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Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of West Nile Virus in Febrile Patients Attending Some Hospitals in Kaduna State, Nigeria

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Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of West Nile Virus in Febrile Patients Attending Some Hospitals in Kaduna State, Nigeria SEROPREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF WEST NILE VIRUS IN FEBRILE PATIENTS ATTENDING SOME HOSPITALS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA BY JOSEPHINE ASHULEE MA‟AJI DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA JULY, 2017 i SEROPREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF WEST NILE VIRUS IN FEBRILE PATIENTS ATTENDING SOME HOSPITALS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA BY JOSEPHINE ASHULEE MA‟AJI, B.Sc (JOS) 2009 (P13SCMC8057) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN MICROBIOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA. JULY, 2017 ii DECLARATION I declare that the work in this Dissertation entitled ‗‘Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of West Nile Virus in Febrile Patients attending some Hospitals in Kaduna State, Nigeria.‘‘ has been carried out by me in the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No part of this Dissertation was previously presented for another degree or diploma in this or other Institution. ___________________ __________________ Ma‘aji, Josephine Ashulee Date iii CERTIFICATION This Dissertation entitled ‗Seroprevalence And Molecular Detection Of West Nile Virus In Febrile Patients Attending Some Hospitals In Kaduna State, Nigeria.‘ by MA‘AJI, JOSEPHINE ASHULEE (P13SCMC8057) meets the regulations governing the award of degree of Master of Science of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. ______________________ ___________________ Prof. O.S. Olonitola, Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Science, A.B.U Zaria. _______________________ ___________________ Dr. E.E. Ella, Date Member, Supervisory Committee, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Science, A.B.U Zaria. ______________________ ________________ Prof. I.O Abdullahi, Date Head of Department, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Science, A.B.U Zaria. ______________________ ________________ Prof. S.Z. Abubakar Date Dean, School of Post Graduate Studies, A.B.U Zaria. iv DEDICATION This Dissertation is dedicated to God Almighty the giver of all that is good, wisdom and knowledge and to my Parents Late Mr Apilimi Ma‘aji and Late Mrs Christiana Ma‘aji. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All thanks to my creator in heaven who has made this achievement possible, the wisdom, direction and resources all came from You, I live all my days for You. My profound gratitude goes to my supervisors Prof. O. S. Olonitola and Dr E. E. Ella for their relentless effort in guiding and encouraging me through the period of this work. Thank you for all your contributions and support, may you be blessed and favoured in all that you do. I am most indebted to my parents Late Mr and Mrs Apilimi Ma‘aji for teaching and helping me in the pursuit of my dreams. If my wishes were to be granted, you will both be here to share in this achievement. May God rest your souls. My appreciation goes to the University of Ahmadu Bello University especially the Department of Microbiology for this opportunity to fulfill my dreams, together we can make the world a better place. My head of Department, lecturers and other staff of the Department you have all helped made history. God bless you all. Special thanks to my wonderful siblings Susan (Mummy Ella), Aye, Onumushi, Grace (Mama) who stood by me through every difficulties. Your show of affection is appreciated. To Peter, thanks for always being there for me and to kind hearted friends; Salamat, Judy, Azumi, Bumni, Deborah, Bety and my Uncle Mr Idris Dahiru your words of encouragement and friendship is well appreciated. I cannot forget Emmanuel Atai who has helped in the statistical analysis of this work, thank you and God bless. Thanks to Mr Y. Y. Pala from the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine who assisted me with some parts of the work, sir your effort is appreciated. To all the Laboratory technicians in virology laboratory, Department of Microbiology that helped in the course of this work, your efforts have contributed to the success of this work. I am most grateful. To all my course mates the 2013 postgraduate set, you have all made my stay in school enjoyable and fun filled, may all our dreams in life come true. Finally to all who have contributed to the success of this work but have not been mentioned here, your effort will not go unrewarded, God will richly bless you all. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i Fly Page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ii Title page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -iii Declaration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -iv Certification - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -v Dedication - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - vi Acknowledgements - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -vii Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -viii List of Tables - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -xii List of Figures - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xiii List of Plates - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -xiv List of Appendices - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xv Abbreviations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xvi Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xiii CHAPTER ONE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1.1 Background Of The Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1.2 Statement of Research Problem - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --3 1.3 Justification - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -4 1.4 Aim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -5 1.5 Objectives - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 CHAPTER TWO - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6 vii 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - 6 2.1 History of West Nile Virus (WNV) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 2.1.1 Classification of WNV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 2.1.2 Structure and Genome of WNV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 2.1.3 Protein in the Genome of WNV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -11 2.1.4 Replication Cycle of WNV - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -16 2.1.4.1 WNV attachment, receptors employed and penetration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- -- - 16 2.1.4.2 WNV viral uncoating and replication within host cells - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - 18 2.1.4.3 Viral assembly and release - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 20 2.1.5 Immunity of WNV - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 2.1.5.1 The Role of innate Immunity - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -21 2.1.5.2 Adaptive Response - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- -- - - - -- - - - - - - -22 2.1.6 Epidemiology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -24 2.1.6.1 WNV in Africa, Middle East and Nigeria - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -27 2.1.7 Transmission - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - 31 2.1.8 Host and Vector of WNV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 32 2.1.8.1 Host range - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -33 2.1.8.2 Vectors associated with WNV Transmission - - - - - - - - - -
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