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Rural Settlement in the Scottish Highlands, 1750-1850: a Comparative Study of Lochtayside and Assynt

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Rural Settlement in the Scottish Highlands, 1750-1850: a Comparative Study of Lochtayside and Assynt Morrison, Alexander (1985) Rural settlement in the Scottish Highlands, 1750-1850: a comparative study of Lochtayside and Assynt. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5112/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] RURAL SETTLEMENT IN THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS, 1750-1850: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LOCHTAYSIDE AND ASSYNT VOLUME I ALEXANDER MORRISON \\ 11 Thesis submitted in accordante with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts of the University of Glasgowq February, 1985- 60 ý6: RnRitl 4 As 04% 0- -jx----- llllýý, ide Glentar n @b fall Location of sites studied. -i- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr Horace Fairhurst, who introduced mev as-a student and later as a colleague, to the fascinating study of deserted Highland settlements, and who started me off on the present study. I think I have absorbed some of his enthusiasm. My thanks are also due to Professor Leslie Alcock who encouraged me to complete this piece of research and who helped with constructive and critical commentp as well as introducing me to the site at Glentarken. I thank Mr P. G. Farquhar, Factor at\the i Drummond Castle Estate Offices, Muthill, for his co-operation in allowing me to draw and photograph plans of Glentarken. For useful discussions and for Plate 107 1 thank Mr R. Smith, Curator of Auchindrain Museum of Country Life. The staff "I at the Scottish Record Office and the National Libraryq Edinburgh were always more than helpful. There were many farmers and crofters who talked or pointed out told ruinsly whose names would make a long list and who were never disinterested. I thank my parents who encouraged me to become a student in the first place, and lastly I thank my wife Sigrid who has been more than patient. - ii - CONTENTS VOLUME 1 Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii SUMMARY xi INTRODUCTION xiii Chapter 1 SOURCES AND METHODS 1.1 Sources 1.2 Methods Chapter 2 SCOTTISH RURAL SETTLEMENT STUDIES: A BRIEF REVIEW 9 Chapter 3 THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS, HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS --169o-185o:AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMY 27, 3-1 Access and Climate 27 3*2 The Jacobite Uprisings and their Consequences 30 34 3-3 Improvements and Population Increase 3.4 Sheep Farming for Profit 40 3-5 Highland Clearances 42 Chapter 4 LOCHTAYSIDE: LANDSCAPE AND EARLY HISTORY 49 4.1 Physical Landscape 49 58 4.2 Early Landowners on Lochtayside 63 4-3 Early Maps 68 4.4 The Campbells of Glenorchy - iii - Page Chapter 5 LOCHTAYSIDE IN 1769: LANDS AND, HOLDINGS 72 5-1 Population 72 . 5.2 Land Divisions 73 5-3 Rents and Size of Holdings 75 5*4 Tenancies 84 5-5 Crofters, Pendiclers, Cotters 89 5.6 Cattle, Sheep,, etc. 95 5-7 Other Occupations 97 Chapter 6 THE LOCHTAYSIDE SETTLEMENT PATTERN AND ITS REMAINS 99 6.1 The Towns or Farms 99 6.2 The Settlement Clusters 101 6-3' The Settlement Remains log 6.4 Lochtayside, Shielings 123 6.5 Lochtayside Mills 134 Chapter 7 ASSYNT: LANDSCAPE AND EARLY HISTORY 139 7-1 Physical Landscape 139 7.2 Early Landowners in Assynt 145 7-3 Early Maps of Assynt 149 Chapter 8 ASSYNT IN 1774: LANDS AND HOLDINGS 154 8.1 Population 1.54 8*2 Land Division 155 8-3 Rents and Size of Holdings 158 8.4 Tenancies 163 8.5 Non-Tenants 166 8.6 The Cattle Trade 169 8.7 Other Occupations 173 - iv - Pa, -e Chapter 9 ASSYNT IN THE LATE 18th CENTURY: THE SETTLEMENT PATTERN AND ITS POSSIBLE REMAINS 177 9.1 The Towns or Farms 177 9.2 The Settlement Clusters 178 9-3 The Settlement Remains 182 9.4 The 'Sheelings' 192 9.5 Assynt Mills 214 Chapter 10 LOCHTAYSIDE AND ASSYNT IN THE LATER 18th CENTURY: A COMPARISON 219 10.1 Geography 219 10.2 History 221 10-3 Population 222 10.4 Tenancies and Landholdings 224 230 10-5 Settlement Pattern and Remains 10.6 Conclusions 233 Chapter 11 pRE-IMPROVEMENT AND PRE-CLEARANCE SETTLEMENTS IN THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS: SOME COMPARANDA, 236 11.1 Lix, Glendochartg Perthshire 236 llo2 Rosalp Strathnaverp Sutherland 241 11-3 Kilphedir, Strath of Kildonan, Sutherland 247 11.4 Easter Glentarken, Lochearnsidet Perthshire 251 11-5 Some Comparative Building Sizes and Forms 259 Chapter 12 CONCLUSIONS 265 12*1 Settlement Groupings 265 12.2 Houses and Buildings 272 12-3 Some General Conclusions 279 BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscript Sources 282 Piihl"Ishp. Rmirnp.. ci q -- - - VOLUME 2 FIGURES 1. Lo chtayside Relief and Drainage. 