Univerza V Ljubljani Fakulteta Za Družbene Vede

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Univerza V Ljubljani Fakulteta Za Družbene Vede UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Mag. Kristijan Breznik Analiza omrežij športnih iger in šaha Doktorska disertacija Ljubljana, 2013 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Mag. Kristijan Breznik Mentor: prof. dr. Vladimir Batagelj Somentorica: prof. dr. Mojca Doupona Topiˇc Analiza omrežij športnih iger in šaha Doktorska disertacija Ljubljana, 2013 Zahvala Zahvaljujem se vsem, ki so mi na kakršen koli naˇcinpomagali, vendar bom tu iz- postavil predvsem tiste, ki so mi pri nastajanju tega dela najbolj stali ob strani. Najprej se tako zahvaljujem mentorju, dr. Vladimirju Batagelju, ki me je vpeljal v svet omrežij in me spretno vodil skozi vse pasti na prehojeni poti. Nato dr. Anuški Ferligoj, v ˇcasumojega študija predsednici Programskega sveta doktorskega študijskega pro- grama statistika, ki je študentom vedno znala svetovati in me je seznanila s somen- torico, dr. Mojco Doupona Topiˇc,ki se ji zahvaljujem za nasvete s športnega podroˇcja. Iskreno zahvalo izrekam svoji življenjski sopotnici Maji in ostalim bližjim, saj so mi v pomembnih trenutkih vedno prisluhnili in me podpirali. Hvala tudi Simoni za nese- biˇcnopomoˇcpri jezikovnem urejanju besedila. Hvala še vsem, ki bodo to delo vzeli v roke in ga, upam, z veseljem in zanimanjem preb(i)rali. Kristijan Breznik Kardeljeva ploščad 5 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija telefon 01 58 05 120 I Z J A V A O A V T O R S T V U doktorske disertacije Podpisani/-a Kristijan Breznik, z vpisno številko 74070002, sem avtor/-ica doktorske disertacije z naslovom: Analiza omrežij športnih iger in šaha. S svojim podpisom zagotavljam, da: je predložena doktorska disertacija izključno rezultat mojega lastnega raziskovalnega dela; sem poskrbel/-a, da so dela in mnenja drugih avtorjev oz. avtoric, ki jih uporabljam v predloženem delu, navedena oz. citirana v skladu s fakultetnimi navodili; sem poskrbel/-a, da so vsa dela in mnenja drugih avtorjev oz. avtoric navedena v seznamu virov, ki je sestavni element predloženega dela in je zapisan v skladu s fakultetnimi navodili; sem pridobil/-a vsa dovoljenja za uporabo avtorskih del, ki so v celoti prenesena v predloženo delo in sem to tudi jasno zapisal/-a v predloženem delu; se zavedam, da je plagiatorstvo – predstavljanje tujih del, bodisi v obliki citata bodisi v obliki skoraj dobesednega parafraziranja bodisi v grafični obliki, s katerim so tuje misli oz. ideje predstavljene kot moje lastne – kaznivo po zakonu (Zakon o avtorski in sorodnih pravicah (UL RS, št. 16/07-UPB3, 68/08, 85/10 Skl.US: U-I-191/09-7, Up-916/09-16), prekršek pa podleže tudi ukrepom Fakultete za družbene vede v skladu z njenimi pravili; se zavedam posledic, ki jih dokazano plagiatorstvo lahko predstavlja za predloženo delo in za moj status na Fakulteti za družbene vede; je elektronska oblika identična s tiskano obliko doktorske disertacije ter soglašam z objavo doktorske disertacije v zbirki »Dela FDV«. V Ljubljani, dne 2. julija 2013 Podpis avtorja/-ice: ________________________ Povzetek Analiza omrežij športnih iger in šaha V današnjem ˇcasušport zavzema pomembno mesto v družbi. Z njim se sreˇcujemo vsakodnevno, ˇcepravse tega pogosto ne zavedamo. Šport ima velik vpliv na eko- nomijo. Uspešni in prepoznavni športniki sodijo med najbolje plaˇcanesubjekte na svetu, tudi prodorne športne blagovne znamke so izredno donosne. Najboljši šport- niki so prav tako ambasadorji svojih držav, s ˇcimeršport vsaj malo posega tudi na politiˇcnopodroˇcje.Kljub veliki družbeni vlogi in obilici za raziskovanje zanimivih po- datkov je bil šport v preteklosti zelo redko predmet analize omrežij. Z disertacijo že- limo pokazati, da lahko analiza omrežij v povezavi z ostalimi statistiˇcnimimetodami služi kot uporabno orodje za analizo ogromnih koliˇcinšportnih podatkov. V prvem delu najprej podamo kratek pregled nastanka športov, ki so analizirani v di- sertaciji, in šaha. Sledi analiza osnovnih karakteristik enot (posameznikov ali ekip) v posameznih športih in priprava omrežij. Nadaljevanje predstavlja analizo odigranih iger med športniki oziroma reprezentancami. Pri tem nas zanima, ali jakost enot v omrežju vpliva na število odigranih iger med nasprotniki in ali je število odigranih iger med posamezniki oziroma ekipami tudi geografsko pogojeno. Pri osnovni ana- lizi posameznih športov in šaha smo pomembno vlogo namenili vizualizaciji omrežij. Povezovali smo tradicionalne metode z naprednejšimi pristopi s tega podroˇcja. V osrednjem delu disertacije prouˇcujemoodigrane igre med posamezniki v tenisu, namiznem tenisu in šahu ter odigrane igre med ekipami v nogometu, košarki in roko- metu. Ekipni športi so analizirani izkljuˇcnona nivoju moških reprezentanc. Casovnaˇ obdobja primerjanih omrežij odigranih