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PLURIELLES N° 18 (Que Faisons Nous De Notre Histoire ?) Illustration de couverture : PLURIELLES Revue culturelle et politique pour un judaïsme laïque publiée sous les auspices de l’AJHL 83, avenue d’Italie – 75013 PARIS – Tél. : 01 44 24 12 94 Site internet : www.ajhl.org – Courrier électronique :[email protected] Directeur de la Publication : Izio ROSENMAN Rédacteur en chef : Izio ROSENMAN Comité de Rédaction : Régine AZRIA, Jacques BURKO+, Anny DAYAN ROSENMAN, Rolland DOUKHAN, Martine LEIBOVICI, Carole KSIAZENICER-MATHERON, Daniel OPPENHEIM, Hélène OPPENHEIM-GLUCKMAN, Chantal STEINBERG, Jean-Charles SZUREK, Philippe ZARD, Nadine VASSEUR. La revue Plurielles qui, comme son nom l’indique, accueille des opinions diverses ne partage pas nécessairement les points de vue émis par les auteurs. Dépôt de Titre N°93/0031 – ISSN : 1631-9133 PLURIELLES, revue culturelle et politique pour un judaïsme laïque, contribue à l’expression du courant du judaïsme laïque en France. Plurielles n° 18 QUE FAISONS-NOUS DE NOTRE HISTOIRE ? SOMMAIRE Izio Rosenman. Editorial : Que faisons-nous de notre histoire… ………………………………… 5 Littérature Berthe Burko-Falcman, Absence.....................................................................................................9 Ewa Maczka-Tartakowsky, La littérature à défaut d’histoire, l’expression littéraire des Juifs nord-africains en France..........................................................................................11 Nadja Djuric, Psaume 44 de Danilo Kis et les journées froides de 1942......................................22 Fleur Kuhn, D’un Je à l’autre, les langages d’André Schwarz-Bart.............................................31 Barbara Agnese, Sur Marlene Streeruwitz, comment raconter notre histoire.............................42 Histoire collective Le mythe de Massada d’après Nachman Ben Yehuda...................................................................53 Aryeh Barnea, Les dangers du paradigme de Massada ..............................................................62 Anny Bloch-Raymond, L’occultation de l’esclavage (bonnes feuilles)........................................64 Frédéric Abecassis, Les Juifs dans l’islam méditerranéen...........................................................70 Guideon Meron et Oded Chalom, Moche Shapira, tristesse sur le lac de Tibériade...................82 Daniel Oppenheim, Écrire pour transmettre l’expérience de la barbarie et s’en déprendre......91 Alain Blum et Marta Craveri, Passés nationaux ou histoire européenne. Deux approches ­historiennes de l’histoire du stalinisme...................................................................................99 Françoise Blum et al., Génocides et politiques mémorielles. Mémoriaux du Rwanda...............109 Histoires individuelles Alain Medam, Figures en fugue ................................................................................................. 119 Berthe Burko-Falcman, Un cheval pour pleurer........................................................................126 Jean-Charles Szurek, En lisant Ivan Jablonka............................................................................ 131 Lucette Valensi, Mes langues maternelles, plus d’autres...........................................................135 Carole Ksiazenicer-Matheron, Traduire......................................................................................143 Marc Sagnol, Évocations de Galicie. D’Ustrzyki Dolne à Wyjnitz ............................................ 153 Anne Geisler-Szmulewicz, Un combattant pour la Liberté, Jacquot Szmulewicz, immigré, juif et résistant ......................................................................................................163 Henri Cohen-Solal et Dominique Rividi, Jeunes à risques, que font-ils dans Beit Ham ?........177 Izio Rosenman et H. Oppenheim-Gluckman, Entretiens avec Élie Wajeman ...........................184 Cinéma Claude Aziza, Rencontres judéo-chrétiennes dans le péplum ...................................................197 Guido Furci, Le livre de La grammaire intérieure au prisme du cinéma...................................202 Essais Martine Leibovici, Une critique radicale du sionisme à partir de l’histoire juive diasporique ? À propos de Judith Butler, Emmanuel Levinas et Hannah Arendt ..................................... 