2. Cross-section and Transect of Lochtaysides 3- Lochtayside around 1600. 4. Lochtayside in Late/Post Medieval Times* 5. Lochtayside in the Mid-Eighteenth Century. 6. View trom Taymouth (Pennant). 7- View from Killing (Pennant). 8. West end of Loch Tayo 9* Settlement Pattern and Territorial Divisions on Lochtayside, 1769o 10. Farms in Officiary of Terartaro 11'9 Ballindalloch and Marrag-ness, 1769o 12o Ardvoile and Ballemore. 13. Remains'of northernmost cluster on Ardvoile. 14. Tommachrochar, 1769. 15- Cluster A on Tommachrocharo 16o Blarliargan, 1769., 17o Surviving remains on Blarliargan and Rheninchuleigho 18o Surviving remains on W and E Kuiltyrieo 190 Remains of Cluster F in Blarliargano 20. Surviving part of Cluster D in Blarliargano 21. Remains of northern part of Cluster A in Blarliargan. 22. Remains of Cluster B in Blarliargan. 23- Wester and Easter Kuiltyrie, 1769. - 24. Remains of Cluster B on Wester Kuiltyrie. 25. Remains of Cluster A in Easter Kuiltyrie. 26. Wester Carawhin, 1769. - vi - 27- Part of Marragdow cluster on Wester Carawhin. 27a. Croftantayanp 1769. 28. The farms at Lawers, 1769. 29* Surviving structures of five Lawers farms. 30- Cuiltirannich, 1769. 319 Remains Of Part of Cl'uster B on Cuiltirannich (Lawers). 32. Miltown or Parks of Lawers, 1769. 33. Cluster B on Miltown of Lawers. 34. Miltown of Lawers (Late l8th/Early 19th Century). 35. The 'Old Village of Lawers, (End of 19th Century). 35a*Buildine A, Old Village of Lawers. 36. Farms on the left bank of the Ardeonage Burn. ( 379 Farms in the valley of the Ardeonage/Newtown Burns. 38. Newtown Farm, 1769. 39- Cluster A on Newton Farm. 40. Cluster B on Newton Farm. 41. Remains of Cluster A on Suckoch. 42. Newtown Farm. 43- Cluster A on Newtown Farm. 43a-Farms in eastern Ardeonage and western Ardtalnagep 1769. 44. Wester Tullich and Tomindason. 45- Farms in the officiary of Ardtalnagej 1769. 46. The farm of Craig, Ardtalnage. 47. Remains of Cluster B on Craig Farme 48. Surviving remains on Tomindasong etce 49. Glentalnage and Glencloyp 1769. 49a*Structures above head dyke on South Lochtayside. - vii - 50* Assynt Relief and Drainage* 51- Cross-section and Transect of Assynte 52e Assynt around 1600. 53- North-west Scotland in the mid-17th century* 54. The 'Ancient Division' of Assynts 55- The farm townships of Assynt in the mid-18th century. 56. The farm townships of Assynt, 1774. 57- Assynt sheelings, 1774. 58. -Parms in the Stoer Peninsulav Assynt, '1774. 58a. Clashnessie and neighbouring farms, 17 74. 59. The township of Clashnessie, 1774. 60. Surviving remains on Clashnessie., 61. Clashnessie - Clupter C on rig. '60. 62. Clashmore and Bellachlatachp 1774. 63- Clashmore, surviving remains. 64. Clashmore,, settlement cluster., 6.5. Clachtoll'1774 - Clachtoll, survivinig remains. 6. Auchmelvich, 1774. 67- Auchmelvich, surviving remains. 68. Achmelvich, Group X (Fig. 67)- 69. Remains on former 'Glananter Sheeling'. 70- Sketch of surviving remains on former 'Glananter Sheelinal. 71- Building E in former 'Glananter Sheeling'. 72. Culackp 1774. 73- Culackv surviving remains. 74. Batachrianan, 1774. 75- Batachrianano surviving remains* 76. Batachrianan - buildings in Cluster A. - viii - 77-, Stonecruby and Layn, 1774. 78. Farms to the east and south of Loch Assynt, 1774. 79* Eastern end of Loch Assynt, 1774. 80. Kirktown and Inchnadamph, surviving remains. 81. Post-1774 buildings on Kirktown Sheeling B. 82. Representations of buildings on John Home's Plans, 83- Repr esentations of buildings on John Home's Plans. 84. John Home's sketches re-drawn. 85. Remains of horizontal mill near Achmelvich. 86., Lix in 1775- 87- Middle and East Lix - surviving remains. (EL/III)'. 88. East Lix - north cluster 89. Strath Naver settlements prior to*the evictions. go* 'The Heights of Strathnaverl, 1811. 91. Rosall surviving remains. 92o Rosal northern cluster, complex A. 93- Strath of Kildonan, c. 1810-15- 94. Kilphedir, deserted Clachan. ýýettlement 95. remains in the Strath of Kildonans 96. Kilphedir - Iron Age settlement. 97. Glentarken, 1810. 98. Easter Glentarken - Cluster C. 99. Some Highland rural settlement patterns. APPENDICES 1. Statistics of Lochtayside Farms, 1769. 2. Crofts and Pendicles on South Lochtayside, 1769. Height Head Dyke, 1769. 3. Lochtayside - Size of Farms and of - ix 61 4. South Lochtayside. Rents and Valuation, 1769. 5. Details of Lochtayside Settlement Clustersq 1769. 6. Heights of Settlement Clusters'and Head Dyke, Lochtayside, 1769. Example of Breadalbane Rental, 1718- 89 LochtaySide Charter,. 1734. 9. Tack of Succoch, 1771- 10. Crofters and Cotters'on Lochtaysi de after 1769. 11. Renderings of Names of Lochtayside Farms. - 12. Statistics of Assynt Farms, 1774-5.
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