Republican Politics in Louisiana, 1877-1900. Philip Davis Uzee Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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1950 Republican Politics in Louisiana, 1877-1900. Philip Davis Uzee Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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Recommended Citation Uzee, Philip Davis, "Republican Politics in Louisiana, 1877-1900." (1950). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7966. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7966

This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BE PUBLICAH POLITICS IR LOUISIANA* 1877-1900

A Dissertation

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana state university ami Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements far the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in She Department of History

by P h ilip D. B.A.* Louisiana State University* 1935 H.A., Louisiana State University, 1 9 3 8 hay, 1950 UMI Number: DP69344

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LOUISIANA STATE UNIVfJRSITY LIBRARY £)*^o (2 e r\ 36 S9419

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G[ .c . c.2> / 4 3 2 S 5 5 ACKHOWUEDOMKHTS

The w riter is grateful to Professors Walter Prichard, Francis B* Sinicina, and T. Harry Williams for their helpful suggestions and constructive critic ian given when thle dissertation waa in preparation. Be ia also appreciative of the aid rendered by the staffs of the Justice and Fiscal Branches of the national Archives, the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress, the Louisiana State University Archives, and the Southern H istorical Collection, university of Xorth Carolina in the location of Materials. The author wishes to thank Mrs. Luolle Roy Csffery and Mr. Allen Ouillot for pre paring the asps, and Mias Joan Doyle for aid in proof re a d in g .

H i ) S ta te P o litic s , , s litic o P te ta S ) y A fte n a a th o f f o th a a n fte A y O ise R ' l 17 • • 1877 , 4 2 il r p A F e d e ra l Patronage and F e d e ra l E le c tio n s, s, n tio c le E l ra e d e F and Patronage l ra e d e F Tbe'H egre dad th e R epublican P a rty , , rty a P epublican R e th dad egre Tbe'H B ibliography ibliography B Appendix#© Appendix#© i pb of he Eiywhiee ite h w ily E e th f o b ap riu T t * * ita V I 6 9 8

and and ...... P a ll ll a P 6 7 8 1 • » • • • * • « « » • « • # » « « i ...... he e th f o I 9 7 8 ...... pbi n rty a P an epublic R I - AI C COHTENTS CP TABIS ...... 2 9 8 ...... v i 35 1 ...... I ...... 7 7 8

..... 9 7 8 1 I -

6 9 8 «... - 2 9 8 1 . . . . * . . . . * ......

147

age P 213 127 195 18? 70 17 55 93 4 APPENDIXES

Page A Louisiana R eg istratio n , 1878*1900 * * . . . 196 B Parishes Reporting a Majority of Negro R eg istran ts, 1878*1900* • *«.*.*.». 198 C Comparative Vote fo r Governor, 1876*1900* . 199 D Parishes Voting Repub 1 loan in Gubernatorial Elections, 1876*1900 . * ...... * . * SOI E Republican Senators in Louisiana Legislature, 1877-1900 ...... 203 F Republican Members of the Louisiana House of Representatives, 1877 - 1 9 0 0...... 205 G Comparative Vote for Presidential Electors, 1876*1900 ...... 208 H Parishes Voting Republican in Presidential Elections, 18 8 0*1900 ...... 209 I Candidates in Congressional Elections, 1878-I9O O ...... 211

v MAPS

Pag* 1« Louisiana Black Belt — 1876-1898 « * . . . 197 2. Republican Parishes — I 8 7 6 -I 8 9 6 ...... 809 3* Congressional D istricts — 1 8 7 6 - 1 9 0 0. . . . 810

v l A m m m t

The subject of this study is ibe Louisiana Republi can Party in the post^eoonstruotlon period-** a period in which It la popularly believed no active Republican party existed. It la a story of party management* convention manipulation* election campaigns* and lntra*»party warfare as revealed mainly in the newspapers of the time and In the correspondence of party members and leaders* the Republican party was formed in Louisiana In 1865« I t was in co n tro l of the s ta te government from 1866 u n til 1 8 7 7 * Immediately after its fall from power it was weak and disorganised but by 1879 It had rallied and was the main opposition party to the Democrats until 1892* In the period* 1877 - 1 8 9 2 , the Republicans put out a full ticket In every state election* Despite the machinations of a powerful political foe* the fact that it was held in contempt by many people in the state as the “Negro" party* and its own internal disputes* it polled 33 per cent of the total vote east for governor between I877 and 1 8 9 2 * It elected both white and colored parish officials and members of the state legislature through 1896* An important factor In the survival of the Repub lican party In Louisiana after the debacle of I877 was that it controlled the Federal patronage in the state - for ell but eight years between 1877 end 1900, With this patronage Republicans were able to maintain a party or* ganisation and a party following* However, the number of positions was limited and the division of the spoils was the chief source of intra-party warfare* Louisiana Republicans attended national party oon- vehtlons and conducted campaigns in the state for the Republican presidential nominees but without success* How ever, they did elect four members to the national House of Representatives between 1877 end 1890 * In 189 ^# some sugar planters and business mn severed their connections with the Democratic party because of the tariff Issue and formed the "Rational Republican Party*n She "Nationals '1 maintained a separate organisation from the "Regular" Republicans because they were "respectable" and "liJywhite" and did not want to be identified with the "black and tana*" In 1896 circumstances forced them to give up their separate status* Once they were absorbed into the "Regular" party they sought to seise control of the party machinery* This goal was achieved When President Theodore Roosevelt gave them control of the party patronage in the state* This action marked the demise of the party which had been formed in I865 and marked the birth of the present day Republican party in Louisiana*

v i l l APRIL 2 4 , 1877

I t was 11?30 A# M* Tuesday, April 2 4 , 1 8 7 7 * She Orleans Hotel, quarters for the federal troops stationed in new Orleans, was the scene of noisy activity, the streets neighboring the hotel were crowded with spectators, the command "fall in" was heard and the majestic drum major of the Third Infantry, followed by the band, appeared on the street. At llsgO to the command "four© right" five companies marched down the stairway and halted behind the bend. The officers, who had been strolling and chatting on the gallery covering the sidewalk, then took their positions and at precisely 12?00 noon the fu ll voice of Colonel Brooks gave the command "forward march" and the troops marched out St. Louis street to the levee and embarked on the transports for Jackson Barracks outside the city. One spectator gave the rebel yell.* Zn the St. Louis Hotel, the eapltol of Louisiana, there was also a great deal of activity. Stephen B. Packard, whose claim to the governorship of the state had not been sustained by President Rutherford B. Hayes, was preparing his valedictory address to the state and nation, while the

1 Hew Orleans Democrat. April 25, I877.

1 2 Metropolitan Polks wort eonsigntng state records to the flues of the furnace* fheir task aeaosaplished* they supped out of the building in the early hours of Wednesday morning* Paekarfi delivered his speech of farewell to a handful of followers and left the premises • When Francis f * Rldiolk# who had been tacitly recognised as governor bjr the rta m l of the troops fre e tie vicinity of th e s ta te house* and his efflelal family moved into the building they found it in extreme disorder* On the walls were w ritte n such epithets as* *R* B* Bayes* the traitor of 1877*" and "Rutherford dastard Sayesf ” in the chamber of the Bouse of Bepresents* ives* the chairs were piled m top of the desks* the speaker's ohalr was upset* and paper littered the floor* A damp u n p leasan t sm ell pervaded th e place and stray rat or two ran across th® lobby.”2 ?hese events narked the fall from power of the Republican party in Louisiana® statewide celebrations followed: guns ware fired* bells rang* and Joy prevailed* Messages of congratulation case from all over the former

Confederacy*3 Apparently* no one mourned except Packard and his Metropolitan Police* A few negroes feared that these events foreshadowed the re tu rn of slavery. One

2 Ibid., April 2 k , 1877- 3 Ibid.. April 25, 26. 1877* eolm d woman me m igne 4 to accept her fate* she sai^i "Itfs a aighty hard thing for a woman, who was b m free* hut now the Democrats got the government* 1 suppose 1*11 It have to stand it»*^ I t I s generally believed that the Bepubllc&n party in Louisiana ceased to egist after April 2 4 * 1 8 7 7 * True* it was demoralised* stunned* Mat by factions and some of its aeabership despaired o f its rising fro® the depths to which it had sunk*** However* i t was f a r fro® being a r t tact* Handicapped by Its record and factionalism it did survive to set as an annoying if not efficient opposition to the Democratic party from 187? through 1900*

* Ibid., April 27. 28, I 8 7 7 . 5 Danaldsonvl lie Chief* April 28, 1877 $ July 21* 1877 * GHAF1EE I

