THOMAS M. SAHARSKY Clotworthy Stephenson Lost Son of Virginia

JEAN-YVES LEGOUAS The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy Theory in France Prior to the Second World War Part Two

WALTER BENESCH The Importance of Music among the Arts and Sciences

W. BRUCE PRUITT The Joseph Warren Tavern

PHILALETHES

The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters

Volume 73 • No- 2 Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 45 PHILALETHES SOCIETY OFFICERS The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters http ://www.freemasonry.org President Rashied K. Sharrieff-Al-Bey, FPS SUNY Nassau Community College Editor Shawn Eyer, FPS One Education Drive 107 S. West St. #541 Dept. of Sociology, Anthropology & Social Work Alexandria,VA 22314 USA Building G, Rm G357 editor @ freemasonry.org Garden City, NY 11530-6793 USA [email protected] Publications Richard E. Fletcher, FPS Committee George Braatz, MPS 1st V. President Benjamin Williams, MPS Thomas W. Jackson, FPS [email protected] Christopher Murphy, MPS Paul Rich, MPS 2nd V. President Adam Kendall, MPS [email protected] ISSN 2151 – 139x 3rd V. President Oscar Alleyne, FPS Copyright © 2020 The Philalethes Society [email protected]

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Art credits: Marianita Peaslee (cover, 85, back cover), Shawn Eyer (51), Thomas Saharsky (57), Masons Hall 1785 charitable foundation (59), Brian Warren (79) IN THIS EDITION Volume 73, Number 2

FEATURES COLUMNS 50 Clotworthy Stephenson 86 Editor’s Remarks Lost Son of Virginia Thomas M. Saharsky OTHER FEATURES 60 The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy Theory in France Prior to the 48 The Masonic Library Second World War, Part Two and Museum Association Jean-Yves Legouas Tyler Vanice

69 The Importance of Music 74 The Joseph Warren Tavern among the Arts and Sciences A Journey through Personal, Walter Benesch Masonic, and Revolutionary History W. Bruce Pruitt

IN REVIEW 87 Voices of the Fellows 84 Symbols in the Wilderness: Early Robert I. Clegg, FPS Masonic Survivals in Upstate New York by Joscelyn Godwin & Christian Goodwillie Shawn Eyer

Justice, the boundary of right, con- the hostility of partial or narrow stitutes the cement of civil society. visions of the hidden and manifest This virtue, in a great measure, con- nature of mankind. stitutes real goodness, and is there- — Tobias Churton, 2007 fore represented as the perpetual study of the accomplished Mason. There is an endless supply of Light — William Preston, provided by reception of our sym- c. 1780 bolic degrees and regular study of our Masonic rituals, emblems, and In the words of Alexander Pope, “the symbols. Esteemed brothers down proper study of man is man,” and through the ages have devoted entire in a sense, Masonry only involves lifetimes and never drained the well man’s truest knowledge of himself; PHILALETHES of wisdom contained there. this explains its universality—and — Kirk White, MPS The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters G

MASONIC Library & Museum ASSOCIATION

here are a plethora of Mason- We take museums and libraries for granted; ic-related organizations in the world like always expecting them to be there but are usually THigh Twelve International Inc., National out of site. A large undertaking that can have tens Sojourner Inc., youth groups like the Order of of thousands of objects with a staff of one or two DeMolay, and there are some less mainstream people and knowing the precise location of each organizations that have niche subsets that collect item while keeping paperwork for them is not an specifically George Washington Masonic stamps. easy skill. Many Grand Lodges and other Masonic The Masonic Library & Museum Association organizations have both in some fashion, display- (MLMA) is one these organizations. Founded in ing their proud history of Freemasonry found in 1995, the mission of this organization is to as- their state but it takes resources, knowledge, and sist and support, through education, facilitation planning, which wasn’t always the case. of communication, coordination of effort, and Like many organizations, MLMA came about other means, those individuals charged with the from a desire to not only assist oneself to have more collection, management, and preservation of the resources but to also help others in similar situa- Masonic heritage. tions with common issues. Decades ago, people interested in Masonic libraries and museums used to attend the Northeast Conference on Masonic Education and Libraries (NECOMELI) as this was Tyler Vanice, MPS, is a member of The Lodge an annual focal point for getting together with like of the Nine Muses № 1776, Free and Accepted minded individuals from across the country. In the Masons of the District of Columbia, and the Vice President of the Masonic Library and Museum early 1990’s, Brothers John H. Platt, Jr. (Pennsyl- Association. vania); Paul Bessel (George Washington Masonic

48 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters The Masonic Library and Museum Association

National Memorial); Keith Arrington (Iowa); Ed collections. The old Boyden cataloging system, Ralph (Ontario); Mike Kaulback (Massachusetts); used by many librarians, was updated by Richard along with Cynthia Alcorn (Massachusetts); Joan Bush, so it can remain easily used. The website Kleinknecht Sansbury (Supreme Council, AASR, offers articles and other helpful information for S.J.) and others came together during these meet- all persons, whether they are professionals in the ings, dubbed this side-group the “North American field or those just starting their collections. Masonic Librarians Consortium” and held their Now, the organization is thriving with mem- own private sessions during the conferences. bers from throughout the world. One is not re- These librarians and curators eventually de- quired to be a mason to join this organization cided that they wanted to hold a separate meeting as its mission and scope allows it to be open to that met in the fall, even though NECOMELI met all who’s interested in learning and spreading in the spring. These members, knowing that Grand knowledge. Many Grand Lodge librarians and Lodges would not financially support another museum staff are not in the fraternity as they organization with similar goals, chose to still be chose to hire professionals in the field to care for active with NECOMELI as well (which was later the history of Freemasonry in their state. Proper disbanded in 2001 and their assets turned over care and preservation of our Masonic history is to MLMA). The first meeting occurred in October integral to understanding American Freemasonry 1992 at the House of the Temple of the Ancient and and is more crucial than the title of “Brother” to Accepted Scottish Rite, Southern Jurisdiction, in the caretaker of our history. Washington, D.C. The Masonic Library and Museum Associ- On October 20–21, 1995, this group attended ation is holding its 25th Annual Conference on their Fall Conference in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, hosted September 12, 2020. We originally planned on by Keith Arrington from the Grand Lodge of Iowa, meeting in Grand Rapids, Michigan, for the annual and reorganized themselves as the Masonic Library meeting but the Executive Committee discussed and Museum Association, with John. H. Platt from concerns over long term planning with traveling, Pennsylvania as its first President. hotel accommodations, and the overall effect of Their idea was simple: in the beginning, the that COVID-19 is having on the economy, it was members were concerned with gathering data decided to hold the conference online instead. on its member libraries, the procedures used in The meeting will be open to all members. Further their museum and library, sources they used for information will be posted at masonic-libraries.com. finding Masonic books and literature, and indexing Normally, these conferences are a wonderful asset Masonic articles in journals (how and where to to everyone in attendance as there are a series acquire books was a serious issue as online retail of lectures with various topics that change each was not nearly as prevalent as it is now). Now, the year but focus mostly with museums, libraries, organization focuses more with bibliographic collection care, storage, niche collecting (remem- and member support, essentially helping both ber those stamps?) and more. Once the business large and small, public and private, libraries and section of the meeting is complete, there would museums set themselves up to organize their continued on page 80

Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 49 Clotworthy Stephenson Lost Son of Virginia

Thomas M. Saharsky investigates the life of an influential artisan and Freemason

“May this stone long commemorate the goodness of God in those uncommon events which have given America a name among the nations Under this stone may jealousy and selfishness be forever buried. From this stone may a superstructure arise, whose glory, whose magnificence, whose stability, unequaled hitherto. shall astonish the world, and invite even the savage of the wilderness to take shelter under its roof.” Bro. James Muir of Alexandria Washington Lodge No- 22 Jones Point Cornerstone Ceremony, April 15, 1791

lotworthy Stephenson was an Irish- itol buildings in Richmond and Washington, D.C. born American citizen who found oppor- Stephenson was a native of Co. Antrim, his un- Ctunity in the building arts. These arts are usual Christian name suggesting a connection of generally considered timber framing, architec- some sort with the Earls of Massereene of Antrim tural carpentry, plastering, painting, masonry, fine Castle, descendants of Sir Hugh Clotworthy, High blacksmithing, and architectural stonecarving. He Sheriff of Antrim (d. 1630).1 Stephenson honed was an accomplished architect, builder, carpenter, his woodworking craft in or near Antrim, Ireland. house joyner, and painter. His community con- The people of Ireland were renowned for their tributions through the fraternal order of Masons, woodworking skills due to their manipulation interpersonal relationships, and civil positions of native materials, such as the wood of the yew helped to shape the communities of Richmond in tree. This tree is difficult to carve and work with. Virginia, Annapolis in Maryland, and Washing- A craftsman who masters the ability to carve, cut, ton City. Clotworthy Stephenson’s contribution and “joyne” the yew will have a much easier time to American architecture and work has helped to working with other types of woods. define Colonial architecture. Stephenson was one of Stephenson was made a Freemason at a lodge the unsung Masters who help build the iconic cap- in Belfast, and raised to the degree of Master Mason

OPPOSITE: Clotworthy Stephenson, as depicted in George Washington Laying the Cornerstone of the Thomas M. Saharsky, MPS, is a member of United States Capitol, a monumental mural by Allyn Federal Lodge № 1, Free and Accepted Masons of Cox (1896–1982) at the George Washington Masonic the District of Columbia. National Memorial in Alexandria, Virginia.

50 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 51 Thomas M. Saharsky, MPS

in late 1785.2 The organization, history, operation, the Old Charges demonstrate the title of master and principles of Irish Freemasonry provided the is rooted in the instructional role of the master fraternal adept with concepts that he brought to craftsman. Within speculateive Freemasonry, the America. educational duties of the “Worshipful Master” are Accounts of the early life and times of Clot- ritualistically emphasized.6 worthy Stephenson are sparse, but a closer look The apprenticeship system conveys knowl- at early Irish Freemasonry provides a better sense edge in a way that is immemorial to human rela- of his values and associations. Established in 1725, tionships. Some modern authors, following John the Grand Lodge of Ireland is the second oldest Locke, have tried to think about this in terms of an extant institution of its kind (after the premier idea of self-ownership. The modern idea of Mas- Grand Lodge of England in 1717). It commenced tership is rooted in the property ownership and with a Masonic procession and meeting in the the unfortunate lesson of quantifying slavery and Great Hall of Knights Inn, Dublin.3 Throughout liberation. According to G.A. Cohen, a person owns the eighteenth century, most Dublin lodges met himself when he has all the control over his own at taverns and inns around the city. body that a master would have over him were he During Clotworthy Stephenson’s time, some a slave.7 Now since a master was entitled to make Masonic lodges throughout England, Scotland, comprehensive use of his slave for his own profit and Ireland retained a degree of connection with without owing any account or any contribution operative stonemasonry. The operative masons to anyone else, it seems to follow from the idea of consisted of skilled masons and apprentices who self-ownership that a person must be allowed to were working towards mastership. A master, in profit equally comprehensively from the control the context of the trade, is one who has reached of his own mental and bodily resources. the summit of his trade and who has the right to American contract law asserts the custom of an hire apprentices and journeymen.4 A lodge mas- economic value based transaction as the basis of a ter or delegate would represent the organization market economy—a concept reflected in the Unit- during one of these local civic assemblies. Mas- ed States Constitution. Free societies all around tership included the freedom to contract work, the world that employ a market-based economy freedom from tolls from highways and markets, and have been influenced by the U.S. Constitu- and the ability to claim funds if impoverished tion have benefited from the best ideas of the old or ill. The masters of these organizations were world’s free societies and guilds. taught secret signs and passwords and tokens, The operative stonemasons closely resembled which could be provided as identification to the a trade union, company or labor union which foreman of any body of masons.5 The methodol- worked on large projects as a group or unit. The ogy of apprenticeship to mastership can be found Worshipful Company of Free-masons and others occurring in relationships of a parent and child, such as the Merchant Taylors, Goldsmiths, Grocers, employer and employee, a friend with specialized Mercers, Salters, Haberdashers, Ironmongers, education and a person willing to learn. Within Clothworkers, Vintners and Fishmongers and both stonemasonry, early documents known as other Liverymen emerged in 1677 as municipal

