DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis BLE 5

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis BLE 5 DEGREE PROJECT IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS , IoT Readiness of BLE 5: Evaluation, Implementation and Improvements HERGILS ÞÓRÐARSON KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Degree project in Embedded Systems IoT Readiness of BLE 5: Evaluation, Implementation and Improvements Author: Hergils Þórðarson Supervisor: Johanna Nordlöf, Tritech Yuan Yao, KTH Examiner: Prof. Zhonghai Lu, KTH Abstract The rapid enhancement of low-power short range wireless connectivity has been a driving factor of the pervasive adoption of Internet-of-Things (IoT). However, the lack of universal standard for such technologies causes compatibility issues and slows down innovation. The Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocol has become the leading protocol that is most likely to be adopted as the standard over other compatible technologies and thus has to be studied thoroughly and all characteristics evaluated. Several major enhancements were introduced in the release of BLE 5 which makes the technology instantly more attractive in wider range of use cases than before. These enhancements bring additional complexity into the BLE architecture while allowing for more flexibility and configuration varieties to optimize each use case. This thesis attempts to evaluate the benefits of new features in BLE for a specific device developed by Tritech Technologies and the possibility of utilizing several features to improve wireless performance. Additionally, the technology architecture is deeply studied, challenges in implementation identified and operational characteristics measured. Results of the literature review discusses how the scalability of BLE has significantly improved, new features provide more flexibility making the technology more attractive for all IoT and finally recommends further work in order to have a single standard when operating low-powered wireless communication. Moreover, test results of power consumption, possible range and throughput are summarized showing that the new features can bring significant benefits to certain products but massive drawbacks might occur in form of power consumed if not carefully implemented. To point out some notable test results acquired in this project, double the energy utility was achieved by utilizing high speed physical layer (PHY) in high throughput operation that reached data transfer rate of 1.37 MB/s. Using long range PHY with coding scheme of eight symbols per bit reached roughly 1 km range in Line-of-Sight (LoS) and improvement from about half-house to nearly full-house coverage. Furthermore, a method of dynamically switching PHYs was implemented and concluded not suitable for such an application due to high added power consumption. Keywords— Bluetooth Low Energy, BLE 5, Internet of Things, Wireless Communica- tion Referat Den snabba förbättringen av trådlös kommunikation med låg energiförbrukning har präglat utvecklingen av Internet-of-Things (IoT). Bristen på en universell stan- dard för sådan teknik orsakar kompatibilitetsproblem och kan hämma innovation. Protokollet för Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) har kommit att bli det ledande pro- tokoll som förmodligen kommer att antas som standarden över andra kompatibla teknologier och måste därför granskas noggrant och alla dess egenskaper utvärderas. Flera anmärkningsvärda förbättringar introducerades i utgåvan av BLE 5 vilket omedelbart gör tekniken mer attraktiv i ett större användningsområde än tidigare. Dessa förbättringar ger ytterligare komplexitet i BLE-arkitekturen, samtidigt som detta möjliggör mer flexibilitet och konfigurationsvarianter för att optimera varje användningsfall. Denna rapport försöker att utvärdera fördelarna med nya funktioner i BLE för en specifik produkt som utvecklats av Tritech Technologies och möjligheten att utnyttja flera funktioner för att förbättra den trådlösa anslutningen. Protokollarkitekturen är dessutom granskad, utmaningar i genomförandet identifierade och operativa egen- skaper uppmätta. Resultaten från litteraturöversikten diskuterar hur skalbarheten hos BLE har förbättrats avsevärt, hur nya funktioner bidrar till flexibilitet vilket gör tekniken mer attraktiv för all typ av IoT och slutligen rekommenderar vidare arbete för att kunna uppnå en standard för trådlös kommunikation med låg energiförbrukn- ing. Dessutom sammanfattas testresultatet av strömförbrukning, möjlig räckvidd och datahastighet, vilket visar att de nya funktionerna