The Geology of the Districts Around Settle and Harrogate

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Geology of the Districts Around Settle and Harrogate 27 THE GEOLOGY OF THE DISTRICTS AROUND SETTLE AND HARROGATE. By P ER C Y FRY I-:EI\DALL, M.Sc ., F. G.S. f R ead J llly tst, 19/0. ) Some adva nce cop ies of this Pape r were printed and Iss ued to Memb ers, in connection wit h the Long E xc ursion, in July- August lase. T he Paper is now rcp rtnted with a, few slight alterations. COXTE:\TS. PA GE !.-[NTROU l ICT IOK • • 27 [I.-PRE-C A MUlH A N R OCKS • 30 III.-LOWER P ALA':0 7.0IC R OCKS 3 1 I V.-CARBO:-;IF E ROl :S R OCKS- Basement Beds . 35 Carboniferous Limeston e . 36 Yoredale (Pendleside) Series . 37 Millstone G rit 4° Coal Measu res 42 V .-PER~1IA;\I R OCKS 44 VI.-ICNEOlTS ROCKS . 49 VI I.-GLACIAL PH n :OMENA 5° V III .-TECTO NICS 53 I X .- R EFERENCE S 5R I.-I NT R OD{; CTIO~. H E principal districts to be visited," na mely, the western T dales ab out Sett le and th e mid dle region of Nidderdale, constitute two repr esentative portions of a west to east traverse of the Pennine Chain, which, both by its resembl an ces and contrasts, form s an interesting and useful com ple ment to the st udies made by th e members of th e Associat ion of the northern sections near Appleby, visited under Dr. Man 's guidance in 190 7, and of the southe rn terminati on visited in 19°3, when Dr. Wheelton H ind led an excursion to North Staffordshire, an d in 190 4, when Dr. Arno ld Be mros e conducted an excursion to North Derbyshire. The Pennine Chain consists essentially of a great fold of wide amplitude and generally 'low gradie nts extendi ng from th e T yne-Irthing depression, where it is abruptly tru ncated by faulting, to the Trent valley, where its greatly denuded arch falls away below an unconformable cover. Its western edge is cut off for long distan ces by a great system of dislocations, but on th e cast it dips gentl y beneath the unconformable cover of Magnesian Limestone. In the section entitled " Tectonics " som e more det ailed dis­ cussion of the structure ofthe Chain wi11 be attempted, bu t for th e present purpose it will suffice to point out that th e western fractured bo undary is interrup ted for a distan ce of over 30 miles, namely, from the neigh bourhood of Settle to the Saddleworth '" Th is refers to the Lon g: E xcursion of I 9 1C'. 28 PERCY FRY KENDALL ON THE GEOLOGY OF Valley, near Oldham, by a folded region consisting of a pair of great S.W. and N.E. folds-the Clitheroe and Rossendale anti­ clines-with the intervening syncline of the Burnley coalfield. The western area to be studied lies on the northern boundary of this folded region, and several days will be devoted to the examination of the faults by which it is limited. The Dales and Craven Highlands, near Settle, consist of a dissected plateau of nearly horizontal Carboniferous rocks that has been deeply trenched by streams such as the Twiss or Greta, Clapham, and Austwick Becks, the Ribble, Aire, and Wharfe. These streams have in several places cut through the Carboniferous strata and exposed in a series of small inliers the underlying Archreau and older Paleeozoic Rocks. The massive Great Scar Limestone forms an elevated plateau upon which are seated the great elongated piles of the Yoredales with, in each case, a capping of Millstone Grit. These hills are the most mountain-like of the Pennine system, and the stately forms of Penyghent, Whernside, and Ingleborough form an imposing triad, whose geological structure is displayed in bold scars and slopes with the clearness of a diagram. To the southward the scenery abruptly changes at the line of the Craven Faults, and the knobbed and undulating country of the folded strata stretches away to the middle course of the Ribble, with the Yoredale and Millstone Grit escarpment of Pendle for a background. The day spent in Wharfedale will disclose another type of scenery characterised by a remarkable range of gigantic knolls of limestones lying at the foot of another escarpment of Millstone Grit. The Harrogate country stands on the edge of the eastern slope of the Pennines just where the Carboniferous rocks descend below the Magnesian Limestone. The great line of folded country comes through here from the west. Harrogate itself is on the edge of a steep-pitched anticline, faulted along its north-western flank, bringing up the Yoredale rocks from beneath the Millstone Grit. Between this place and the Magnesian Limestone outcrop the surface has been etched out of the eroded plain upon which the Permian rocks were de­ posited. The Nidd Valley, in the region to be visited, presents two strongly contrasted aspects, the dividing line being defined by the Nidd Viaduct of the North Eastern Railway. The western portion is a broad valley with fairly steep sides, the normal aspect of a stream flowing through a Millstone Grit country, while on the east the valley has a gorge-like aspect whether the country con­ sists of Millstone Grit or of Magnesian Limestone, and this feature, as will be shown in a later chapter, is related to the glacial history of the district. THE DISTRICTS ABOUT SETTLE AND HARROGATE. 