52 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters Clotworthy Stephenson: Lost Son of Virginia

powers in London. These masons regulated build- and operative leadership which promoted the gen- ing materials, codes, and unified practices in a eral welfare and prosperity of a market economy. manner similar to the building permit process in It is very likely that the “founding fathers” who place today. Their abilities as an organization to joined Freemasonry found it beneficial to connect erect beautiful buildings and educate their guild with a group that was able to provide insight into members enhanced their reputation. the inner workings of a vast array of businesses The slow integration and consolidation of free and skilled labor. societies led to the acceptance of nontraditional Not much is known about Clotworthy Ste- members. The effect of this influx of diverse mem- phenson’s purpose for leaving Ireland, nor about bership helped the organization to extend its in- his arrival in America and his professional work in fluence. Evidence of this movement of acceptance Philadelphia. We do have records of his personal is found in an early manuscript located at Trinity involvement in Freemasonry. The detailed records College, Dublin, that describes the quality of char- kept by the Grand Lodge of Philadelphia show acter and occupations as gentlemen, mechanics, that shortly after arriving in the new world, as a parsons, thatchers, poets, doctors, butchers, and resident alien, he became a member of Lodge No- 3 tailors.8 Similar efforts in England were brought in Philadelphia, a lodge aligned with the Antients.9 about through a new law which allowed for the Stephenson regularly attended meetings, held general acceptance of non-operative members officepro tempore and participated in the momen- other than royals or royal appointments. Over tous reformation of the Grand Lodge. During this the next few decades, many community leaders, reformation of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, civil authorities, and wealthy individuals joined it relinquished its foreign charter (from the Grand in order to acquire favor with each other as well Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of England as financial gain connected with the rebuilding according to the Old Constitutions) and established of London after the great fire of 1666. During the itself as independent. Here, Stephenson witnessed rebuilding process this group would have expe- formal breaks from the old English regime and the rienced the laying of cornerstones, processions, emergence of American Freemasonry. and festivals related to the building arts. This com- During the 1780s, Philadelphia was the cru- bination of operative and speculative members cible of American genius. Members of Lodge No- 3 effectively brought a representative body politic played significant parts in the development of the to local city planning, urbanization, and building Articles of Confederation and United States Con- trades. Eventually, “gentleman’s” Freemasonry stitution. Johnathan Bayard Smith was a member (later known as speculative Freemasonry) gained of Lodge No- 3 and the Continental Congress and in popularity, eventually resulting in the formation a signer of the Articles of Confederation in 1781. of the premier Grand Lodge of England in 1717. While this document unified the states, it lacked Freemasonry in the United States may be per- abilities to govern certain jurisdictional interests. ceived more as mimicking these early free societies Stephenson left Philadelphia sometime be- rather than centralized government. These early tween January and March of 1787 and arrived in lodges were usually a mixture of civil, merchant, Richmond, Virginia. Upon arrival into the local

Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 53 Clotworthy Stephenson’s Masonic Timeline

1785 Raised in Temple of Fame Lodge No- 491, Senior Grand Warden pro tempore of the Grand Lodge Belfast, Ireland of Maryland; signer of the Grand Constitutions of Maryland (December) 1786 Application for membership, Lodge No- 3, Philadelphia (May) Worshipful Master of Federal Lodge No- 15 (1794)

Attended meeting and unanimously approved for 1795 Grand Marshal of the Grand Lodge of Maryland (1795) membership, No- 3—now Solomon’s Lodge No- 3 (June); member between the years 1786 and 1787 Worshipful Master of Federal Lodge No- 15

Served as Junior Deacon, No- 3 (October) Presented a written recommendation for residents of George-Town to form a Lodge (Columbia No- 19) on Senior Deacon pro tempore, No- 3 (November) behalf of Federal Lodge No- 15 (October)

1787 Last documented attendance at No- 3 (January) Founding member of the Royal Arch Encampment, Washington City (December 1795–1799) Regular visitor of Richmond Lodge No- 10, Richmond, Virginia (March 1787–April 1792) High Priest Royal Encampment (1795)

Served as Senior Deacon pro tempore, Richmond 1796 Represented Federal Lodge No- 15 at Grand Lodge of Lodge No- 10 (May) Maryland annual session and elected again to the office of Grand Marshall (1796) Member of Richmond Randolph Lodge No- 19 (1792– 1793) 1797 Represented Federal Lodge No- 15 during an extra communication of Grand Lodge of Maryland (May Junior Warden pro tempore at initial meeting of Rich- 1797) mond Randolph No- 19, Richmond, Virginia (October) Dispute for “nonpayment for raft rental” David Geddes Granted Dispensation as Junior Warden of the as- vs. Clotworthy Stephenson, Resolved in Grand Lodge sembly that became Amanda Lodge No- 12, Annapo- of Maryland Meeting (November) lis—now Annapolis Lodge No- 89 (December) 1798 Worshipful Master of Federal Lodge (1798) 1793 Charter member and Senior Warden of Federal Lodge No- 15, Washington D.C., Grand Lodge of Maryland— 1806 Stephenson was made an Honorary Member of Fed- later No- 1 of the Grand Lodge of the District of Colum- eral Lodge (1806) bia (September) Member Royal Arch Union Chapter, Washington Grand Marshal pro tempore of Maryland during the District of Columbia (1809) cornerstone leveling ceremony at the United States Capitol (September) 1811 Dispute between Clotworthy Stephenson and George Moore, Committee formed to investigate, Federal 1794 Represented Federal Lodge No- 15 at Grand Lodge of Lodge No- 1 (December) Maryland bi-annual session; Grand Marshal (May) 1819 Buried with Masonic Honors, Old Presbyterian Grave Proposed and executed a Circular for a General Con- Yard. The Masonic Procession from F Street home vention of Grand Lodges to coincide with the 3rd to the Grave Yard Georgetown led by Federal Lodge 54 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters Centennial Congress, Philadelphia (May) No- 1, November 27, 1819 Clotworthy Stephenson: Lost Son of Virginia

fraternal community, Stephenson may have pro- The public building project at Richmond vided insight to the “lay of the land” of his former helped to define the new nation. The hard-earned city. His March 13, 1787, visit with Deputy Grand victory over the British had forged a youthful re- Master John Marshall could have connected him public. The legislators of Virginia capitalized on with District Grand Master and delegate Edmund the spirited new nation and developed a public Randolph.10 It would not have been uncommon building scheme. Many individuals involved in the for Stephenson to refer the Virginian brethren to building scheme went on to become prominent capable and reliable members of Philadelphia’s American figures. The intensive civil and private Lodge No- 3. The delegation for Virginia formed in work of Edmund Randolph, John Marshall, Samuel December of 1786 and arrived at the Philadelphia Dobie, and Clotworthy Stephenson breathed life Convention in May of 1787. into a rapidly developing Richmond, Virginia. By September of 1787, a number of state lead- The architectural design employed by these men ers met to engage in an adversarial debate over the combined classicism and American ingenuity. strength and sovereignty of an American nation. A general summary of Virginia capitol project Their debate resulted in a concise balance of power is necessary to add context and significance to between the people, states, and federal govern- Clotworthy Stephenson’s involvement. The history ment known as the United States Constitution. of the capitol amplifies the work, decisions, and Jacob Shallus, a member of Lodge No- 3, penned people necessary to erect a multi-building civil the original copy of the United States Constitution campus—years before the United States Capitol located at the National Archives in Washington, took shape. D.C. Masonic Lodge No- 3 grew significantly during The first session of the Virginia legislature the 1780s, and its members helped to shape the took place in Jamestown in 1619, a year before history of Pennsylvania and the United States. the first Pilgrim arrived at Plymouth, Massachu- In Richmond, Stephenson established a thriv- setts. The legislature met in churches, homes, a ing social and professional career for a number of college, taverns, and statehouses in Jamestown years. The civil recordation of the capitol campus and Williamsburg for 160 years.11 On November project of Virginia provides a detailed history of 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson drafted a bill for the woodworking and employment. Over the next removal of the seat of government of Virginia to six to seven years the work receipts show Ste- Richmond. This bill was revised and passed in 1779, phenson’s versatility to work on many projects making Richmond the capitol after the last day of to establish his legitimate reputation and pro- April 1780.12 Shortly thereafter Governor Jefferson fessional legacy. His personal participation in appointed nine directors of public buildings to Freemasonry solidified his lifelong commitment fulfill his vision of a civil campus. They were James to live an enlightened life. A close examination Buchanan, Archibald Cary, Robert Goode, Robert of the key events and correspondences provides Carter Nicholas, Turner Southhall, Richard Adams, a measurable perspective of Colonial carpentry at Samuel DuVal, and Edmund Randolph. A 1780 the state capitol which substantiates merit, con- statute determined that the government buildings tribution, and dedication as a “son of Virginia.” were to be built on Shockoe Hill. The initial civil

Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 55 Thomas M. Saharsky, MPS

campus determined by Jefferson contained Hall of invaluable to a skilled immigrant worker like Clot- Justice, Governor’s Residence and a Capital. In 1784 worthy Stephenson. Jefferson embarked as the minister plenipotentia- While in France, Thomas Jefferson contacted ry to France. Soon after Jefferson left the United Charles Louis Clérisseau—a draughtsman, artist, States the general assembly of Richmond proposed and learnèd scholar of architectural antiquity. and passed an act to consolidate the scheme of the There they discussed the Virginia capitol’s plans campus. This set the stage for countless revisions amid a rich environment of cultural and archi- of architectural plans between Jefferson and the tectural antiquity. Jefferson was self-taught as a general assembly, directors, supervisors, and con- draftsman. Approaching architecture with geo- sultants. These people were ultimately to execute metric and formal preconceptions fostered by his the visionary ideals of Thomas Jefferson. allegiance to Andrea Palladio, Jefferson worked in Edmund Randolph was an active director who a manner that was calculated and mechanical—the oversaw the construction and relayed information very antithesis to free and intuitive method of men to the architect and general assembly. Randolph of artistic training such as Clerisseau.13 Jefferson’s sent Jefferson’s correspondence indicating the studies and consultations with Clerisseau brought Jeffersonian plan for the capitol was essential- together real world applications of old world work- ly adopted. Randolph also enclosing technical manship, resulting in detailed recommendations information modification made by the general that were relayed to the directors, assembly, and assembly and a by a learned consultant named supervisors. Two significant Labor recommenda- Samuel Dobie. Samuel started as a draftsman tions were sent to the Directors of Public Buildings and surveyor in 1787 and eventually rose to be August 1785. Jefferson states when choosing the the superintendent of public buildings project. laborers that “you will need one good stonecutter, Edmund Randolph and the other directors must and one will be enough”—because the enslaved have had difficulties due to the intervention by population would be able to do the work under the general assembly and natural setbacks to a his direction. The second was “you will need a project of this magnitude. Randolph’s leadership capitol house joyner, and a capitol one ought to be, brought continuity to the project. capable of directing all the circumstances in the The civil campus project design by Thomas Jef- construction of the walls which the execution of ferson required the application of skills that most the plan requires.”14 More simply put, one would early Colonial builders did not possess. This kind need very qualified, versatile managers and ar- of mastery was found only in the finest-construct- tificers in wood and stone to execute the vision. ed temples of the old world. Jefferson and others This is quite possibly the be the most significant analyzed the classical stylings of Vitruvius, Donato recorded advice that Jefferson ever received and Bramante, and Sebastiano Serlio who carried the relayed as an Architect of Virginia and President Palladian movement from the Renaissance into Director of the development of Washington City. the English and French mainstream by the 1700s. A team of qualified house joyners named John Jefferson’s design helped to define the Virginian Hart and Clotworthy Stephenson emerged in 1786 style. The operative experience must have been and subsequently awarded carpentry work in 1787.

56 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters Clotworthy Stephenson: Lost Son of Virginia

Beautiful examples of Clothworthy Stephenson’s work at the Virginia State Capitol.

Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 57 Thomas M. Saharsky, MPS

Little information has been found regarding John examples of Jeffersonian-era architectural wood- Harts career but have indications that he was of working in the downsized Old Senate [originally good reputation. the court room], some in the Old House (along The work orders and records indicate a steady with twentieth-century infill), three excellent door amount of government work and private com- treatments in the central Rotunda, and hand rails missions until 1793.15 Stephenson’s painting and around the third floor gallery space. One is able general maintenance of the capitol provided ad- to discern a general timeframe by means of the ditional income. Records state that Stephenson materials used during the building and expansion or Stephenson & Hart worked on: governor’s lot of the capitol. The woodwork of Jeffersonian times & house;16 Council House;17 T. Merriweather’s is generally of yellow pine, whereas woodwork office;18 Treasury building;19 Capital; Auditor’s similar in design but dating to a 1904–1906 re- office;20 Chancery office;21 Solicitors office;22 modeling project is generally of tulip popular. Registers office; Assembly Room; Land office;23 There are cobbled examples made by many repairs Delegates Hall; Senate Room; Council Chambers; and replacements of the original pieces applied and General Court Room.24 Work orders indicate under the supervision of Maximilian Godefroy they produced: brick making molds; scaffolding; between 1816 and 1818.27 Being able to deduce the pedestal molding; planking; architraves; cornices; timeframe from the types of materials used in the molding; seats; stairs; columns; presses; plinth; capitol project provides a deeper understanding circular dado; circular entablatures; niches; balus- of the structure and the men who built it. trade; entablatures; soffits; sashes; doors; pedes- After solidifying employment with the civil tals; shutters; chimney pieces; sash frames; seats; authority Stephenson began to making a more stairs; bookshelves; tables; and even coffins.25 permanent housing arrangement. Stephenson The diversity of projects, forms, and architectural rented a house formerly occupied by a military elements of finish wood pieces proved that Clot- officer named Andrew Dunscomb in 1788. His worthy Stephenson and John Hart possessed a rental payment was made in the form of wood- high level of skill, versatility, and mastership. working services.28 The land records of Richmond Few specimens of Stephenson and Harts wood recorded the purchase in 1789 of lot No- 553 from work remain today. One pair of architectural William Reynolds and the sale sells lot No- 23 in 1792 trusses from the capitol of Virginia at the Farlin to Samuel Paine for fifty pounds.29 These records Museum is attributed to Stephenson and William indicate the purchase of a lot rather than a home. Hodgeon.26 Viewing the additional architectural An advertisement in 1794 indicates there was a woodworking pieces attributed to Stephenson & home owned by Stephenson in Richmond when he Hart in the capitol of Virginia requires more keen was renting a house and building his home in the detection. Jefferson’s capitol campus today still Federal City. This property was briefly described retains some woodwork from original 1786–1793 in an advertisement to 1794 as a two-story brick project. Repeated remodeling and three expan- property on Shockoe Hill.30 His former residence sions of the building has led to many losses of the likely became an investment property by late 1792 original woodwork. Even so, there are very good after his move to the Washington City. Clotworthy

58 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters Clotworthy Stephenson: Lost Son of Virginia

Masons Hall in Richmond, Virginia, erected in 1785, remains one of the oldest dedicated Masonic buildings in North America. Built in the Colonial style, its has served as an active Masonic temple for most of its nearly 250- year history. A non-profit organization has been created for its maintenance and restoration. To learn more, please eee the website for the Masons Hall 1785 charitable foundation at http://masonshall1785.org.