RISE AND FAIX OF TOE REPUBLICAN MEW

The antecedents of the Republican Party in M siia® go back to the year 1863* I» April of that year delegates from the Uhlon clubs in Hot Orleans formed &i® *^Free S tate General Committee of the Uhion Associations of the of sew Orleans and Jefferson.the leaders of this or ganisation were Thomas J. Durimt* president* James Graham* secretary* A* ?• D ostle* Rufus Waples* Edmund B. Durrei* Rufus K. Hovel!* Earn Beistand* William H. Hire* Benjamin P . F lan d ers and Michael Hahn*2 They were a l l long term re s id e n ts of Louisiana and of high standing in their pro fe s s io n s • th e l a s t tvo had been elected to Congress in December* 1862 and had served u n til March* 3363* A ll were Union man who had braved the ostracism of their fellows to build up Union sentiment in New Orleans soon a f te r i t was occupied by Federal troops in May* 1862• They had called

1 Appleton's American Annual Cyclopaedia (New fork* 1862*1903)# III (I 8 6 3 J* ^9^3 Willis® mSfor 'to Frank Morey* A p ril 3 # 1869# Record Group 5 6 * General Records of the Depart* aent of the Treasury* Applications for Federal Appointment* Internal Revenue Department* National Archives. Hereafter cited as GRDT. 2 Emily H. Reed* The Life of A. ?• Destie* or the Con* fllct in Rev Orleans (Nev*^ET18S®)7 85• — “ — —

4 «& % 4» 4» I W © e <& U U ^ n m 44 <*4 4? 3 5 *0 ' ' ■ I S " 5 4» 4* H13 *4 a oq \0si§i a «4 S9 4* • I & in J9 r t 0 *4 | 3 tt « 4» * 3 0 5 fft 4* & i % * i b a a * 3 44 T9 2 5 © 5 | $ * { a i• . t $ H I I a 2 11 1 « S 8 a I 1 2 3 . ! • ! as i 3 *I 3 • a 3 3 2 3 •ttte He opposed a Stolen am* M m m I B enjam in F. Federal occupation troops offered lute. Military governor of Hew Orleans bat the be freed his slaves.** He h ad the law end his legalistic sind « that the status of Ioulsiaaa In the fe d e r a l been changed bar secession and war* 9 n plan evolved by the Free State Ca—ltte e , which m s largely tte work of Durant, provided for a registration In a ll parishes under Federal control of a ll whitesales twenty-one years of age Mho had lived in tte state one year and la tte perish one aontt who would take an oath to sup port tte constitution and govemasnt of tte Halted states. When this registration had progressed to tte point dere tufa action would be truly representative* tte Military governor would call an election of delegates to a convent ion whloh weald drew up a constitution abolishing slavery* state would then be restored under tte new tostruwent if 7 ratified by t t e electorate, the plan was approved

Jewel 0 . Wilson and John Flake (oda.). Appleton's Cyclopaedia of Aaorloan Biography (Hew York* l8§o-l§do)* TT3T zo 9 i fienfy"

Anerloen Annual Cyclopaedia. I ll (1863)* 590. T m ilitary c m iw , Cfeaeral Qeorg* 7 . shepley m t fm lM nt M k1b»” Durant was appointed Comaiaaloner of Registration and Attorney Qeatrel to lig laan t it.® She Conservative U nionists, as the proala very group was new called, proeoted an election in iw w twi 1863 u n d er the Constitution of 1352. Shis action m s not sanction®! by Shsplay or Lincoln and the Free state son called it ^ oopufrtrtftd t dffi and secession is disguise" sad a "ridiculous farce."3** **>«■««Cottaan and A. P. Field claimed to have teen elected to Congress by a few scattered rotes in the parishes surrounding Hew Orleans sad were teaporarlly seated in the Heme*13' Meanwhile the registration Inaugurated by Durant wee lagging, this was not his fault, She any did not con trol territory to allow a representative registration. Only a few parishes surrounding Hew Orleans were nominally within the Federal lines. Lincoln was getting inpatient. Be muted civ il goveruneat functioning in Louisiana before 12 tee nest m eting of Congress in December. On Hoveaber 5,

Lincoln to Bathaniel P . Banks, August 5, 1863, in John S . Bieolay and John Bey (eds.) , Complete Works of Abnhas Lincoln. Oettysburg Edition (Hew York, XX, £t>. 11 9 Phones J. Durant to Chase, Hoveaber 6, 1863, Chase P a p e rs . 10 Denison to Chase, Bovewber 6, 1863, Chase Papers. 31 Caskey, Secession and Besteratlon of Louisiana, 80-86 32 Amrloan Annual Cyclopaedia. XXI (1863), 691. 1863* ha wrote flw n l Nathaniel f . Banks* Cowmnder of the PopsTtasnt «f the dulf: A m souths ago today 1 wot* you about Louisiana affair* stating . . . that nr. D urant w taking a registry of oltlscns preparatory to tta* tte tu n tf a constitutional convention for that State. X s e n t a copy o f tit* letter to Mr. Durant* and X now haw hie letter* w ritten two won the after . . . saying he Is net talcing such a registry! and he do** not le t m know peraaaally la espeetlng to do so. . . . This dis appoints ae bitterly) yet X do net threw blows on you or on then. X do however* urge both you and thee to lose as aw* tlaa. Governor Sbepley has special instructions free the Mar Paper taenfc. X wish hia--those gentleown and ether* cooperating—without waiting for aan territory* to go to wont end give at a tangible nee leas which the reenlndwr of the state any rally around ss fast as it sea* and which x oaa at oae* recognise and sustain a* the true State governaeat. And In that wdc I wish you and all under your „ n iwamwl to give than a hearty sywpathy and support. 5 Hanks ashed the Free State Coaultte* for a plan for Iwaediata restoration of olvll governnsnt ta t they quarreled Ik and produced nothing. After waiting three weeks* the fleneral with fu ll authority from Lincoln* proaulgated his own aaheae on January 8* 1861. Be based It on Lincoln's "ten per cent p lari’ which had been Issued on Dee*nher 8* 186?. T h ere was to be an election of a governor and six other officers before the calling of a constitutional convention* The

^ Lincoln to Banks, Novector 5* 1863* Hieolay and Hay (ode.) Oowplet* ivories of Abrahan Lincoln, XX* 200-201. ** B. Rush Plsnly to Chase, Marta 5* 1864* Chase papers. Finely we* a Treasury Agent in new Orleans. 0% s *

i I 11 § i 1 : a f3 I f ?

*8 i [: a f I & i I i i 10 authorities and tee labor vote Hahn mn tea election. Planters polled 2,22$ votes out of 11,355 cast.1^ tt* Planters faction disaieaed tea whole election as illegal and of no validity. tea victors retorted test I f tea results bad been different there would have been no questions of legality raised, it was absurd for tea D urant group to daslare illegal n election in white they had participated* tee Santa party had eased tee state fro» the <*5&

tee Durant-Plsnders fastioa went into opposition to tea new raglas and tee aaw eonstitutien te ite was adopted at a later date, teey also opposed presidential reconstruction and beeana Badlcals, advocating congressional reconstruction and universal suffrage. tela tread is shown in a letter w ritten by Durant to Salnen P. Chase on tea day after Hahn was inaugurated. He elahnsd teat tee Pres state Coauittee plan had been sabotaged by Lincoln and Banks* tee adniaistration was making a grave in trying to burry civil reorganisation at tew rapid a rate* Be believed teat "Congress should asaune control of the whole natter end fiat on an iaamtable basis tee civ il and

® Caskey, Secession and Restoration of Louisiana. 107. D urant to Lincoln* F ebruary 26, 186%, L incoln

P lu aiy to CfeMOp Mareh 5* 3UB61* O hm * Papers * • i*4 4* m * 1 6 <&♦ *H ft & I* 2 8 *A 9 4 i «* ¥ 1 3 ftk a fi 4* * i sf I5 i 2

a i «« tijj- ° s tl 8 iill 8 ! 9ill 9 0 m i I la i 1 2 ta w t mM nw tt to establish personal contest with the Radical ooatoM bookl leaders, While there he wot* *K opM letter to m g r Winter Davis telte was published In the See ? « t Ew ntnt Beat on Auigust 5* l8A t and given wide publicity in the northern press. Be denied the legality of the odottig state goveransat in Louisiana. S tatistics were subnltted to prove that tee population within th e f e d e r a l lines aaswtted to only 233*185 persona sai teat in parte of sees of tee parishes m poll could he held. Soldiers and sailors had n e t balleta although they were disqualified as electees tgr tee O enstltutloa of 2852. Bantu had esad every n r Inelnewm ah hie eenwand to seenre tee election for jdia«q Sonet returned to See Orleans in October and spate at a sees ■sating is tee Open* Bouse on the 1 9th. so reported teat the "friends of freedom" had opposed tee redaction of lisw la until tee fism teto had published their platform but they were going to aeeept bin as tee leaser of two evils. In 1865 tee Leeleiana Radio sis with sane free Negroes orgsnlTert tee "friends of Saiversal suffrage" to promote teat eauae. la dene* they decided to transform this rather loose organisation late an instrument for political action because significant events had oeaurred white changed the political

