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Introducción a La Ingeniería Electrónica 7-feb-07 MODULO INTRODUCCIÓN A LA INGENIERÍA ELECTRÓNICA MARCOS GONZÁLEZ PIMENTEL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD BOGOTA 2006 1 ÍNDICE PRIMERA UNIDAD FUNDAMENTACIÓN DE LA INGENIERÍA ELECTRÓNICA CAPÍTULOS 0. INTRODUCCIÓN. CAPÍTULOS 1 CONCEPTUALIZACIÓN 1.1 CIENCIA 1.1.1 Definición 1.1.2 Objetivos 1.1.3 Características básicas de la ciencia . 1.1.4 Ciencia y tecnología 1.1.5 Tipos de Ciencia 1.2 Ingeniería y Tecnología 1.2.1 Definición de Ingeniería 1.2.2 Funciones de la Ingenieria 1.2.3 Ramas de la Ingeniería 1.2.4 Definición de Tecnología 1.3 Ingeniería y Tecnología Electrónica 1.3.1 Definición 1.3.2 Objetivos 1.4 Sistema 1.4.1 Definición 1.4.2 Características y clases de los sistemas CAPITULO 2 ANTECEDENTES 2.1 Historia de la Ingeniería 2.1.1. Historia de la Ingeniería en el mundo 2.1.2. Historia de la ingeniería en Colombia. 2.2 Historia de la electrónica 2.2.1. Historia de la electrónica en el mundo. 2.2.2. Historia de la electrónica en Colombia . CAPITULO 3 ACTUALIDAD 2 3.1 Actualidad de la Ingeniería . 3.1.1 Actualidad de la Ingeniería el mundo . 3.1.2 Actualidad de la Ingeniería en Colombia . 3.2 Actualidad de la electrónica 3.2.1 La Electrónica en el mundo . 3.2.2 La Electrónica en Colombia CAPITULO 4 APLICACIONES 4.1 Industriales. 4.1.1 Definición 4.1.2 Estado del arte. 4.2 Robótica. 4.2.1 Definición 4.2.2 Estado del arte . 4.3 Automatización . 4.3.1 Definición 4.3.2 Estado del arte. 4.4 Comunicaciones . 4.4.1 Definición . 4.4.2 Estado del arte 4.5 Electromedicina . 4.5.1 Definición 4.5.2 Estado del arte. CAPITULO 5 DISEÑO 5.1 DEFINICIÓN DE ANÁLISIS Y SÍNTESIS . 5.2 MÉTODO DEL DISEÑO EN INGENIERÍA . SEGUNDA UNIDAD INGENIERÍA ELECTRÓNICA CAPITULO 6 CONCEPTOS 6.1 CONCEPTOS FÍSICOS 6.1.1 Carga eléctrica 6.1. 2 Ley de Coulomb 6.1.3 Corriente 6.1.4 Voltaje 6.1.5 Ley de OHM 3 6.2. CONCEPTOS ELECTRÓNICOS 6.2.1 Circuito. 6.2.2 Reglas de Kirchhoff 6.2.3 Fuentes 6.2.4 Frecuencia (F) 6.2.5 Periodo (T) 6.2.6 Semiconductores CAPITULO 7 ELEMENTOS 7.1 ELEMENTOS BÁSICOS 7.1.1 Resistencias 7.1.2 Diodos 7.1.3 Condensadores 7.1.4 Inductores 7.1.5 Transistores 7.1.6 Amplificadores 7.2 INTEGRADOS 7.2.1 Compuertas 7.2.2 Microelectrónica 7.2.3 Microprocesadores 7.3 SISTEMAS EMBEBIDOS 7.3.1 FPGA 7.3.2 FPAA 7.3.4 Convertidores A/D 7.4 OPTOELECTRÓNICA 7.4.1 LED 7.4.2 Fotodetectores 7.4.3 Fibra Óptica 4 CAPITULO 0. INTRODUCCIÓN El curso de Introducción a la Ingeniería de Electrónica, es de tipo teórico y corresponde al campo de formación profesional básica de los programas de Ingeniería Electrónica y Tecnología en Electrónica, su metodología es educación a distancia. Corresponde a dos (2) créditos académicos los cuales comprenden: Estudio y discusión de algunos temas relacionados con la función del ingeniero y su perfil profesional. Estudio de los conceptos básicos de la ingeniería Electrónica. También se aré un acompañamiento en tutorías desarrolladas en pequeños grupos de colaboración y la tutoría en grupo de curso, el cual sirve de apoyo al estudiante para potenciar el aprendizaje autónomo y su formación en el campo de aplicación de la temática a desarrollar. El tutor juega el papel de acompañante en el proceso de aprendizaje, no sólo imparte conocimientos, sino que brinda orientación en la selección y aplicación de estrategias propias del modelo de educación a distancia. Por ello el desarrollo del curso académico contempla espacios de reflexión en los que el tutor valora al estudiante como un conjunto de pensamientos, conocimientos, habilidades y experiencias y permite que aplique los conceptos adquiridos, en la solución de problemas, estimulando al estudiante a que vea su aprendizaje por procesos y no por resultados. Este curso está compuesto por dos unidades didácticas a saber: Unidad 1. Fundamentos de Ingeniería Electrónica: Aquí se establecen los conceptos de Ciencia, Ingeniería, tecnología y en especial Ingeniería Electrónica. Se establece un panorama general de la evolución, aplicación y proyección de la ingeniería Electrónica como función principal del Ingeniero, el diseño de soluciones y la investigación aplicada. Se hace una reseña histórica y luego se entra a discutir algunas aplicaciones concretas de la Ingeniería Electrónica. 