Stephenson had met many influential people while a citizen of Virginia. He was administered the working in Richmond, but it was his social activi- oath of fidelity which entitled him to the “rights ties in Washington City as a Freemason that would of a citizen of the city of Richmond.” The act was later define his legacy. Stephenson purchased witnessed by John Marshall and aldermen Robert property in the Federal City in 1792 and developed Boyd, Foster Webb, and Alexander McRobert.31 the land over the next decade. He built a home An examination of Clotworthy Stephenson’s in 1794 and 1795 with an attached woodworking personal subscriptions and reading interests illu- shop, providing the freedom and ease to further minates his character. He subscribed to The Amer- perfect his craft. ican Museum or Repository of Ancient and Modern While Clotworthy Stephenson’s professional Fugitive Pieces &c. Prose and Poetical.32 The sale career was thriving, his personal life was about Stephenson’s estates furnish us with a glimpse undergo a monumental change. Approximate- of his personal library. The books he owned were ly twenty-four months after he had immersed three volumes of Goldsmith’s History; Emerson’s himself in the American experiment, he became continued on page 80

Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 59 The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy Theory in France Prior to the Second World War, Part Two

Jean-Yves Legouas on the key figures who promoted dangerous prejudices and bigotry against Freemasons and Jews in Europe

his article is the second installment of On the first page of the book, Drumont assured an extended profile on the history of French that “the only one to whom the Revolution has Tanti-Masonry. For Part One, see Philalethes, profited is the Jew. Everything comes from the volume 73, number 1, pages 6 to 19. The conclusion Jew. Everything returns to the Jew.” This kind of will be featured in the next edition of Philalethes. wording was definitely agreeable to some members of the French clergy, the more so since Drumont Édouard Drumont opinioned that “The conversion of a Jew is the Edouard Drumont (1844–1917), was a journalist and greatest bliss that can happen to the Church of a politician. Radically opposed to the French Rev- Jesus-Christ.” olution, he is one of the leading figures of French Interestingly enough, Drumont saw the Jews anti-Semitism, and has inspired generations of as originators of the Reform. In his book, he not- activists. In 1890, he founded the Ligue nationale ed that it is obvious that “every Protestant . . . is antisémitique de France, criticizing what he called half-Jew.”2 To these supposed religious justifi- the “cosmopolitism of the Jewish race,”1 compared cations of his opinions, Drumont added some to his own nationalism. In 1886, he published his pseudo-scientific considerations: infamous book La France juive, which became an immediate best seller: 113 reprints in a year, 200 in The Semite is mercantile, cupid, cunning, sub- total. With an index of over 3000 names, lambast- tle . . . whereas the Aryan is enthusiastic, hero- ing the Rothschilds and others, it is nevertheless ic . . . so confident that he may sometimes be naive. difficult today to understand the reasons of this The Semite is a son of the Earth . . . the Aryan is success. It may be due to his direct style. a son of Heaven . . . whereas the Semite will sell telescopes or lenses, like Spinoza, he will never discover new stars in the sky, like Leverrier.3 Jean-Yves Legouas, MPS, is a Past Master of Lodge Sapientia Cordis № 84 of the Swiss Grand In his seminal book Jews and Freemasons in Lodge Alpina, working in Geneva, Switzerland. Europe, 1723–1939, Jacob Katz notes that

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In 1886, it was impossible for any French anti-Se- died fighting for France during World War I that it mitic writer to avoid including the Freemasons in made it more difficult to accuse them of not being his account. From the time that Chabauty’s works good patriots. La Libre Parole, which had once sold appeared on the scene, this mental association 300,000 copies per issue, closed in 1924. had become firmly established and regularly put to use by both anti-Jewish and anti-Masonic Paul Copin Albancelli writers. Drumont, who was predisposed to give Paul Copin Albancelli (Paul Joseph Copin, 1851– credence to any report of Jewish complicity in ev- 1939) was also a journalist. He was received a Mason ery despicable act, was even more ready to believe in 1884 in the Grand Orient Lodge l’Avant-Garde that it was the Jewish character of the Masonic maçonnique de Paris, were he reached the position movement which was eroding the foundations of Senior Warden a few years later. In 1887, he of Christian society.4 joined a Rose-Croix Chapter named La clémente amitié, where he later became Secretary. In 1889, In 1892, Drumont launched his newspaper La after parliamentary elections, he publicly accused Libre Parole, with its subtitle La France aux français.5 Masonry of interference in politics, assessing that This daily is mainly known for its denunciation of about half of the 900 representatives (Parlement various scandals, including the Panama swindle. and Sénat) were Masons. He resigned from his With the emergence of the Dreyfus affair, La Libre lodge in 1890. Parole enjoyed considerable success, becoming At the beginning of the twentieth century, he the principal organ of French antisemitism. At founded various anti-Masonic leagues which, in the same time, the paper advocated virulent an- 1909, federated under the name of Ligue de défense ti-capitalism due to the collusion perceived by nationale contre la franc-maçonnerie. Copin also Drumont and his collaborators between Jews and began to write articles for the RISS. One of his money. In January 1896, in an article in La Libre Pa- theories was that Germany, Great Britain, and the role, Drumont addressed to “brave little children:” Jews utilized Masonry against France in order to “I have the feeling that you will avenge us when weaken it before the beginning of a coming con- you grow up, and something tells me that the flict. punishment will be terrible.” He surprisingly opposed the Protocoles, seeing In 1899, Drumont published a new book en- the pamphlet as charging the Jews in order to hide titled La Tyrannie maçonnique. There, he again other enemies, namely pangermanism. He made rehashed the same old theories: “the dreams of a distinction between anti-Semites on a religious Masonry are nothing else than the old dreams of basis, like him, and by interest, like the Germans. Israel . . . the eternal dream of . . . universal domi- For Copin Albancelli, “since the tragedy of the Cal- nation. Masonic politics, just like Jewish politics, vary, the Jewish race has persevered in its hatred have no other ambition than the realization of this of Christ.” Evicted from their country, the Jews plan.” For him “The Jews are the soul of Masonry.” settled in the world “like warts.” The triumph of Anti-Semitism in France temporarily declined Christianity had forced them to hide and to form during the 1920s, in part because so many Jews had secret societies. To survive as Jews they instituted

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an occult and supra-national Government. It thus himself sufficiently knowledgeable, Clarin suc- became easy for Copin Albancelli to “demonstrate” cessively published La femme et l’enfant dans la that after a “period of incubation,” the secret Jew- Franc-maçonnerie universelle9 (1894) and Le Juif et ish government through Kabbalists and occultist la Franc-maçonnerie (1895). This novel proposed societies would attack Catholicism. To achieve that the Jews, always wishing to dominate the this, they created a terrible breach in Christendom, world, used Masonry as a means to an end, viz. to favouring the introduction of Protestantism at the become masters of France. In January 1896, Clarin end of the middle Ages. His explanation was that took over from Leo Taxil the position of editor of it is well known that Freemasonry is of English the magazine France chrétienne antimaçonnique, origin, a nation which, at the time of Elizabeth I, which he kept until his death in 1914. became the champion of Protestantism. In April 1897, in the magazine La Franc-Maçon- In his Le Pouvoir occulte contre la France (1907, nerie démasquée, Clarin de la Rive wrote an article 29th reprint in 1910), Albancelli made a distinction about Léo Taxil, after the latter had revealed his an- between the actions of the Jews during the Russian ti-Masonic writings to be a hoax, on April 19, 1897. revolution in 1905, where they “lead the protests Clarin had to recant much of what he had written of the workers on strike,”6 and during the French about Freemasonry, since he had previously, as revolution “If the Jews did not act directly during many others, used the writings and correspon- our revolution, they had friends acting for them, dence of Taxil as his source for official documents and these friends are the Freemasons.”7 His book of the sect, in particular in his book, La femme et La Conjuration juive contre le monde chrétien (1909) l’enfant dans la franc-maçonnerie universelle. would merely elaborate on some of the analyses In fact, Clarin, as well as Copin-Albancelli, made in the preceding pamphlet. In his fourth and had become very cautious about the satanic pre- fifth parts, Copin insisted on the “Jewish plan” for sentation of Masonry, as heralded by Taxil. They a domination of the world. wished to place their anti-Masonic attitude on a ‘ more rational and nationalistic basis. They then Abel Clarin de la Rive recruited René Guénon, possibly unaware of the Abel Clarin de La Rive (1855–1914) was a journal- reality, a Mason and a specialist of esotericism, who ist. In his thirties, he developed an interest for wrote articles under the pen name of The Sphinx the occult as well as for Muslim traditions, sects until the beginning of the First World War. and brotherhoods. In 1890, he published a novel entitled Ottrida, which contained Christian, Mus- Maurice Barrès lim, and Masonic allusions. From 1893 to 1895, he Maurice Barrès (1862–1923) was a far-right writer contributed many articles for Catholic magazines. and politician. His books reflect traditional values He was on friendly terms with the Archbishop as well as a narrow-minded nationalist concept. of Reims, who was interested in Masonry and He was elected as Representative of Nancy on a had a well-stocked library on this topic. The prel- programme entitled “Against foreigners” with a ate was also in good relations with the editors view to stop immigration. Violently anti-Semite, of La Franc-maçonnerie démasquée.8 Considering Barrès was one of the most vocal opponents to

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Captain Dreyfus, proffering “that Dreyfus is capa- as “the Jewish traitor” during and after the Affair. ble of treason, I can conclude it from his race.” He His real literary talent gave his theoretical never forgave Emile Zola for his spirited defense of works a great influence among French conserva- Dreyfus, eventually accusing the famous author of tive circles, and its qualities of polemicist provided being a foreigner. He chaired a number of far-right positive reception amongst others, such as the “leagues” before the First World War. Barrès was a “Immortels” of the Académie française, to which friend of Stanislas de Guaïta (1861–1897), a French he was elected on June 9, 1938. Maurras counted occultist and a founder of the “Kabbalistic Order many intellectuals among his supporters. With of the Rose-Croix,” and was elected a member of more than ten thousand articles published be- the Académie française in 1907. tween 1886 and 1952, he remains the most prolific From what has just been said, it does not seem French political journalist of his century. that Barrès had any specific anti-Masonic activities Together with Léon Daudet10 and others, he or opinions. In fact, mentions of Masons are very published L’Action française, the newspaper that rare in his books. I have included his name here spearheaded the eponymous Action française, a for reference, considering that he has exerted a royalist, nationalist, counter-revolutionary and strong influence on many of the personalities undemocratic movement, which became the main mentioned in this study. In this respect, one can intellectual and political branch of the extreme say that Drumont, Barrès, and Maurras, though right during the Third Republic. For Maurras, their books and articles may not have always been the French Revolution had helped establish the fully understood, were the mentors and the a pri- reign of the foreigners and of what he called the ori justification of many anti-Semites been and “Anti-France,” which he defined as “The four Con- antimasons during the war. federate States, i.e. Protestants, Jews, Freemasons, and Metics.”11 Indeed, for him, Protestants, Jews Charles Maurras and Freemasons were like “internal foreigners”, Charles Maurras (1868–1952) was a journalist, an whose supposed interests as influential commu- essayist, and a politician. He is known as having nities did not coincide at all with those of France. theorized what he called integral nationalism, a About Freemasonry, he wrote in his Dictionnaire form of monarchism which he saw as “decentral- politique et critique: “If Freemasonry has once ized against the foreigner, anti-parliamentarian been possessed of a spirit, indeed absurd, of ideas, against the Mason, traditional against Protestant indeed erroneous, of a propaganda, indeed fatal, influences, hereditary against the Jewish race. in favour of some unselfish ideas, it is only today Monarchy will be defined by our country’s needs.” animated and sustained by a community of gre- Though he considered himself as an agnostic and garious ambitions and individual greed.” dismissively wrote that the Gospels “have been However, Maurras primarily was a pure an- written by four obscure Jews,” he nevertheless ti-Semite. Regarding the Masons and Protestants, recruited many of his followers among fundamen- he had declared: “We are opposed to their gov- talist Catholics. He very early took negative posi- ernment and tyranny, not to their very existence, tions against Captain Dreyfus, whom he qualified which is the case for the Jews.” This declaration

