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Washington Geology, V, 19, No. 1, March 1991

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Washington Geology, V, 19, No. 1, March 1991 WASHINGTON GEOLOGY formerly WASHINGTON GEOLOGIC NEWSLETTER Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources Vol. 19, No. 1, March 1991 Lake Sutherland (foreground) and Lake Crescent, on the Olympic Peninsula; view to the west. Note landslide headscarps and the relative roughness of the surface of the landslide on the north side of the valley (right) beneath these scarps. (See article, p. 38.) In This Issue: Washington's mineral industry- 1990 ........................ 3 Rainstorm damage in King County, Jan. 1990 ... ........ 28 Origin of Lakes Crescent and Sutherland ............... ..... 38 Crisis in Geoscience Education by Raymond Lasmanis WASHINGTON During the last decade there have been dramatic decreases in college enrollment in all areas of earth GEOLOGY science and related fields. For example, graduates in mining engineering at 19 of our prominent universities have dropped from 793 in 1981 to 237 in 1991 (Fig. Washington Geology (formerly the Washington Geologic News­ 1) . Similar declines are noted in geology, geological letter) is published four times a year by the Washington Division of engineering, and metallurgy. According to the National Geology and Earth Resources, Department of Natural Resources. Science Foundation (NSF), there will be a shortfall of This publication is free upon request. The Division also publishes bulletins, information circulars, reports of investigations, geologic more than 400,000 scientists and engineers by the maps, and open-file reports. A list of these publications will be sent year 2000. upon request. A number of national governmental and profes­ sional organizations have instituted programs to rejuve­ DEPARTMENT Brian J. Boyle nate science and mathematics teaching at public OF Commissioner of Public Lands schools, with the objective of stimulating students to NATURAL Art Stearns enter the sciences. One identified shortcoming is the RESOURCES Supervisor lack of educational aids to sciences teachers in grades K through 12. The Washington State school system has approxi­ DMSION OF Raymond Lasmanis mately 810,000 students and 35,000 teachers. While GEOLOGY AND State Geologist educators recognize the importance of science and EARTH RESOURCES J . Eric Schuster mathematics in the curriculum, only 3 to 5 percent of Assistant State Geologist the approximately 19,000 elementary school teachers have a major or minor in science or mathematics. Sta­ Geologists Matthew J . Brunengo Stephen P. Palmer tistics such as these demonstrate that, in this state, (Olympia) Robert E. Derkey Patrick T. Pringle most science and mathematics classes below the col­ Joe D. Dragovich Weldon W. Rau lege level are taught by teachers that have little if any William S. Lingley, Jr Katherine M. Reed formal training in these fields. Therefore, the need for Robert L. (Josh) Logan Henry W. Schasse teaching modules in geological and related sciences, David K. Norman Timothy J. Walsh (Continued on p. 51) (Spokane) (vacant) Librarian Connie J . Manson Library Technician Rebecca Christie Research Technician Rex J. Hapala Actual Editor Katherine M. Reed 700 Projected Cartographers Nancy A. Eberle Carl F.T. Harris David P. Clark (Nat. Res. Aide) Keith G. Ikerd 600 Editorial Assistant (vacant) rn Administrative Assistant Barbara A. Preston Cl) -al Clerical Staff Naomi Hall Shelley Reisher :::, 500 -0 Mary Ann Shawver J. Renee Snider as Regulatory Clerical Staff (vacant) .. C!> 400 -0.. Main Office Department of Natural Resources Cl) Division of Geology and Earth Resources .Q 300 MS E Mail Stop PY-12 :::, Olympia, WA 98504 z Phone: (206) 459-6372 200 FAX: (206) 459-6380 I. Ph.D -~-~---• (See map inside back cover for office location.) 100 .,,,,,, _..... _.._._ Field Office Department of Natural Resources ~-·-·-·-~.. Division of Geology and Earth Resources Spokane County Agricultural Center 80/81 82/83 84/85 86/87 88/89 90/91 N. 222 Havana Spokane, WA 99202 Academic Year Phone: (509) 456-3255 Figure 1. The decline in mining engineering graduates during recent academic years and projected through the Publications available from the Olympia address only. present year, based on surveys of 19 colleges and univer­ sities. Modified from the Northwest Mining Association 1990 Directory, p. 115. Washington Geology, oo/. 