5 El capítulo V está dedicado a una de las principales funciones de la Ingeniería que es el Diseño. Comienza por definir Análisis y Síntesis dentro del contexto de la ingeniería, luego habla del modelado, sus herramientas y las motivaciones del Diseño. Por ultimo da una introducción a algunos procedimientos que se siguen dentro del diseño. Unidad 2. Ingeniería Electrónica. En esta Unidad se dan conceptos básicos que se manejan en Ingeniería Electrónica, esto permite que el estudiante se forme una idea global de la Ingeniería y le permita ubicar los diferentes temas que vera durante el transcurso de su carrera. El curso es de carácter teórico y su desarrollo se hará mediante el estudio de artículos y modulo, se desarrollaran algunas tareas en grupo que faciliten la discusión, de temas específicos, entre los alumnos, de tal forma que se estimulen las competencias del estudiante y se potencien sus habilidades orientadas básicamente al análisis y solución de problemas. Con éste curso académico el estudiante tiene la posibilidad de conocer e interpretar el desarrollo histórico de la Ingeniería Electrónica, los objetivos, funciones e interrelaciones de ésta disciplina con otros campos del saber; comenzar a familiarizarse con los conceptos generales de la Ingeniería Electrónica, sus dispositivos, aplicaciones y herramientas. 6 PRIMERA UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA FUNDAMENTACIÓN DE LA INGENIERÍA ELECTRÓNICA CAPÍTULO 1. CONCEPTUALIZACIÓN 1.1 Ciencia La definición de ciencia es un concepto amplio y se podría dar de diversas formas, dependiendo de la disciplina desde la cual se trabaja. La siguiente es la definición que da la Real Academia Española RAE. 1.1.1 Definición 1 ciencia. (Del lat. scient ĭa). 1. f. Conjunto de conocimientos obtenidos mediante la observación y el razonamiento, sistemáticamente estructurados y de los que se deducen principios y leyes generales. 2. f. Saber o erudición. Tener mucha, o poca, ciencia. Ser un pozo de ciencia. Hombre de ciencia y virtud . 3. f. Habilidad, maestría, conjunto de conocimientos en cualquier cosa. La ciencia del caco, del palaciego, del hombre vividor. 4. f. pl. Conjunto de conocimientos relativos a las ciencias exactas, fisicoquímicas y naturales. Facultad de Ciencias , a diferencia de Facultad de Letras. ~ ficción. 1. f. Género de obras literarias o cinematográficas, cuyo contenido se basa en hipotéticos logros científicos y técnicos del futuro. ~ pura. 1. f. Estudio de los fenómenos naturales y otros aspectos del saber por sí mismos, sin tener en cuenta sus aplicaciones. ~s exactas. 1. f. pl. matemáticas. ~s humanas. 1. f. pl. Las que, como la psicología, antropología, sociología, historia, filosofía, etc., se ocupan de aspectos del hombre no estudiados en las ciencias naturales. ~s naturales. 1 REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA, Diccionario de la lengua española , marzo de 2006. http://www.rae.es. 7 1. f. pl. Las que tienen por objeto el estudio de la naturaleza, como la geología, la botánica, la zoología, etc. A veces se incluyen la física, la química, etc. ~s ocultas. 1. f. pl. Conocimientos y prácticas misteriosos, como la magia, la alquimia, la astrología, etc., que, desde la antigüedad, pretenden penetrar y dominar los secretos de la naturaleza. Ciencias humanas. La Ciencia 2 es un significativo elemento de la cultura, que le ha permitido al hombre diferenciarse de los animales, que no producen cultura. El hombre gracias a las mediciones de la misma ciencia, ha transformado el mundo, lo ha explicado y lo ha comprendido partiendo de la variedad de fenómenos y comprendiendo las leyes que lo rigen. El hombre no ha podido deslindar la realidad y el conocimiento porque el conocimiento ha contribuido a modificar esa realidad, al mismo tiempo, la realidad actúa sobre el sujeto modificando el conocimiento. Este acercamiento al concepto de ciencia la considera como una forma de conocimiento humano. El conocimiento científico, no es la única forma de acercarse a la realidad y no agota la misma realidad. Esta es compleja y trasciende el conocimiento científico; no la podemos reducir simplemente a lo racional o a lo experimental, va más allá; no se agota con lo demostrable y lo cuantificable. La realidad es también trascendente y por ello va más allá de lo científico. Algunos pretenden aceptar únicamente, la realidad que percibe la ciencia negando su trascendencia y queriendo agotarla en el conocimiento científico. 1.1.2 . Objetivos La ciencia también se define, a partir de su objetivo, como la búsqueda del conocimiento de la realidad o como el conocimiento racional, sistemático, exacto y comprobable de la realidad. La ciencia experimenta, descubre, observa, mide, crea teorías que explican el cómo y por qué de las cosas; elabora técnicas y herramientas para su observación y medición; hace hipótesis y cuestiona la naturaleza y sus fenómenos; crea conjeturas, discute o rechaza; separa lo verdadero de lo falso, diferencia lo que tiene sentido de lo que no lo tiene; nos dice como debemos llegar a donde queremos llegar y lo que queremos hacer. 1.1.3. Características básicas de la ciencia. Tomando como punto de partida a Mario Bunge; las características principales se pueden definir así: 2 FLOREZ Carlos, GALINDO Gladis, Ciencia y Conocimiento, Usta, Santafé de Bogotá. 1971. p 251. 8 Facticidad : Significa que la ciencia parte de los hechos, tratando de ser independiente a cualquier tipo de valoración o caracterización emocional o sentimental.
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