*5" Sew Orleans Tribune. August 20* 1864 { Castey* Bcocaaion and Restoration of Louisiana. 111. 26 sew Orleans a«benc. October 2 0 . 1864. picture in tli* state and nation. Hi* U atok tad tean tm M lutM , im idm t Andrew momb kid U m rt ki« aw n eety proelaaatloa, m A dovernor J. 1ts&iaoa ( f o ils (K a te bad Man oloetod to tte Sonata and Hello as m utent-acw w w r ted tniw rt tte im n m tti;) hod te n d a mm state-wide registration. Ootwooa Jm 10 and August 10 tte "Friends of Universal Suffrage" hold frequent ■eotlaga. A "Control Executive Conolttoo of tte Friends tf talversal Stiff rage of teitliw i" mdo up of obit* and colored tetM w trtliw froo four aunioipal districts in Boo Orleans m b f — I . A penm eat organisation was os* ♦at dated a te M M t» president) tebM ar Fomandes* viee- pw ilbntj Alfred JO rris, secretary; w. R. Creno, treasurer) •ad nw y C. vm ntkf eerraspondlM secretary. tte lattor represent c a tte earpettegger oleaawt of **~federal soldiers ote ted organised tte itu am l M pakltes Association in s a d s t e m m Jolmd foreo* vltk native "Friend* of Universal Suffrage. Ttejr addrosaod a petition to Molls to include go l a t t e b o m registration* Be refused. 7 te a Cstrode.

______of 'LoulolinA how th e c e n tr a l _ ...... ’^rwrw^ x m 'm ^w xssmmx™ (a!. p ., n* «A C a s k e y , Secession and Restoration o f In u la la m . 1 7 9 . ^ frooeedlnss of t t e gontrontlon of tte Republican F s r t r . . 5 - 0 . i 5 » s 1 * ! > 1M t %H S?I S % $ n* © M P i H a * i I g I 5 3 5 I •M j 1 8 $ 1 i i * 3 1 PI 11111 * 3 * | * 5 a M P »

? g I i 3. f t M ;!$* % % % a I iii I R ? t R I l l i t i 15 lift Lssil mmnmt. <33 I t e p la tf am by t t e party stated t a a t t t e Baltimore platform of June# 186b# of t t e national party wbM bo tb ttr cult* on national issues. As far m tb s restoration of Hut state to tbs Union was esteem ed th e y believed taat tab citisens o f to u ls ia n a bar t t e s e t o f s eoos e lo n d i m n o t e I m a t e l * o f exercising tte privileges of sltieena of tte United s ta te * . T hese privileges could be restored only bar ^ o t action o f te e C on g ress a te t t e

F re s 1 dent. Xt would be unwise to admit X su islaaa t o f u l l status Iwwsrtlstsly become s Image segm ent of its population nan s till disloyal, local government should be established for tte purpose of tasting tte fidelity of tte citisens. ffita* < * « » a 2j60 vJjmM nlî Hit to reduce tte Xagro to serfdom or senislevery. ttey » - affinnd tte tt e s of tte Declaration of Xn&epeteease and iôptiiK t m tfe£ p&3L£&jL®$£ êsg®gilSASSe®i ini** versal suffrage vita liberty ate equality for ell aen before tew la w .3* Sites tte eoBveatien did not n w ip ln tte existing eotetltution as legal* it wee deemed Inexpedient to put for ward a ttste t in tte state election to be bold in November^-

33Ib ld . . 1 5 . 3*Xbld.» 16-17. ^ n U . , 2 2 - 2 5 - E onm , thi M im ntlai dM lami that Louisiana see a tw dtH E and was entitled to a delegate in congress. D o n a t h m noofauttd by acslaaation for tfat position bat 3 6 toe itfa H to aeeapt and Hmwth was selected. A "velnutaey" election In dddt degree* participated m s held ee Movenber 6 to ratify the convention's choice or e territo rial delegate* Waneoth polled l8«8t@ votes In the tee parishes ehleh participated.^? He went to Msahlngtoa w ith a certificate of election signed and sealed by d e secretary of State. Be was received by the Rad icals in Congress and given the privileges of the floor of the some* She ami elected to Congress in the regular state election were relegated to the galleries*^ She state government In 1865 was controlled by at* Confederate Pe wee rat* end eld Free states* calling themselves the Motional Conservative Unionists. Both groups favored the raoonetimetian policies of President h h n m . Mho Democrats became Johnson m e greeting pardons freely end booms* tbgr felt that the President's attitude had saved the state fm hum iliation and disgrace* the Conservative Bnlonista because Johnson had vewgfrl*** the stats adm inistration as legal *39

& Ibid.. jo. 3 7 J 6 S4 ** 3 3 * 38 wavmotfc* Mm* S c o o p s traction and Politics, tj. 39 Cftftkftyp S#o#»ftloa ami Reatorfttioa of UrnXulmm^ 167- fffi 3Mc>? e«g*nrt B allltt to Andres jonmsen* ip ru 7 , 1866* Anarow Johnson Papers* Hennworipts Plvlslen* library of Congress. H ereafter o lte d as Johnson Paper*. IT ft* Republicans ttoaglit 1** President's policy m* td iw i. She rebels war* coming back late power a* a w w l t* fb* entire legislature of the s ta te and all of tea of fleas or* in tea hands of man who o r* i» their hearts hostile to tea principles ef liberty an which ear government ana fe*M < This situation was net ceased exclusively by John son's polley; tee Conservative colonists were equally to blaaw. they had adopted tee plan of fraternising with tee

w V W W W w W W V W ^IF*te *fiCTP:w ■■e>te*ptete ^Pwr^prvvi f WW J MfV#*Vla VliW in appointing ex-rebels to office» s As i a resalt tee con> ■ em tee unionists feud teeaselvea in a minority. As a ■sens of yetting bask their former supremaoy they began to advocate negro suffrage (shish teey had opposed in tee else- tion ef 1865} and tee disfranchisement of tee w*»l». Qni of nwitflht itataia«r>t ht ua& . » • now in fare* of negro suffrage*—teough I never expressed nyself so befaeej or in fan* of soy kind of suffrage against the rebels. I never was a radical before. • . «*-9

Parent to trasswte# January 20, 1866* Varmete C ollection, aouteeyn H istorical Collection, university of Horte Carolina, Chapel H ill. Hereafter c ite d as Karwete Collection. ** Valter I . bowery, "tee Political Career ef Janes tedtaoa^wells '^|K J . thesis, L o uisiana s t a t e University,

** » « •» 115-119* ’3 Hensrt ef tee seleot Coenittee on th e Hew O rleans Housi aTBepreemtatlves .''''^onpeisT ^S.~ge5elon, (Washington, 1 8 6 7 ), 102 (Testimony). M aw the Consarrativa Shlonlats could not b m objoetivse by legislative s o ly M oom stag ttft sonstltutional b a d draw® Bp M CM tltBfilM of 16^. B*ia am* took 1866 and resulted I s the fanouts "Ken whiah fo e used M tU M l a tte n tio n on k e i s l m p o l i t i e s sad g o * mrOwrs M tasto t p o in t on ib M k t o a tta c k Johnson'a re- I n their test lawny before ths dannlttoe KtiOi ttn ttig stM the rlote, the foraer Con- M m U w Hhienlsts denounced presidential neentm U es ant advocated universal suffrage and • stu tn y pw naw it far beats lane, nap stated that the eU stlai state govern- anet was la the hands of disloyal nen and the truly legal u antes nan had no safety or pnateetfaa. these wm all ■antiwent* * h k the M pddleeHt had toes preaching *t»* the pertj was founded. U s Sad tool Cowgreea eleotoO in 1866 case than shat they wanted. th e Haw Orleans n e ts sen sed Durant to leave X e a isia o a a c w r to r e t u r n . On th e day th ey to o k p la e e ho was a witness to th e killing of Negroes by the p o lio s in the street in front o f h i s o f f las. Ha was warned that his life was in jeopardy although he and the Republicans had •ffeantnert aloof fron the aovansnt to rooanvons th e convention.

