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Correspondance Diploma Tique Roumaine BIBLIOTHEQUE DE L'INSTITUT POUR L'ETUDE DE L'HISTOIRE UNIVERSELLE SOUS LA DIRECTION DE N. IORGA 1. CORRESPONDANCE DIPLOMA TIQUE ROUMAINE SOUS LE ROI CHARLES I--ER ( 1866-1880) PUBLlEE SOUS LES AUSPICES DU MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ETRANOERES DE ROUMANIE PAR N. IORGA DEUXIEME EDITION BUCAREST AU SIEGE DE L'INSTITUT 1938 BIBLIOTHEQUE DE L'INSTITUT POUR L1TUDE DE L'HISTOIRE UNIVERSELLE SOUS LA DIRECTION DE N. IORGA I. CORRESPONDANCE DIPLOMATIQUE ROUMAINE SOUS LE ROI CHARLES I-ER (1866-1880) PUBLIEE SOUS LES AUSPICES DU MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ETRANGERES DE ROUMANIE PAR N. IORGA DEUX IEME EDITION BUCAREST AU SIEGE DE L'INSTITUT 1938 INTRODUCTION. Politique extérieure du roi Charles I-er, d'aprs les sources étrangeres Ces matériaux ont été rassemblés dans les Archives du Ministère des AffairesEtrangères de Roumanie en 1915 pour servir a la documentation d'une étude roumaine qui vient de paraitre en seconde edition: Politica externd a Re- gelai Carol. Bien entendu, je ne pensais guère a la publication de ces matériaux dont j'avais pris seulement des extraits, accom- pagnés de résumés. Comme cependant les dites Archives ont été transportées pendant la guerre a Pétrograd,d'oitelks ne reviendront probablement jamais, j'ai cru que mon travail pourrait les remplacer au moil's provisoirement. C'est pourquoi je le publie tel qu'il est et en é- laguant ce qui a été déjà publié dans les Livres Verts rou- mains et dans le riche recueil de M. B. M. Kogalniceanu sur la guerre de 1877-18781 , espérant rendre un service aux historiens, qui jusqu'ici se voyaient réduitsaux notes du roi 2. I. La 11/23 février 1866 Alexandre Jean I-er Cuza, prince 1 Actes et documents extraits de la correspondance diplomatique de Michel Kogalniceano, relatifs ala guerre de l'indépendance rou- maine 1877-1878, Bucarest 1893. 2 Aus dem Leben Konig Karls, 4 vol. Une edition française en a ete donnée a Bucarest. IV de Roumanie, Etat récemment fond& par la fusion, depu:s long- temps préparée, des Etat autonomes, indépendants de fait, bien que vivant sous la suzeraineté nominale de la Porte, de Mold avie et de Valachie, finissait un court regne qui s'etait distingué, non seulement par l'union intime, definitive des- deux parties constituantes, mais aussi par la reclamation des biens dependant des couvents dédies aux Maisons grec- ques d'Orient, ainsi que par. une courageuse mesure sociale d'impropriation" au profit des paysans. Pendant ces quelques années la nouvelle Roumanie avait cherche a nouer des rapports plus serrés avec ses voisins- de la Péninsule des Balcans, Serbes et Grecs, et, se tenant dans l'orbite de la France napoléonienne, a laquelleelle- devait tant,elle constituait un danger evident pour l'Au- triche, non encore doublée d'une Hongrie délivrée, qui de- tenait sous le sceptre des Habsbourg en decadence trois millions de Roumains en plein développement national. Quant a la Prusse, les relations avec le grand Etat qui devait a- mener l'unitépolitique des Allemands centraux n'avaient qu'une importance tout a fait secondaire. Cuza, dont les decisions émanaient d'une volonté ferme, appuyée sur un caractere qui n'était pas habitué a fléchir devant les flatteries ou les menaces, ayant indispose, aussi par une administration discutable, mais explicable, la plupart des chefs de partis politiques, fut détrôné par une cons- piration, a laquelle des officiers avaient participé. II vécut quelques annees a Petranger, en Italie, en Allemagne, et fMit. ses jours encore jeune, apres avoir refuse avec indi- gnation tout appui étranger pour son rétablissement et s'être impose même de ne plus revenir dans le pays on le suffrage des paysans reconnaissants lui avait offert mi siege a la Chambre. Son successeur, Charles de Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, de la branche rhénane, apparentée a celle de Berlin d'une facon appreciable pour les genéalogistes, mais tres peu comprehen- sible pour les profanes, branche melee constamment a la po- litique napoleonienne et ayant du sang français par des V unions avec les Murat et les Beauharnais, ne fut élu qu'en avril suivant, apres le refus de celui que le plebiscite avait designe le premier, Philippe, comte de Flandre, epoux lui- memo de la soeur du prince Charles. Pendant l'interregne et sous l'impression du changement violent dans la personne du. chef de l'ttat,ii y eut une agitationcontraire aux Roumains, qui paraissaient ingou- vernables, dans ce monde diplomatique dont ilstenaient leur existence politique. On se demandait si l'union, toute personnelle et obtenue a grande peine, doit etre maintenue la Russie avait provoqué une bruyante manifestation se- paratiste a Jassy , et, comme le probleme italien, d'un &cite, celui des compensations francaises sur le Rhin, de l'autre, préoccupaient les esprits, il fut tres sérieusement question de transformer