29 While all parts of the area to be covered by the excursion have received a full share of attention, the Western Dales and Highlands have, by their more varied structure and magnificent scenery, proved the most inspiring to geologists. A catalogue of the workers in this field would enumerate nearly all the great names of the first half-century of English geology, among which would be found those of William Smith, Adam Sedgwick (a Dalesman himself, with a type of physiognomy very characteristic of this region), Murchison, John Phillips, and many others. It is almost invidious to select from the names of contemporaries, but the brilliant researches of Prof. Hughes, Mr. Tiddeman, and Dr. Man have given to them, and to the place of their labours, a claim to grateful remembrance among geologists. Nor need the rising generation of geologists fear to find an exhausted field-problems grow out of problems, and the studies of the older Paleeozoic rocks, placed upon a sound basis by Prof. Hughes and Dr . Marr, are being continued in our own time by their disciples. John Phillips did not say the last word on the Marine Carboniferous, and Dr. Wheelton Hind, Mr. Cosmo Johns, and Dr. Wilmore have found more to do than the mere crossing of t's and dotting of i's. Mr. Tiddeman made this region the subject of a paper on Glacial phenomena that has served as a model and a basis for Glacial work all over the country; yet, even in the field that he worked, with results of inestimable value to all later students, much may still be done. STRATIGRAPHICAL SEQUENCE IN THE SETTLE DISTRICT. Recent . Alluvium, Peat, Shell Marl, etc. QUATERNARY. Plei f Boulder Clay, Sands, Gravels. { eistocene .) Cave Deposits. Penni i Upper Breccias and Sandstone. errman .. 'I Lower Breccia. Coal Measures. Millstone Grit. UPPER PRn1ARY.J Yoredale and Pendleside Series. 'l Carboniferous. Carboniferous Limestone. Basement Beds­ Homogenetic. Polygenetic. iGrits of the Rough Lands. Studfold Sandstone. Horton Flags. Austwick Grit. ~~ls:\~ira~e~'l~gnsd Silurian. 'lI Red Shale). LOWER PRIMARY, Graptolithic Mudstone (with Spen- gill Limestone and zone of Phacops elegalls). Conglomerate or Calcareous Grit. o d .. I Bala Shales (Ashgill Shales). r ovician . 1Coniston Limestone. 1Pre-Cambrian. Ingletonian Series. 30 PERCY FRY KENDALL ON THE GEOLOGY OF SEQUENCE IN THE HARROGATE DISTRICT. \ Recent • Alluvium, Peat, Shell Marl, etc. \ Tufa. QUATERNARY. PIeIS . t ocene 1 .I Boulder Clay, Sands and Gravels. ' upper :\larl. \ C pper Maguesian Limestone. '1' :\11ddle :\Iarl, Lower Magnesian Limestone. [p"mb" Lower Marl and Sandstone. r f (Plumpton Grit. "1 I) Shales. G~\ 1Cayton Gill Shell Bed. Millstone .I, Shales. UPPER -, Grit. 1 Follifoot Grit. PRDIARY. Shales. Carboniferous. +th (Kinderscout Grit 111 Grit. ] three beds. ( Shales. J Roadstone. Yoredale Rocks. < Shales. J Grit. ~ Shales. II.-PRE-CAMBRIAN ROCKS. The oldest rocks of the Settle District are, by common consent, admitted to be the series of hard, gritty, conglomeratic and slaty rocks exposed in Kingsdale, Chapel-le-Dale, and Ribblesdale, forming a belt at least two miles wide in Chapel-le-Dale, and apparently dipping uniformly to the south-west at a very high angle. These were referred by Sedgwick to the Green Slates, and correlated by him and later writers with the Borrowdale Series. The dip of the beds in Chapel-le-Dale has an appearance of regularity, and in the absence of clear signs of repetition by fault­ ing or folding in any of the exposures seen crossing their outcrop they were estimated to be 10,000 feet thick. It has long been felt that the ascription of this series to the Borrowdale division could be only a temporary expedient, and geologists working in the district were fully prepared for the revision suggested by Mr. R. H. Rastall, who proposed in a recent paper (9)* to refer them to the Archaean system under the name of the Ingletonian Series. Petrologically these rocks are different from any rocks exposed elsewhere in the North of England. The predominant materials are grits, for the most part of a green colour. They consist of angular grains of quartz and felspar, with some mica and occasional grains of quartzite.