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somehow contradicts his repeated affirmations fight against the French Resistance during World that he was favouring an antisemitism “of the War II. It participated in summary executions and State,” as opposed to a “biological” one. assassinations, helping to round up Jews and Ré- In 1925, Maurras viciously attacked the then sistants in France, for deportation or immediate Home Minister, Abraham Schrameck: “You are death. Pursuing the publication of the Action the Jew, you are the foreigner . . . . You are coming française during German occupation with the tacit from the dregs of the police, of the lodges . . . . Your consent of the Nazi forces, Maurras demanded the race is a degenerated race . . . . “Without hatred execution of the Résistants that he denounced as nor without fear will I give the order to shed your “terrorists” and “revolutionaries.” As late as 1944, blood, the blood of a dog . . . . he wrote “If the Anglo-Americans should win the He specifically expressed his hatred of Léon war, this would mean that Freemasons, Jews and Blum, the French Président du Conseil (Prime all these politicians eliminated in 1940 would be minister) during the Front Populaire government back.” (1936–1938). On 15 May 1936, he wrote that: “It Maurras was arrested after the Liberation of is as a Jew that we must see . . . fight and kill the France, and condemned for intelligence with the Blum . . . . On that day, M. Blum will have to be enemy and high treason, to permanent impris- guillotined . . . blindfolded with a black veil over onment and national degradation, on January his camel face.” He was sentenced to eight months 28, 1945. This last verdict implied its automatic of prison after this declaration. During his incar- exclusion from the Académie française. Regard- ceration, he received support from various people, ing his burning antisemitism, he declared that including Pope Pius XI and over a hundred sena- his menaces against the Jews had only been of tors and representatives. a written nature, and that he was unaware that In the years that preceded the Second World these could lead to death camps. In fact, he kept on War, Maurras opposed any aggression against writing articles for Aspects de la France, which had Germany, considering that France was not ready replaced L’action française, until 1952. For obvious for a military conflict. In L’Action Française (28 reasons, the tone of his latter day’s contributions Sept. 1938), he postulated that: “The French do not was much milder than in the olden days. want to fight, either for the Jews, the Russians, or for the Freemasons of Prague.” François Coty Though he was deeply anti-German, Maurras, Joseph Marie François Spoturno (1874–1934), who right after the defeat in 1940, became a staunch later called himself François Coty, was an indus- supporter of the Vichy regime and of Marshal trialist and a politician. Born in Ajaccio, Corsica, Pétain.12 He was enthused by the end of the French he moved early to Marseilles and then to Paris, democracy and of the Republic as well as by the where a neighbouring pharmacist initiated him early introduction of anti-Semitic legislation and, to the subtle art of perfumery. In 1904, he built later on, by the creation of the infamous Milice, his first factory in Suresnes, near Paris. He gen- a political paramilitary organization created in erously treated his coworkers. He opened two 1943 by the Vichy regime (with German aid) to shops in Paris posh districts, whilst also selling his

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perfumes in famous stores such as Printemps and Léon de Poncins Galeries Lafayette. On the eve of the First World Léon de Poncins (1897–1975) was a Catholic journal- War, Coty was the first parfumeur in the world. ist and a prolific writer whose fundamental credo He was then one of the richest men in the world, stipulated that modern political and revolutionary though activists like Maurras and Léon Daudet change were triggered by secret societies opposed violently criticized him. He was also considered to Catholicism, such as the Jews, the Zionists, the as an uneducated bore. Masons, the League of Nations (SDN), the Commu- Coty got interested in politics towards the end nists, etc. He was close to the opinions of Mgr. Jouin of the First World War. Strongly anti-Communist, and the RISS theories. He wrote for a number of he developed a deep admiration for the Italian publications, including Coty’s l’Ami du Peuple and fascism and Mussolini. In 1922, he purchased the Le Figaro and became the founder, in Geneva, of a daily Le Figaro, clearly positioning the paper to the short-lived magazine entitled la Contre Révolution, right of the political scene. Coty also financially which was published from 1937 to 1939. supported a far-right and anti-parliamentarian In 1928, Poncins published Les Forces secrètes group named Le Faisceau, as well as Maurras’s Ac- de la Révolution: Franc-maçonnerie et Judaïsme,14 tion Française, which received two million francs in which he concluded that, in order to eliminate from the industrialist. the “judeo-Masonic germ,” one had to get rid of In 1927, he supported the creation of the Croix- the “mortal principles of 1789, inculcated by the de-Feu, an extreme-right movement, mainly Jews and the Masons . . . .” In 1931, he wrote Refusé composed of veterans, surviving soldiers of the par la Presse.15 This book was followed in 1932 by 1914–1918 war. The headquarters of the movement two more pamphlets Les Juifs maîtres du monde16 were located in the same building as Le Figaro. In and La Franc-maçonnerie puissance occulte,17 and 1928, he founded another newspaper named L’Ami again, in 1934, by La Franc-Maçonnerie d’après ses du Peuple,13 which, intended for the poorer classes, documents secrets.18 In 1936, he wrote SDN Su- was sold at a very affordable price. The paper was per-État maçonnique,19 and drafted his personal known for its xenophobic, racist, and anti-Semitic synthesis in La Mystérieuse internationale juive. He articles. Its readership reached a million in 1930. complained that these kinds of books were rarely In 1928, Coty wrote a book entitled “Contre le acknowledged in the press, which, in his mind, communisme,” and in 1931, he published “Sauvons was just another proof of the existence of a plot. nos colonies.” In 1933, Coty published “La Réforme That same year, Poncins and his friend Malynski de l’État” and founded his own political movement, published La Guerre occulte, subtitled « Juifs et Solidarité Française. This group participated with francs-maçons à la conquête du monde ». The book other fascistic “Leagues” to the riots of 6 February was largely inspired by the Protocols. 1934, when the French Parlement found itself un- During the German Occupation, in 1941, Pon- der attack for a whole night. The economic crisis cins published La Franc-Maçonnerie contre la France, in 1929 severely crippled Coty’s businesses. When where he concluded that if an occult international he died in 1934, his creditors already had most of centre does exist “It is above Masonry, which is a his belongings sequestered. mere weapon in its hands.” He became a collabo-

Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 65 Jean-Yves Legouas, MPS

rator (in all senses of the word) to the Documents the Saturday Review, Le Figaro, La Revue de Paris, maçonniques (1941–1944). He was arrested and in- and the more extreme Le Jour. carcerated in 1945. Judged in 1949, he was declared It is important here to point out that secret not guilty. He returned to writing in 1960, without societies were forbidden in France after the defeat, much success. In 1964, following the adoption by by a decree of 13 August 1940, in the wake of a Council Vatican II of a document revising the atti- speech delivered by Pétain about “nasty winds.” tude of the Church regarding Judaism, he drafted a On 3 October 1940, the first Statute of the Jews was pamphlet, Le Problème juif face au Concile, which promulgated. The two months gap between both was distributed to the bishops in the Vatican. As the legislations is sometimes explained by Pétain’s author of the booklet, Poncins was expressing the infamous declaration: “A Jew is never responsible opinion that “the Council Fathers had a deep lack of his origins. A Mason is always responsible of of knowledge regarding the essence of Judaism.” his choice.” Later on, in August 1941, a new set of regulations (in their Article 2) would define a Barnard Faÿ similarity of treatment between Jews and Masons, Bernard Faÿ (1893–1978) was a French academic. thereby justifying, in the eyes of all Collaborateurs, He fought with bravery in Verdun during World the reality of a “Judeo-Masonic Plot.” War I, and was awarded a medal. He received his Bernard Faÿ was appointed General Admin- A.M. from Harvard University in 1920. He obtained istrator of the Bibliothèque Nationale (National his French Ph.D. in 1924 as a specialist of American Library) in August 1940. His Jewish predecessor, literature and civilization, with a thesis titled L’es- Julien Cain, had just been fired by the Vichy gov- prit Révolutionnaire en France et aux Etats-Unis à la ernment and was later deported to Buchenwald. Fin du XVIIIème Siècle.20 He lectured at Columbia Faÿ reorganized the National Library as an efficient University and the University of Iowa. Between instrument of what was then called, in a slightly the wars, he crossed over to the U.S. more than pompous manner, la Révolution Nationale. In twenty times. He delivered lectures, as of 1932, November 1940, he participated in the exhibition at the prestigious Collège de France. In 1935, Faÿ La Franc-maçonnerie Dévoilée, at the Petit Palais, published La Franc-maçonnerie et la Révolution In- in Paris. In November 1941, he organised another tellectuelle du XVIIIème Siècle,21 and La Civilisation exhibition, this time dedicated to the glory of Américaine22 in 1939. Marshal Pétain. Though coming from a monarchist family, he Faÿ’s antimasonic proclivities enabled him to became, in the thirties, very interested in Freema- be appointed director of the Musée des sociétés sonry and lectured on this topic, mainly in far right secrètes, and of the Comité anti judéo-maçon- circles, like the Cercle Fustel de Coulanges, which nique,23 both located in the building of the then-de- was close to the Action Française, or the Affinités funct Grand Orient de France, officially considered Françaises. In 1936–1937, he became a member of as an annex of the National Library. He plundered the managing Committee of the Rassemblement and looted many lodges in Occupied and non-Oc- national pour la reconstruction de la France. He cupied France, employing his own henchmen as regularly wrote articles for The New York Times, well as the German police. Under the innocent

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The 1943 French propaganda film Forces Occultes presented Freemasonry as the real reason Europe was at war, with grotesque anti-Semitic characterizations—and quite badly performed Masonic ritual. faux-nez of a Bibliothèque d’histoire de la France what it considered as subsidiaries of Judeo-Ma- contemporaine, Faÿ managed to obtain and publish sonry, including nudists!24 the names and details of 64,000 Masons. One of In August 1944, Faÿ was arrested in his office the consequences of this publication was the ex- of the National Library. Temporarily sent to prison, pulsion from the French administration of three he was convicted and sentenced to Hard Labour for thousand reputed Freemasons civil servants. life. He escaped detention in 1951 and found refuge From October 1941 to June 1944, Faÿ published, in Fribourg, in Switzerland, where he lectured and with the help of Marquès-Rivière (see below) and published numerous books. In January 1959, he Vallery-Radot, a monthly magazine titled Docu- was pardoned by René Coty, then President of the ments Maçonniques, which intended to demon- French Republic.25 He died in Tours in 1978. strate the disastrous influence the “Judeo-Masonic clique” had on France and its politics. On one Jean Marquès-Rivière hand, it was a magazine which published serious Jean Marquès-Rivière (Jean-Marie-Paul Rivière) studies on various Masonic topics, and as such (1903–2000) was a French journalist and author. it addressed a cultured elite. On the other hand, At an early age, he demonstrated a great interest Documents Maçonniques, like the RISS, denounce for Buddhism and, more generally, for Orientalia.

