Aufstieg Und Fall D E R a P a R T H E I D Rise and Fall O F a P a R T H E

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Aufstieg Und Fall D E R a P a R T H E I D Rise and Fall O F a P a R T H E Impressum / Imprint HAUSDER KUNST Dieses Begleitheft erscheint anlässlich der Ausstellung / This booklet has been published for the exhibition: Aufstieg und Fall der Apartheid: Fotografie und Bürokratie des täglichen Lebens / Rise and Fall of Apartheid: Photography and the Bureaucracy of Everyday Life 15.02 - 26.05.13 Aufstieg und Fall Herausgeber / Publisher: Haus der Kunst München Kuratoren / Curators: Okwui Enwezor, Rory Bester der Text: Martina Schmid Übersetzung / Translation: Marie Frohling, Christine Wunnicke Visuelles Konzept / Visual concept: BaseDesign Apartheid Grafik / Graphic design: Funny Paper © 2013 Stiftung Haus der Kunst München, gemeinnützige Betriebsgesellschaft mbH Ausstellung in Zusammenarbeit mit dem International Center of Photography in New York (14.09.12 - 06.01.13) Rise and Fall of Apartheid: Photography and the Bureaucracy of Everyday Life is organized by the International Center of Photography, New York in collaboration with Haus der Kunst and made possible with support from Mark McCain and Caro Macdonald/Eye and I, The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, the ICP Exhibitions Committee, National Endowment for the Arts, Joseph and Joan Cullman Foundation for the Arts, Deborah Jerome and Peter Guggenheimer, and from the Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation in honor of 30 years of committed ICP service by Willis E. Hartshorn. Unterstützt von / Supported by Goethe-Institut Johannesburg Medienpartner / media partner Rise and Fall o f Wir danken unseren Gesellschaftern für die jährliche Unterstützung des Programms / We would like to thank our shareholders for their annual support of the program: Freistaat Bayern, Josef Schörghuber Stiftung, Apartheid Gesellschaft der Freunde Haus der Kunst e.V. Haus der Kunst / Prinzregentenstraße 1 / 80538 München +49 89 21127 113 / www.hausderkunst.de STRETCHYOUR VIEW Einführung Afrapix DE Die Ausstellung gibt erstmals einen umfassenden Das Begleitheft zur Ausstellung ist Afrapix war eine Fotoagentur mit einer Bildbibliothek historischen Überblick über die visuelle Repräsentation als Stichwortverzeichnis aufgebaut: für Zeitungen, Zeitschriften, Gemeinde-, Studenten- der Apartheid in Südafrika. Es ist eine Untersuchung und Arbeiterorganisationen. Sie wurde 1982 von Omar in Bildern: von der Bürgerrechtsbewegung der 1950er- 6 Afrapix Badsha und Paul Weinberg mit der Idee gegründet, Jahre über den prägenden Einfluss der Apartheid auf ANC, African National Congress Material, Ressourcen und Gedanken zu teilen. Afrapix die Identität Südafrikas zwischen 1948 und 1994 bis zu 7 Apartheid spielte bei der Entwicklung der südafrikanischen Nelson Mandelas Aufstieg und den Nachwirkungen der Bang Bang Club Dokumentarfotografie eine zentrale Rolle. Die Foto- Rassentrennung auf die Gesellschaft bis heute. Zugleich 8 Black Consciousness Movement agentur lieferte viele der ikonischen Bilder, die beleuchtet sie die ästhetische Kraft der dokumentari- Black Power in den alternativen und unabhängigen südafrikanischen schen Form: Vom Foto-Essay über die Reportage und sozial- 9 Black Sash – Schwarze Schärpe Medien erschienen. Die Mitglieder vertraten den dokumentarische Fotografie bis hin zu Fotojournalismus Buren Standpunkt, dass die politische Überzeugung an erster und Kunst setzt sie sich mit dem Erbe der Apartheid 10 Defiance Campaign – Missachtungskampagne Stelle kommen müsse und dass Fotografie (ebenso und den Auswirkungen auf das Alltagsleben in Südafrika Drum Magazine wie Literatur und Theater) Teil der Anti-Apartheid- auseinander. 11 Freedom Charter – Freiheitscharta Bewegung sei. Von 1982 bis zur Auflösung im Jahr Handzeichen 1991 waren über 30 Fotografinnen und Fotografen zeit- Nach dem Wahlsieg der National Party 1948 wurde das System 12 IFP, Inkatha Freedom Party weise Mitglieder von Afrapix, unter anderem Gille der Apartheid zur offiziellen Staatsdoktrin erhoben - Kendell Geers 1988 — 2012 de Vlieg, Paul Grendon, Dave Hartman, Lesley Lawson, ein System, das sich Rassentrennung und weiße Dominanz Nelson Mandela Chris Ledochowski, Herbert Mabuza, Jimmy Matthews, auf die Fahnen geschrieben hatte. Im Laufe der Zeit 13 NP, National Party Rafs Mayet, Vuyo Mbuli, Peter McKenzie, Eric Miller, entstand eine völlig neue Gesellschaft mit veränderten 14 Rassentrennung Santu Mofokeng, Cedric Nunn, Myron Peters, Jeeva staatsbürgerlichen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen 15 Sharpeville-Massaker Rajgopaul, Wendy Schwegmann, Cecil Sols, Guy Tillim Strukturen, die sich auf sämtliche Bereiche des sozialen South African Panorama Magazine und Gisèle Wulfsohn. Daseins auswirkten: auf die Siedlungspolitik, die 16 Soweto-Aufstand Nutzung öffentlicher Einrichtungen und Verkehrsmittel 17 