Recommended publications
  • STRATEGIC STONE STUDY a Building Stone Atlas of NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE
    STRATEGIC STONE STUDY A Building Stone Atlas of NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE Published May 2012 Derived from BGS digital geological mapping at 1:625,000 scale, British Geological Survey © NE Yorkshire Bedrock Geology NERC. All rights reserved Click on this link to visit NE Yorkshire’s geology and their contribution to known building stones, stone structures and building stone quarries (Opens in new window http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/buildingstone?County=North-EastYorkshire ) NE Yorkshire Strategic Stone Study 1 Stratigraphical column of the Permian (in part),Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks and Quaternary deposits in North-east Yorkshire showing the common buildings stones (bold) and alternative stone names. The oldest rocks are at the bottom of the table. Gp., Group; Fm., Formation; Mbr., Member. North East Yorkshire: Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous & Quaternary Building Stones PERIOD GROUP FORMATION MEMBER Common/alternative Stone Name Calcareous Tufa; Aquarium Stone Till (Boulder Clay) and Fluvio-glacial sand Quaternary and gravel; boulders Tertiary Cleveland Dyke Whinstone Flamborough Chalk Fm. Flamborough Chalk; White Chalk Burnham Chalk Fm. Burnham Chalk; White chalk Chalk Group Welton ChalkFm. Cretaceous Ferriby Chalk Fm. Grey chalk ungrouped Hunstanton Fm. Speeton Clay Kimmeridge Clay ungrouped Ampthill Clay North Grimston Upper Calcareous Grit Upper Calcareous Grit Cementstone North Grimston Cementstone Formation Coral Rag Member Coral Rag Malton Oolite Member Malton Oolite; Hildenley Limestone; Corallian Hildenley Stone Group Middle Calcareous Grit Middle Calcareous Grit Coralline Oolite Formation Member Birdsall Calcareous Grit Birdsall Calcareous Grit Member Hambleton Oolite Hambleton Oolite Member Yedmandale Member Passage Beds; Wallstone Lower Calcareous Grit Fm. Lower Calcareous Grit Oxford Clay Fm.
    [Show full text]
  • The Magnetic Ironstone Conundrum
    The genesis of geology in York and beyond HOGG 25th Anniversary Meeting Thursday 24th October Field Excursion Notes Rosedale - the magnetic ironstone conundrum Rosedale – the magnetic ironstone conundrum Afternoon Rosedale – the magnetic ironstone conundrum Practical Men “The practice of geology, through the search for mines and minerals, has been much less attended to by historians than has the geology undertaken by leisured amateurs - even though practical geology was as important in the past as the oil industry is today.” Hugh Torrens (2002) The Practice of British Geology, 1750–1850. London: Routledge. Introduction At its peak in the mid 1870s-mid 1880s the ironstone industries in the area (alongside the remainder of the Cleveland Hills) provided 38% of Britain’s need for iron, which equated to 20% of world demand. The area contributed to the shifting industries in North East England and the establishment of Middlesbrough as a centre of iron-making and its impact on the nation and the world beyond. Iron was in much demand - investment in construction of railways, in Britain and abroad started around 1835 and continued apace for the next three decades creating a significant demand for rails made from iron. In 1835 ironstone was first identified and the first underground ironstone mining commenced in the Cleveland Hills ironstone mining district. Ironstone was identified in stream near tunnel works at Grosmont when building the new railway between Whitby and Pickering and was subsequently worked along the Murk Esk Valley at Beck Hole and Esk Valley, then at Kildale. In 1853 a magnetic ironstone with a significantly high iron content was discovered in Rosedale.
