke veldtogte moet Hierdie geld word gebruik om die Kaap dit outentiek is en dat hulle dit gesien volgens Davids die dag voor ’n ver- OVK-beamptes se toelae te betaal het en dat hulle daarmee saamstem. kiesing om middernag gestaak word. asook om stemlokale te huur. Dit is dus feitlik onmoontlik dat Digitale advertensies of veldtogte “Die koste van verkiesings is net bedrog tydens hierdie proses plaas- moet die laaste Sondag voor ’n ver- onder R1 miljard. In 1999 was dit so- vind, siende dit die same­werking kiesing om middernag reeds stop. wat R500 000. Daar was dus ’n toe- van tot 30 mense sal vereis,” Davids meen dat die reëls vir ak- name [in verkiesingskoste] oor tyd,” 803 verduidelik Davids. tiewe politieke veldtogte waarskyn- verduidelik Davids. daarvan is in die Daar is sowat 12 OVK-beamptes lik aangepas sal word om in lyn te per stasie, met bystandpersoneel in wees met die digitale veldtogte, aan- Kaapse metro gevalle waar die verkose personeel gesien spesiale stemme op die twee nie op die dag opdaag nie. dae voor 8 Mei plaasvind. ILLUSTRASIE: Zoë Human Independent candidates fight to be recognised Sethu Mbuli “The IEC said they have no sys- elections. tems in place to have an expression Adv Steven Budlender, repre- Bulelani Mkhohliswa looks atten- for that cause, so we had to register senting the IEC in the court case, tive and fully present, despite being as a political party,” he says emphat- cautioned against the postponement in a noisy restaurant and his phone ically. The collective obliged, regis- of the upcoming elections, as this going off intermittently during our tering as a political party but later would cause a lot of issues and panic conversation. He has a lot to say and failed, something Mkhohliswa views amongst citizens. He also noted that the media is already starting to pick as a “blessing in disguise”. Mkhohliswa’s court application was up on the steam of his campaign. Since then, as the leader of the not made timeously enough for the It is a Wednesday afternoon, New Nation Movement, he has been commission to prepare itself. 27 March, and Mkhohliswa is back and forth with the IEC, but says *Desai has dismissed the case on currently on a lunch break from they were met with arrogance. 17 April. In his judgement, he gave court proceedings at the Western According to his research, leading several reasons for doing so, includ- Cape High Court, where Judge Siraj up to the 1994 elections, South Afri- ing questioning why the applicants Desai is hearing his case. He doesn’t ca was meant to have a constituen- do not want to stand for elections as seem to be in the mood to eat, order- cy-based system (where voters could part of a political party. ing pink lemonade and nothing else. decide to elect a political party or a Citing a Constitutional Court “I need to be drinking more water,” single representative), but govern- ruling by Chief Judge Mogoeng he briefly says. ment shot these suggestions down, Mogoeng about the My Vote Counts Mkhohliswa heads the New Na- as the constituency-based system movement, in which Mogoeng (in tion Movement, a nonpartisan col- would not work. It would disadvan- passing) noted that independent lective founded in 2017, seeking tage many, so a transitional system candidates should be constitutional- – along with others – to challenge (to last until the 1999 election) was ly allowed to stand for elections, De- Electoral Act 76 of 1988 that says implemented. The system ensured sai says Mkhohliswa and the others only citizens part of a political party that all active political parties would use that judgement to substantiate New Nation Movement leader Bulelani Mkhohliswa. PHOTO: Supplied or a cause may stand to be elected for have a good chance of getting seats why the Electoral Act in question is provincial and national legislature. in Parliament. tions). Revell has been exploring Indigenous peoples of Southern Af- unconstitutional. But in 2013, when he was part Another person challenging the solutions to become an independ- rica and give us constitutional recog- Mkhohliswa in response com- of another collective, the Kingdom Electoral Act, and hoping the court ent candidate for the past 20 years, nition”. mented that Desai’s rulling does not Governance Movement, that want- rules in their favour, is Princess saying, “I am serving on a body that In the case that was before Desai surprise him. He and the others are ed to contest the elections as a cause, Chantal Revell of Korona Royal has been negotiating with govern- the group asked the court to rule planning to appeal to the Constitu- the Electoral Commission of South Household (part of the Royal Priest- ment since the dawn of democracy that independent candidates be con- tional Court, hoping the court over- Africa (IEC) refused. hoods of the Khoi and San First Na- to recognise my people as the First stitutionally allowed to stand for turns Desai’s judgement. Page 20 Elections LIP