kan ge betydande fördelar för vissa produkter men att nackdelar kan förekomma i form av strömförbrukning om den inte är noggrant genomförd. BLE 5 jämfördes med tidigare versioner och resultaten från denna jämförelse visade på att fördubblad energy utility kunde up- pnås genom att använda ett Physical Layer (PHY) med höghastighetsegenskaper och dataöverföringshastighet på 1.37 MB/s. Då ett PHY med lång räckvidd och datakodning på åtta symboler per bit användes kunde en räckvidd på cirka 1 km siktlinje uppnås och en förbättring kunde ses i en tvåplansvilla där täckningen ökat från cirka halva byggnaden till nästan hela byggnaden. Dessutom utvecklades en metod för att dynamiskt byta PHY under användning, och slutsatsen visade att denna metod ej är lämplig för den produkt som utreddes på grund av den ökade energiförbrukningen som då uppstod. Nyckelord— Bluetooth Low Energy, BLE 5, Internet of Things, Trådlösa kommunika- tioner Acknowledgment I want to start by expressing my gratitude to my supervisor, Johanna Nordlöf, for providing me with guidance, helpful feedback and inspiration throughout the process. On the same note, I want to thank all colleagues at Tritech for a warm welcome from beginning, sharing ideas and resources, and in general making the project work fun and memorable. I would like to thank Prof. Zhonghai Lu at KTH to take on the responsibility of examining this project and his helpful feedback. Finally I want to thank my family, especially my girlfriend Högna, for their support and encouragement through my studies. Stockholm, November 2018 Hergils Þórðarson Contents Abbreviations xvii 1. Introduction1 1.1. Background . .1 1.1.1. Bluetooth . .2 1.1.2. Bluetooth Low Energy . .3 1.1.3. Company Background . .4 1.2. Problem . .5 1.3. Purpose . .6 1.4. Goals . .6 1.5. Method . .6 1.6. Sustainability and Ethics . .7 1.7. Delimitations . .8 1.8. Outline . .8 2. Theoretical Background9 2.1. Bluetooth Fundamentals . 10 2.2. BLE Architecture . 11 2.2.1. Physical Layer . 12 2.2.2. Link Layer . 14 2.2.3. Host-Controller Interface . 16 2.2.4. Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) . 17 2.2.5. Security Manager . 18 2.2.6. Attribute Protocol (ATT) . 18 2.2.7. Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) . 19 2.2.8. Generic Access Profile (GAP) . 20 2.3. BLE Operation . 21 2.3.1. Connectionless Mode . 23 2.3.2. Connected Mode . 25 2.3.3. Topology . 26 2.4. Packet Format . 27 2.4.1. Advertising Channel PDU . 28 2.4.2. Data Channel PDU . 29 2.5. BLE 5 Major Enhancements . 30 2.5.1. Increased Speed . 30 2.5.2. Increased Range . 31 ix Contents 2.5.3. Advertising Extension . 32 2.6. Theoretical performance . 33 2.6.1. Throughput . 33 2.6.2. Power Consumption . 35 2.6.3. Covering Range . 35 2.7. Related Work . 37 3. Methods 39 3.1. Research Methodology . 39 3.1.1. Philosophical Assumptions . 40 3.1.2. Research Method . 40 3.2. Preparation . 41 3.2.1. Hardware Description . 41 3.2.2. Software Description . 43 3.3. Measurements . 44 3.4. Data Analysis . 46 4. Implementation 47 4.1. Product Background . 47 4.2. Software Application . 48 4.2.1. Central Device . 48 4.2.2. Peripheral Device . 49 4.3. Evaluation Plan . 51 4.3.1. Power Measurements . 51 4.3.2. Data Throughput Measurements . 53 4.3.3. Range Measurements . 53 4.4. Competing technology . 55 4.4.1. Zigbee . 55 4.4.2. Thread . 57 4.4.3. ANT/ANT+ . 57 4.4.4. Comparison Discussion . 58 5. Results 61 5.1. Power Consumption Results . 61 5.2. Throughput Results . 65 5.3. Range Results . 66 6. Summary and Conclusion 69 6.1. Implementation Challenges . 69 6.2. IoT Readiness of BLE 5 . 70 6.2.1. Scalability . 71 6.2.2. Low Power Characteristics . 71 6.2.3. Range & Throughput . 72 6.3. Conclusion . 73 x Contents 6.4. Future works . 75 Bibliography 77 A. Additional Test results 83 A.1. Power profile breakdown . 83 xi List of Figures 2.1. Typical range vs. throughput for various wireless technologies. .9 2.2. Bluetooth Core Specifications release highlights [11]. 10 2.3. BLE protocol stack. 11 2.4. BLE channel division. 12 2.5. Link Layer state machine. Adopted from [14, Fig. 1.1]. * M and S denotes master and slave respectively. 15 2.6. Link Layer bit stream processing on LE 1M and LE 2M. Adapted from [14, Fig. 3.1] . 16 2.7. Link Layer bit stream processing on LE Coded. Adapted from [14, Fig. 3.2] . 16 2.8. L2CAP structure. Adapted from [16]. 17 2.9. Example of GATT Profile hierarchy. 20 2.10. Example of connectionless mode. Advertiser broadcasting short non- connectable packets containing useful data, while Scanner listens. 24 2.11. Example of simplified BLE connection establishment. 