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Skull Evolution Australian Dragon Lizards

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Skull Evolution Australian Dragon Lizards Skull Evolution in the Australian Dragon Lizards A dissertation in Biological Science by Jaimi Ann Gray Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the University of Adelaide School of Biological Sciences Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology August 2018 “Whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” - Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species 1 Contents List of figures............................................................................................................................................................ 6 List of tables ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 List of supplementary material .............................................................................................................................. 9 Figures ................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Tables .................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Electronic files ................................................................................................................................................... 10 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Declaration .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Contributions ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 Co-author affiliations ............................................................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 1 ─ Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 16 The skull .................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Recurring evolutionary themes ............................................................................................................................ 17 Allometry ............................................................................................................................................................ 17 Disparity ............................................................................................................................................................. 18 The study group: Australian agamid lizards ...................................................................................................... 19 Australian agamid skeletal morphology: what we know .................................................................................. 23 Main aims and overview ....................................................................................................................................... 26 AIM 1: Explore disparity ................................................................................................................................. 26 AIM 2: Investigate ontogenetic patterns ....................................................................................................... 26 AIM 3: Characterise skull shape and identify what influences variation .................................................. 26 AIM 4: Obtain knowledge that will advance fossil interpretation ............................................................ 26 Chapter outline ....................................................................................................................................................... 28 Anatomical reference for the lizard cranium ..................................................................................................... 30 References ............................................................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 2 ─ Exceptional disparity in Australian agamid lizards is a possible result of arrival into vacant niche ................................................................................................................................................................. 42 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................... 42 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 43 Material and methods ............................................................................................................................................ 45 Results...................................................................................................................................................................... 47 Disparity of iguanian families .......................................................................................................................... 47 Disparity of iguanian subclades ...................................................................................................................... 47 Diversity versus disparity ................................................................................................................................. 47 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................................... 50 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... 52 Supplementary material......................................................................................................................................... 53 References ............................................................................................................................................................... 53 2 CHAPTER 3 ─ Patterns in tooth number among Australian agamids ............................................................ 58 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................. 58 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 59 Material and methods ........................................................................................................................................... 61 Material ............................................................................................................................................................... 61 Measurements ................................................................................................................................................... 61 Examining patterns in tooth counts during growth ................................................................................... 62 Results ..................................................................................................................................................................... 63 Variation in observed tooth count ranges .................................................................................................... 63 Allometric variation and pairwise comparisons........................................................................................... 63 Discussion .............................................................................................................................................................. 68 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... 70 Supplementary material ........................................................................................................................................ 70 References .............................................................................................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER 4 – Changes in ontogenetic patterns facilitate diversification in skull shape of Australian agamid lizards ............................................................................................................................................................. 76 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................. 76 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................
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