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He became a member of the Association des Amis Marquès-Rivière did not only manage his own du Bouddhisme and of Madame Blavatski’s Société organisations. He also actively participated to the théosophique.26 Around 1925, he met a Tibetan denunciation of Jews, notably in Rouen. Together delegation in Paris with great interest. He was with Paul Riche (Paul Mamy), Marquès-Rivière initiated in Theba Lodge, belonging to the Grande produced the antimasonic movie Forces Occultes, Loge de France, where he met René Guénon. He which was presented in Paris on 9 March 1943.29 also studied Sanskrit and Tibetan and published After the war, he was sentenced to death penal- two papers, A l’ombre des monastères tibétains ty in abstentia. He found a refuge in Franco’s Spain, (1929) and Vers Bénarès (1930), without having, and obtained an academic tenure in Madrid. He at the time, ever set foot in Asia. He also collabo- was later authorised to unobtrusively come back rated to the Voile d’Isis, a magazine dedicated to to France, and died in Lyon, in 2000. the study of esotericism and occultism, which he promptly left after having expressed differences Notes of opinions with Guénon, who published many 1 These same words will later appear in Hitler’s Mein Kampf. articles in the magazine. 2 Edouard Drumont, La France Juive (Paris, 1886), 1:95. In the thirties, he wrote some articles for la 3 Urbain Le Verrier (1811–1877) was a French math- France catholique, and launched an antimasonic ematician who discovered the planet Neptune by magazine entitled Documents nouveaux (1933– calculation only. 1936). During the Occupation, he adopted a strict 4 Jacob Katz, Jews and Freemasons in Europe, 1723–1939 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), 162. collaborationist policy, and published anti-Semitic 5 “Free Speech: France for the French.” and antimasonic pamphlets. It is to be noted that 6 Paul Copin-Albancelli, Le Pouvoir Occulte Contre la he benefited of a dispensation signed by Pétain France: Le Drame Maconnique (Paris: La Renaissance (4 February 1942), specifying that, though a former francaise, 1908), 352. 7 Copin-Albancelli, Le Pouvoir Occulte, 358. Mason, he was to be completely trusted. He also 8 “Freemasonry Unmasked.” became a co-editor or the Documents Maçon- 9 “Woman and Child in Universal Freemasonry” (Paris: niques, together with Vallery-Radot,27 under the A.C. de la Rive, 1894). management of Bernard Faÿ. 10 Léon Daudet was a French journalist, a writer, an active monarchist, and a member of the Académie In 1940, he was appointed as director of the Goncourt. He was the son of the popular novelist exhibition La franc-maçonnerie dévoilée. When Alphonse Daudet. another exhibition named Le Juif et la France was 11 In Maurras’ own language, metics was a derogatory opened in September 1941, at the Palais Berlitz, in appellation indicating all foreigners. Paris, he drafted some propaganda texts for the cat- 12 He wrote about Nazism: “This racist business is pure madness.” However, for him, German espionage was alogue. Duly recommended by the Germans, Mar- “Jewish German espionage.” quès-Rivière became the director of the Research 13 “The Friend of the People.” Department of the Service des Sociétés Secrètes, 14 “The secret forces of revolution: Freemasonry and created in October 1942.28 He benefited from the Judaism.” 15 “Rejected by the press.” protection of the French Anglophobic Admiral 16 “The Jews, masters of the world.” Charles Platon, head of the antimasonic police. continued on page 83

68 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters The Importance of Music among the Arts and Sciences

Walter Benesch on the healing and humanizing power of music

arly in a Mason’s career, he is taught of Rome. This included the importance of music. the importance of the seven arts and scienc- These translations became the basis of the learning Ees. Emphasis is placed on geometry with of the middle ages and the foundation advocated some attention on arithmetic and astronomy but by Aristotle. little or no attention to music. It is useful to explore Later in the essay De Nuptiis by Martinaus Ca- the origins of Masonic adoption as one of the “arts pella later (fourth century) the quadrivium was ad- and sciences” and why more attention should be opted as part of a basic education.3 These became placed on music. the basis of the seven liberal arts of the Middle Ages The likely origins of the concept of the arts with rhetoric, grammar and logic (dialectic) add- and sciences is the Greek quadrivium. These were ed creating the educational trivium. These skills the four areas of study Plato proposed in The Re- were considered essential for the education of a public.1 The areas were Arithmetic, Geometry, free person (liberalis, “worthy of a free person”). Astronomy, and Music, in that order. The concept A phrasing which should catch the attention of a of the quadrivium is also found in the writings of Mason. the Pythagoreans, Aristotle, and many other Greek Reviewing these philosophers including doc- and Roman philosophers. umentation of current research on the quadrivi- It was Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius um, not enough attention is paid to music. In fact (known as Boethius) (c. 480–525) a sixth-century it may be critical to many of the other arts and Christian philosopher of the late Roman period sciences, in particular arithmetic, grammar, and who brought the quadrivium to Roman education.2 rhetoric in ways few scholars, until very recently His concept of education was promoted by Magnus have considered. To illustrate this idea a look at Aurelius (c. 485–c. 585), a Roman statesman and the great minds who examined music will help us writer. Boethius translated most of the ancient understand its importance and place in human philosophers from Greek to Latin making the history. quadrivium concept available to the aristocracy Pythagoras is associated with a legend, later proved false, with discovering the idea of musical 4 Walter Benesch, MPS, is a Past Master tuning. According to the myth Pythagoras was of LaFayette-DuPont Lodge № 19, Free and listening to the sounds of blacksmith’s hammers. Accepted Masons of the District of Columbia. He noticed both consonance and dissonance when

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they were struck simultaneously. Hammer ‘A’ pro- Greek musical notation is different from our duced consonance with hammer ‘B’ when struck modern notation The Greeks divided the octave together. Hammer ‘C’ produced consonance with into more than 12 pitches, with a different symbol hammer A, but B and C produced dissonant sound. to each possible pitch. Adopting Pythagoras’ con- Another hammer ‘D’ produced perfect consonance cept they developed a system of consonance and with hammer A. They seemed to be “singing” the dissonance focusing on octaves, fifths and fourths same note. Hammers A and D were a ratio of the derived by dividing the octave into seven-pitch octave. Hammers B and C were a perfect fifth. Their scales of whole-steps and half-steps. It should ratios with hammer A were a perfect fourth. be noted a few twentieth-century composers at- Although the story of the hammers proved tempted to recreate the 12 tone scale. Most notable false, Pythagorus is credited with establishing of these was Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) who the concepts of dissonance and consonance along influenced many of the other 12 tone composers. with the harmony and ratio. Xenocrates (fourth Others who experimented the use of the 12-tone century BCE), said: “Pythagoras discovered that scale include Anton Webern (1883–1945, Alban the intervals in music do not come into being apart Berg (1885–1935), the conductor and composer from number; for they are an interrelation of quan- Pierre Boulez (1925–2016) and recently Charles tity with quantity. He set out to investigate under Wuorinen (1938–2020). what conditions concordant intervals come about, Music in the Middle Ages began as mono- and discordant ones, and everything well-attuned phonic chant, then around 1000 A.D., new types and ill-tuned.”5 This led to what is now known in of polyphony developed and gradually expanded Western music as the octave scale. in rhythm, harmony and texture until reaching Both Plato and Aristotle perceived instru- an extremely complex style in the late 1300s.6 mental music as inferior to music produced by A full assessment of Medieval music is difficult the human voice. Yet they promoted the use of because of the small amount of musical source a variety of percussion instruments (similar to material that has survived. What is most widely timpani, snare drum, tambourine and cymbals), known is the liturgical Gregorian chants, although wind instruments (such as the reeded aulos and there were other forms of chanting. The secular the Pan pipes), and plucked stringed instruments music of the Medieval Ages was brought to the (such as the psaltery, the harp, the lyre, and the people by the troubadours and minstrels,. They kithara) in attempts to immediate the voice. Instru- were most commonly found in southern France ments were often associated with a particular ethos but elsewhere too. They, who used song to portray (Lyre = Apollo/enlightenment; Aulos = Dionysus/ love, politics and presented dance music for the raucousness). Most Greek music was monophonic masses. This latter form of music is delightfully and transmitted by oral tradition leaving not re- displayed in Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s painting The cords. But some 50 fragmentary parchments show Peasant Dance, c. 1569. Bruegel loved to paint the examples of early notation and commentary on common man and has many canvasses devoted instrumental music. This indicates a link from to music, dance, and customs of his era. Greek to Roman instrumentation. The Renaissance saw a revitalization of learn-

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ing, commerce, exploration, scientific discovery, now make up the modern orchestra.7 and spectacular artistic achievements. Renais- The modern era is subdivided into various sance artists and philosophers sought to reconcile styles from Impressionist to Contemporary. Many theological practice with the new spirit of scien- composers feel a need to address cultural, social tific inquiry. The Protestant Reformation had a and political issues. Some of the most notable tremendous impact on Renaissance music. This include Philip Glass, and John Williams known religious rebellion was further solidified in 1534 for their film scores. Lutoslawski predicted a when King Henry VIII of England established his revolution in Poland in his cello concerto. Alan own church (Anglican). In the process of reform, Hovhaness, whose pieces never cease to amaze new churches gave rise to new types of sacred me, advocated for protection the environment music, and with so much turmoil in the church especially of whales in his “And God Made the scene, secular classical music began to revive its Great Whales” by incorporating the sounds of a sacred counterpart. Henry VIII was a composer humpback whale into the actual piece. Jennifer and produced some delightful pieces akin to the Higdon, who premiered a composition with the Minstrel dance traditions rather than the sacred. National Symphony just last year, is constantly The fifteenth and sixteenth Centuries led to promoting women composers living and deceased. some of the most important revelations in compo- As music advanced, scientists took notice of sition led by individuals such as: Josquin Desprez its importance. Darwin wondered if human love of (Flanders, c. 1440–1521) who established a beau- music might have ancient roots with other apes.8 tiful expressive sound with a constant changing He tested his idea with an orangutan in the London of textures in his motets and songs. Giovanni da Zoo but with no definitive results. In his book, Palestrina (Italy, c. 1524–1594) who worked in the The Descent of Man, Darwin looked at the musical Vatican and is considered a master of sacred music cadences in various species of animals and birds and developer of counter-point. Thomas Weelkes to attract females.9 He even noted that spiders can (c. 1575–1623) and Thomas Tallis (c. 1505–1585) two be attracted by music. Is this carried over into hu- of England’s great composers who both advanced man courtship ceremonies? The old troubadours the various styles of music also were instrumen- would have thought so. Darwin wondered if the tal (pun intended) in advancing both styles and development of common speech was enhanced varieties in the use of varied instruments. Tallis by the cadences and rhythms. He speculated that patented and published music with the help of the basis for the development of language in our William Byrd. This transformed the printed forms ancestors may have been the cadence and rhythms of music scores from the hand written sheets of found in music. If this is the case music would en- early music into a slightly more recognizable form. hance the development of rhetoric and grammar The Baroque period of music produced more in human evolution.10 recognizable modes of music for our modern ears. Returning to the quadrivium, it can be found The Classical and Romantic eras were enhanced that music has been related to arithmetic, possible with the creation of new musical instruments linguistic development which was a prerequisite from the piano, to the clarinet and others which to the development of grammar and rhetoric.

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This links music to three of the other six arts and were not exposed (control group) to the music in sciences. Yet Pythagoras considered the heavenly the hospital wards.11 “music of the spheres” as part of the understanding It has been repeatedly seen that infants re- of the workings of the universe and the movements spond to musical rhythms.12 They will clap and of the planets, a link to astronomy. move in time with the beats of the music being Galileo and other astronomers of the Renais- heard. As the children grow, children exposed to sance used arithmetic and geometry to tracking music training beginning before the age of 7 show of the stars and planets in establishing the Helio- greater capability to learn and retain language.13 centric theory for our solar system. Pythagoras, The rhythm of the language becomes more in- Galileo and others saw either a direct or indirect grained in the plasticity of the brain which is still link between music and astronomy. These theories in the development stage.14 This was demonstrated connect music to all the other arts and science as in my own older daughter who was exposed to clas- seen in history. But modern science has carried sical music before birth and given violin lessons this much further. before her seventh birthday. Her linguistics, math, A question can be asked: what is the value of and scientific abilities greatly exceeded those of music beyond the enjoyment of listening to it? As a her playmates. It is strongly felt the foundation in former social worker with a speciality in early child- early music exposure resulted in her M.D. degree hood development, I promoted the idea of having and as a doctor in an emergency ward in California. classical, particularity Bach and Mozart (a Mason) to In a recent exchange she confirmed the use of mu- be played to infants. The regular patterns found in sic in her ER ward helps patients relax and recover music emulate the basic structure of mathematics thereby increasing the chances of survival.15 which are then ingrained into the developing brain. Other benefits of music can be seen in with In the 1990s, cognitive research found that young physical and mental therapy. Playing relaxing test subjects performed better on spatial-temporal music decreased the need for anesthesia by 15% for tasks when exposed to a Mozart sonata. Such tem- patients going into surgery.16 The hip replacement poral reasoning would aid in the development of surgery is a prime example. When the patient mathematical capabilities later in life. was exposed to the relaxing music, the amount Recent studies show music has a much greater of anesthesia needed was significantly lower than positive impact on humans than realized before the patients not exposed to music. This would improve turn of this century. For both the prenatal fetus and the rate of recovery and lower the risks associated in neonatal intensive care units, those units which with the use of anesthesias.17 have music playing in the background helped Stroke victims exposed to music in the 3rd the infants sleep better. This lowered stress and to 6th month (no effect prior to the 3rd month) is attributed for 30% increase in greater growth post stroke therapy have superior cognitive and compared to the control group wherein no music mood measures. Most importantly it decreases was played. The growth was seen in both the phys- stress. Music was able to increase the sprouting ical body and brain development. The musically of axons and dendrite branching on both sides of exposed infants were released before infants who the brain of these patients. This was also found in

72 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters The Importance of Music among the Arts and Sciences