l'Etat créé pour accomplir une mission européenne sur le Bas Danube, en 1856, en un objet d'echange et de troc, au profit de ses principaux créateurs même. Il est aver& maintenant par des correspondanees publiees depuis longtemps, aussi bien que par des témoignages ré- cents,que, a l'entrevue de Salzbourg, Napoleon IIIof frit a Francois-Joseph les Principautés on continuait a leur refuser le titre, ardemment desire, de Roumanie contre la Vénétie. L'idée vint de l'Italie poursuivant sa propre unite. Communiquee a l'empereur des Francais, pret a renier, dans la dernière phase de son regne, les principes qu'il avait inscrits en tete de son programme international, il en resta frappe", dit celui meme qui lanca, en février 1866 déja, le projet. Ii fut d'avis que la conference convoquee pour fixer la situation future de la Roumanie pourrait &en occuper. II craignait cependant deux oppositions: celle de l'Angleterre et celle de l'Autriche, et il n'avait pas l'appui manifeste de l'Italie, dont le point de vue était le suivant: Si les Puissan: ces croient devoir proposer une combinaison qut ait pour résultat la cession de la Vénétie sa,ns la guerre, qu.'elles le fassent, et pour son compte l'Italie l'acceptera. Mais nous ne devons pas avoir l'apparence de sacrifier les Principautel ri l'Autriche1." 1 Voy. Lamarmora, lin pd po di Ince. VI Or Lord Claren.don, par souci pour les Turcs, proteges permanents de la diplomatie anglaise, refusa des les pre- mières ouvertures, en mars. L'Empereur", dit le même in- formateur, a agi auprès du Cabinet anglais pour essayer de faire prévaloir la combinaison de l'echange des Principautés eontre la Vénétie. Malheureusement Lord Clarendon s'est pro- nonce dafavorablement". On ne poussa pas plusloin de ce cat& L'Autriche eut des scrupules des le commencement. Elle n'avait déjà que trop de Roumains a tenir sous ses ordres. L'expérience faite pendant la guerre de Crimee lui avait montre qu'il est plus facile de s'installer a Bucarest eta Jassy que d'y rester, et non seulement a cause de l'esprit national des populations. Le même rapport poursuit: II paIait que l'Autriche ne veut pas accepter cettecombi- naison i". Char ler I-er entra en Roumanie incognito au moment oi le question allemande mettait aux prises son ancienne pa- trie et cette Autriche -Hongrie que Cuza avait fait mine de vouloir attaquer, méme avec le concours des exiles magyars. Sa candidature ne venait pas de Bismarck, qui disposait en maitre de la volonté de son roi et dont les dispositions é- taient nettement hostiles a un projet qui n'entrait pas dans son système. Deux ans plus tard, parlant a Lord Loftus, le diplomateanglais, GuillaumeI s'exprimait ainsi surle compte de l'aventure"roumaine de son parent aloigne: Des le premier commencement fira désapprouve Paccep- tation du gouvernement des Principautés par le prince Char- les et il a fait tout cequitlui était possible pour dissuader les deux, le pare et le fils, de se confier a cette entreprisd aventureuse 2". Napoleon III aurait vu avec plaisir sur le Danube infe- 1 Ibid. 2 Loftus, The diplomatic reminiscences, seconde série, pp. 238-239. Cf.Maximilian Fliegenschmidt,DeatschlandsOrientpolitikimersten. Reichsjahrzehnt, 1870-1880, I, Berlin 1913, p. 18. VII rieur un allié des Beauharnais, un hôte de sa Cour, oi il avail brigué tout récemment une alliance avec la princesse Anne Murat, mais son appui principal venait des influences subal- ternes qui entouraient et influencaient le monarque. Il admit le changement dynastique, mais sans être guère dispose a accorder son appui; plus tard meme,l'aventure" ayant réussi, il se borna a prévenir le prince de Roumanie contre la Russie et a l'orienter yens Vienne, arnie en tant qu'ennemie de la Prusse victorieuse. Pour le moment la diplomatie francaise ne pensait guêre aconsolider ce trifnie contre lequel la Turquie, se croyant régénérée et capable de restaurer les jours brillants de son passé, élevait les prétentions les plus insolentes, allant jusqu'a assimiler CharlesI-er avec le gouverneur chrétien d'une espéce de provinces privilégiees", comme on devait le dire, du reste, ouvertement dans la Constitution turque, dix ans plus lard. Pensant a un agrandissement sur lafronti6re orientale, cette diplomatie napoléonienne offrait en dédom- magement alaPrusse desterritoiresallemands. Et les princes germaniques dépossédés par la Prusse iraient dans les Principautés du Danube". L'ancienne idée de Pechange contre la Vénetie réapparut sous la forme d'un troc allemand a Salzbourg, en 1867. Cette lois,il y eut une proposition formelle, faite directe- ment par Napoleon. Nous ignorons la forme dans laquelle Francois -Joseph, roi de Hongriemaintenant, y répondit. Mais celui qui gouvernait déjà la politique génerale de la Monarchie", cet Andrassy qui fut un grand Autrichien plus que tout autre chose, en parlait, peu de jours apres, a Pesth, a GeorgesStirbey,filsde rancien prince deValachie.
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