25 2.12. Five different BLE topology examples. Adapted from [13, Fig 4.2]. 26 2.13. Packet format for LE Uncoded PHYs. 27 2.14. Packet format for LE Coded PHY. 28 2.15. Advertising channel PDU structure. 28 2.16. Data channel PDU structure. 29 2.17. Simplified data transfer mode using connections. 34 2.18. Relationship of path loss and distance. 36 3.1. Summary of research methods used in various parts of the project. 41 4.1. FSM describing basic Central Device functionality. 49 4.2. FSM describing basic Peripheral Device functionality. *Three ad- vertising sets used when BLE 5 is utilized, one for each option of connecting(LE1M, LECoded S=2, LECoded S=8). 50 4.3. Jumper removal on Launchpad for clean BLE power measurements. 52 4.4. Test points indicated in test area.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Special Supplement of CED Magazine. the a T of ADDRESS ILITY
    THE MAGAZINE OF BROADBAND TECHNOLOGY/APRIL 1990 A special supplement of CED Magazine. THE A T OF ADDRESS ILITY There's an art to creating an addressable cable system. The Pioneer BA-6000 converter brings all the right elements together to create state-of-the-art addressability. The composition of such features as volume control, multi-vendor scrambling compatibility, PPV/IPPV capability, VCR program timer, VCR filter, four digit display, and unmatched security illustrate the lasting impression of apicture-perfect addressable converter. The BA-6000 paints an attractive picture for cable operators. (11) PION COW 600 East Crescent Ave. •Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 (201)327-6400 Outside New Jersey (800) 421-6450 (c) Copyright 1990 Reader Service Number 1 Perfection in Dielectrics. Trilogy Communications built abetter means immediate savings. coaxial cable -MC 2-and the CATV industry is All this plus the highly respected Trilogy letting us know about it. program of delivery and service provides our The MC2 air dielectric combines excellent customers with the attention and performance product durability and flexibility with air-tight that are second to none. fully-bonded construction. Our 93% velocity Our most prized dynamics are your of propagation provides the purest signal acceptance of our best effort so far -MC 2 air over the longest chstance -fewer amplifiers dielectric coaxial cables. Reader Service Number 2 COMMUNICATIONS INC. Cat or write for our free sample and brochure: TRILOGY COMMUNICATIONS INC., 2910 Highway 80 East, Pearl, Mississippi 39208 800-874-5649 •601-932-4461 •201-462-8700 CR171 THE PROBLEM Direct pickup interference 8 Subscribers who plug cable directly into their cable-ready TVs are plagued with ghosts and beats caused by poor quality consumer electronics.
    [Show full text]
  • 19 Automated Test System for Addressable Descramblers 35
    CCommunications Engineering Digest/The Magazine of Broadband Technology 19 Automated test system for addressable descramblers 35 Using microprocessors for headend/system reliability 47 Computer graphics for drafting and design 48 Product Profile: Trunk and distribution cable 66 Cable-Tec Expo exhibitors booth guide May 1983 FROM MINI TO MAXI.... THE vosE CHOICE IN HEADEND EQUIPMENT Whether it's 5 channels for an SMATV acoustic wave) filters and advanced solid state installation or 108 or more channels for a major circuitry to insure accurate signals with less HRC installation, the right choice is Phasecom— maintenance. And whether you need a "Mini" or the headend-wise company. We've specialized in a "Maxi," Phasecom can supply it in trouble- headend electronics for over a decade now, saving pre-pack cabinets completely wired and gaining the experience and know-how to pro- ready for plug-in. vide you with important benefits—like more Find out the facts today about Phasecom performance for less cost, increased reliability, headend systems. After all, it's the wise thing faster installation and a superior customer to do! support program. Phasecom Corp., 6365 Arizona Circle, All Phasecom modulators, demodulators, Los Angeles, CA 90045, Phone: (213) 641-3501, and heterodyne processors feature SAW (surface Telex: 181899 PHASECOM LSA Ji PHASECOM CORP. For testing satellite for quick and accurate indication So if you work with satellite communications components and of each parameter. A variable communications, and need a systems, the Wavetek Model 1084 is marker across the full sweep allows microwave sweep generator, the right on the money. Its 3.5 to 4.5 instant centering upon any portion Wavetek Model 1084 has your GHz frequency range blankets the of the sweep, and a simple push- numbers.