211 Jean-Charles Szurek, Quelques réflexions sur l’article de Martine Leibovici ..........................223 Eva Illouz, Le prix de Judith Butler............................................................................................225 Politique Philippe Vellila, Les Juifs de France et l’élection présidentielle de 2012 .................................231 Recensions Chantal Wolezyk, Le Club des incorrigibles optimistes (Jean-Michel Guenassia) et Le Cercle littéraire des amateurs d’épluchures de patate (M.A. Schaffer et A. Barrows) .................238 Ont contribué à ce numéro..........................................................................................................241 Sommaires des Nos 2 à 17… …………………………………………………………………………… 243 4 Plurielles numéro 18 – Que faisons-nous de notre histoire ? ÉDITORIAL : QUE FAISONS-NOUS DE NOTRE HISTOIRE ? Izio Rosenman Comment intégrer le passé à notre présent ? violence, de terreur, de massacres et de géno- Car nous tentons sans relâche de donner un cides, un siècle de destruction et de reconstruc- sens à notre passé et à notre histoire, pour qu’ils tion avec notamment la perpétration de la Shoah nous aident à comprendre notre présent et à et la création de l’État d’Israël. construire notre futur. Et cette activité de « mise À l’échelle collective, si ce passé est souvent en sens » nourrit sans doute une grande partie de difficile à reconstruire, c’est à cause de la rup- nos activités intellectuelles et artistiques, mobi- ture de transmission qu’instaurent les grandes lise une grande partie de notre énergie psychique. catastrophes collectives, à cause de la disparition Le dossier de ce numéro s’intitule « Que fai- des témoins, à cause de la politique d’effacement sons-nous de notre histoire ? », une question qui d’un pouvoir qui veut le gommer ou le rendre a une dimension individuelle et une dimension inaccessible. collective. Les nazis ont tenté d’effacer les traces de leurs L’identification à l’histoire de son groupe crimes, comme l’a tenté Staline pour les siens. d’appartenance est l’une des modalités sui- On connaît cette photo qui date des débuts vant lesquelles chacun vit cette appartenance et du communisme en URSS sur laquelle figurent assume un passé commun. initialement Lénine, Staline et Trotski, fondateur Le peuple juif est un vieux peuple. Il a eu de l’Armée Rouge. De même que Staline a fait une histoire longue et diversifiée, faite de trans- disparaître les exécuteurs de ses basses œuvres, formations, de mutations, de migrations. Et il qu’ils soient des simples exécutants ou de hauts est souvent difficile de faire coexister ces divers responsables de la police politique, il aussi fait héritages parfois contradictoires. Il nous faut effacer Trotski de cette fameuse photographie, faire cohabiter dans nos bagages Rabbi Akiva le sage qui fut associé à la révolte de Bar Kochba et meurtre symbolique, début d’une délégitimation les révolutionnaires du Yiddishland, la Kabbale qui s’est terminée par l’assassinat de celui-ci par et l’enseignement marxisto-sioniste de Be’er un agent de la NKVD stalinienne. Car il s’agissait Borokh’ov, Theodor Herzl et Sigmund Freud, bien pour lui d’être maitre du présent mais aussi Yshayahou Leibovitz et Vladimir Jankélévitch ou du passé. Vladimir Rabi. Et pourtant nous nous réclamons Quand on passe à la sphère individuelle, l’his- d’un passé commun, d’une même identité même toire de nos parents résume et incarne souvent si elle a de multiples facettes. pour nous les transformations et les évènements Le XXe siècle a été, en particulier pour les du siècle. Notre mémoire s’enracine dans la leur. Juifs, un siècle de mutations politiques, sociales Nous construisons en partie notre identité à tra- et civilisationnelles, un siècle de migrations vers ce qu’ils ont pu nous transmettre de leur volontaires ou forcées. Il a aussi été un siècle de propre vie et c’est également à travers une prise Plurielles numéro 18 – Que faisons-nous de notre histoire ? 5 en charge de ce passé que nous devenons non plus L’escamotage, la réécriture sont souvent à seulement leurs enfants mais leurs descendants. l’œuvre pour occulter l’histoire du Goulag ou d’autres génocides du XXe siècle. Dans une première partie, nous tentons d’ap- Comment résister à la constante tentation de procher la question de notre rapport à l’histoire réécriture de l’Histoire qui travaille les tenants à travers l’écriture littéraire, de voir comment un du pouvoir, comment construire une identité certain nombre d’écrivains juifs, ont témoigné de culturelle qui prenne racine dans le passé mais leur rapport, souvent complexe, à leur histoire, en ne nous y emprisonne pas, ce sont quelques unes particulier à l’histoire dramatique de ce XXe siècle. des questions auxquelles nous avons tenté de Dans une deuxième partie, nos contributeurs répondre ou au moins d’évoquer. ont, pour beaucoup, voulu montrer quel usage de l’histoire ont fait les États, et les groupes. Cela Hors dossier, nous publions un essai sur une concerne l’État d’Israël, avec la place centrale critique du sionisme par la philosophe Judith qu’il a donnée au mythe de Massada. Cela peut Butler, une étude sur les Juifs de France et l’élec- concerner aussi bien un groupe de Juifs alsaciens tion
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