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Universi^ Miaixilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8305333 Gillespie-Woltemade, Neiiice Marie THE EMERGENCE OF A FEMINIST METACULTURE: WOMEN’S LIBERATION AS A GLOBAL MOVEMENT The Ohio State University P hD . 1982 University Microfilms internationelm N. zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI 48106 Copyright 1982 by Gillespie-Woltemade, Neiiice Marie All Rights Reserved THE EMERGENCE OP A FEMINIST METAGULTÜRE; WOMEN'S LIBERATION AS A GLOBAL MOVEMENT DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Neiiice Gillespie-Woltemade, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1982 Reading Committee; Approved By Laurel Richardson John Seidler Adviser Verta Taylor Department of Sociology This dissertation is dedicated to the women dedicated to feminist struggle. XI ACiCNOWIEDGMENTS Many people have helped make this dissertation possible-, and I wish to express my gratitude for their support. The ways in which they contributed were varied, but all were necessary, and greatly appreciated. First, I would like to thank the women, to whom this work is dedicated, who make up rhe Women's Liberation Movement. Through their activism and writing, they are changing the world. The feminists I have had the opportunity to meet have been personally generous, encouraging, and warm in their openness and hospitality in providing me information, materials, contacts, a meal, a bed, a warm coat. There were many in the women's spaces I visited who gave their time. I would like to specially thank; Barbara Zandition (and Ralph Stephenson), Kate Walker, Sarah Braun, and Christel Goebelsmann in England; Elizabeth Burghardt, Vroni Fenner Baueriedl, and Suzanne Kahn-Ackermanu in Germany; and Kathy Phelps, Donna Kueck, and Kathy Shoemaker in the United States. My dissertation committee and other faculty at Ohio State University have offered the stimulation and critique to shape my development as a sociologist. I am especially indebted to Professors Laurel Richardson, John Seidler, Verta Taylor, iii Alfred Clarke, Gisela Hinkle, Roscoe Hinkle, and Robert Wagner for their guidance and the courses I have had with them. The graduate "gender group" was a unique experience of intellectual sharing and excitement; thank you to Laurel Richardson, Kathy Shoemaker, Judith Dilorio, Timothy Diamond, Mary Margaret Fonow, Diane Poult on, Diane Vaughn, and Judy Cook for those intense months of work. I would like to thank the Ohio State University Center for Women's Studies for two research grants which helped in the acquisition of materials. Their grants program is important in enabling feminist research. Two friends, Laura Dees Kloth and Connie Carter offered undying encouragement and both read the work and made helpful suggestions. I appreciate greatly their warmth and being there when they were needed. Finally, I would like to thank the members of my family — Uwe, Peter, and Christopher Woltemade, each of whom has helped me in his own way. They have been supportive from the beginning of the long research process. Uwe, as another social scientist, has discussed the work, passed along clippings and resources, and made insightful comments. As a spouse, he proofread the entire manuscript and offered encouragement for years. It was through Uwe, a German, that I first visited Europe and gained an international perspective. Christopher has provided fun and relaxation— skiing, hiking, or listening iv to rock music and Peter has shared films and good discussions, Both sons have offered encouring words and good cartoons for my door. My parents, William Ernest Gillespie and Dorothea Hayes Gillespie have instilled in me the tenacity and ability to accep"^ difficult tasks which have been necessary to see this project through to the end. I thank them for their encouragement. VITA December 20, 1938 .... B o m - Kansas City, Missouri 1962 .................. B.A., Sociology, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 1965 .................. M.A., Sociology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 1976-1978, 1979-1981 . Graduate Teaching Associateship, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1981-1982 .............. Visiting Instructor, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont PUBLICATIONS "Feminism in West Germany." Resources for Femi^st Research/ Documentation Sur La Recherche Féministe. Vol. IX. No. 4. December, 1980, Pp. 9-^3» "The Feminist Academy and Third World Women." Toward a Feminist Transformation of the Academy. Great lake's Colleges Association, November, 1979, Pp. 19-27. "Is There Sex After Death?— A Gender Analysis of Cemetery Stone Inscriptions." Project Nine in Introducing Visual Sociology by Timothy J . Curry and Alfred Ô. diarke. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1977, Pp. 85-87. VI FIELDS OF STUDY Sociology of Gender. Professor Laiarel Richardson Theory. Professor Roscoe Hinkle Social Psychology. Professor Gisela Hinkle vix TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION.................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................. iii V I T A ........................................ Vi INTRODUCTION................,.............. 1 Chapter I. T H EORY............................ 12 Identity...................... 17 Consciousness of Kind.......... 21 Commitment ........... 26 Subculture.................... 29 Networks ............ $$ Feminist Metaculture .......... 59 II. A HISTORY OP THE CONTEMPORARY WOMEN'S LIBERATION MOVEMENTS IN SELECTED WEST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THE UNITED STATES............ ^5 The United States.............. 50 Liberal-Reform Feminism . 52 Liberal/Radical Split .... 55 Radical Feminism............ 60 Lesbian Feminism............ 68 Black Feminism.............. 75 Socialist Feminism.......... 80 Feminism in Eu r o p e ............ 91 Great Britain.................. 95 F r a n c e........................ 102 West Germany.................. 109 Italy.......................... 117 Spain.......................... 122 Vlll Chapter III. MAJOR RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY.................... 126 Major Objectives ............ 126 Methodology. ................ 132 Collection of Data ...... 144 Reliability and Validity . 154- Analytic Framework .......... 157 IV. BUILDING A GLOBAL BODY OP FEMINIST THEORY AND PRAXIS.............. 160 Influences Common Societal Features and Historic Precedent . 160 Social Protest Movements. 161 Marxism .................. 163 Feminist Core Values. 166 Feminist Theoretical Tendencies 171 Feminist Metaculture ........ 186 V. INTERNATIONAL CONTACTS 196 Direct Contact Between Women . 198 Feminist V/riting, Information Services, and Women's Studies.................... 204- Writing and Publishing. 204- Information Centers and Bookstores.............. 211 Women's Studies .......... 214- Translations and Bibliographies.......... 218 Feminist Organizations, Conferences, and Festivals . 228 Organizations and Conferences 228 Festivals.......... .. 239 Women's Spaces and Feminist Art 24-1 VI. C0MI40N ISSUES OF THE WOMEN'S LIBERATION MOVEMENTS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA.................... 24-9 Violence Against Women 251 Rape.............. 252 Battered Women. 260 Take Back The Night 267 Violent Backlash. • 269 IX Chapter VI. (continued) Feminist Health Issues. 2 7 1 The Feminist Self-Help Movement ........ 274. Abortion.............. .. 285 Birthing ......... 290 Personal/Political Issues . 293 VII. THE METACÜLTURE BEYOND THE SAMPLE COUNTRIES.............. 305 Introduction........ 305 L a t m