** Ibid.. passla. 19 On tfe* tdrtee of friend* la* le ft the state and eventually w trtlh h rt perasnent residence in daahlngton ». c . and r e - t«MA toe practise ef law* He died in 3882**5 Sens? C. V m etli toeaae die leader ef the Republican part? in Iheis-

Th« eeneeetiealeta beaded by Rufus X» Howell later fused with the Wamoto group to fora a united Republican pwty* they began to build op toe party la toe parishes Iqr sending eat es&asariea to fens slabs and especially to enroll toe Hegroaa. toder toe Reeonatraction Acts ef 186? aaiWHrHl suffrage was a w tto im t before a state eettld Mi mlinlttXl Ml tt* # 01? 0 eeastitotlenal convention was to to held la Septeator, 186? end toe Reptolieans were putting forth every effort to sap* twee the eeneentlen* They sw elled ever fifty thousand frsadaen in toe Republican loyal league.*® toe state or* ganlsntlen ef toe grand Amy ef toe Republic, headed by

tom ato as grand Ceamnder did y m t m m service.*® Mentors

$5 a id .. 8-9; Appleton’s Cyclopaedia, ef Awsrioan Blograsfar» u> 2o9» ^ Alim Johnson and Punas Malone (eds.), Dictionary ef Ansrlam Biogr aphy (Hew TorSc* 19*6), XIX, *57-*5Btr~ *7 Durant to wameth* March 28 » 186?, August 1$, 186? Maraoto C ollection. *® Shagg# Or*»*««a of Class Straggle in Louisiana, 220 *9 Maraeth, Mar, Politics and Reconstruction. 51* o f tb t ft. a . it. wetw a p p e la te d m "rsgistsrs** o f v e t m in

to* portahn and saw to it that to® Bagroes m m registered. Sbajr also w trtltrtw a Republican ?. e. Ssaleade. tte solaced w gailw f In Iberville pariah. enrolled sen* £090 Bagroes In flw ckbt but could in ttm t only tltrn W u lM f Ku m h I UVwEVNI# IBP X^pwwVSf tW ¥#Jr3ULAJJLiQ^ pariah. r«port

beesua* toe St1 tti ***** nad* "false qhh w t ® t h e m w i tbat betti t&& b lm U s n i vfaXtto m i «2 «Alok kgM M ^ Mo mmife ©f fMWgj8ag».i%f»fif RSiaw^lXsMm

A i l to* w gw lura elaaored for funds.” J. Bale Sypbor M O to tlw l

®® lease Invi to Wameto. February 15, 1868. waraoto Collection.

^ f« 0 . Pea loads to Wamoto, £*pto*feer 18* 1 9 6 7 , ■amoto Collection. 52 W ill Ian deans* to Wameto. Kay 6 , 1 8 67. wamoto Collaotion. ^ 0 . w . Lowell to Wamoto. Karoh 31. 1868. w am oto Collootion. 5* J. Bade S an b er to W am eto, August 2b, 1867 . Wamoto Collection. 21 55 different reports • After three months of argument and compromise the constitution as finally adopted represented the desires of the shite members of the convention*^ concessions there were in it for the Negroes were Incor porated to bring it in line with prevailing Northern Repub lican sentiment and to secure the Negro vote which was larger than that of the whites. the Negroes could vote and hold office; all public places and conveyances were opened to them as well as the state university in New Orleans* Repre sentation in the legislature was based on total population sad not on the number of voters* A strong executive was pro vided* Article 99 required that all ex-Confederates acknowledge that the Civil War had been morally and political- 57 ly wrong before they could register as voters. All these provisions were designed to seat the Republicans firmly in the political saddle. the constitution was to be ratified in April* 1868# and at the same time the state officers were to be elected. To prepare for this event the members of the convention in

^ Shugg# Origins of Class Struggle in Louisiana*

56 Ib id . ^ I*nl»laas Constitution of 1868 In noport of the Secretary oTT3tot* to his BxoSTCSnav m .Hff*«53^vStWSF“of M U # S ISSIgliSa-T laf^g S t9W )ri§^ ? *" “ d e a n e ry h i b UI t h s wee lw as ef ttt im fcllan party*®® It split into two factions M k sound end fwey. The "Aire Radicals" demanded that U tiw itw m i candidate b« a atgn in the person ef A n iis S* Duaae. A e "Uoeproelsiag Republicans" believed a w a h a neve v te U he tp U tlc end woe&nsied ftsaeeth to head the tsefcet* Be wee node the party choice by a vote ef 45 te 43.®^ The "hoe Radicals" withdrew from the eon- v eitlai end pet out * tlehet heeded hr Dues a* Taliaferro* • a ctiv e white Ioulsiantan£° the splinter neveannt m * hnflfT hr the p tU h m ef the h tte e and la nteU stloe the regular BopWbifean executive coswltte* established the Ben Orleans Republican ee the official party organ. the p—aerate did not pet forward a tic test but they ware act gaieooont String the campaign. Republican can- wee sews e tf Segno w h n were lnttnldated. s « e d is f r a n - thleert aea raw for local office and bought hie Begro vote.

5® Mo—eth* War. P olitics wad RecoaatgaotiOB. 54-55. 59 fth . 9he other candidates worst lieutenant r* fimw I . Doan (Begro)1 Treasurer, Antoine Dubuelet (BMpeii secretary of shite# deorge R. Beveej Auditor, oeeege H. gjefcllffei Athngr Qeneral. Sieeen Beldeni Superintendent e f Education, Theses V* dowser* "® Ibid.. 5di thoese M. eonegr te Marneth* February 15# 1868# Warwetti C ollection. ® Hanneth received sany letters before end after nee|Hl|ii referring t o Dewoeratlc eetlvltlee of this nature gee folder 33 hw anaeth collection. 2 3 ®M olootlao iw u ltti la 2m constitution b*tn{ nttfU d and la the w im m at 9m Neraoth ticket. tenialaas was n#- M M ltM to the IbSm an June 25* 1868 anA on teljr 12* Hamath m r 9m MmMUmi pw tr M ntanlM the state for aim youre. tta senrommat was dospetls. 9 m gow nw r was gMM power* Mtafc mhUMI aim to c o n tr o l elections* 2 » tojltlM aa* and tfao »u»U« then 9m Metropolitan Polls** ttw itnag m tf 19a M im U w * m n ant mmI to suppress ing opposition to 9m ro ste* 9 m F*d*m l tro o p s were avail- a b l* . Bolas without affootlv* opposition ftw without 9 m pw t| la teo first jm rs of euprewaey* 9 m aoptellsens woo* Im to —it* la fatttonl polities. 9m loaders w o aafeltloua a n w ajon te oak* their aortas la tlw new post* mo soeloty teias tern* fo lltlo al power mm # m a n s te 9M t end* 9 1 9 cm p *m te eeutMl all te* state and federal

petrnneio and 9 h m ml* n p n a was tee 1 m m white split 9m party* m is i*d te te* Mamoth or "state Boos*" faction to

tes eppeedd bgr 9 m "Cos too Boas*" faction lod by Stephen 8* te te d 9m Bat tod state* Marshal. 9m Oongreaelonal Aanesty Act and tea repeal of A rtlole 99 of teo teuiaiana eonatitu- t l o o t e 1 8 7 2 allowed teo «x~Confodorates to m o o political activity and te 9Mt poor they famed a coalition wlte tfaarwoth** lib eral Roptelioan nevsaont te support a joint ttefeot headed by te n MeBnery. 9m "insular Bepublisen” tic k e t m m headed tv M llllaa h *4>lt‘vgg, a carpetbagger Mb© had been appointed Collector ef the fort toy M aeola and Mho had bosh sleeted united states sm ttr Is 1S6&. Both ildw ©lalnod victory In the election and la- m bm M gvnnant* la January, 1873. Ibt nm tll was ehsotla h h lB litrrt lwi» elM hw between Kellogg and anti- f©trees (calling tfaeMselves Sam m U w s) la various porta of the atato and general political confusion, On septsm sr IS, U rt the tbit* league in lew Oar loans, «$(ort> las tho MeEosxy iw w d , atagod a coup d ’etat and fa m e d ffrlV m to taka refuge In tho Custoa Homo, free Whence ha aont appeals to Braildwt Orant to atttkartao tho federal tn cp t to disperse tho rebels. the necessary orders eaao fn a HwUa^oi and tho league, not wanting to cone into conflict with national authority, rotlrod free the field, tho Maveabar alootione for Congressuen and state legisla tors resulted la soother dispute. The conservatives elalsod a Majority la the legislature hut federal troops intervened and seated a Republic »n Majority. An u n easy truss was —tr* ty the n w e la r Coaproniss Which recognised Kellogg as tho legal governor ef the state and seated sixty-three Conservativea and forty-seven BepWbllsaes in the House, and tM antf-eeved Republicans and nine Conservatives l a th e Senate of Leuialaaa, Both sides began to Marshal their fem es for the cowing election of 1 8 7 6 . la spit* ef ttw political turacil* the Sepabliean legislatures ast and passed lass* A suctm *y of this A«gis~ lation reveals that ttw bulb ef At m s political and eeenew* Act* the Ii— lriw am aoct sealeus la passing law te aalwtala ttw par^r in pem r. Xbey did net to d tati te grant "imperial pavers" to ttw governor and te tana ears of fhsaaalves and their party hsashasn* Ballvayaad internal tgaw aant aagaatM ana chartered and tta credit ef ttw state pledged te either start ttaen off or support then* m tiiegwtoew idtfe msdLrlt ih* tiHes* iX ftdt* all oX tf a w t trsnaant Ions vers tinged with bribery and fraud* Re nee* elaas or party could d o le elaan hands* s * « nftll t i^ i wta lo>lb(id lifff j «1 tiliiffryfli ffflf B^risf and pariah favors* and business ant and corporations bribed ttw politicians for e e c n e n i e privileges.0* 9 a repair and g la g ef ttw levees* ef vital Inportancc te ttae riven parishes* m s ttw responsib ility of a private t f T ahlti aU M ttw state ef ttieusands of dollars and did net do ttw mate efficiently or adequately* the legislature m s vary generous In Its appropria tions far ttw public schools shieh ears open te both races.

