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Life in the Archipelago Special Section

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Life in the Archipelago Special Section Guest editors: BALTIC Paulina Rytkönen & Nadir Kinossian WORLDSLife in the Archipelago Special section: Introduction. The Baltic Sea Region Archipelagos and Islands: Conditions and challenges oday, the Baltic Sea is an inter- in the BSR have become decimated and narrow resource base, costly exports nal sea in the European Union tourism has become one of the key eco- and imports (as transportation costs are characterized by diverse nomic activities. higher to and from islands), economic T geographies of its coastal vulnerability to the fluctuations of the areas, islands, and many archipelagos, THIS SPECIAL ISSUE deals with a number world market prices, higher risks of located near the Finnish West coast and of questions related to the livelihoods of natural disasters, and small labor pools the Swedish East coast. Historically, people, economic conditions, challenges with limited availability of skilled labor the Baltic Sea has played an important and opportunities for SME’s located on or highly educated specialists. Thus, for role in the development of shipping and the archipelagoes and islands of the BSR. islanders, emigration often becomes a trade between East and West, South While some local conditions, problems, solution for the mentioned challenges and North of the region. The islands and and challenges are shared by all rural, contributing to the existing economic archipelagoes of the Baltic Sea region remote, and peripheral areas, the BRS problems.1Although there is a growing (hereafter called BSR) have at times of- archipelagos and islands have their own body of literature on islands, our knowl- fered a safe harbor for ships, but also unique characteristics. edge about archipelagos, especially on a space whereby people, goods, skills, varying conditions and issues concern- knowledge, cultures, religions and po- Archipelagos ing a conglomerate of islands — that can litical interests have met. In addition to and island studies seem to be quite similar at a first glance maritime transports and trade some of Most of the studies on archipelagos but that in practice can be very different the traditional economic activities in and islands highlight their unique geo- — is still quite limited. the BSR islands and archipelagos were graphical features such as location and agriculture and fishing. As the countries landscape. A recurring theme in these MOREOVER, ALTHOUGH the BSR as a region and societies around the BSR have been studies is how various geographical fea- is frequently highlighted in the academic transformed by industrialization and tures, economic and social conditions discussion in connection with such topics modernization, the foundations for separately or in combination create chal- as geopolitics and security, governance, local livelihoods and businesses have lenges for the population and stimulate maritime questions, environmental chal- changed. During the 20th century, pol- the search for creative solutions for such lenges, economy and growth, territorial lution and eutrophication have become challenges.The debates often highlight and social cohesion, and much more, the major factors changing ecosystems and the effects of a limited size of the local archipelagos and islands of the BSR have livelihoods in the region. Today, the market for goods and services, limited seldom been in the focus of researchers’ number of fishermen and farmers left amounts of natural resources and a attention. 38 introduction The BSR and the ripheral areas have an urban perspective, example wind mill parks), production with results being in favor of urban areas9 of food (wild and cultivated fish) and European Union and most of the conclusions reached by recreational services for city dwellers.11 There is a common understanding, at decision makers are based on urban phe- But the perspective of from below, of least at the European level, that the BSR nomena and urban based businesses in the inhabitants and business owners is one of the most dynamic regions in the countries around the BSR. in archipelagoes and islands have to a Europe.2 Especially its maritime econ- Some of the prioritized areas in the large extent been left out in the deci- omy consisting of offshore energy pro- development policy for the BSR are sion processes. This will be further duction, (cruise) tourism and aquacul- energy production and transporta- discussed in this issue in the articles ture are by the European Union labelled tion of energy, smoother solutions for of Tunón et al. (page 40) as well as Ryt- as “a role model” for the entire union.3 infrastructure, economic integration, könen et al. (page 74). Nevertheless, this bright picture is not tourism (by strengthening the macro always