    [Show full text]
  • Thread 1.2 in Commercial White Paper
    Thread 1.2 in Commercial White Paper September 2019 This Thread Technical white paper is provided for reference purposes only. The full technical specification is available to Thread Group members. To join and gain access, please follow this link: http://threadgroup.org/Join.aspx . If you are already a member, the full specification is available in the Thread Group Portal: http://portal.threadgroup.org . If there are questions or comments on these technical papers, please send them to [email protected]. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an “AS IS” basis and THE THREAD GROUP DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO (A) ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES (INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INCLUDING PATENT, COPYRIGHT OR TRADEMARK RIGHTS) OR (B) ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE OR NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT WILL THE THREAD GROUP BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFITS, LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF USE OF DATA, INTERRUPTION OF BUSINESS, OR FOR ANY OTHER DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR EXEMPLARY, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, IN CONTRACT OR IN TORT, IN CONNECTION WITH THIS DOCUMENT OR THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSS OR DAMAGE. Copyright © 2019 Thread Group, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Thread 1.2 in Commercial White Paper Date: August 2019 Revision History Revision Date Comments 1.0 September 2019 First public release Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 I.
    [Show full text]
  • DOCSIS 3.0 Physical Layer Specification
    Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications DOCSIS® 3.0 Physical Layer Specification CM-SP-PHYv3.0-C01-171207 CLOSED Notice This DOCSIS specification is the result of a cooperative effort undertaken at the direction of Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. for the benefit of the cable industry and its customers. You may download, copy, distribute, and reference the documents herein only for the purpose of developing products or services in accordance with such documents, and educational use. Except as granted by CableLabs® in a separate written license agreement, no license is granted to modify the documents herein (except via the Engineering Change process), or to use, copy, modify or distribute the documents for any other purpose. This document may contain references to other documents not owned or controlled by CableLabs. Use and understanding of this document may require access to such other documents. Designing, manufacturing, distributing, using, selling, or servicing products, or providing services, based on this document may require intellectual property licenses from third parties for technology referenced in this document. To the extent this document contains or refers to documents of third parties, you agree to abide by the terms of any licenses associated with such third-party documents, including open source licenses, if any. © Cable Television Laboratories, Inc., 2006 - 2017 CM-SP-PHYv3.0-C01-171207 Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications DISCLAIMER This document is furnished on an "AS IS" basis and neither CableLabs nor its members provides any representation or warranty, express or implied, regarding the accuracy, completeness, noninfringement, or fitness for a particular purpose of this document, or any document referenced herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Wireless Connectivity for the Internet of Things, One
    Wireless connectivity for the Internet of Things: One size does not fit all Nick Lethaby IoT Ecosystem Manager Texas Instruments In the rapidly growing Internet of Things (IoT), applications from personal electronics to industrial machines and sensors connect wirelessly to the internet. Covering a wide variety of use cases in various environments and serving diverse requirements, no single wireless standard can adequately prevail. With numerous standards deployed in the market, spread over multiple frequency bands and using different communication protocols, choosing the right wireless connectivity technology for an IoT application can be quite challenging. In this paper, we will review the predominant wireless connectivity technologies, discuss their key technical concepts and engineering trade-offs, and provide guidelines for selecting the right wireless technology for different applications. We will focus specifically on wireless technologies that operate in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band where spectrum use is free, rather than technologies like cellular where the purchase of licensed spectrum drives up cost. Frequency bands and worldwide regulations The International Telecommunication Union’s Radio Agencies such as the Federal Communications communication (ITU-R) Sector, which coordinates Commission (FCC) in the U.S. and the Conference the shared global use of the radio spectrum, has of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations reserved several frequency bands for industrial, (CEPT) in Europe regulate radio transmissions
    [Show full text]
  • Platform Status Report an INTERACTIVE TELEVISION ADVERTISING OVERVIEW