68 fifcugg* Origins of Claes Struggle ia Louisiana, 2 6 But Us* sdaoatlon&l spats* mss tbs eletbe of raos prajudies* Inefficiency^ and factional polities.^* The Isglstotnw also appropriated money te contribute t* tte support «f Use Sow Orleans Charity Hospital a a& private welfare igsailM ta t It did not expand social ser- Tisw or Initiate any soolal legislation.^ Sgr 1 8 7 5 tbs public debt was over fifty m illion to llsn an* tbs tax rata bad Increased frets 37i^ on $ 1 0 0 .0 0 66 1* 3866 to $!•*£ in 187t. 3h*ae heavy dawsafle cane at & tfafc stote m i in tfal ApssBSslsB foUsMing tlst pmi® a f 1 8 7 3 t*ld> retarded peat -star reeswory. Ib it fiscal policy Shiah produced no tangible benefits for tbs stats OWttSU lOTff %|j# isMEifl t&X &UftlQ¥t 1MI

H i opp^lUon lo H i Mgjtafe twn ttoy vttoVQ i n i4 tti H i tocnosiA po34sSw nf H i naiiionii BepubljU* oat party Bw Conservative party swelled its ranks In th*. sampalgn af 19^6 by playing op the charges of extravs- gnaas and sw w ptiaa against the fte public ana. Because of raslal pelts these aba ware "poor and white" also turned against tbs regime. they resented the Hagroes holding office

®* Shagg# Origins of Class Struggle in Louisiana, 226. 6 5 I b id . ® Ibid.. 3S6) Hordhoff, The Cotton States. 5 7 . Bhogg* Origins of Class struggle la Iawlalana. 028. the BMwlnatlag eeam tton ef the Republican part; «•■ held la April* 1876. Qw ittnett^nsiiessii^ fastlat ecBteatad with the hw ktfM hU tii crew fee control of the m M m» Since both were about eteaU f represented la the H w entlaa a creel deal e f p o l i t i c a l m w rotog went on to leflcw i lwdspondsat delegates* Briber; me rife* five decs elapsed before the delegatee could g e l down t o th e bweteeee a t head* hatawA en d Um etb were pieced la nanism- ties for governsr. da the first ballot restart led aaraoth be e narrow aergla. the eeeeed ballet produacd th e s a w recalls aad ta s tfasnoth withdrew hie nee to proaote parte bennr*^ M W me eesaatlal te aweosai* 9w parte lead ers taew the eeaaerm tlvss were doing their uteost to ■redrew* the state la 13?6. Step had a etre ag e a n d ld a te in Preaole T. B deU »f a Confederate hero aad aa influential planter with wedsrets views on the 8egro vacation. A divided Republican p art; would wean disaster.

8 8 Ib id .. 2 2 9 - ^ ftMioEitar B. S. rbMbbMk was a Negro leader who nee elected president aro-tenpore of the loulslana senate f el- lowing the death ef I&veiov. Btwm and who served as acting governor ef the M ate while Wanaoth wee suspended free office in 1872-1873* 70 E lla leea* Reconstruction in Louisiana A fter 1868

VMPtauB triad to beep as sum !? Ssneesats m possible off S m registration m U b . ^ Violence trak* out It M W tl put* «f the state during tto «H pdp} but saaspt la OnwMte and Concordia elM tim &gr ptsw l off tu ie tly .® 0 tte ikH itm U iii refused to accept me results of tt* eleetloa w nm nM by tts Retuwtpg maw*. nils M jr stated m et M a rt wee governor, me legislature IgM M lHR, four Coagreisnsn sm Republican, aa& m et ms electoral vote «f Louisiana mould be e a s t for Bs$u> It was get denied m et me Conservatives nm lvM a a s p e r ity of me votes m et but may of me votes were tainted *im g t A nal ant could net be legally counted. On January 1, 1877, the Conservative nenber»~eleot of me aenate eat Hesse of Representatives appeared at me

d e e r o f m e State Bouse In Hew Orleans, aaeoepanied by b o o b contestants and elem ents, and Louis Hum, acting as spo k es* ass far me group, doeaadsd m at a ll be sUotnd to eater. Bw gaud replied m at as one would be penaltted to eater e s s e p t Hu m balding oertlfleatea of election fros me me* rotary of state. Bum men read a foswal protest sad led

" la s , Bacons traction in Louisiana. 426* 4 3 0 . 86 431*437♦ 81 Pa—ldsomrllls Cblef. seeesher 9, 1 8 7 6 . 31 hie (**>«>{) to St* N M cfe't H all where tbay preeeeded to W friw a legislature* On tt* tn t da; Hue Hepabliese alao organised at the s ta te House* Beth lU tih tw ii were Itt eeeaiea dally after they were organ ised.®2 Oa January 8* 1 8 7 7 * P a e ta rdand Hieholls ware its-

aPV8 ^PP ^P^BP^ feSS!% PI^^^PBk 9p wiPMsePIP^^h sgP ^BP^mBEPPMmsji ■BapS^ill'

ftU ls dliturtw w i. Ob January 10, about 4000 nan dtslgm M

by lUheUa aa state allltla m m h SM at lafayette Square

m l VfuytatA M P V W flMNis PPgtvlin PP^PtPB-PjP^ MI hin*4WWV ffhow#Pvv1p9 titter ■P"H» ^P^W^S^’Pe Is PFHP

l i t p W S W S S * ( I H > * t t p f t S A gO W t* tfa « ffKfrH&ft# stations, and other ?SII* buildliwsa eesept the state House, ah<«j^i y ftff plA M ^ | a A S ta te SSS®6* Aa £$%HB ton directed the federal tewp* to disperse the besiegers and they ttttSw »« Be blew waa atrwek, ne S et wee fired* the State Bouse, hw * Bastard and hia offlslal fe d l| renalned Say end wee guarded by the Metropolitan tollee.®^ Beth geeem aeste began funetlonlng although neither legislature had a fell tnana in both houses. Bastard m appealing te Washington for help bet me eat sett las *ay. rtnntiheet. piqued at net being eleeted senator by the Bastard legislature, tranaferred h&a aUeglanee te Btehella and waa m ddag at aoae segve aenatora te Join the Conservative

®* Ibid.* January 6* 1877* 83 &££*• Jaeeeey 13, 1877. lept alatam to give that body » nwewu8* W llllaa E« ghaadler* of the Republican national Coanlttee* telegraphed

Kellogg to aat with m m eowrage and th at ha and Packard w iM not die a "better doath ttn resisting rebels and steals! lw li>».*^ H« alao wired M BdM tt to IO m above selfish M M ttm dU u and fight far tka Bopabllsan party or gyr )FM w ill regret It to tin lost days of yean life*" M aud m i tfiH to Riili ftte ii jtanimtoiyifrtf eMsaS te vi« faaad. S o Ooda holy those aho help thSMelve**1^7 fidnaM nap Hod Mad his sails for aid had not boon answered* and that ha had "am anafrot where the White league has 100.” thea an Me sixteenth the seeretary of Man wined general dappr that the Ptealeant would not w tapilw either govern-. M at hat watted the "states quo” aalatelaed.®® h a d was

®* H>ld.* h a a q r 80* 1877* ®5 M lUlaa B. Chandler to Kellogg, January 1 3 * 1 8 7 7 (e sp y o f telagrM ), W llllsa B. Chandler Papers* Kanuasrlpis hirSaloB* library of congress* Hereafter sited as Chandler P s p c n u Chandlor te P* I . S. Plochbaek, January 13* 1877 (eopy of telagrM )* Chandler Papers. 8 7 Chandler to S. B. Packard* January 1 3 * 1 3 7 7 (e sp y o f telagrM), Chandler Papers. 88 Faekawd to Chandler* January it* I 8 7 7 (telegram). Chandler Papers* ®8 gesratary of War te Oeneral Augur* January 16* 2877 (telagrM), ODJ* Soureo Chronologleal files* President. 3 3 m s s Sb e ttes afolklii on te ausseaas*** Xw&iitalRlsqs l^yy s t i t a te# tefeP' ten **^;“gtteMfrfrjftfi «f • mmv pw U w l mant • lens period of sonfitsien and j^iyyAw^ltlttj *# fiftUlf**-1 ITfllll i SlKrtUdk buslttn#® $$> £ fttetfftll** sSUA* 9ttnte ##wl#^ 0 l t e tmssmm- ten pMpte # te ate teen te teM t e pen tennu te te s t teellnte* C nsfts asn fte sS te n in utmif ps3^te$iss teo&us# te# Jb 4|m nfuMd te tlk n lawyers to appear tfw would net pay tw Faekard license foe. sen lo^m itfatoi to attend a eeert pm ldM owep by a Packard |d g a» " Da itefte ten E 2#$te?&l .Ctetttesten astesteKl ite tfiftlilTrn Mki sm s was la^mwteteor f^m both sites was exerted on the President f«p nm pltim . Kaye* pet off b is deals Ion u n til MOyne NmI m F r epor ted to his after Iw ntlgrtlw tint tM M a jo rity of th e people f» te* ate^te inclnSins nost RsptiSbUtoaaa 3 NNB#sn Is