Alzheimer’s victims and aided in the recovery of Notes long term memory.18 1 Proclus, A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s Ele- ments, xii, trans. Glenn Raymond Morrow. (Princeton: Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) has proved Princeton University Press, 1992), 29–30. to be more effective than speech therapy in patients 2 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy online. suffering from aphasia and stroke. The neural 3 William Harris Stahl & Richard Johnson, Martianus plasticity is enhanced through use of music in Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts (New York: Columbia the forms of songs.19 It facilitates the changing University Press, 1977). 4 “A Feeling for Harmony” on http://legacy.earlham.edu. of the brain structure by increasing white matter 5 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy at: http://plato. structure in several regions. What is remarkable is stanford.edu. patients who are unable to produce normal speech 6 Benjamin Hollis, “Pre-Renaissance Music: The Evolu- are able to express themselves through song. tion of Instruments and Theory.” https://method-be- hind-the-music.com/history/history/. When applied to Parkinson’s, music with a 7 To hear various examples, visit https://www.musicnotes. beat help patients with motor disorders through com/now/news/musical-periods-the-history-of-classi- rhythmic auditory stimulation.20 Both the veloc- cal-music/. ity and stride gate saw significant improvements 8 Anivruddh Patel, Music and the Brain, The Great Courses (dvd) (The Teaching Company, 2015). when music is applied during physical therapy.21 9 Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man (London: J. Murray, Patients move with increased fluidly when music 1871). was played in the background. But this goes be- 10 Honing, H. “Structure and Interpretation of Rhythm yond walking. Other forms of motor functions in in Music.” The Psychology of Music, 3rd Ed. (London: Parkinson’s patients improve when accompanied Elsevier, 2013). 11 A. D. Patel, Music, Language and the Brain (New York: with music. This included hand and eye coordi- Oxford University Press, 2008). nation. 12 S. C. Herholz & R. J. Zatorre, “Music Training as a Of the arts and sciences the Mason learns Framework for Brain Plasticity: Behavior, Function about in our ceremonies, music is the last on the and Structure.” Neuron 76 (2012), 486–502. 13 S. Moreno, C. Marques, A. Santos, M. Santos, S.L. list and usually overlooked. Yet music has been Castro, & M. Besson, “Musical Training Influences considered a critical form of art from ancient times, Linguistic Abilities in 8 Year-Old Children: More Ev- through the Enlightenment and into the modern idence for Brain Plasticity.” Cerebral Cortex 19 (2009), era. Few are aware of the real impact music can 712–23. 14 C.J. Steele, J. A. Bailey, R. J. Zatorre & V. B. Penhune, and does have on mental development and health, “Early Music Training and White-Matter Plasticity in physical growth, and in the recovery of brain ail- the Corpus Callosum: Evidence for a Sensitive Period.” ments such as stroke and Alzheimer’s. Based upon Journal of Neuroscience 33(2013), 1282–90. a closer examination it appears the one particular 15 P. N. Justin, “From Everyday Emotions to Aesthetic art / science which is a part of our Masonic cere- Emotions: Towards a Unified Theory of Musical Emo- tions.” Physics of Life Reviews 10 (2013), 235–66.( monies may have a far greater consequence than 16 S. Koelsch, “Brain Correlates of Music-Evoked Emo- most are aware of. tions.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 15 (2014), 170–80. 17 Ibid. 18 A. Vanstone & L. Cuddy, “Musical Memory in Alzhei-

continued on page 83

Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 73 The Joseph Warren Tavern A Journey through Personal, Masonic, and Revolutionary History

W. Bruce Pruitt shares his personal quest to connect with Masonic history

he name of Joseph Warren is very reason for this narrative. It will bring us back to familiar to most Freemasons. The existence the Revolutionary period, and likely provide the T of an eating and drinking place dedicated reader with a new appreciation of Joseph Warren, to his memory, however, is much less well known, of other historic characters, and the early Scottish except perhaps to those members of the craft who Masons of the day. In either case, please enjoy live in the general Boston area. We “discovered” reading. that historic pub, The Joseph Warren Tavern during a driving tour of Boston at the end of a kind of Wickford and Quanset Point pilgrimage to New England from California. This Kristina was born in Rhode Island, while I was auto tour was conducted by a close friend and serving as an officer on an Essex class aircraft U.S. Navy companion who is a native of the area. carrier, the USS Tarawa (CVS-40). The ship was (More about him later) We refer to it as a “pilgrim- home ported at Quonset Point, Rhode Island Naval age” because the initial purpose for the trip was Air Station. The USS Essex (CV-9) was the first of for our oldest daughter, Kristina, to re-visit the 24 carriers of its design built in World War Two. It area where she had spent the first 9 months or so was the backbone of the Navy for much of the war. of her life. Her interest and curiosity about the More of that type were originally planned but were location had existed for several years. cancelled as the war progressed. A very new design It is hoped that the reader will find interest in in the USS Midway (CV-41) was commissioned in more than one kind of information. The first part 1945 but it did not see combat. It did, however of this report deals with some personal data. In it as serve for an unprecedented 47 years before being well there is a bit of history about World War II and docked in San Diego for all of us to appreciate. afterwards. The second part is primarily Masonic, Incidentally, noticing the designations CVS-40 likely the most significant subject and the main and CV-41 one can see that the Tarawa was the last Essex class launched, with Midway being the next construction. The designation (CVS) indicates that W. Bruce Pruitt, MPS, is a Past Master of Los Altos Lodge № 712, Free and Accepted Masons of the Tarawa’s mission was changed from launching California. attack aircraft to supporting 2-engine propeller

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types—and helicopters—for anti-submarine duty. Continuing the search, we were not successful Our trip to Rhode Island was actually planned to in finding the first house in which my wife and I take place in the fall about two years in advance, had a two-room apartment some 60-plus years ago. even recognizing that the weather could be un- It had been a large old farm house with a Hamilton pleasant at that time of the year. On the other Avenue address. Street names have been changed, hand, accommodations would be more available and very likely the original house has been re- then, plus it fit in our family schedules. Fortu- placed by development. We did find the most nately, the nice resort we reserved in Jamestown important dwelling to us, however. Kristina was was excellent. As expected the cold temperatures brought from the hospital back then to a duplex were indeed a record. One weather advantage at 2 Saratoga Road in East Greenwich. It was a part was, however, that it did not rain, and our warm of a housing development built during the war to coats did fine. We bedded in a Wyndham resort accommodate the influx caused by construction in Jamestown on the shore of Conanicut Island, of the navy base. It is still a nice area and we had the large island at the entrance of Narragansett fun taking pictures. We also enjoyed touring the Bay. There was a picturesque view we enjoyed, village of Wickford, its interesting houses, and the looking across the channel toward the U.S. Naval Old Narragansett Church (1707). Station at Newport, with the “new bridge” to the We purchased a chart of Narragansett Bay at right. The bridge between Jamestown and Newport Wickford that was created by a local artist and is I am calling “new” because it has been constructed very personally important to me since it is remi- since our living in Rhode Island. niscent of the many cruises I experienced in and Our first sightseeing day was quite successful. out of the bay. The ship would be steaming in the We found the South County Hospital in which Kris- channel between Jamestown and Newport, to or tina was born—quite a bit larger than before with from the Atlantic Ocean. My duty at that time a modern multi-level building. We drove around might seem mundane but it did have a purpose. the former naval bae, now used by several large There is a list of duties to be performed on every companies. The pier still exists, but now used by Navy ship during getting underway or returning a ferry and other commercial traffic. There were from sea. It is called the “special sea and anchor none of the elements of an operating navy base detail.” My job was to remain on the outer bridge remaining: commissary, exchange, service station, in order to relay, by radio, the commands given clubs (officer/chief/enlisted), Marine Corps guards, by the pilot to the tugs. Naturally there is a local etc. A bit spooky to yours truly. A Quonset Point pilot in control of every major vessel at this time. museum was advertised but could not be found Since the tugs were only needed at the pier, and (and was probably not open anyway). We did find the total transit in the bay would be about five the “Sea Bee” museum outside the base, contain- hours, I was sometimes actually employed less ing history of the WWII Construction Battalions than a half hour. In winter time the local Rhode who did so much outstanding work for the war Island pilots seemed to be very little affected by effort. Unfortunately it was closed for the season, the cold weather but I certainly was. (After all I as expected. grew up in the South.)

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were produced in Europe and delivered on site. To Newport, Rhode Island me, at the Breakers as well as the others that we On the second day of our trip we traveled over the visited, the most interesting and unusual items bridge to the lovely city of Newport. Because of were the ceilings. The dining room one in the its popularity as a summer vacation site for the Breakers was adorned with various panels filled wealthy folks in the late 19th century, some of the with paintings, gilt bronze, marble, and blue and most beautiful mansions in the world are found white moldings. One unique part of the Breakers there. In addition, many “normal sized” estates estate is the Children’s Play House, an attractive in Newport are extremely well cared for and the side building probably about 3000 – 4000 square homes could also be considered showplaces. We feet. That clearly indicates how much fun the kids first stopped at the visitor center where a good had when raised in those wealthy circumstances. selection of information was available, finding The second mansion we visited was the The Elms that only three of the major mansions were open built for Mr. & Mrs. Edward J. Berwind. They had at that time. That was fine, though, because that been living in a modest house for some years and number is about all one can adequately cover in in preparation for their mansion extended the one day. This was not my first visit to Newport. grounds to 14 acres. Berwind was from Philadel- I had the privilege of attending the Naval War phia, and was the largest supplier of coal to the College there for two weeks, quite a few years ago. merchant marine industry. He later expanded into We began at the largest and best known place shipping, docks, and railroads. He chose a different called The Breakers—one of the ten sites owned architect from Hunt in Horace Trumberger, and and operated by the Preservation Society of New- the Elms is very different from the other mansions. port County. To say that that “summer cottage” is It is described as “a model of classical symme- fabulous (as well as the other nine) is to state the try—windows balance doors, paintings answer obvious. They have been widely written about in paintings, and mirrors are positioned opposite books and brochures, all available at the various one another.” The ceiling of the drawing room souvenir shops, so it is not my intention to try of the Elms contains a painting, Dawn (1740) by to describe a lot of detail. They are large, they Dutch Master Jacob de Witt. The 10-acre grounds are colorful, they are comfortable, and they are are a carefully manicured park. When completed extremely intricate and fanciful. in 1901, it was introduced by a major gala and was The first Breakers was a large wooden struc- warmly accepted by society. ture purchased by Cornelius Vanderbilt II but it We were able to enjoy a tour of The Marble burned in 1892. Vanderbilt determined that the House before closing time, and it was my favorite. second must be made of stone, and it was designed It contains 500,000 cubic feet of marble and took by Robert Morris Hunt, who was responsible for a four years, finishing in 1892. Many of the inside number of the Newport mansions. Construction walls and trim are painted to look like marble. began in 1893 and finished in two years. It has It was designed by architect Hunt for Mrs. Wil- 70 rooms, many of them for use by the extensive liam Vanderbilt. Her bedroom is huge, and so is staff. Much of the material, even complete rooms, the bed. She and William divorced in 1895. Their

76 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters The Joseph Warren Tavern

daughter married the 9th Duke of Marlborough gence Reserve in those days. He is a fellow retired after meeting at the reception given in his honor. Captain; he lives part time in Arlington, Virginia, William moved away and the house was closed where he works on projects for different govern- for 18 years, opening again in 1908. After being ment agencies, and also retains his family home owned by Frederick Prince it was acquired by the in Dover, Massachusetts. We always get together Trust in 1963. A special attraction is the Chinese when I visit the D.C. area, and this time we were Tea House on the grounds, a favorite place for a fortunate to have him available to act as guide for break during open season. Kristina’s first look at Boston. We drove over to look at the Hunter House, an historic pre-Revolutionary place initially con- Boston, Massachusetts structed in 1748. It was also acquired by the Foun- We left early the next day, drove through Newport, dation when they were allowed to raise funds by and left Fred’s car at a convenience stop on highway borrowing the Breakers to show. It was occupied by 24. This day was filled with driving around Boston, a number of merchants, two governors, one ambas- looking at historic and Masonic sites, and includ- sador, and the commander of French naval forces ing lunch at the Joseph Warren Tavern, which is a during the Revolutionary War. The merchants back major part of this story. It is interesting that Fred then kept busy with up to 500 ships engaged in Reis and Joseph Warren have significant similar- the “Triangle Trade,” specifically molasses, rum, ities in background—both gentlemen graduated and slaves between Newport, the West Indies, and from both Roxbury Latin School and Harvard Col- Africa. lege. Fred is not a member of the Masonic fraternity There is historic information about another and is less familiar with Warren’s Masonic history very old Newport site named ”Hazard House” than with his political and government involve- which almost seems to be the same as the Hunter ment. He did know about the tavern, though and House. The literature is enough different, how- knew where it was located. He was an excellent ever, so I will have to resolve the issue at a later guide for all that area. date. We also thought about looking up The Old The other major locations that we drove to in- Vernon House on Clark Street, but time did not cluding the Bunker Hill Monument, (with a statue allow. It was the residence during the Revolution of J. Warren) Old South Meeting House, Old North of General Rochambeau. We needed time to enjoy Church, and Beacon Hill (posh residential area). a great sea food dinner at The Black Pearl, which When checking on the Grand Lodge it happened had been highly recommended. The building it- that we were on Trowbridge Street already so we self was worth the trip. It was unusually long and got a look at that building also. I had hoped to get narrow since it was formally used in the 1700’s for a tour of Old Ironsides with my Navy retirement laying out ship’s sails. ID, but the gates were locked and it was dark. We were joined in the late evening by my long It is appropriate to pause at this point and friend Fred Reis. Fred and I spent time together review some of the important information about years ago at Moffett Field Naval Air Station in Joseph Warren. He was born in 1741, and died California. We were active in the Navy Intelli- on June 17, 1775, at the Battle of Bunker Hill. As