The Evolution1912 of the ANC, DA and EFF A meeting of chiefs, churchmen been regressing instead of evolving brought in the coloured vote with and lawyers in Bloemfontein on Wianda Gilliland African National Congress like the opposition, especially dur- the help of [Patricia] De Lille, and 8 January produced the South ing the years under Jacob Zuma’s the same goes for Mmusi Maimane African Native National The ANC has been around the urvival of the fittest. Eat or be leadership. “Before coming into who is mobilising the black voter,” Congress. longest as its predecessor, the South eaten. Adapt and overcome. power, the ANC had the moral high De Jager comments. African Native Council (SANNC) ground. The ANC is facing corrup- The DA has showcased an The three biggest political was established in 1912. In 1923 the Sparties in the upcoming elections tion scandals and delivery, they are constant increase regarding voters name changed to the ANC. had to do more than just campaign losing credibility and facing major and seats in Parliament, but this According to a senior history leadership issues,” he comments. positive evolution has come at a to get where they are today. They lecturer at Stellenbosch University, had to evolve in order to survive the In 2018 Zuma stepped down and cost. De Jager expressed that the DA Prof. Wessel Visser, a pivotal mo- Cyril Ramaphosa was sworn in, has been giving up some of its core often brutal political environment ment for the ANC was the estab- of South Africa. possibly signalling a new phase of liberal values in order to broaden

1923 lishment of the ANC Youth League The SANNC the ANC. its support base even further, and is renamed (ANCYL) in 1944. has also been facing serious internal

the African 1959 “The first leaders of the Youth conflicts. National League included the individuals Congress who had a massive influence on The historic roots of the DA can be (ANC) ANC and South African histo- traced back to the Progressive Party

1944 ry - Tambo, Sisulu and Mandela (PP), which broke away from the The EFF has only been around since ANC Youth league founded The United Party splinters and - because they took a more urgent United Party (UP) in 1959. The PP 2013, but they have grow considera- with leaders including Nelson the Progressive Party is formed. Mandela, Walter Sisulu and and radical stance on apartheid was in opposition of the apartheid bly since then. 1989 Oliver Tambo. in comparison to the older ANC system from within parliament. The EFF’s roots lie in the ANC The Democratic Party is formed leaders,” he explains. 1955 According to a senior political Youth League (ANCYL), as Julius by the merging of splinter Visser also highlighted the science lecturer at Stellenbosch Malema was its leader before his Freedom Charter groups. Zach de Beer is elected importance of 1955, when the Free- adopted University, Dr Nicola de Jager, one expulsion from the ANC in 2012 as leader of the DP. dom Charter was adopted. of the key elements of the DA’s following various controversial