0. B. Foreeon to Paokard, hatw y 16, 1 8 7 7 , Louisiana ytate university Ar* ohlwes) lew Orleans naawarat. Marsh 13* 1877* Marsh 3* 1877} he Orleans ;y IB 7 7 1 m m Tongatreat to B* EJTtareh 22* 1877* CUHCt# C oliaotsr of Fort Applications} » . *. Ilehells to Wayne haeVeagh o t. jrte., April 18. 1877. Q m j, Stereo Chronological Fites ,^PreaT2»nt. t» porfci*®.^2 on Appll afc* 2377 tb* woo rawni fM tfc* Ticlnltjr tf tM State Sous* and tin* Faolml gow m int «dtate><* nacqr «r Ms logls X&tors toring al- ittey tem teS to Sleholls, tbs Louisians Lettsry baviag H U It m rta ttooir A iU to d« »#.”

~~Sam te V. KoGlnty, £ History o£ Louisiana (Bow t« * i 19*9)* 287* ^ G ilbert In Otqn*7 P olitical Roalalsoonoo* 1876- I9ftg (B.P.M JC.). 32* CHAFTEK I I~~

~~THE AFTERMATH OF I 87 6~~

After the battle of 1876-77* the Republican party In Louisiana was no longer in control of the state but It had not been completely swept out of the political arena* K ellogg elected by the Packard legislature represented Louisiana in the United States „,enate • The seat was con tested by Henry N. ^pofford who had been elected by the Hicholls legislature but Kellogg won the contest* John S* Leonard, Republican, represented the fifth district in the national House of Representatives until his death in March, I 8 7 8 * 1 All of the federal positions in Louisiana were held by members of the party* There were sixteen Republican senators and thirty-nine Republican representatives in the state legislature who served on all the important committees of that body*^ There were Republicans elected in I 876 serv ing In parish and municipal offices throughout the state* Governor Hicholls also appointed Republicans to some

* Donaldsonvllle C hief, March 23* X 8 7 8 * 2 See Appendixes E, Ft Mew Orleans Democrat, May 6 , I 8 7 7 ; Donaldsonvllle Chief* January 19, I6f87

35 36 •W otrttw poaltioM . 9mr eam ple* JPinefetbask m« ante a w * w «f the ^tate Board of Edueatlen la jepteteer* 1877.3 f f nwiTrihtirm pte©& Ha party *a fall fn a power. jto am alamata H at has Mte v i t i vMfeMd&ip in ltd ^ of BuprsanEM^y^^sx*!!®^ kanm , aealmage* m s Nagroea—mm a till wqr m b In aiiianot. Sn party ergaalsetlm waa a akatelaa. the ward iim » and tta ptrtrt and district aaadttm mm wither disbanded w im tln . Ha weeheraMp af Ha State Central

~~Buoutiiti CwdUm imyrtairtl tht p& ts*it& Iss^tospsliip «aa at h o a te te * Pelitioal alllaaeoa te get control of tea federal patronage m reelm tee party were fem es and~~

ji■4 W rttei V iwHteictit. W t e ffejt wPiteim MBfttildffl te^nite^te mpmT^mwte of tb i InadttM m vsu ■prood mewg tea mak and file.* tea tegroes « •» disaffected. they placed tee team far teelr "present dependent condition" on tee m ite mw^n. idwt ft *41 Itetaiytd ttfeM te& t)M 9itV a|« telle "protesting te lam oe better teen we leva eumelme.*3

5 tew Orleaaa Weekly towlslanlan, Septeaber 29* 1 8 7 7 . A p r il 28, 18771 Weekly cbS?7" w C. M tete towwaete, _ 5 weekly lete te te . October 6* 1877* September 2 9 , 1877* 3 7 tee leaders were d lm tlifted with tlw division of tt» federal *18 w m and ftehew* under tee aw dispensation*^ A> M laM lA tn n and field hands m » restless wad a vague MNNMt kapn ts start a o^wgr of Im itlaat n ^ ets te Ittw ria, ta t 1% «H Tldlealsd by tasem t* and Repu&li- w as as bates aoononloaliy ansetnd for tho M pa and tea state.* tateteg ease of this particular ■ovoaent ta t tea Bagsees continued te ba uneasy ate te 1879-1880 m s of te a Mdk tetete fete Whan tea parte aas te power tears was an official isptellaan newspaper te praetteally sassy parteb "supported by tea poop la 's aswsy taten fron tea public treasury for os- g tanaltls public printing.” tete lucrative soarss of revenue was sot off a m tea party lest control te tea state sad by Key, 1877, tt was reported teat only five Be public an papers ware s till te existence. tea Mew Orleans Republican. tea offteisl parte «*»■»# was one te tee earliest casualties baeaaae it eoald not watetate Itself on oirealatien and ad vertising re saw us. tea general odtew te which tea parte was

~~8 Flashback to Bayes, January 29, 1 8 7 7 , Hayes Papers.~~

~~08tobw 6* S87T* agB taftw !M »~~

~~8 WaajQy Tenlstenisn. Oetober 2 0 , 1 8 7 7 .~~

9 mw Orisons Pam arat. Hey 8* 1 8 7 7 . held ittw ihii itself to tee party press. Bustoses m m tee advertised i a te e hmw MI m b m m boycotted by teen esetessrs. ami negroes as m te m p ^ bo businesses to M hwtUlt and teelr t— diets «P« teelr baits Inf owed on aanw t

~~tt* topit llw p 9 K» which did not fold 1 9 becene "in- .1 1 aspendast." two m pait «UA m oioM true te tee~~

MPtar MM tte jj5325SSBHBfcMMlflJ jS5SB5SBBSBSSS35SS8SSSl tar ■oft Hat tM B ldiiw U la Chief published by Linden ft. M eUajr” B e J£g§£|£gS| reflected Pinchbeck!» brand of Reptabllesaisa the conservative views of A s softer piasters of do third congressional d istrict. Despair ever the state of the p rtr w* reflected is the Wiifcii ££Sl£2SS&£l d o t It declared# In nearly every Southern state the BBBU m s Coantttees have disbanded* sad soar etteapt to rsovEawlis the Bepub- U ses parte therein* would be tee height of felly*1*

~~If* I . Pish to fete abencsa* March 22, IS 7 8 * J d » Papers# Menasorlpts Division* Library of Congress. B a rte r sited as Shaman Papers* Pish was tee editor of~~

^ P o n a h ta o c rv lIIc t e t e f . May 5 * 18 Weekly Louisianian* January 22# 1376. *3 PoneIdeonvllle Chief, September 16* 1 8 7 1 . ^ Weekly October 1 3 , Bet everyone teak *ad> a pessim istic view. q m p arity eeuld M ivvitM ta t only on certain etadltlnw . the Chief w» off this opinion. It tttM i . . • ta t Republican Party off Louisiana is totally denorallted and disrupted, M ta U ttl* tata off m om ttten after peutalt nstatntlon, and non* itatm r ante its ferm r m pnlutiea and M niM iot*^ B9r tat sf« m r gtmcmtBt” ms meat the Isadora otto had lod ta t party te Its dounfal !■—-chiefly carpetbaggers, flw w iftw , tta only top* m s te entrust the "regenerationn te these m e bed not participated directly la the Radical a tn a lt. Bsslawage who had been "Old line Whigs" put them selves forward as qualified te carsy eat the task. fhsy had Joined m s Republican par tar after the war because may believed it te be me "legltleate offspring" off the Whig party sines it supported internal inpnovennnta and the ta riff, msgr were me conservative element in me Oenserve- tlve oeeeeratlo eoalitlso which had overthrown the Radicals, th is was a astrrlage of convenience end now mm their task had base asseap lim ed may did net want to keep up the aiUanwo or Join the party may had fought for so long be fore the war. Put in marge off rebuilding the p a r ty , they weald eweop the carpetbaggers into the background and th e wealth and intelligence of the state would Join their ranks.