    platform status report AN INTERACTIVE TELEVISION ADVERTISING OVERVIEW Revised decembeR 2011 © 2011 Interactive Advertising Bureau AN INTERACTIVE TELEVISION ADVERTISING OVERVIEW Introduction ............................................................................................ 3 Interactive TV Defined ................................................................................... 3 History and Evolution .................................................................................... 4 The Current State of iTV ................................................................................. 4 Why Spend in Interactive Television ............................................................. 5 An End to End Experience ............................................................................... 6 Data ...................................................................................................... 15 Privacy ................................................................................................... 16 An iTV Product Deep Dive – RFI ................................................................... 17 What’s New in iTV ...................................................................................... 28 Overview of the iTV Ecosystem ................................................................... 29 Emerging Platforms ..................................................................................... 32 Current Industry Challenges and Remedies ..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Data Communications Via Cable Television Networks: Technical and Policy Considerations
    Data Communications Via Cable Television Networks: Technical And Policy Considerations by Deborah Lynn Frin B.S.E.E., University of California at Berkeley (1980) Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology August 1982 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1982 Signature of Author .. Technology Policy Program, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science May 7, 1982 Certified by...... C Thesis Supervisor Certified by S;/' Thesis Supervisor Accepted by ......... U) Department Head, Technology Policy Program 1Archives MASSACHUSEfTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MAY 27 1903 Data Conmmunications Via Cable Television Networks: Tiechnical And Policy Considerations by D)cborah Lynn Estrin Submitted to the Technology Policy Program, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, on May 7, 1982 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Abstract Cable television networks offer peak communication data rates that are orders of magnitude greater than the telephone local loop. Although one-way television signal distribution continues to be the primary application of cable television systems, the cable television network can be used for two-way data communications. Data communication places severe engineering demands on the performance of a cable television network. Therefore, to ensure that data communications capabilities are not precluded by poor engineering, local cable authorities and the cable industry must identify and overcome the technical barriers to the application of cable television networks to data communications. We identify the following as the primary technical requirements that remain to be addressed by the cable industry: - Methods for controlling the accumulation of insertion noise and ingress on upstreimr channels.
    [Show full text]
  • Broadband Services in the United States: an Analysis of Availability and Demand
    BROADBAND SERVICES IN THE UNITED STATES: AN ANALYSIS OF AVAILABILITY AND DEMAND PREPARED BY: THE FLORIDA PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION OFFICE OF MARKET MONITORING AND STRATEGIC ANALYSIS ON BEHALF OF THE FEDERAL-STATE JOINT CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED SERVICES OCTOBER 2002 BROADBAND SERVICES IN THE UNITED STATES: AN ANALYSIS OF AVAILABILITY AND DEMAND TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................5 I. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................7 II. BROADBAND AVAILABILITY ...............................................8 A. An Overview of Broadband Deployment by Technology ............................10 1. Cable Modem Availability .............................................10 2. DSL Availability .....................................................12 3. Wireless Availability .................................................15 a. Fixed Wireless .................................................15 b. Wi-Fi ........................................................16 c. Satellite ......................................................18 4. Fiber-to-the-Home Availability ..........................................19 B. Broadband Deployment in Rural Areas .........................................20 C. Broadband Availability in Summary ............................................23 III. BROADBAND TAKE RATE: ANALYSIS OF DEMAND FOR HIGH SPEED SERVICES ................................................................... -24- A.
    [Show full text]
  • Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications DOCSIS® 3.1 Cable
    Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications DOCSIS® 3.1 Cable Modem Operations Support System Interface Specification CM-SP-CM-OSSIv3.1-I03-150326 ISSUED Notice This DOCSIS specification is the result of a cooperative effort undertaken at the direction of Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. for the benefit of the cable industry and its customers. You may download, copy, distribute, and reference the documents herein only for the purpose of developing products or services in accordance with such documents, and educational use. Except as granted by CableLabs® in a separate written license agreement, no license is granted to modify the documents herein (except via the Engineering Change process), or to use, copy, modify or distribute the documents for any other purpose. This document may contain references to other documents not owned or controlled by CableLabs. Use and understanding of this document may require access to such other documents. Designing, manufacturing, distributing, using, selling, or servicing products, or providing services, based on this document may require intellectual property licenses from third parties for technology referenced in this document. To the extent this document contains or refers to documents of third parties, you agree to abide by the terms of any licenses associated with such third party documents, including open source licenses, if any. Cable Television Laboratories, Inc., 2014-2015 CM-SP-CM-OSSIv3.1-I03-150326 DOCSIS® 3.1 DISCLAIMER This document is furnished on an "AS IS" basis and neither CableLabs nor its members provides any representation or warranty, express or implied, regarding the accuracy, completeness, noninfringement, or fitness for a particular purpose of this document, or any document referenced herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing DOCSIS Capacity Over HFC Networks
