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La Transición Energética En El Reino Unido

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La Transición Energética En El Reino Unido LA TRANSICIÓN ENERGÉTICA EN EL REINO UNIDO. CUADERNOS ORKESTRA 67/2020 ISSN 2340-7638 LA TRANSICIÓN ENERGÉTICA EN EL REINO UNIDO Macarena Larrea Basterra Maider Bilbao Ozamiz 2020 LA TRANSICIÓN ENERGÉTICA EN EL REINO UNIDO. Cuadernos Orkestra, núm. 67/2020 © Macarena Larrea Basterra y Maider Bilbao Ozamiz © Instituto Vasco de Competitividad – Fundación Deusto www.orkestra.deusto.es LA TRANSICIÓN ENERGÉTICA EN EL REINO UNIDO. Los autores quieren mostrar su agradecimiento a todas las personas/instituciones que han facilitado información y colaborado en la revisión de este estudio, y en particular a Jorge Fernández, Jaime Menéndez y Roberto Álvaro por su revisión del resumen ejecutivo y a Salvador Acha del Imperial College London por su revisión del informe. Las opiniones, análisis y comentarios recogidos en este documento reflejan la opinión de los autores y no necesariamente de las instituciones a las que pertenecen. Cualquier error es únicamente atribuible a los autores LA TRANSICIÓN ENERGÉTICA EN EL REINO UNIDO RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio consiste en ofrecer una imagen del sistema energético británico y los retos a los que se enfrenta para acometer la transición energética del país. Para ello, en primer lugar, se contextualiza el territorio, debido a sus peculiaridades tanto geográficas como políticas. A continuación, se realiza un análisis de la evolución histórica del sector energético, que viene acompañada, en el siguiente capítulo por la situación del mix energético del país y del impacto medioambiental de la actividad energética de Reino Unido. Debido a la importancia de la energía como factor de competitividad y bienestar de la población, se incluye un apartado relativo a los precios de la energía. Posteriormente, se trata de recoger los principales desarrollos legislativos sobre los que se apoya la transición del sector y un apartado sobre el desarrollo industrial. Todo el análisis se realiza teniendo en cuenta el actual contexto del Brexit, que fue cambiando a lo largo del propio estudio. LABURPENA Ikerketa honen helburua Erresuma Batuko sistema energetikoaren egoera azaltzean datzat, baita trantsizio energetikoaren inguruan aurreikusten hari diren erronkak azaltzea. Horretarako, lehenik eta behin, lurraldea testuinguruan jarri da, dituen berezitasun geografiko eta politikoak argituz. Gero, sektore energetikoaren eboluzio historikoa burutu da, non herrialdearen mix energetikoa azaltzen den eta baita honek duen ingurumenaren gaineko eragina. Kontutan hartuta energiak duen garrantzia herrialdeko lehiakortasunean eta herritarren ongizatean, atal bat gehitu da energiaren prezioen inguruan. Ondoren, sektore energetikoa oinarritzen den legegintza-garapen nagusiak azaldu dira, non sektore industriala azpimarratu den. Analisi guzti hau, Brexitaren testuingurua kontutan izanik garatu da eta aldaketak izan ditu ikerketaren prozesu osoan zehar. ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to offer an image of the British energy system and the challenges it faces to undertake the country's energy transition. In order to do this, in the first place, the territory is contextualized, due to its geographical and political peculiarities. Afterwards, an analysis is made of the historical evolution of the energy sector, which is accompanied, in the following chapter by the situation of the country's energy mix and the environmental impact of the United Kingdom's energy activity. Due to the significance of energy as a factor of competitiveness and well-being of the population, a section on energy prices has been included. Subsequently, some of the main legislative developments on which the transition of the sector is supported are described as well as a section on industrial development due to its relevance. All the analysis has been carried out taking into account the current context of Brexit, which was changing throughout the study itself. iv LA TRANSICIÓN ENERGÉTICA EN EL REINO UNIDO ÍNDICE LISTA DE TABLAS ............................................................................................................................................. VII LISTA DE GRÁFICOS .......................................................................................................................................... IX LISTA DE MAPAS .............................................................................................................................................. XII LISTA DE FIGURAS .......................................................................................................................................... XIII LISTA DE ACRÓNIMOS .................................................................................................................................... XIV RESUMEN EJECUTIVO .........................................................................................................................................2 CONTEXTO GENERAL. POLÍTICAS ENERGÉTICAS COHERENTES EN EL TIEMPO ......................................................................... 2 UNA ESTRATEGIA DE TRANSICIÓN ENERGÉTICA COMPROMETIDA CON LA DESCARBONIZACIÓN .............................................. 2 TRANSVERSALIDAD DE LA DESCARBONIZACIÓN E INTERACCIÓN CON OTRAS POLÍTICAS ......................................................... 4 VICTORIA PARCIAL EN LA DESCARBONIZACIÓN: EL ÉXITO EN LA ELECTRICIDAD VS. LOS RETOS EN CALEFACCIÓN Y TRANSPORTE5 LA PREOCUPACIÓN DEL REINO UNIDO POR LA SEGURIDAD DE SUMINISTRO: RECURSOS AUTÓCTONOS Y EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA ...................................................................................................................................................................7 PRECIOS DE LA ENERGÍA VOLÁTILES Y CRECIENTES EN EL TIEMPO. POBREZA ENERGÉTICA Y COMPETITIVIDAD INDUSTRIAL ........ 8 LAS INCERTIDUMBRES QUE ABRE EL BREXIT Y EL PAPEL DE LAS REGIONES ............................................................................ 9 1. OBJETIVO Y CONTEXTO ................................................................................................................................11 CONTEXTO GEOGRÁFICO ........................................................................................................................................11 ESTRUCTURA POLÍTICA Y COMPETENCIAS .................................................................................................................13 COMPETENCIAS TRANSFERIDAS EN EL ÁMBITO ENERGÉTICO Y PRINCIPALES INSTITUCIONES .........................................18 BREXIT .................................................................................................................................................................19 2. ANTECEDENTES ............................................................................................................................................22 DE LA NACIONALIZACIÓN A LA PRIVATIZACIÓN Y LIBERALIZACIÓN DEL SECTOR ENERGÉTICO ........................................22 LOS RETOS DEL S. XXI: SEGURIDAD DE SUMINISTRO Y DESCARBONIZACIÓN ...............................................................25 3. MIX ENERGÉTICO ..........................................................................................................................................28 ENERGÍA PRIMARIA ................................................................................................................................................28 Carbón ............................................................................................................................................................... 30 Petróleo .............................................................................................................................................................. 32 Gas natural ........................................................................................................................................................ 42 Energía nuclear ................................................................................................................................................. 54 Energías renovables .......................................................................................................................................... 55 CONSUMO DE ENERGÍA FINAL.................................................................................................................................57 Electricidad ........................................................................................................................................................ 61 Eficiencia energética ......................................................................................................................................... 70 4. IMPACTO MEDIOAMBIENTAL ......................................................................................................................75 EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO .......................................................................................................75 Monitorización de otros gases de efecto invernadero .................................................................................. 78 EMISIONES DE GASES CONTAMINANTES .....................................................................................................................79 v LA TRANSICIÓN ENERGÉTICA EN EL REINO UNIDO 5. PRECIOS DE LA ENERGÍA ..............................................................................................................................83 CONTEXTO INTERNACIONAL DE LOS PRECIOS
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