Struggle photography – Kampf-Fotografie ANC, African National Congress und auf Bildung, Religion und wirtschaftliche Inte- Township 2 ressen. Die Apartheid richtete sich ebenso rücksichtslos Treason Trial – Landesverratsprozess Der African National Congress (Afrikanischer National- wie gewaltsam gegen die afrikanische Bevölkerung und 18 UDF, United Democratic Front kongress) wurde 1912 gegründet; Anlass war der Ent- andere nicht-weiße Ethnien. wurf zum „Natives Land Act“. Das Gesetz sah vor, dass Schwarze nur noch in festgelegten Gebieten Südafrikas Ausgangspunkt der Ausstellung ist die Tatsache, dass die Land erwerben konnten. Die Proteste des ANC blieben südafrikanische Fotografie, wie wir sie heute kennen, erfolglos, und das Gesetz wurde 1913 verabschiedet. Der im Grunde erst 1948 entstand. Mit der Machtübernahme der ANC trat für Rassenunabhängigkeit ein, für eine offene National Party und der Einführung der Apartheid als Haltung gegenüber allen Rassen. Zur Massenorganisation gesetzliche Grundlage jeglichen Regierungshandelns wurde der ANC mit der 1952 bis 1953 organisierten änderte sich auch die visuelle Wahrnehmung Südafrikas: Defiance Campaign (Missachtungskampagne) gegen die Hatte es sich bis dato um eine kolonial geprägte Ge- diskriminierenden Gesetze des Apartheidregimes. sellschaft gehandelt, entbrannte nun eine heftige Aus- Einigen Mitgliedern gingen die meist friedlichen Akti- einandersetzung um Ideale wie Gleichheit, Demokratie onen des ANC nicht weit genug. Sie gründeten 1959 und Bürgerrechte. Diese Veränderung spiegelte sich in eine weitere Widerstandsorganisation, den Pan Africanist den visuellen Medien wider: Die Fotografie etwa entwi- Congress (PAC). Im Gegensatz zum ANC verwarf der PAC ckelte sich von einem rein anthropologischen zu einem die offene Haltung gegenüber allen Rassen. Er positio- sozialen Instrument. Niemand vermochte den südafrika- nierte sich als reine Schwarzen-Organisation und nischen Staat und den Kampf gegen die Apartheid besser, lehnte jegliche Zusammenarbeit mit den Weißen ab. Von kritischer und prägnanter darzustellen als die süd- 3 1960 bis 1990 waren die Aktivitäten des ANC per Gesetz afrikanischen Fotografen, deren Aufnahmen von scharfer verboten, der ANC hatte jedoch als führende Anti- Beobachtungsgabe zeugen und gestalterisch komplex sind. 3 4 6 Apartheid-Bewegung großen Einfluss auf das Geschehen Township ins Kreuzfeuer, und Oosterbroek starb an sei- Black Sash – Schwarze Schärpe und der Einfluss des Politikers und späteren Minister- in Südafrika. 1961 wurde ein bewaffneter Flügel mit nen Verletzungen. Knapp drei Monate später beging präsidenten H. F. Verwoerd führten 1948 zur Einführung dem Namen Umkhonto we Sizwe (Speer der Nation) gegründet. Kevin Carter Selbstmord. Die beiden Überlebenden der The Black Sash (Die schwarze Schärpe) war eine gewalt- der Apartheid und der Förderung der Kultur der Buren. Seit 1994 stellt der ANC die Regierung in Südafrika; Gruppe, Marinovich und Silva, schrieben ein Buch, freie Widerstandsbewegung von Frauen, die sich für der bekannteste Politiker der Organisation ist Nelson das 2010 unter dem Titel The Bang Bang Club verfilmt die Rechte der „Nicht-Weißen“ einsetzte. 1955 gründete Defiance Campaign – Missachtungskampagne Mandela. wurde. eine Gruppe liberaler weißer Frauen die Women’s Defence of the Constitution League (Frauenliga zur Die Defiance Campaign Against Unjust Laws (Missach- Apartheid Black Consciousness Movement Verteidigung der Verfassung). Ihr Hauptziel bestand tungskampagne gegen ungerechte Gesetze) war eine darin, unter Einsatz ihres privilegierten Status gegen der ersten Massenaktionen gegen die neue Apartheid- Auf seine niederländischen Wurzeln zurückgeführt, Black Consciousness Movement (Bewegung des Schwarzen die Apartheidpolitik mobil zu machen, das Regime in regierung - ein Akt des zivilen Ungehorsams oppo- bedeutet das Wort Apartheid soviel wie Getrenntsein Selbstbewußtseins) war eine gewaltfreie Anti-Apart- Frage zu stellen und seine Ungerechtigkeiten anzupran- sitioneller Gruppen in den Jahren 1952 und 1953. Die oder getrennte Nachbarschaft. Im engeren Sinne, heid-Bewegung von schwarzen Südafrikanern, gegründet gern. Im Zuge ihrer Mahnwachen entwickelte Black Sash Kampagne wurde im Dezember 1951 bei einer Konferenz als Basis eines politischen und gesellschaftlichen vom charismatischen Steve Biko. Sie war eine der eine wiedererkennbare Ikonografie mit koordinierten des ANC ins Leben gerufen. Der ANC rief zu natio- Systems, bezeichnet es Rassentrennung. Mit dieser Gruppen, die Mitte der 1960er-Jahren entstand - aus Gesten und Posen. Das auffälligste Emblem war eine nalem Handeln auf und forderte, die Zusammenarbeit Ideologie ist der südafrikanische Apartheidstaat nach dem politischen Vakuum, das die Inhaftierung und schwarze Schärpe, die über der rechten Schulter lag und bei Passgesetzen, Zwangsumsiedlungen, Rassen-
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