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stated above, he graduated from Roxbury Latin British and it was not recognizable when later and Harvard, and also briefly taught at Roxbury exhumed. It was identified by a tooth that had School. One of the three statues of Joseph Warren been produced by Paul Revere. There are two other is on the grounds of Roxbury School, and there is a statues of Warren: one located at his final grave Joseph Warren Club with membership recognizing site at Forest Hill Cemetery, and a second within a contributions to the school above a certain level. park in the town of Warren, Pennsylania, named He became a practicing physician and also was for him. extremely involved in revolutionary politics with such people as John Hancock and Samuel Adams. The Joseph Warren Tavern He was appointed to the Boston Committee of Our luncheon at the Joseph Warren Tavern was Correspondence, and later President of the Mas- not only tasteful and filling but exciting to me as sachusetts Provincial Congress. He participated in a Mason. The building was originally built in 1780, the review and report on the “Boston Massacre.” A on No- 2 Pleasant St., Charlestown, Massachusetts. major accomplishment of his was the drafting of It was restored in 1972 along with four other close the Suffolk Resolves, which advocated and support- situated buildings. The inside is homey and com- ed the resistance to the laws passed by Parliament fortable, reminiscent of the kinds of meetings and against the colonies. Those resolves were adopted fellowship that would have been present when it by the Continental Congress. was frequented by Revere, Dawes, Hamilton, and Joseph Warren was made a Mason in St. An- Adams. I was particularly attracted to the floor. It drews Lodge No- 81 under the Grand Lodge of Scot- was a rich, chocolate brown color, shining after land, probably soon after its institution in 1756. years of polish. With the thick, wide planks, they Paul Revere was also a member and the two were certainly look to be part of the original construc- close friends. He was recorded as Master of the tion. The current ownership takes good care of the Lodge on 15 May, 1769 in a Grand Lodge record. provenance involved and we are not able here to He served as both Grand Master of Scottish Free- improve on the information they provide on an masonry and Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of attractive format. The following is a copy of the Massachusetts when it was formed. story they have available for interested customers: Warren served as a major general under the Provincial Congress. It could have been that posi- The Warren Tavern is thought to date c.1780. tion or that of Grand Master that gave him enough A 19th century Charlestown scholar described authority to order Paul Revere and William Dawes it as one of the finest buildings in the town to to conduct the famous warning of British troop’s be erected after the conflagration. Its large sign arrival. Warren joined the battle at Breed’s Hill but which swung from a high post bore on either insisted that command should be under General side a likeness of General Joseph Warren in his Israel Putnam whose commission was from the Masonic insignia as Grand Master of Masons. Continental Congress. He took a position as a Attached to the house was a large chamber that private and was killed by a shot in the head. His was afterwards called Warren Hall. body was almost completely demolished by the King Solomon’s Lodge, the first Masonic organiza-

78 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters The Joseph Warren Tavern

tion in Charlestown, was founded in the Warren Samuel F. B. Morse, the painter and inventor of Tavern in March 1786 when Dr. Bartlett delivered the wireless telegraph). the opening address which would be the first work ever printed in Charlestown. As we leave the discussion of the Warren Tav- Paul Revere, who had been a close friend of ern we should at least pay some respect to another General Warren, stated more than once that the important Masonic “watering hole,” the Green Warren Tavern was one of his favorite watering Dragon. That is, or was, depending on how you places, and as a Grand Master he presided over look at it, a significant part of Boston history for meetings of the Masonic Lodge there. Freemasons. The original Green Dragon was locat- In the autumn of 1789, when President George ed on Union Street in the North End of Boston. It Washington was visiting Boston, he came over to came into existence prior to 1700. It was a popular see his old friend Major Benjamin Frothingham meeting place for lodge gatherings, and was pur- and while there the two of them stopped at the chased by St. Andrews Lodge in 1766. Tradition has Warren Tavern for refreshments. it that several “secret” groups used the basement, After Washington’s death on 14th of Dec. 1799, mostly involved with revolutionary discussions a procession of mourners came to the Warren and planning. Some historians have called it the Tavern to hear a funeral oration given by the “Headquarters of the Revolution.” The building was Rev. Jedidiah Morse, minister of the First Church demolished in 1854. There is now a modern Green of Charlestown. (Rev. Morse was the father of continued on page 82

Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 79 The Masonic Library rooms full of books and artifacts that were put & Museum Association away for storage, often upwards of two hundred continued from page 49 years old. A few hours of help from the group of us be various activities planned to enjoy both at the not only made the rooms presentable and usable hosting location and surrounding attractions. for storage once again, but all us working together One of the more enjoyable curricular activities made doing the project easy, enjoyable, and more that became a tradition is assisting the hosting importantly, helped progress the museum. members in their museum and library after getting The MLMA is always looking for future host- a private tour. Last year, the meeting was held at ing locations. We encourage anyone interested in the Detroit Masonic Temple in Michigan, where Masonic libraries or museums, whether large or the Director, Rob Moore, was kind enough to give small—lodge libraries, Grand Lodges, or private the attendees a private tour of the largest Masonic collectors—to join the MLMA and help spread the building in the world. After the meeting, a large knowledge and joy we share of Freemasonry and group got together and helped clean overstocked the love we have for preserving history.

Clotworthy Stephenson the third floor of Masons Hall in Richmond to Clot- continued from page 59 worthy Stephenson and William Hodgson. These Astronomy, two volumes of The Laws of Maryland, Palladian arched framed niches are formed from three volumes of Martin’s Philosophy, a “Concor- a variation of the windows design by Inigo Jones. dance of the Bible,” and an edition of the works Jones’ styles developed during from early Renais- of Josephus.33 These items indicate an interest in sance designs of windows surrounds enhanced current news, history, law, astronomy, philosophy, with Roman versions of Ionic (East Structure) and and biblical interpretation. These interests, cou- Doric (Western Structure) columns, pilasters, and pled with the education that Masonic lodges may entablature. The surrounding structure imbues have offered in the seven liberal arts and related the framed semi-domed niche or conch with the ideas, provided a sound foundation for personal foundational elements of architecture. A visual growth and enlightenment.34 comparison of the hand-carved woodworking Records indicate that Stephenson entered into elements, brick and stone work at Masons Hall local fraternal relations in Richmond sometime and the capitol yields undeniable similarities be- in the middle of 1787. After a number of years of tween the unified elements at Masons Hall and the attendance at Richmond Lodge No- 10 and Rich- separated elements from throughout the capitol mond Randolph No- 19, he became a member of building. Both places exemplify consistent colonial Richmond Randolph No- 19. A paper written in woodworking pieces of superior craftsmanship, 1994 by Sumpter T. Priddy III and Martha C. Vick utility, duration, and beauty. titled The Work of Clotworthy Stephenson, William Edmund Randolph is the architect of Mason Hodgson, and Henry Ingle in Richmond, Virginia, Hall and was “spread thin” by the public building 1787–1806, attributes two ornate wood canopies on project—by 1786 brother and friend John Marshall

80 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters lent a hand in getting the Masons Hall project to the commonwealth. Stephenson’s civil and completed. Unfortunately, building records from private participation endowed southern archi- the Masons Hall have not been located but oral tecture and engineering with artistic charm and history and private records of the Masonic lodges beauty, enhancing the rapidly developing city- show regular attendance by Edmund Randolph, scape. And standing among the brethren of his John Marshall, and Clotworthy Stephenson. This lodge by George Washington’s side at the Masonic corroborates a higher level of lodge involvement, dedication ceremony for the cornerstone of the planning, and leadership than most others. U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., on Wednes- As the chief designer of Masons Hall, Randolph day, September 18, 1793, Clotworthy Stephenson presumably employed some of the workmen of witnessed world history before his eyes. Born on the public building scheme. It is likely that work the other side of the Atlantic, he truly embraced slowdowns and stoppages during the construction his identity as a citizen of the American republic of the capitol led to an inconsistent paycheck. and as a true son of Virginia. Workmen must have acquired additional projects and commissions to supplement their income. Notes Stephenson and a portion of the civil campus con- 1 Ann Martha Rowen, Irish Architectural Archives. 2 Stephenson was made a Master Mason on May 5, 1785, tractors visited Richmond Lodge No- 10 between at Temple of Fame Lodge No 491, in Belfast, Ireland. 35 - 1786 and 1791. These contractors likely met for 3 Dublin Weekly Journal, June 26,1725. social reasons, but planning the improvements to 4 Henry Campbell Black, Black’s Law Dictionary, 5th ed. Masonic Hall or the capitol campus project would (St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1979), 879 (in loc., “master”). not likely have been far from their minds. The 5 Edward Conder, Records of the Hole Crafte and Fellow- ship of Masons: With a Chronicle of the History of the contractors who are attributed to both projects are Worshipful Company of Masons of the City of London Edward Voss (a brick maker/stone worker) and (London: Swan, Sonnenschein & Co., 1894), 29, 56. William Hodgson (a carpenter) and Clotworthy 6 Shawn Eyer, “Light and Instruction: The Educational Stephenson. Masons Hall has since become an icon Duties of the Worshipful Master.” Philalethes: The Journal of Masonic Research and Letters 72(2019): of colonial architecture, woodworking, and engi- 138–46. https://scholar.harvard.edu/seyer/publica- neering. More information is available from the tions/light-and-instruction-educational-duties-wor- Masons’ Hall 1785, a 501(c)(3) charitable foundation shipful-master that is raising funds for the temple’s restoration. 7 G.A. Cohen, Self-ownership, Freedom and Equality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Clotworthy Stephenson’s civil and private Secondary observations from https://seop.illc.uva.nl/ work associations led to opportunity experience entries/property/. and reputation as skillful builder and Freema- 8 Library and Museum of the Grand Lodge of Ireland, son. This Irish Masters woodworking beautified untitled handout, 1–2. o and adorned the Thomas Jefferson capitol vision, 9 Approved for membership in Lodge N- 3, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, June 20, 1786. Masons Hall and the Richmond community. His 10 March 13,1787 visit to Richmond Lodge No- 10; minutes commitment to becoming a citizen of the United of Richmond Lodge No- 10, Grand Lodge of Virginia; States and his participationin the fraternal com- private archives. munity left an indelible mark of commitment 11 The Virginia State Capitol [Pamphlet], A Home for

Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 81 Virginia’s General Assembly, December 2017, Rich- March 1786, ed. Robert A. Rutland & William M. E. mond Virginia, top left section. Rachal (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 12 Kimball Fiske, The Capitol of Virginia: A Landmark of 1973), 148–49.]; “Maj. Andrew Dunscomb (ca. 1758– American Architecture (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 1802), a native New Yorker and Revolutionary veteran, 2002), 3. succeeded Zephaniah Turner when in Aug. 1783 the 13 Kimball, The Capitol of Virginia, 19. latter resigned as the confederation commissioner 14 Thomas Jefferson Randoph, ed.Memoirs, Correspon- appointed to settle accounts with Virginia. Later dence, and Private Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Late Pres- settling in Richmond, Dunscomb from 1792 to 1795 ident of the United States (London: Henry Colburn & served successively as common councilman, alder- Richard Bentley, 1829), 1:273. man, auditor-treasurer, and mayor (Virginia Gazette, 15 Timeline of Receipts and Work Orders recorded for May 8, 1782, vi: “Records of the Common Hall,” 2 and by Clotworthy Stephenson, 1788–1790 (Library MS. vols., 1:254, 273; 2:7; Madge Goodrich, “Mayors of Virginia archives). of Richmond,” typescript, 11–12; Andrew H. Christian, 16 Receipts and Work Orders recorded for and by Clot- Jr., A Brief History of the Christian, Dunscomb, and Duval worthy Stephenson, 1788–1790 (found in a folder of Families [Richmond, 1909]).” See also Receipts and loose filings at the Library of Virginia), May 30, 1789. Work Orders, September 4, 1788. 17 Receipts and Work Orders, September 4, 1788. 29 Receipts and Work Orders, June 15, 1789 & January 18 Receipts and Work Orders, September 4, 1788. 18, 1791. 19 Receipts and Work Orders, September 8, 1789. 30 Receipts and Work Orders, September 3, 1794. The 20 Receipts and Work Orders, December 15, 1789. ad Reads: “Brick House, formerly occupied by the 21 Receipts and Work Orders, January 17, 1790. subscriber, 36 by 26, two stories High, a good day 22 Receipts and Work Orders, January 11, 1790. kitchen in the cellar, with two lock rooms, a garret 23 Receipts and Work Orders. 1789 Maintenance receipt completed with a fire-place, and fire-place in each for a variety of Public Buildings in Richmond. room in every story.” 24 Receipts and Work Orders, February 4, 1790. 31 August 28, 1787, “Clotworthy Stevenson, house joyner, 25 Receipts and Work Orders, December 13, 1790 residing from Ireland, this day declared [illegible] 26 The Fralin Museum of Art University of Virginia in Court that he intends to reside within this Com- Online Exhibit; http://embark2.eservices.virginia.edu/ monwealth, and also took the Oath of Fidelity to the Art4022?sid=6&x=20799. Commonwealth in Order to entitle himself to the 27 Mark Greenoug, historian and tour supervisor, Notes rights of the City.” on the Virginia Capitol’s interior woodworking. 32 Subscription July 1789, Richmond, Virginia. 28 To James Madison from Andrew Dunscomb, No- 33 Book listed as auctioned items so as to settlement of vember 24, 1784, Founders Online, National Archives, his estate, Washington D.C., 1819–1820. accessed April 11, 2019, https://founders.archives.gov/ 34 Michael Hoskin, The Cambridge Concise History of documents/Madison/01-08-02-0078. [Original source: Astronomy, 74–75 The Papers of James Madison, vol. 8, 10 March 1784 – 28 35 Edward Voss, Bricklayer.