    [Show full text]
  • A Detailed Record of Deglacial and Early Post-Glacial Fluvial Evolution: the River Ure in North Yorkshire, UK
    quaternary Article A Detailed Record of Deglacial and Early Post-Glacial Fluvial Evolution: The River Ure in North Yorkshire, UK James Innes 1,*, Wishart Mitchell 2, Charlotte O’Brien 3, David Roberts 1, Mairead Rutherford 4 and David Bridgland 1 1 Geography Department, Durham University, Science Labs, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (D.B.) 2 Division of Geography, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK; [email protected] 3 Archaeology Department, Durham University, Science Labs, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; charlotte.o’[email protected] 4 Oxford Archaeology North, Mill 3, Moor Lane Mills, Moor Lane, Lancaster LA1 1GF, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The lower reaches of the River Ure, on the flanks of the Pennine Hills in northern England, contain sedimentary and erosional landforms that are a record of fluvial activity during deglaciation and valley-glacier retreat at the end of the last (Devensian) glacial period, and in the subsequent post- glacial Holocene. Terraces and channels, most of which are now relict features well above the altitude of the present river, attest to the impacts of massive meltwater discharge and deposition of sand and gravel outwash, and dynamic river regimes with rapid incision. Through field survey, we have created a detailed geomorphological map of these landforms and glacial and fluvioglacial surface deposits, as well as the terraces and palaeochannels that were abandoned by the river due to avulsion Citation: Innes, J.; Mitchell, W.; and incision-driven course changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Scarborough Geological Watching Brief: Toll House Shaft Site, Castle Hill SSSI
    Scarborough Geological Watching Brief: Toll House Shaft Site, Castle Hill SSSI Geology and Regional Geophysics Internal Report IR/13/025 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Geology and Regional Geophysics INTERNAL REPORT IR/13/025 Scarborough Geological The National Grid and other Watching Brief: Toll House Shaft Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database rights 2013. Ordnance Survey Licence Site, Castle Hill SSSI No. 100021290. Keywords Scarborough; Castle Hill, Toll J H Powell and J B Riding House Shaft; Geology; Callovian-Oxfordian, Middle Jurassic, SSSI Contributor National Grid Reference Centre point: E 505209.71 B M Cox N. 488927.96 Map Editors Sheet 54, 1:50 000 scale, Scarborough A S Howard & J Ford Front cover Oblique aerial view of Castle Hill looking NW; courtesy of Arup (photograph courtesy of www.petersmith.com) Bibliographical reference Powell, J H and Riding, J B. 2013. Scarborough Geological Watching Brief; Toll House Shaft Site, Castle Hill SSSI British Geological Survey Internal Report, IR/13/025. 48 pp + figures. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. © NERC 2013. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2013 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of our publications is available from BGS shops at British Geological Survey offices Nottingham, Edinburgh, London and Cardiff (Welsh publications only) see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com BGS Central Enquiries Desk Tel 0115 936 3143 Fax 0115 936 3276 The London Information Office also maintains a reference collection of BGS publications, including maps, for consultation.
