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INTRODUCING LITERATURE BAEL-201 Uttarakhand Open INTRODUCING LITERATURE BAEL-201 UNIT 1 THE BEGINNING OF ENGLISH LITERATURE 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives 1.3 The Anglo Saxons 1.3.1 .Anglo Saxon Literature 1.3.2. Some important characteristics of Anglo Saxon literature 1.4 The Norman Conquest 1.4.1 Shift of language 1.4.2 Some important characteristics of Norman Literature 1.5 The Age of Chaucer: An Overview 1.5.1The Life and Works of Chaucer 1.5.2 Chaucer’s influences 1.6 The Canterbury Tales 1.6.1 Prologue to The Canterbury Tales 1.7 Other Contemporary writers 1.8 Glossary 1.9 Let Us Sum Up 1.10 Check your Progress 1.11 Answers to Check Your Progress 1.12 References 1.13 Suggested Reading Uttarakhand Open University 1 INTRODUCING LITERATURE BAEL-201 1.1 INTRODUCTION As students of English literature, you should be familiar with the origin of English literature. According to Anthony Burgess, English literature refers to the literature written in the English language and not just the British Isles but in this short history of English literature, we will mainly focus on the history of literature written in the British Isles. Burgess further says, “Literature is the art which exploits language, English Literature is an art which exploits the English language.” Thus, the knowledge of language is a prerequisite to the understanding of literature. Before moving on with the history of English literature, let us first acquaint ourselves with the history of the English language. Historically speaking, the English language was primarily the language spoken in the British Isles. Keeping in mind the time factor, it can be divided into three major phases- the Old English, the Middle English and the Modern English. Moving back to the history of the British Isles, the first Englishmen were foreigners and for that reason the old English used by them is treated like any other foreign language. The old English literature was mainly the poetry and prose written by the ancestors of the English, which acts as a foundation to the whole body of literary works written till date. Between the Old English and the Modern English there is a transitional phase of Middle English which has the characteristics of both the Old English and any other foreign language. 1.2 OBJECTIVES This unit will focus on the beginning of English literature It will deal with a brief history of the pre Anglo-Saxon, Anglo Saxon and the Norman periods The important works of the above mentioned periods will be mentioned This unit will also focus on Chaucer and his age, keeping in mind the historical, social and political context You will also be given an account of some of the other major contemporary writers of Chaucer’s time Thus, the aim of this unit is to make you understand how the first literature of the British Isles came into being so that your concepts are clear from the very beginning. 1.3 THE ANGLO SAXONS As stated earlier, the first Englishmen were foreigners. The race that had existed in the isles since pre-historic times was the British race and is found mainly in Wales today but the Welsh are very different from the English in their language, culture and temperament. Ironically enough, the first inhabitants of the isles are now known as Welsh (from the old English for ‘foreigner’) After the Roman conquest of the British Isles in AD 43, these earlier inhabitants were known as ‘Britanni’ by the Romans and their country ‘Britannia’. The Romans ruled Britannia for a few centuries and brought with them their language and culture which became an integral part of the Britannia. After the fall of the Roman Empire, migrants from East Europe which mainly included the Angles, Saxons and the Juts started making this land their home and finally settled here. Uttarakhand Open University 2 INTRODUCING LITERATURE BAEL-201 1.3.1 ANGLO SAXON LITERATURE The history of English literature starts with the Anglo Saxon literature. The Anglo Saxon literature refers to the literature written in English before the Norman conquest of 1066. The Anglo Saxon literature can be further classified as under: 1. The Latin writings of Monastic Clerks: The monastic writings of monastic clerks include the following main monks: Bede (672-735): Bede was a scholar who spent his life in the monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow. He is chiefly known for his Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum ( Ecclesiastical History of English Race) and for this reason he is known as the ‘Father of English History.’ Alcuin (735-804): another important scholar of the Anglo Saxon period was Alcuin who compiled manuals of knowledge in the form of dialogues. Aldhelm (604?-709): Aldhelm wrote superb treatises in Latin, both in prose and verse, in praise of virginity. We can see the use of brilliant imagery which is peculiar to the Anglo Saxon literature. 