The Joseph Warren Tavern on “how it was” in olden days of the Craft. continued from page 79 The reference above to George Washington Dragon located at 11 Marshall Street. Although it and Benjamin Frothingham (1734–1809) opens bears no actual connection to the first, it at least up another avenue for study. I think it is worth- gives tribute to the fraternal and political character while including a few bits of information here. of the older one. Consequently there is no reason A brief research revealed that Benjamin was also why Masons can’t go there, lift a glass, and dwell a member of King Solomon’s Lodge, and would

82 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters have been a friend of Warren, Revere, etc. He was 26 The headquarters of the Société Théosophique in a cabinetmaker, designer and producer of fine fur- Paris were requisitioned by the Germans and became niture. Richard Frothingham (1812–1880) probably the centre of an antimasonic organisation. After the war, the archives retrieved in this building revealed Benjamin’s grandson, wrote a book—The Life and that 170,000 persons had been put on file, including Times of Joseph Warren—based on Warren’s diary 60,000 Masons. 6,000 persons in France had been and records. He was the managing editor of the arrested as Masons, 549 were shot or died in deporta- Boston Globe newspaper and wrote several books tion, four were decapitated (with an axe, the German way), and 989 were deported to concentration camps. dealing with the revolution and people involved 27 Vallery-Radot was an active anti-Semite. He was a therein. He served as Mayor of Charlestown and close relative of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur. a member of the Massachusetts House of Repre- 28 There were no less than five antimasonic services sentatives. in Paris: 1) Bernard Faÿ’s Comité anti judéo-maçon- A review of the descendants of both Joseph nique, at the Grand Orient Building, rue Cadet. 2) Mar- quès-Rivière’s own service, rue Greffulhe. 3) Com- Warren and Benjamin Frothingham will find a missioner Moerschel’s service, square Rapp, in the large group of extremely capable and successful building of the Société Théosophique. 4) The Centre individuals, especially in the medical field. d’action et de documentation of Henri Coston, rue In conclusion, it is hoped that at least some Puteaux, in the building of the Grande Loge de France, rue Puteaux. 5) The German service, avenue Foch, in part of this narrative has been of interest to the the building of the former Canadian Embassy. reader. My experience writing it has been an 29 This fascist propaganda film is available and may be enjoyable journey through personal history and viewed at The Internet Archive at https://archive.org/ memorable activities in Freemasonry. details/FORCESOCCULTES.

The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy The Importance of Music continued from page 68 among the Arts and Sciences continued from page 73 17 “The occult power of Freemasonry.” 18 “Freemasonry according to its secret documents.” mer’s Disease.” Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition 19 “The SDN (League of Nations) as a super-Masonic 17 (2009), 108–28. State.” 19 Herholz & Zatorre, “Music Training.” 20 “French Revolutionary spirit in France and the USA 20 S. McAdams, “Musical Timbre Perception.” In The towards the end of the eighteenth century.” Psychology of Music, 3rd ed., 35–68 (London: Elsevier, 21 “Freemasonry and the intellectual revolution at the 2013). end of the nineteenth century.” 21 G. Schlaug, “Musicians and Music Making as a Model 22 “American Civilization.” for the Study of Brain Plasticity.” Progress in Brain 23 The Germans and the Vichy government created a Research 217 (2015), 37–55. large number of institutes, committees, etc., to pro- duce as many publications and lectures as feasible on anti-Masonry and antisemitism. This conveniently provided lucrative positions to many Collaborateurs. 24 Pierre-Andre Taguieff, “L’Invention du «complot judeo-maconnique».” Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah 198(2013), 135. 25 No relation with François Coty.

Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 83

In Review

with an emphasis on the late nineteenth and early twentieth century period sometimes called the “golden era” of fraternalism. Symbols in the Wilder- ness: Early Masonic Survivals in Upstate New York, is focused upon the surviving material culture of Freemasonry in a specific and crucial region of the United States—upstate New York having been the epicenter of the anti-Masonic movement, as a result of whose influence many lodges were closed and their items in some cases lost. The authors have excellent qualifications for this work. Joscelyn Godwin is professor of music at Colgate University, and a leading scholar in the ac- Symbols in the Wilderness: Early ademic study of esotericism. Christian Goodwillie Masonic Survivals in Upstate New York is the Director and Curator of Special Collections Joscelyn Godwin and Archives at Hamilton College’s Burke Library. & Christian Goodwillie The work was supported by grants from Colgate University. Symbols in the Wilderness is admirably Richard W. Couper Press, 2016 produced, with photography by Marianita Peaslee, ISBN 978-1-937370-21-3 (paper) digital imagery specialist at Hamilton College, 181 pages, $35 US reproduced in full color throughout. The study originated when a “chance architec- cademic study of Freemasonry con- tural encounter” brought Mr. Goodwillie’s atten- tinues to grow, the appearance of valu- tion to a rural Masonic temple in Oneida County. Aable books on Masonic material culture Later, he learned that the lodge possessed a beauti- has increased. For example, As Above, So Below: ful painting (featured on the cover of this edition) Art of the American Fraternal Society, 1850–1930 used to teach the philosophy of Freemasonry using by Lynne Adele and Bruce Lee Webb (published symbols alluding to “Biblical antiquity, alchemy, by the University of Texas Press and reviewed in Neo-Platonism and its Renaissance revival, and Philalethes, vol. 69, pp. 39–40) presented a survey the Rosicrucianism of the seventeenth century. of fraternal artifacts spanning numerous orders, What was this elegantly executed mash-up of

84 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters In Review

western religious and occult iconography doing territory made all the more obscure by the fact in a wooden building in the countryside of New that the authors are looking, as it were, from the York ca. 1815? Who was looking at it? What insights outside in. The section has merit, but also some were they trying to gain by doing so?” Following defects. For example, the discussion on the sym- up on this led him to partner with Prof. Godwin bolism of the Letter G (p. 41) is based too much to develop this valuable survey. upon secondary sources and theories. As such, Symbols in the Wilderness commences with a the meaning of the symbol is described in a way concise history of the arrival of Craft Freemasonry that is disconnected from the common Masonic in upstate New York, followed by a fascinating experience, and—most importantly—in a manner account of the identifiable meeting places of the that conflicts with what would have been the ideas Fraternity during its early years in the region. This of the Masons of New York during the specific time is an outstanding contribution of the understand- period under consideration. A better method to ing of Masonic life during that area and period. connect with the past would be to examine primary The next chapter, on the symbolism of tracing documents and contemporary literature dealing boards and degree charts, wades into esoteric with that symbolism. Later, in the final chapter, a

Masonic chart (ca. 1826), Pulaski, New York. This survived only by being hidden during the anti-Masonic period.

Volume seventy-Three • Number Two 85 In Review

similar problem arises when an excellent discus- valuable glimpse into the values and ideas of the sion of symbolism is marred by a reliance upon early New York Masons. Mackey’s Encyclopædia as primary source for the In some ways, Symbols in the Wilderness is in content of Preston’s lectures of two generations the vein of the five volumes on The Masonic Halls past, leading to some mistaken points about the of England and Wales by Neville Barker Cryer. The development of the symbolism of the Pillars of ability to compare and contrast the architecture, the Lodge. However—by both definition and de- artwork, and other items preserved by these lodges sign—Masonic symbolism is a thorny subject, and presents opportunities for future research. Stud- overall the descriptions given by the authors are ies like Symbols in the Wilderness are essential to insightful and communicate well the philosophical furthering our understanding of the lived experi- dimensions of the lodges being studied. ence of Freemasons in different time periods, and Next are a series of detailed explorations of provide essential context for the literary products three Masonic lodges in Oneida, Cayuga, and On- that tend to attract the majority of research. ondaga counties. This is the most valuable part of By making the rich visual record of Freema- the text, and is made vivid by the color photographs sonry in upstate New York accessible to researchers of dozens of lodge paintings, artifacts, and archi- for the first time, Godwin and Goodwillie have tectural details. Extremely welcome, and given as provided a magnificent service to all scholars. an appendix, is a 1797 oration given on the Feast Symbols in the Wilderness is highly recommended of St. John the Baptist to Western Star Lodge No- 15 to all serious students of Masonic culture. by Daniel Perkins. Material like this provides a Reviewed by Shawn Eyer, FPS Editor’s Remarks

s we approach the Feast of Saint John are currently five sections of this class operating. the Baptist, we continue to find ourselves In each session, we explore an early Masonic text Ain challenging times, amid a worldwide and discuss its meaning and connections. There pandemic that has curtailed most in-person may be details in the next issue of Philalethes, if Masonic activity. As noted in the prior edition, space is available. To learn more, contact me at Freemasons have accordingly been participating my academic account, [email protected]. in the widespread Masonic education programs As this edition went to press, we learned of taking place online. If there was ever a silver lin- the passing of a highly esteemed scholar: Brother ing to an unfortunate situation, the explosion of Wallace McLeod, FPS. He was truly one of the interest in learning more about the history and Philalethes Society’s most prolific writers and one traditions of Freemasonry would likely qualify. of Freemasonry’s greatest academics. Our next For my part, two months ago I began to offer issue will carry a suitable tribute to him. Though online mentoring in early Masonic literature. The his working tools are now laid down, his contri- format is similar to a graduate seminar, and there butions to Masonic research belong to the ages.

86 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research & Letters voices of the fellows Robert I. Clegg, FPS 1866–1931

he very word initiation, if it means anything, means education. By initiation we learn. By T education we are also instructed. Initiation indicates individual training. There is no initiation by proxy among Freemasons. We get it ourselves or we don’t get it at all. We have it conferred or communicated. We follow guides. But we are not initiated by merely seeing or hearing or feeling even if the eye, the ear, the hand, are intimately concerned with Freemasons and Freemasonry. Brain and heart are the principal elements in Masonic education. Knowledge deeply founded in the heart and wisdom exhibited by the mind are essentials to the Freemason. Without these he falters and falls in his Freemasonry, with them he soars in the spiritual realm. This Freemasonry of ours is not just another secret Order in which to claim membership and accumulate degrees. None other compares with it. The history of its progress, the caliber of its real initiates past and present, the peculiar and significant methods of its operation, and its universal exposition through the centuries in all the four corners of the globe, are abundant and convincing testimonies to its unique and surpassing worth among all human agencies for good. Next to the Church of God it stands secure. For those anxious ever to put upon us in any Brother Clegg was an Englishman who became a U.S. citizen particular the customs and trappings of any other in 1891. He was initiated at age 39 in Cleveland’s Tyrian Lodge organization there is but one thing to say: Hands No- 370. He is best known for his revisions of Albert G. Mackey’s off! Initiation to the negligent may become but a dim works, including the Encyclopædia, Symbolism of Freemasonry and memory, the solemn obligations feebly remembered Jurisprudence. Although he is an original Fellow of the Society, he as to substance, but may we not hope for recollection is not numbered with “the forty” owing to his death in 1931. His enough to maintain a fervent respect, a heartwarming obituary described him as “The Friend of All the World, Master of love, and some pride of possession for every brother the Veils.” Henry F. Evans fps described him as “probably the best in the enjoyment of his affiliation. We all need at least posted and best read member of the Fraternity in English speaking to be reminded. Such is Masonic education. lands. He loved the Ritual—not only for its teachings, but also for robert ingham clegg its literary charm. I am blessed by being a personal friend of his, The Nature of Masonic Education as well as sitting at the feet of the Gamaliel of the Craft.” Volume seventy-Three • Number1928 Two 87 The Philalethes Society 2501 Highway 37 Hibbing, MN 55746 USA

ELECTRONIC SERVICE REQUESTED

ON THE COVER Tracing Board of Western Star Lodge N-o 15

Although it has often been claimed that no American tracing boards existed, in reality there are many surviving examples of such boards. A recent book, Symbols in the Wilderness by Joscelyn Godwin and Christian Goodwillie, demonstrates that many of the older lodges in upstate New York indeed possessed or used to possess such items. Western Star Lodge was established in Oneida County, New York, in 1797. Addressing the lodge on the Feast of St. John the Baptist, Daniel Perkins said “Let me congratulate you, Brethren, on being formed into a regular Lodge, for the purpose of diffusing the scientific Art of Masonry . . . . [a]nd may we ever have the pleasing satisfaction, to behold our work prospering in our hands; our fabrick shining with transparent brightness—and may it be viewed with as much admiration, as the Temple of Solomon was by the Queen of Sheba.” 88 philalethes • The Journal of Masonic Research &For Letters more information about Symbols in the Wilderness, please see the review on page 84. Photo by Marianita Peaslee