19, no. 1 2 Washington's Mineral Industry - 1990 by Nancy L. Joseph INTRODUCTION beginning of production at the Kettle River project, In 1990 five metal mines were in operation in accelerated development at the Republic Unit, and in­ Washington, and one precious-metal mine was in the creased mineral exploration in the county. permitting stage. Seventeen companies mined and pro­ Total revenue from mining, prospecting, and quar­ duced industrial minerals, which include limestone, do­ rying on state land was $827,989 million for the fiscal lomite, silica, olivine, clay, and diatomite. Two year ending June 30, 1990. This figure represents a companies produced portland cement, and nine plants 20-percent increase over that reported in 1989 and produced lime, calcium chloride, precipitated calcium includes a 26-percent increase in payments from sand carbonate, or ground limestone. and gravel operations. Additional revenues of According to preliminary figures gathered by the $238,835 were received from mineral activity on U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) and the Division of Ge­ Washington's aquatic lands. ology and Earth Resources (OGER), the value of the Information in this report is summarized from vol­ mineral industry in Washington in 1990 is estimated at untary replies to a questionnaire sent by the OGER to $500 million. This represents an approximately 5 per­ companies and individuals active in mineral exploration cent increase over the USBM total value of $480. 9 and development in the state, as well as from published million for 1989. The combined value of sand and information. The questionnaire is of limited scope, gravel and crushed stone production accounts for and, therefore, details of the activities on individual nearly 40 percent of the 1990 value. The value of properties are not always available. Not all question­ precious metals produced in the state increased to naires were returned. Some of the information re­ $121 million from $88 million as a result of the start­ quested, particularly regarding expenditures and up of two new mines in Ferry County and continued production, is deemed confidential by many of those high levels of production at two other gold mines. Mag­ questioned and is not reported. Therefore, while this nesium metal production, the value of which was down summary is a reliable indication of mineral industry slightly from 1989, accounts for approximately a fifth activity in Washington, it is incomplete and general in of the total value of state's mineral industry. The value nature. and tonnage of portland cement continued to decrease The locations of properties mentioned in this article because of the closure of one plant in Pend Oreille are shown in Figures la and lb, which cover western County. and eastern Washington respectively. Explanatory ma­ The mining industry (excluding coal) in Washington terial is given in Table 1. employed an average of approximately 2,152 workers METALS in 1989, the last year for which figures have been compiled. Three-quarters of these employees are en­ Development gaged in the production of sand and gravel and indus­ Gold and silver, with a combined value of more than trial minerals. The economic importance of mining to $121 million were the primary commodities produced the local and state economy is particularly obvious in from metal mines in Washington in 1990 (Table 2). resource-based counties of northeastern Washington. The estimated 320,000 ounces of gold were produced For example, the Washington Department of Employ­ from four mines in Chelan and Ferry County (Fig . 2). ment Security has data for Ferry County that show tt}at The approximately 42 percent increase in gold produc­ employment in mining has increased from nearly 100 tion is the result of the start of production at the Over­ workers in 1980 to more than 300 in 1990. Wages look and Kettle mines in Ferry County and continued paid to workers in the mining industry throughout the high levels of production at the Cannon mine and the state generally are higher than those in other job cat­ Republic Unit. While no base metals were produced in egories, thus improving the economic base of these the state in 1990, pre-production stripping began late areas. Salaries paid to miners in underwound metal in the year at the Van Stone mine, a former zinc and mines in the state average more than $38,000 per lead producer in Stevens County. year, while workers in the open pit sand and gravel Chelan County operations average more than $26,000 per year. Earn­ ings of workers in these high-risk jobs are well above The Cannon mine, a joint venture between As­ the state's average 1989 salary of $21,500 for all job amera Minerals (U.S.) Inc., as the operator, and Break­ c~tegories. Expenditures and wages related to mining water Resources Ltd., is the largest gold mine in the and exploration are Important to local economies. For state and the second largest underground gold mine in example, according to the Washington Department of the nation. An estimated 148,000 ounces of gold were Revenue, taxable retail sales in Ferry County rose 41.6 produced in 1990 from ore with an average grade of percent from the first quarter of 1989 to the first quar­ 0 .29 oz/ton. This total represents a slight decrease ter of 1990. This change represents the second largest from 1989 production. Mining was active in all areas gain in the state for that period and coincides with the of the mine. 3 Washington Geology, vol. 19, no. 1 ~ .. , •• ,l',1 r . t' i··'1•· · - ··- ·-- -- - --- ··-··- --- .. - ----- - ··-··-·-··---- .. -. , 123 . A 85 SKAG I T ·-.. 12 S N O H ,0 r,,i 1-s H CL'AL'LAM ' · ""ae 0 88 J E FFERSON GRAYS HARBOR ..
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