    [Show full text]
  • Yorkshire Geology As Seen Through the Eyes of Notable British Geological Survey Geologists 1862-2000 46-67 in Myerscough, R and Wallace, V
    Yorkshire geology as seen through the eyes of notable British Geological Survey geologists 1862-2000 46-67 in Myerscough, R and Wallace, V. Famous Geologists of Yorkshire. PLACE, York. ISBN 978-1-906604-58-5. By Anthony H. Cooper Honorary Research Associate, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK This paper was presented at the PLACE (People, Landscape & Cultural Environment Education and Research Centre) conference 3rd October 2015. The printed version along with 5 other papers on the theme of Famous Yorkshire Geologists can be obtained from PLACE; details at www.place.uk.com e-mail [email protected] The first pieces in the puzzle Making a geological map is like doing a 3-dimensional jigsaw puzzle, but with 99% of the pieces missing and without the picture on the box to help. It involves looking at the lie of the land and piecing together various sources of evidence to put the rocks in order and visualise the result as a 3-dimensional model of what is hidden below the surface. It is “landscape literacy” and unlike a topographical map, such as those produced by the Ordnance Survey, it is largely an interpretation rather than the map of observable features. Each geologist and each new map update builds on what has gone before. Some geologists add more than others and some make ground-breaking observations. A few geologists have great insights in fitting the pieces together and fundamentally change the way we interpret Earth history, an example being the recognition of continental drift, a major advance built on many diverse observations.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Circular
    A Registered Charity No. 220014 January 2021 / Circular 632 YORKSHIRE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY President: Nick Riley MBE Islay: Gently folded turbidites of the Smaull Greywacke Formation (Colonsay Group) at Dun Bheolain on the western side of the Rhinns peninsula. (Photo: Dave Webster) JANUARY TO MARCH 2021 VERY IMPORTANT – COVID-19 EMERGENCY: PLEASE KEEP CHECKING THE YGS WEBSITE FOR THE LATEST PROGRAMME AND OTHER INFORMATION: http://www.yorksgeolsoc.org.uk https://yorksgeolsoc.org.uk NON MEMBERS WELCOME: FREE OF CHARGE CONTENTS YGS 2021 Programme 3 YGS Zoom Lectures online January – March 2021 5 Hull Geological Society Zoom Lecture: 8 New Light on the Neanderthals President’s Word 10 Officers and other Council Members for 2021 12 New Officers of the Society: 13 Professor Paul Wignall and Haley Scholefield Membership Subscriptions 2021 14 YGS Opportunities Fund 14 YGS Field Guide to the Geology of Graves Park, Sheffield 15 YGS Publications now available as WIKI pages 16 Biography of Dorothy Helen Rayner FGS (1912-2003) 16 A Geological Short Story: “The Green Aire June 1899” 18 Corresponding Societies 22 Next YGS Circular (# 633) April 2021: Deadline: 10th March 2021 27 Key Yorkshire Geological Society Contacts 27 2 https://yorksgeolsoc.org.uk YGS 2021 YGS 2021 PROGRAMME Welcoming the incoming President and Secretary together with our new Principal Editor, the coming year sees the Society offering a vibrant and strong programme that combines virtual and face-to-face events that uphold the very high standards we expect of the Society for its members. The challenge to the events programme caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has provided Council with the opportunity to expand the diversity and range of events we offer, notably by creating a suite of virtual material and events.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Structure of the Jurassic (Callovian to 2 Lower Oxfordian) Succession at Castle Hill, Scarborough, North 3 Yorkshire, UK
    1 Stratigraphy, sedimentology and structure of the Jurassic (Callovian to 2 Lower Oxfordian) succession at Castle Hill, Scarborough, North 3 Yorkshire, UK 4 5 John H. Powell* & James B. Riding 6 British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK 7 * Correspondence: [email protected] 8 9 Abstract: Site investigation borehole cores and temporary shaft exposures at the Toll House Pumping Station 10 shaft site, Castle Hill, Scarborough, North Yorkshire, have revealed new data on the Callovian to Lower 11 Oxfordian (Jurassic) succession. The condensed transgressive marine unit, the Lower Callovian Cornbrash 12 Formation, rich in berthierine ooids and abundant shelly fossils, and the attenuated Cayton Clay Formation 13 represent the Early Callovian marine transgression that flooded the low-gradient alluvial plain which is 14 represented by the underlying Scalby Formation. The Callovian Osgodby Formation (Red Cliff Rock and 15 Langdale members) is an extensively bioturbated, silty sandstone with abundant berthierine-pyrite ooids in the 16 lower part. It was deposited in lower- to upper-shoreface settings. Slow sedimentation rates, with long sediment 17 residence time, resulted in a diverse ichnofauna and a high bioturbation index. Framboidal pyrite ooids in the 18 lower Osgodby Formation sandstones are interpreted as being formed in anoxic lagoons in the nearshore zone; 19 ooids were subsequently swept offshore during storm surge-ebb events. Cold water dinoflagellate cysts of 20 Boreal affinity such as Gonyaulacysta dentata in the lower part of the Oxford Clay Formation indicate an Early 21 Oxfordian age. This is confirmed by the presence of the zonal ammonite species Quenstedoceras mariae and is 22 consistent with a relatively cold, but warming, palaeoclimate at this time.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of the Yorkshire Coast Sedimentary Rock Types