iger se med športi posameznikov in ekipnimi športi zaradi narave zbranih podatkov razlikujejo. Z namenom primerjave med om- režji odigranih iger razliˇcnihšportov in šaha smo se pri športih posameznikov omejili na štiri leta, to je od vkljuˇcnoleta 2008 do vkljuˇcnoleta 2011. Pri ekipnih športih je analizirano obdobje daljše, in sicer obsega ˇcasmed letoma 1946 in 2011. V omrežjih iger so športniki oziroma reprezentance predstavljeni s toˇckami, vsaka odigrana igra med dvema enotama oziroma toˇckamav omrežju predstavlja vez med njima, ki je predstavljena s povezavo. Med dvema toˇckamav omrežju športnih iger lahko imamo tudi veˇcpovezav hkrati, saj posamezniki med sabo odigrajo tudi veˇc dvobojev. S pomoˇcjododatnih informacij o toˇckahin povezavah med njimi smo skon- struirali socialna omrežja. V omrežjih iger so povezave neusmerjene, lahko pa so bo- disi neutežene bodisi utežene. Morebitne uteži predstavljajo število odigranih iger med povezanima enotama (oziroma število neusmerjenih povezav med toˇckamav neuteženem omrežju) v analiziranem obdobju. V nadaljevanju disertacije se osredotoˇcamona metode merjenja jakosti športnikov in reprezentanc v analiziranih športih in šahu. Pravilno izmerjena jakost akterjev v športu je pomembna z veˇcvidikov in je v interesu tako samih športnikov in ekip kot or- ganizatorjev in ne nazadnje gledalcev. Sedanji naˇcinimerjenja jakosti še zdaleˇcniso popolni, v disertaciji podamo svoje videnje nekaterih problemov in predlagamo možne izboljšave. Pri tem uporabljamo tudi nekatere mere veljave iz teorije omrežij. Bogate zbirke športnih podatkov nam omogoˇcajo,da poleg opisanih omrežij iger ra- ziskujemo še druga športna omrežja. Z njimi se ukvarjamo v zadnjem delu disertacije, kjer relacije med enotami definiramo na razliˇcnenaˇcine. Glede na našo bazo podatkov sta najprimernejša športa za tovrstno analizo tenis in nogomet, ki tudi sicer sodita med najpopularnejše športe na svetu. Tako v tem delu raziskujemo aktualno športno te- matiko: predane dvoboje med profesionalnimi teniškimi igralci/igralkami, prednost leviˇcarjevpred desniˇcarjipri profesionalnem tenisu, prednost domaˇcegaigrišˇcamed reprezentancami v nogometu, uspešnost najboljših teniških igralcev v odvisnosti od te- niške podlage, mobilnost nogometnih reprezentantov, ki so bili udeleženci svetovnih prvenstev ipd. Namen tega dela disertacije je demonstrirati uporabnost metod analize in prikaza omrežij v konkretnih primerih s podroˇcjašporta in šaha. Prikazane metode so lahko uporabne neposredno (npr. iskanje skupin teniških igralcev, ki najpogosteje predajajo dvoboje med sabo) ali pa služijo kot model za raziskave na podobnih podroˇc- jih (npr. definicija omrežij najboljših leviˇcarjevin desniˇcarjevproti leviˇcarjemoziroma desniˇcarjempri tenisu). Rezultati analize omrežij športnih iger in šaha potrjujejo, da kakovost posameznika oziroma ekipe vpliva na število odigranih dvobojev. Po jakosti primerljivi igralci ozi- roma ekipe odigrajo med sabo veˇcdvobojev kot z ostalimi nasprotniki. Geografska povezanost v smislu števila odigranih dvobojev je moˇcnejeprisotna pri manj kakovost- nih nasprotnikih. Pri boljših igralcih oziroma ekipah medsebojna oddaljenost ni tako velika ovira kot pri slabših akterjih v omrežjih športa in šaha. Dobljeni rezultati potr- jujejo uporabnost metod analize omrežij pri raziskovanju in odkrivanju zakonitosti v omrežjih športa in šaha ter odpirajo nove priložnosti za nadaljnje raziskave na tem podroˇcju. Disertacija je zanimiva tudi z metodološkega vidika. Že v uvodnih fazah dela, pri samem zbiranju podatkov in njihovem preurejanju v obliko, primerno za analizo z omrežji, smo naleteli na kar nekaj težav. Podatki, zbrani na spletnih straneh uradnih športnih organizacij, niso pripravljeni za tovrstno analizo: med tako veliko množico podatkov je vedno precejšnje število tipkarskih napak, igre so bile pri našem zbiranju podatkov vnesene dvakrat, med akterji so se pojavljale tudi osebe z istim imenom in priimkom in podobno. Naše rešitve se v veliki meri naslanjajo na uporabo raˇcunalnika, nekatere uporabljene algoritme pa smo podali v prilogah. Kljuˇcnebesede: analiza omrežij, šport, šah, vizualizacija omrežij, merjenje jakosti Abstract Network Analysis of Sports games and Chess Sport plays an important role in society. We are faced with sport on an almost daily basis, although we are not aware of that. It has a major impact on the economy. Suc- cessful and prominent sportsmen are among the best paid people in the world and per- vasive sport brands are extremely profitable. As the best sportsmen are ambassadors of their countries, sport also interferes in the domain of politics. Despite the fact that sport is important in social life and offers plenty of data for exploration it has rarely been analyzed with methods of network analysis. In this dissertation we would
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