positive. Concerns have been region, i.e. main lands and cities), and Institutional aspects raised about various economic chal- a number of environmental concerns and governance lenges faced by inhabitants and business including limiting the use of hazard- Formal and informal institutions as well owners in the BSR. Some of these con- ous substances and promoting the bio as governance models and their qualities- cerns are depopulation, seasonality of economy,10 to which the blue economy are essential to promote or curb socio- economic activities, lack of local oppor- is expected to make a considerable con- environmental and economic develop- tunities for higher education, deficient tribution with production of energy (for ment. The BSR is highly institutionalized (transport) infrastruc- through the presence of ture and risks for local a large number of inter- economies due to the governmental, transna- vulnerable status of the tional, national and local Baltic Sea.4 Overall, the authorities and their leg- archipelagos and most islations and practices, of the islands in the BSR as well as through the are considered to be presence of a large num- lagging regions.5 The ber of non-governmental development of ICT so- organizations. The num- lutions is considered to ber of laws, agreements, be one of the most im- development agendas portant opportunities with a wide range of for archipelagos and purposes lead to insti- islands in the BSR,6 but tutional ambiguity, not finding people with the only in the questions right skills who can and concerning the common want to work on the ar- “marine” or environ- chipelagos and islands mental issues.12 has become an obstacle Institutional ambigu- for local businesses.7 ity is aggravated by the lack of shared definition UNDOUBTEDLY, MOST of of what an archipelago is the population in the Eu- in the official documents ropean Union live in ur- of the European Union. banized areas, and only Rural, remote, lagging a fraction of the BSR 80 and peripheral regions million inhabitants8 live in the EU are most often on the islands and archi- defined as “predomi- pelagos. Consequently, nantly rural and low- a lion’s share of the re- income regions” and are gional development ini- described in relation to tiatives and policies out- income level, industrial lined and implemented structure, demographic by the European Union characteristics, distance concerning rural and pe- to urban centers, infra- introduction 39 structure and educational level. But the Multiple geographies references remoteness and peripherality of archi- 1 Russel King,“Geography, Islands and Migration pelagos and islands is worsened by their and peripherality in an Era of Global Mobility”, Island Studies geographical features13 while income A growing research area that recently Journal, Vol. 4:1, (2009), 53—84. levels may or may not be low.14Thus pe- gained new momentum is concerned 2 Kristine Kern,“Governance for Sustainable ripherality in an archipelago or an island with multiple geographies of develop- Development in the Baltic Sea Region”, Journal might sometimes be different to how ment, polarization, and peripheralization of Baltic Studies, 42:1, (2011) 21—35. peripherality is normally defined in other at various levels. This discussion raises 3 Karmenu Vella, Speech by Karmenu Vella — contexts. Moreover, as these challenges further questions connected to the con- Commissioner for Environment, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries at the Baltic Sea Conference, Kiel, are not included in public definitions of sequences of economic and socio-spatial Germany, May 26, 2015, https://ec.europa.eu. archipelagos and islands (with the excep- integration in the European Union, as 4 European Union.“Central Baltic Programme tion of large islands), policies promoting well as its limitations — an issue that is 2014—2020”, (2014), http://centralbaltic.eu/ rural development are likely to be inef- relevant for understanding how to pro- sites/default/files/documents/Central%20 ficient for addressing challenges in archi- mote integration, but ultimately how to Baltic%20Programme%20Document_2.pdf. pelagos and islands. address fundamental issues of the politi- 5 Godfrey Baldacchino and Christian Pleijel, cal legitimacy and long-term future of the “European Islands, Development and the Innovations and European Union. Cohesion Policy: A Case study of Kökar, Åland economic growth The main perspective in this dis- Islands”, Island Studies Journal, 5:1, (2010) In spite of all challenges there are a num- cussion seems to be geographic,16 but 89—110. European Union, “Central Baltic Programme…”. ber of success stories in the archipelagos departing from the complexity and multi- and islands of the BSR. Some examples faceted dimensions in this topic, it is pos- 6 European Union. “Central Baltic Programme 2014—2020.
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