    05/03/2013 Geology of the Yorkshire Coast Dr Liam Herringshaw - [email protected] Sedimentary rock types 1 05/03/2013 Sedimentary grain size Grain size reflects energy: – - Strong currents pick up larger grains – - Proxy for environment (& sea level) Geology of Yorkshire 2 05/03/2013 Coastal geology of North- East Permian England Triassic Permian on the Yorkshire coast Boulby Potash Mine 3 05/03/2013 Salts from the Zechstein Sea Large, arid, northern European basin Drilling for salts Permian polyhalites 4 05/03/2013 Magnesian Limestone Permian at the coast Caythorpe gas field, near Bridlington 5 05/03/2013 Geology of the Yorkshire Coast - The Cleveland Basin 6 05/03/2013 The Early Jurassic: Redcar – Ravenscar Redcar Mudstone Formation Staithes Sandstone Formation Cleveland Ironstone Formation Whitby Mudstone Formation Lias Group Lias = Old term for lower Jurassic; In Yorkshire (after Powell 1984): - Lower Lias = Redcar Mudstone Formation; - Middle Lias = Staithes Sandstone Formation, Cleveland Ironstone Formation; - Upper Lias = Whitby Mudstone Formation 7 05/03/2013 Lias of Yorkshire Redcar Mudstone Formation Robin Hood's Bay Redcar Earliest Jurassic unit on Yorkshire Coast – - Divided into 4 members 8 05/03/2013 Redcar Rocks Redcar Rocks geological map (Rawson & Wright 1992) 9 05/03/2013 Hummersea Image © Dave Eagle, geograph.org.uk Common fossils Gryphaea arcuata, an Early Jurassic 'oyster' 10 05/03/2013 Trace fossils Rhizocorallium, Boggle Hole Robin Hood's Bay 11 05/03/2013 Robin Hood's Bay Why does Redcar Mudstone Fm reappear so
    [Show full text]
  • Near-Surface Palaeocene Fluid Flow, Mineralisation and Faulting At
    Near-surface Palaeocene fluid flow, mineralisation and faulting at Flamborough Head, UK: new field observations and U-Pb calcite dating constraints Nick M W Roberts1, Jack K Lee1, 2, Robert E Holdsworth2, Christopher Jeans3, Andrew R. Farrant4, 5 Richard Haslam4 1Geochronology & Tracers Facility, British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK 2Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs, Durham, UK 3Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, UK 4British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Nottingham, UK 10 Correspondence to: Nick M W Roberts ([email protected]) Abstract. We present new field observations from Selwicks Bay, NE England, an exposure of the Flamborough Head Fault Zone (FHFZ). We combine these with U-Pb geochronology of syn- to post-tectonic calcite mineralisation to provide absolute constraints on the timing of deformation. The extensional Frontal Fault zone, located within the FHFZ, was active at ca. 63 Ma, with protracted fluid activity occurring as late as ca. 55 Ma. Other dated tensile fractures overlap this timeframe, and also 15 cross-cut earlier formed fold structures, providing a lower bracket for the timing of folding and compressional deformation. The Frontal Fault zone acted as a conduit for voluminous fluid flow, linking deeper sedimentary units to the shallow sub- surface, potentially hosting open voids at depth for a significant period of time, and exhibiting a protracted history of fracturing and fluid-flow over several million years. Such fault-hosted fluid pathways are important considerations in understanding chalk reservoirs and utilisation of the sub-surface for exploration, extraction and storage of raw and waste materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Welsh Geology's
    Putting fossil forest Spreading the word treasures on display E about geodiversity U S S I 46 Importance of South Autumn 2016 Welsh geology’s Downs geology global significance OUTCROPS INSIDE EDITORIAL OUTCROPS 3-6 Why conserving South Downs geology is so important 7 With enduring pressure on budgets, and with the great unknown of ‘Brexit’ ahead Skye’s extraordinary of us, it is more important than ever for everyone engaged in geoconservation dinosaur discoveries 11 and geodiversity to work together to keep our subjects at the forefront of Field trip signals global agendas. importance of Wales 14 HAVE YOUR SAY! How do we With this in mind, our packed issue 46 ranges widely over many of the strands of work control damage to vital sites? 15 that make conserving Britain’s geodiversity perenially worthwhile. There are articles on Checking and managing the importance of sites for scientific study; practical site management; site Scotland’s geo-heritage 16 interpretation and promotion to the public; the use of geotourism to boost local Re-exposing the Carboniferous economies; geology within education; building geoconservation issues into planning; of Northern England 17 and even a request for ideas on how best to limit damage to sites. The writers of these 30 years of funding Earth articles also illustrate the diversity of people and organisations active in our subject – science projects 19 national conservation agencies, geoparks, societies, academics and volunteers. Miller’s spirit lives on in writing competition 21 As ever, we want to hear your views and to learn of new projects. Please contact the Saltscape builds new awareness most appropriate editor (below).