2. Vernacular Literature of the Pre Christian Era: The most important narratives of this period are the epic Beowulf and shorter poems like Widsith and Deor . Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language. It was not composed in England but in the continent of Europe. The new settlers brought it along with them. It was not written down till the end of the ninth century. Beowulf is a warrior’s story written in over three thousand lines. 3. Elegiac poems in the vernacular, mainly pre-Christian in feeling: The most important of these poems is The Seafarer which was rewritten in modern English by the 20th century American poet Ezra Pound. The Wanderer is another important grief poem of this period. It tells of the grief of a young man on the death of his lord which moves on to general reflection on the transitory nature of human existence. 4. Songs of War: A number of war songs were written in Anglo Saxon literature. Brunanburh, a fragmentary work, describes the victory of the English army in 937 over invading Scots and Norsemen from Norse colonies in Ireland. Battle of Maldon: This work is also a fragment about the bitter fight between the East Saxon army and the Danes who raided their land. 5. Vernacular Christian Poetry: These are Biblical and devotional poems depicting Christian myths and traditions. Venerable Bede, in his ‘Ecclesiastical History of the English People’, gives an account of Caedmon, an important half-legendary figure. Judith, paraphrased from a book in the Apocrypha and Fall of the Angels are anonymous poems of this period. Cynewulf, another notable poet of this period, authored a poem about the Ascension of Christ and on the lives of other saints. 6. Riddles: The riddles of Anglo-Saxon literature seldom resemble the present day riddles. However, the English words then had the quality of riddles. These riddles seem to be a favourite of the Anglo-Saxons. Some of their shorter poems are known as riddles. Uttarakhand Open University 3 INTRODUCING LITERATURE BAEL-201 By now you already know that the Danes invaded England, and were finally defeated and were later confined to the north of the country through a settlement made as a result of a decisive treaty. After peace was restored, Alfred, the Anglo Saxon king, started paying attention to education, art and culture of his country. Alfred was an important figure in relation to the history of English literature. He translated many Latin books into English with the assistance of other scholars. His translations include ‘Ecclesiastical History of English Literature’. An account of the later history of the Anglo Saxon times (from middle of the 9th century to 1154) has been given in the Anglo Saxon Chronicle which is a record of the main happenings of the country during those times. 1.3.2 SOME IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF ANGLO-SAXON LITERATURE Use of Alliteration: Alliteration was one of the characteristic features of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Alliteration is the repetition of initial sounds. Alliteration is often used, especially in poetry, to emphasize and to link words as well as to create pleasing, musical sounds. Use of Head Rhyme: The usage of Head Rhyme is another important characteristic of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Head rhyme is consonantal alliteration at the beginning of words. It is also called beginning rhyme. Melancholy note: A predominant trait of Anglo-Saxon literature is sadness. There is an underlying melancholy note in the Anglo-Saxon literature in general which is a result of the Anglo-Saxon way of life which “looked towards the grey northern seas-grim, heavy, melancholy and humorless.” (Anthony Burgess) This brings us to the end of the first thousand years of the Christian era. The next phase begins with the coming of the Normans who took over the reins of the country and reduced the Anglo Saxons to servitude. As Antony Burgess states with the coming of the Normans, the “Heavy- footed Old English was to become – through its mingling with a lighter, brighter tongue from sunnier lands- the richest and most various literary medium in the whole of history.” 1.4 THE NORMAN CONQUEST The word Norman means ‘Northman’. They were originally ‘Norsemen’ from Norway, descendants of Vikings, who had conquered the province of northern France called Normandy after them. The Normans conquered England in the year 1066. By the time they came to England, they had become completely French in their way of life. As mentioned earlier, by the time the Normans invaded England, they had become culturally French. Thus, the Norman Conquest was a French conquest as a result; French aristocracy was established in the English soil. William, the Duke of Normandy, had family ties with Edward the Confessor, the English king, who promised William the throne.
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