Inner Mind As Outer Self: Addressing Problems of Proof Relating to Mens Rea Through the Literary Figure of the Double in Gothic Fiction by Barbara Elin Hughes-Moore
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Inner Mind as Outer Self: Addressing Problems of Proof relating to Mens Rea through the Literary Figure of the Double in Gothic Fiction By Barbara Elin Hughes-Moore A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Law and Politics, Cardiff University March 2020 For my family i Abstract In formulating a test for determining the defendant’s state of mind at the time of an offence, criminal courts have struggled to maintain a coherent and consistent approach. Located in the context of Law and Literature, which uses literary tools in analysing, understanding and shaping legal thought and action, my research explores problems of proof in criminal law, and the law’s relationship with the internal mind, through the literary figure of the double. Specifically, I will be looking at doubles in Gothic fiction from the nineteenth century, a time which struggled to understand the guilty psyche and personified the internal mind as an external being. By utilising Gothic doubles as a new way of reading doctrinal and theoretical debates regarding mens rea, my thesis aims to prove that doubles in Gothic fiction, specifically in Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus and The Picture of Dorian Gray, can be read as external manifestations of the internal mind; as representations of the criminal law of the nineteenth century which was in the process of developing mens rea. Ultimately, my research aims to provide new and unique ways of engaging with concepts of gender, character and the divide between subjective and objective approaches in cases of recklessness. ii Acknowledgments They say that it takes a village to raise a child, and it’s fair to say that the same can be applied to completing a doctorate. To be surrounded by such constant support is to be truly blessed, so my deepest thanks go first to my inspiring, superlative supervisors, Professors John Harrington and Ambreena Manji. Their constant care in developing my thoughts into a thesis and myself into a researcher is matched only by their generosity of spirit and boundless kindness – this project would not have been possible without them. Many thanks to everyone at Cardiff School of Law and Politics, from the academic and administrative staff to my fellow PGRs. I’m particularly indebted to Professor Jiří Přibáň, Dr Roxanna Dehaghani, Annette Morris, Professor Anthony Mandal and Professor Sune Auken for their invaluable help and guidance. During my PhD I have been fortunate enough to teach on the Evidence Law module, so my so my thanks go to Professor Stewart Field, Michael Edwards, and Dr Holly Greenwood for making my first ever teaching experience a wonderfully rewarding one. To all the friends in Cardiff and beyond who have inspired, motivated and encouraged me, I’m forever grateful – especially to Jordan Hirst, who is all of the Crystal Gems in one. Lastly, but most importantly of all, I thank my family for their undying, unyielding, and untiring support not only throughout the writing of this at-times-seemingly- insurmountable thesis, but throughout my entire life. I would not be where, or who, I am today without these incredible people and a lifetime of their unconditional love and inexhaustible faith. To Mum, Aggy, Grandma, Grandpa Peter and Grandpa Johnny Moore: for all you have sacrificed, for all you have taught me, for all you have fought for – this one’s for you. iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ iii Chapter I: Introduction – Inner Mind as Outer Self ........................................................ 1 1.1) Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2) Theory and Methodology .................................................................................... 2 1.3) Justifications for Research .................................................................................. 4 1.4) Thesis Overview ................................................................................................. 6 Chapter II: Problems of Proof Relating to Mens Rea ..................................................... 9 2.1) Introduction ......................................................................................................... 9 2.2) Criminal Law: General Overview ....................................................................... 10 2.3) Problem One: Character ................................................................................... 17 2.3.1) History of character .................................................................................... 17 2.3.2) The end of character .................................................................................. 18 2.3.3) The return of character ............................................................................... 19 2.4) Problem Two: The Subjective/Objective Divide in Recklessness ...................... 31 2.4.1) A problematic balancing act between subjective and objective approaches: the general debate................................................................................................ 32 2.4.2) Recklessness: an overview ........................................................................ 33 2.5) Problem Three: Provocation and Loss of Control .............................................. 38 2.5.1) Gendering the reasonable person .............................................................. 38 2.5.2) The partial defence of provocation: a gendered critique ............................. 42 2.5.3) The new law: loss of control ....................................................................... 47 2.5.4) Critique of loss of control ............................................................................ 48 iv 2.6) Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 50 Chapter III: Law and Literature as Methodology .......................................................... 52 3.1) Introduction....................................................................................................... 52 3.2) Law and Literature: An Overview ...................................................................... 53 3.2.1) Law in literature .......................................................................................... 57 3.2.2) Law as literature ......................................................................................... 58 3.2.3) Legal intertextuality .................................................................................... 60 3.3) Criticism of Law and Literature: Particularised and Generalised Critique .......... 62 3.3.1) Critique of law in literature .......................................................................... 62 3.3.2) Critique of law as literature ......................................................................... 65 3.3.3) Ransacking the remote: the critical view ..................................................... 67 3.3.4) Enriching our understanding: the orthodox defence .................................... 68 3.3.5) From ‘literature as integrity’ to ‘literature as interrogation’: ‘law through literature’ and the new critical turn ........................................................................ 69 3.4 Using Law and Literature to Analyse Problems of Proof in Mens Rea................ 76 3.4.1) Using literature to critique and destabilise criminal law ............................... 77 3.4.2) Using literature to historicise the criminal law ............................................. 81 3.4.3) Using literature to critique and historicise mens rea .................................... 83 3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 86 Chapter IV: Doubles in Gothic Fiction ......................................................................... 89 4.1) Introduction....................................................................................................... 89 4.2) Gothic Fiction ................................................................................................... 90 4.2.1) The genre of Gothic fiction ......................................................................... 91 v 4.2.2) A chronological overview of Gothic fiction ................................................... 95 4.2.3) Law as Gothic ........................................................................................... 100 4.3) Doubles Fiction: Conceptualising the Literary Double ..................................... 105 4.3.1) Origins: the double in mythology, folklore and history ............................... 106 4.3.2) Haunting the text: doubles in literature ...................................................... 108 4.3.3) The double as the unconscious self: an overview of the psychoanalytic perspective ......................................................................................................... 112 4.3.4) The Double in nineteenth century Gothic fiction ........................................ 114 4.3.5) Doubles fiction and mens rea ................................................................... 122 4.4) Justifying My Choice of Texts ........................................................................