    Managing DOCSIS Capacity over HFC Networks DOCSIS 2.0, 3.0 and Future 3.1 A Technical Paper Prepared for Cisco Live 2015 By John J. Downey CMTS Technical Leader Cisco Systems RTP, NC 919-392-9150 [email protected] Martin Mattingly Manager, Business Development Cisco Systems Lawrenceville, GA 770-236-1338 [email protected] Table of Contents Title Page Number Introduction _________________________________________________________________ 3 Number One Capacity Question _________________________________________________ 4 DS Capacity Overhead ________________________________________________________ 5 PowerboostTM ________________________________________________________________ 5 Baseline Capacity ____________________________________________________________ 6 Speed Variables ______________________________________________________________ 7 D3.1 Capacity Planning Concerns ________________________________________________ 7 Spectrum Planning ____________________________________________________________ 8 D3.1 Spectrum Thoughts ______________________________________________________ 10 US Level Swing over Temperature ______________________________________________ 12 Five Potential Migration Steps and Ideas _________________________________________ 13 DOCSIS 3.0/3.1 DS Channel and Spectrum Allocation ____________________________ 13 DOCSIS 3.0/3.1 US Channel and Spectrum Allocation ____________________________ 14 1. 12 DSs - 5-42 MHz US & 750 MHz DS _________________________________________ 16 25x Over Subscription Estimate ________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 2018 ANNUAL Think Think Forward
    2018 ANNUAL REPORT 2018 ANNUAL Think Think Forward CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 2018 ANNUAL REPORT Introducing Mobile Made Better Spectrum Mobile is built on America’s largest LTE network, combined with a nationwide network of Spectrum WiFi hotspots, all designed to save customers money. The best network, the best devices and the best value. CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS 1 Our faster, more powerful network is built to keep customers connected now and in the future. Spectrum Internet® Launched Gig Spectrum doubled starting Internet speeds service across and launched Spectrum Internet Gig service footprint so customers have access to the fastest speeds with no throttling or data caps. Spectrum TV® Expanded Spectrum gives customers all the entertainment On Demand they want and countless ways to watch it. We library increased our On Demand library to over 50,000 titles that are now available anytime inside or outside the home with the Spectrum TV® App. 2 2018 ANNUAL REPORT Second largest Spectrum Voice® residential Spectrum offers customers reliable phone landline provider service along with unlimited nationwide calling in the U.S.* within the U.S., Canada, Mexico and more. Spectrum Mobile™ The best network, Spectrum Mobile is a network designed to the best devices save customers money. With Unlimited and By-the-Gig data plans, customers never need to and the best value worry about contracts or overage charges. All built on America’s most-awarded network. *Leichtman Research Group | Quarterly Tracking Report—Q4 2018 Results CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS 3 THOMAS M. RUTLEDGE Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Ultimately, our long-term growth opportunity comes “ from our powerful, easy-to-upgrade network that allows us to offer data-rich wireline and wireless products that consumers want and businesses need.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C
    Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Implementation of Section 304 of the ) CS Docket No. 97-80 Telecommunications Act of 1996 ) ) Commercial Availability of Navigation Devices ) ) Compatibility Between Cable Systems and ) PP Docket No. 00-67 Consumer Electronics Equipment ) COMMENTS OF IPCO, LLC IPCO, LLC (“IPCO”), through undersigned counsel, submits these, its comments to the Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, FCC 10-61 (“Notice”). 1. Introduction. IPCO is a designer and developer of set top boxes (“STBs”). IPCO’s newest line of STBs are navigation devices with a CableCard separable security element in compliance with Section 629 of the Act and Section 76.1102(a) of the regulations.1 IPCO’s compliant STB product line includes both low-end (one way featureless) STBs and higher-end STBs with PVR/DVR functionality. All of IPCO’s devices seamlessly convert or pass through the analog or digital native headend signals for viewing on the subscriber’s analog or digital/HD 1 IPCO has identified itself before the Commission in CSR-8206-Z (Comments of IPCO, LLC, filed October 8, 2009), CSR-7902-Z (Supplement to Petition for Reconsideration, filed by Public Knowledge December 8, 2009) and ex parte correspondence in this docket filed by IPCO on April 6, 2010. receiver. IPCO also provides a digital transport system for analog cable headends using these compliant STBs. IPCO STBs can read Cable Card security on a channel or band/channel group basis so that tap-trapped legacy cable systems (typically less than 550MHz) with limited addressability can program conditional access (“CA”) for only pay services or expanded basic tiers.
    [Show full text]