    [Show full text]
  • How to Navigate This Document How to Navigate This Document
    BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH REPORT NUMBER RR/99/01 A formational framework for the Lower Jurassic of England and Wales (onshore area) B M Cox, M G Sumbler and H C Ivimey-Cook Geographical index England and Wales Subject index Geology, stratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, Lias Group, Triassic, Jurassic Bibliographical Reference Cox, B M, Sumbler, M G and Ivimey-Cook, H C. 1999. A formational framework for the Lower Jurassic of England and Wales (onshore area) British Geological Survey Research Report, RR/99/01 © NERC Copyright 1999 British Geological Survey Keyworth Nottingham NG12 5GG UK HOW TO NAVIGATE THIS DOCUMENT HOW TO NAVIGATE THIS DOCUMENT ❑ The general pagination is designed for hard copy use and does not correspond to PDF thumbnail pagination. ❑ The main elements of the table of contents are bookmarked enabling direct links to be followed to the principal section headings and sub-headings, figures and tables irrespective of which part of the document the user is viewing. ❑ In addition, the report contains links: ✤ from the principal section and sub-section headings back to the contents page, ✤ from each reference to a figure or table directly to the corresponding figure or table, ✤ from each figure or table caption to the first place that figure or table is mentioned in the text and ✤ from each page number back to the contents page. Return to contents page Contents 1 Summary Figures 2 Preface Figure 1a Generalised outcrop map of the Lias Group 3 Introduction in England and Wales showing the structural elements that controlled deposition 4 Stratigraphical framework Figure 1b Inferred distribution of land and sea during 4.1 Supraformational classification deposition of the Lias Group –– based on 4.2 Cleveland Basin Donovan and Howarth in Cope et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Yorkshire Geological So
    Downloaded from http://pygs.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 26, 2021 Yorkshire Geological So 150TH ANNIVERSARY YEAR A message from the President This year has been one of celebration for the Society and give opportunity for discussion, but no one was lost in we have marked it with a special programme of the mist". Mercifully the weather was superb for our trip meetings. Here I mention some of these meetings with on the slopes of Ingleborough in 1988. special bearing on the anniversary celebrations. At the centenary meeting Dr W. S. Bisat, a former Firstly, the Annual Dinner in December 1987 was President of our Society, was given an Honorary Master held on a date very close to that of the original of Science degree by Leeds University. One of our field inauguration of the Society. The spacious Assembly trips this year, led by Dr N. J. Riley, was designed as a Rooms in York were the venue for the dinner. A short tribute to the work of Dr Bisat on goniatites as zonal account and two of the speeches are quoted in the fossils. following pages. The Yorkshire Geological Society was founded (as The four full weekend field meetings included a the Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Grand Reunion field meeting at Cober Hill, Cloughton Riding of Yorkshire) by coal owners and managers. It near Scarborough. This took place in superb weather, was particularly appropriate, therfore, that the subject and included a visit to the home of Lord Derwent at of 'Recent Advances in British Coalfield Geology and Hackness Hall, where William Smith, the founder of Geophysics1 was chosen as our topic for the session British geology, was land agent.
    [Show full text]