1994 The ANC and some of its most The DP wins 1,7% historical background was the 13 statements. According to Tasneem 1960 prominent leaders were then of the first years Helen Suzman single-handed- Essop from the University of the banned by the apartheid govern- democratic vote ly opposed apartheid in Parliament Witwatersrand, a master’s student and acquires 7 ment in 1960 following the Sharpe- from 1961-1974. studying the EFF, part of the EFF’s seats in Parlia- ville Massacre. The ANC had to The PP, which later became the success initially was their ability to ment. Tony Leon evolve in order to survive as an Progressive Federal Party (PFP), leverage their support and pop- Police opened fire on unarmed is elected leader underground organisation. started to win more seats and ularity from within youth league crowd of protestors, killing 69. of the party. “The ANC could keep growing evolved into what would become structures to establish the EFF on 1999 The ANC banned. with the help of strategic alliances The DP wins an increased the official opposition party against the ground together with using the 1961 with trade unions like COSATU,” the NP. public profiles of some of their top 9,6% of the vote with 38 ANC launches its armed Visser says. In 1989 smaller splinter groups leaders. struggle with its military wing, seats in parliament. In 1990 the ANC was unbanned joined with the PFP to form the In April 2013 Malema announced Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK). and in 1994 they won the majority 2000 Democratic Party and won more the formation of the EFF with a The DP merged with vote in South Africa’s first demo- the NNP and Federal seats in government. clear centre-left political position. cratic elections. Mandela 1990 Alliance to form the “The election of Tony Leon as Malema also used the Marika- released Democratic Alliance According to Visser, the ANC has leader of the Democratic Party (DP) na Massacre in 2012 where police from prison (DA). also widened their support base officers opened fire on protesting and ban on from predominantly liberal white mine workers to broaden his sup- ANC lifted. 2007 DA becomes Julius Malema , leader of English speakers to include Afri- port base which eventually followed 1994 dominant in the the ANCYL, is suspended kaans liberals as well, which was him to the EFF, according to De from the ANC ANC wins South Africa’s first Western Cape. pivotal,” explains De Jager. Jager. following a series of democratic elections with 63% Helen Zille The DA was officially formed in The EFF managed to acquire controversial claims. and 262 seats in Parliament. is elected as the 2000 when the DP, NNP and Feder- 25 seats in parliament in the 2014 new leader. al Alliance merged. elections after only one year of 1999 “The DA realised that in existence. “The EFF has come to 2009 order to transform from an occupy a particular space in South The DA increased its support and opposition party to a real African politics, intervening in pub- won 16,7% of the vote, and control of the Western Cape. Zille contender for government lic debates often and vociferously,” becomes the Premier. They they will have to become says Essop. Mandela steps down after one term unveil their new logo. a ‘catch-all party’,” De However, the EFF has had its ups and ANC wins second Jager says. and downs. “The EFF’s credibility as democratic elections with Thabo She explains that pro-poor party suffered a massive Mbeki as president. 2010 2004 the DA wanted blow when the VBS mutual bank ANC re-elected with 70% of to broaden scandal was made public,” says the vote. The New National their support Essop. The scandal involved illicit Party (NNP) dissolved. base. funds allegedly being paid out to “Zille EFF leaders, including Malema. The EFF 2008 Patricia de Lille’s Independent The EFF’s following has also Kgalema Motlanthe acts as Democrats party merges announced that caretaker president after evolved from predominantly black with the DA. it secured a Con- Mbeki’s resignation. His de- stitutional court youths. “The EFF has been touted cision came as a result of the 2014 case for its Jacob as having a large youth constituen- ANC National Executive The DA increases its support Zuma campaign cy. However, many disillusioned Committee’s decision to no again and won 22% of the of “#PayBack- ANC-supporters are consid- longer to support him in general election vote. TheMoney”. ering the EFF as an alter- Parliament. native over the DA,” 2009 2015 Mmusi Maimane The EFF accused for rac- Essop says. Corruption allegations ism and inciting violence against Jacob Zuma is elected as on white people at a 2016 dropped. ANC re-elected the new rally when Malema made with 66% with Zuma as leader of controversial statements. president. 2016 the DA. A report by the Public Protector finds Zuma guilty of acting The EFF successfully unconstitionally for using millions of public funds to upgrade his 2017 tabled a motion in The Na- home in Nkandla. The DA receives criticism following tional Assembly to amend 2018 the Constitution so as to Zuma steps down as controversial tweets by Zille president since facing inter- regarding colonialism. allow for the expropriation of land without compen- nal and external pressure to De Lille resigns as mayor of the City 2018 resign. Cyril Ramaphosa sation. of Cape town. She splinters from is inaugurated. 2019 the DA and forms a new The Zondo Commission of Inquiry into allegations of party called GOOD. State Capture is still ongoing and is exposing Photos: Flickr, Wikimedia Commons, corrupt ANC members. World Economic Forum, ANC Archives, Democratic Alliance