19 Penaldsony iiis Chief. J u ly 21, 1 8 7 7 * 0 Sb*y BtuUi keep tfai M m w faithful because the tN M m • t ill respected their f oraar masters end would fee pU M by thee in political aattm > Stash me the reasoning of the Whig*. Bcwwr, the *f« n r eaaagaeant' 1 eould not be ••ally relegated te the baahgvetatd. They had their owaee* tlona la the national party n i their claim* on the national adfertni atra tlo n . Xo group desirous of rebuilding the party could hope lO flifflft tflt&Ottt; ftilin t$i® f^#fry*nl plfftMli

^ V* i. Q* Baber, h ta Ray, M e B. King, Theses 0 . Andersen, fanes Forsythe te Eayea, April 2 1 , 1 8 7 7 1 John Ray, Blbert oaartt, Teula Paaanrala to Bayes, April es, 1 8 7 7 , Bayes fa p a rs. 1 7 gaw Orleans Pamoarat. April 2 7 -* ® 3 1 , 1 8 7 7 p a ssie t Mae Q rleaas Weekly PawedrSfc. January 1 9 , 1 8 7 8 | walls to V s m x - gent (Bayes ) May 7 , * 0 7 7 waJM’, Appt. Fapers, Louisians; Wasv eaeth te Sherman, Bwrawiar is , 1 3 7 7 1 Anderson to Sherman, lawuara 1 2 , 1 8 7 8 * S b an e Papers; Stanley Hatthaws to Manao&h, M n a r y 1 * , 1 8 7 8 , Marnath C o llectio n ; Pinchbeck to Charles X* Bash, March 9 , 1 3 7 8 , CHDJ, Appt. Papers, Louisiana. *■*•» p la y e d t u t and lo o s e with John shaman «*■ the R utor^ai Board, loom w ith o c c u rs and Waraoth, and f u t and loose with Packard •at nuaB . • » ,» Finally, la May, 1878, the SwntB otnflnM 0®«rg® L, saltte, eB-congreesnaa frm Caddo, and heft the faction® to fight i t aat aanag theoaslwoa as to who would matawl bin and the ______19

~~tte fiflitt gis iffftfifg on tin BM M ito aaaa aartlog every affart to Iwap tb» MpMUsaas M H M aad if peasthis m tiagilM th» party before taw~~

M M b W i 1 8 7 8 , elections. 9w | tried to fwee th® Repub- Itnana s till holding loeal offices oat of tta lr jobs on M rtss pretexts. Shag seaweed fem er Republican parochial aal school bond official* of ewbearllng public funds.2 their Major attack toek the f«m of on iadletaent of the Returning Boar* — alb era, J. Madison w alls, Bmmm C. Ander son, Oodaao CManara, and Louis M. Mannar, on the charge H ast th e y • • . did falsely and feloniously utter aad publish as true, a certain altered, false, reread and counterfeited public record* to v ti| the Paterae fron the Ftth* of Tamon of an election held for presidential electors

*® Maw Orleans Paaworat. January 1 9 , 1 8 7 8 . Po n a ld s o n r i l l e C h ie f . May t , 1 8 7 8 . *® Mew Orleans Denoara t, June 9 * July 6, 1877s Poaaldaaniriile Chief, slWY, icassin. la tea state of leolslana# m the 7te Say rf SnMbtr A* s. 1S7 6 .21 Motional attw U tn ms foeused « te subsequent trial and om elettes of iaim oB In ssw lo r Criminal sanrt of or Is ms farlA .2S SopdbUosu everywhere u sti of pom eytlsg the M tsrnlag D ari for pest political actions K ite m s * rls te te of tto agreessnt sate at tho tin Wlehnlla was N otgSM by tt* oSrtnfoteotte as te lis t governor of tea *tate.® 3 loulstena oom m tint bolt tes Mas stem sat H SioH i would have pardoned Ander- ms If tea state sap*sas Coart had not reversed tes M oisten of tea pMlte court it ass M linM teat tes Bourboaiatlc eJesent of tes Mae* erotic party is preparing for an onslaught opm tea m ohoils om ialstrotion# with * visa to socesss In tes fall election# and tefta Aaterssa M oisten Is counted upon to fo s te ■ e o a te n th amount of «onpol®e tto a a S w # ^ tes D—w rsti wars also working on tea ssgroea. ' | la asm sections of tes stats tesy were assiduously courted

~~2 1 Copy of Indiotsent# O SJ, Source Chronological~~

■^a teteWWV gPtete™ t e B ^ m 22 T. Wharton Colteas Jr. (Reporter)# Full Proceeding ff tea Trial of tesm t £. Anderson (M k M I m iw , M e f > *3 team an to president (Bayes) February 3* 1S78 j late 3« tesrasn Papera. 8* W. 8* Banoook to W. T. teaman# M rw y It# 1873# Bayes M psni Penaldaonviila Chief. March 23# 1 8 7 8 . 85 BomlM owrm s Ohlsf. April 6, 1 8 7 8 # * • iaoited to vote M mM tis to e caplet* the gmtt work «f M ftw k«| Batch!toohes, teases, Bast Feliciana, Caddo, and S t. Bary violence and intinidation wore used. Negroes and whites w*ro Bordered, Republican leaders were run out of tho pariah or forood to ngpw i the S ow taili ticket.3? tta n they oould do so the fie publicans organised on the pariah level to put up candidates for parochial offieo* and laglalattva scats. In sane cases they aad* ar- ra^pM tnta with the local Benocrsey to shar* tha posts.2® Soa* leaden tried to patch up tho central party organise- tlea Into aoa* woatlanne of a united front. 3h July, Henry Dibble ropertod to Vanaoth on the situation. 9 u state an tral soaalttoo was onlargod to include fifty proutmnt Bspilhllnann frua tho state at largo. At a special aseting o f those anhers resident la Hew O rleans, tee "R e tu rn in g

Bdd.> duly SO, 1B7 8 quoting Colfax Chronicle. ^ She follewlag give eye witness accounts. Mrs. J b o a t Brads to Jack Wharton, ^epteahor 30, 1 8 7 8 (co p y ) 68DJ, Soureo Chronological file* . Bast Louisian*} Alfred Fairfax to Hayes, a. d ., 08DJ, Source Chronological F iles, President} Aran, to Hhartcn, October 5 , 1 8 7 8 * BBM, source qhrenclcgicai file s, Bast Louisiana. 2® Dibble to Warneth, July 15, 1878, Vfaraotfa Colloo Mans M« Orleans Peaccrat . Bovenber 2 , 187 6 . saacuversd le get the party on tmenS as fu srln i a constitutional oonwntlqai 9mm uhe opposed tbts mow believed that the existing constitution of the state was m m favorable te Republicans than any that ooald be devised, ill the saueittee M m could agree on ms to sail a usst- las af the fu ll coaadttae an August l$th. Dibble was ©ptl- ■latlc. Ea npavtM* "be fern ae not ! m of dlM sllBc the parts hut w ill use every exertion to prevent a dissolution."^ At the August aw tiat presided ever by Andrew a , Iti—nnt (eelered) tbt central eew ittee issued a sail for an election af delegate* to a n t in convention on September 9ms situation did not iaprove In the interl*. Jack W harton, united States Marshal* eesglsdasd to waraeth that "pelltifie was going to the Devil." It was all the fault af the Returning Board who forced Collector saith to distribute the petrwisis In their favor. Candidates sponsored by that t~f—m craw had no chance of success. Ihe federal officials mm net paying their eaepaiga assessasnts* the $ 3 0 ,0 0 0 ap propriated fey Congress to repair the united states Court Keen In the Cueto* lease new feeing handled by the "architect th e ta o e e — * * < 1 about things hers & hence the ehaaee to get good nan to w rit & at the sans tins nen of Influence In their

Dibble to Warooth, July 31, 1 8 7 8 , Wermoth Collec t i o n . M arguerite f . leech, "Af fcemath of Reconstruction la Louisians" (M.A. thesis# Louis lam state University, 1933)® HIM i ? I i ! if s i t i 11 If i ! f M [ I s f»* i i S? %

~~& kh 9 i * a 1 i i a a I 3 m & h a m §~~

a 1 3 » 5 I m S i i in * i i u n a l A --I i * 5 j I I v ^7 for Congress In that district was Hebert 0. Hebert, a Custom Bouse employee and the sen of ex-Governor Paul 0. Hebert, the candidate of the antis was V. B. Merchant.3^ thus Republican strength was divided In a district that was Republican If given a fair vote and an honest count, Xorrls Marks, Collector of Internal Revenue, tried to con* d ilate the factions but with no success.^ The fact that many anti-Bourbon Democrats were Je1n1ng the Rational Party worried the Democratic press of lew Orleans, they did their best to discredit the Ration alists aad their motives. The New Orleans Democrat ran an expose of the "Red Warrior" organisation which was said te be the secret strong am group of the Rational Party. The aim o f the organization was to carry the election at all c o sts by killing opposition leaders, and by Intimidating voters

~~p rio r t e the election and on election d a y . 39 what happened te th is organization after it was "exposed" Is shrouded in mystery,~~

37 unidentified newspaper clipping dated October 12, I 8 7 6 , gives an account of a convention at Bayou Ooula, Louis iana ahlch nominated Hebert in Sherman Papers; W. 8 . Merchant to Sherman, Hovember 1 , 1 8 7 8 (telegram), Sherman Papers. 38 Morris Marks to Hayes, December 10, I 8 7 8 , Hayes P apers. 39 row Orleans Democrat, October 21-26, 1878; Leach, "Aftermath of Reconstruction in Louisiana," 2 5 . 48 The Democrats won an overwhelming victory- they carried every Congressional district and elected the state treasurer, the Republicans were left with eleven senators (hold-overs) and nineteen representatives in the legts- JlA lature. The New Orleans Democrat admitted that the f!im mense m ajorities, the unanimous Democratic vote given by the parishes of North Louisiana are confusing—almost in- comprehensible." But "Never has such a political revolu tion been known- The Red River country Is nearly unanimously Democratic, while the Fifth D istrict, lately Republican w ill show a Democratic majority of at least 7000." The victors explained their triumph by saying that the Returning Board candidates were obnoxious even to Republicans and that the

N e g r o e s had voted Democratic in large numbers. The colored man was getting justice in the courts, more schools, and better teachers under Nleholls and did not want to go back to the days of Warmth and Kellogg.**3 The Republicans had another explanation for the im mense Democratic majorities in north Louisiana. They began to cry fraud, bulldozing, and intimidation and finally they

See Appendixes £ and F. ** New Orleans Democrat, November 9, 1 8 7 8 . 43 Ib id - ** Ibid., November 2 3 , 1 8 7 8 . •ere heard In tj» halls of Congress. -Taaes 0. Blaine spon- M»4 * Senate investigating the Teller Caaadttee- -te In»eatlg*t8 the «loot tan.1** witnesses before this een- alttee desoribed frightful deeds that had been perpetrated itfla i the oaapolgn. The report of the Caaedttee did not hoop tin Peaosretlo cnngrosoawn elected In 1 8 7 8 froa being imMU kamn?. At the mam tin* tin ooaittM mu holding i t s —onl oon B a ite d States D istrict Attaanssy for Louisiana. A lb e rt B . Leonard. got a federal grand JsHty to iadiet ISO ■M frow M v 89p3sw®^ MyMht f ^ &$&&& ^StesuMwi Jtox* TtrlaBi offoonan against the eleatlon laws, These so charged am Durfwtyfttlr imdfaMwi a f n*4w iM isiiitiV i Shop were brought to Sm Or leans and waited around for w d s m i l s L eonard prepared a ease for tria l. Needless to say 1M Diners f raised the lasuo of polltlaal perseautioa. ffce Netafclteehee prisoners wore tried aad acquitted. She Jury failed to agree in the Caddo ease. tt* whole affair was a flaaoo aad all dn indietaents were eventually nolle prossed.^

^ Otis A. Singletary. "Hie Reasaertion o f White A iMUUas* (K.A. t h e s i s , lo d tlsa State Onlver- f* 1 9 ^ 9 }» lt-5 8 » ^ a d d . . 5 9 - 6 5 * Newton C. Blanohard to Idui A. Fieklen. Fdggry 9 , isos. Ploklen Collootton,Louisiana State WtTaTalti lrd d m . Blanohard was one of the Caddo prisoners S Nn aiete Professor Fieklea af his experiences* A. H. te Charles Bowens. Beeeaher 25. 1 8 7 8 , February 8 . 1 7 . MM. seoree ClawwtegUel Files. Bast Louisiana. 5 0 ■eawwhtlo,, th e Republican faetioaoa »ar*c accusing •eeh other af treachery and doabXecSaal iijg, daring ttm ea»a- pa$g». Whurtoa was accused af getting drmk «m election day and allowing hla Penoeratte deputies to throw the eloetlea In new Orleans. He denied the charge and saifl that ha was 111 on that day and had a doctor's certificate to prow it. He biased J. R. Pitkin his predecessor la 1ho Marshal*a office for spreading this canard. "Ho lias llha a son of a bitch shoot it—sweare ha knows nothing shoot it ate* b«t it all false—He is the main newer ta it."* ® Mao Ragre leaders accused the white Republicans of aalrint olilawnos with the "lost ditcher" Seanerats to sup press the colored rot* and advised the negroes to bid fare well to the party of "asm? preaisoe aad no performances" 4 7 aad to j o i n ferees with tho ecessm tlw people in tho state* tho greatest reertaiftatlon centered around tho Oafeat hi the third d istrict, which was considered a Re- ptUiM B owe. it was eharRSd that the Returning Board had pah up Bebort to deliberately split the Republican vote so

John ft. Cosgrove to President (Hayes), Moveaber 15* SBH, MDf. Appt* Papers, Iswieianaf thsrtea to tfarnoth, Hwewhar 25* 1 8 7 8 , trsmoth Collection. *7 carroll Conservative. Kovenber 30, 1878, weekly *— MotdS b e r’'3i!5.>' 1M78* D eeeaber » , 1 8 7 8 * D eeeaber Hunt £A attains^ In Ijmlniann |ffnfaMtT53 * I 2 a II iI » 1 a I a > w 0 a 53 warrant of tho party* They could not allow that oloctlon to go by Cofault* Tho loaders worked up a meeting to secure 11 Modus vlvendi * The p retex t f o r th e ir coming together was a complimentary dinner for Kellogg at Antoine*a Restaurant on January 3* 1879* She guest Hat included about fifty important Republican leaders both white and black* The seating arrangement was in terestin g * * * * ex-Gov* Hahn a t the head of the ta b le * flanked on his left by Senator Kellogg, Gov* Antoine, General Souer, Judge harks, Collector Smith and Dr. Roudanezj on the right by ex~ Govs* Warmsth and Foote /ex-Govem or of Mississippi who replaced Hahn as Director of the Mint/ Col* Lewis, Mr* Joubert, General Andersen and Col* Weeks* Col* Jack Wharton was placed in charge of the foot of the table with Judge Dumont and the editor of the Louisianian /Finchbac)^ facing each other in the wings in company with Senators Stamps, Harper, and B lunt, Hon*s* Wm* G* Brown, Desmarais, Ingalls, Morey and others* Besides these Messrs* Bonzano, $haw, Merchant, Casanave, Herwig, Kenner, Woodward, and Judges Pardee, Font lieu and Cullom were present. 5^ Kellogg pleaded for harmony and unity among Republi cans and was followed by Warmoth who predicted that with Grant as the Republican standard bearer in 1880 the party in Louisiana under "competent and energetic'1 leaders with a ticket representing "character and intelligence" would march to victory.55

5^ weekly Louisianian* January 4, 1879 55 ib id . 5 * Pinchbeck said that the seating reaiaded m » of tt* *«ply days of reconstruc tion. Ihc presence of fawdaoe*, so long; s str a a p r te such ooca&iona, augured •e ll for the possibility of Republican unity. At this point* Varaoth and tondaan shook hands. Pinchbeck then pointed out that all efforts at unity would fa il unless asompanted by the fraternal feeling which had characterized the early days of the party. He emphasised that the colored am did net expect nor desire social equality but they did espeot that on a ll "seati-ef f ieia l * occasions they would be aeecrded the reeeptitifin to which the nature o f the ease en titled tbn«^ X t was a veritable love feaat.®^ Kev alliances were fomed. In February a refurbished S ta t e central Coausittee net and appointed a uub-consittee te lenmr the approaching t«ap>1g»« the party had been "regenerated'1 and was ready to give battle to the enewy.

~~56 JfciSL- 57 ie« Orleans D owoerat. January 11* 1 8 7 9 . 5® beeltiy Louisianian. February 15* 1879. Q B A r m n i n~~

~~MAffi POLITICO 1879-1892~~

In the tattles for state offices from I 879 through 1888# the Republican party composed Ita internal differences # tat out a elate of candidates* and gave the Democrats a good fight* After I 892 # however, the party had to give up its role as the sole opposition and acquire allies to keep up the struggle* It never did capture the state government# but did elect party mesbers to the state legislature and to tow parish offices* She battleground for the two contending parties con sisted of the state at large divided into fifty-eight parishes (fifty-nine after 1887)# sixty-three representative districts, aad twenty-six senatorial districts** Party machinery was organised according to the political divisions of the state* There was a state central cooralttee# a sen atorial district committee* and a parish comittee. it was the function of these committees to make the party views known to the electorate; to hold conventions in their respective areas to nominate the party candidates; to conduct

~~* Louisiana state Constitution* 1879* Art* IS*~~

5b 56 the easpalgnsi and to g»t out tho vote on e le c tio n Republican organisation hod broken down between 18?6 and 1 8 7 8 and i t woo th o took of tho laada?a of tho “re* jixveaated* p arty to b u ild i t up agai n and to m®$m i t f u n c tio n f o r th o eoadng election of dalaptas to a ventlon iddoh was to frane a nor organic law for tho state* Almst as soon as tho Democrats wore securely la power in 1877# demands war® aad® upon tho administration to call a constitutional convention which would draft a m w instrum nt of government and do away with all vestiges of Radical rule*2 This was not a unanimus desire even amng Democrats* A Democratic member of the state legis l a t u r e expressed th e view of th e opposition in these wordss I think It Inexpedient* at least* a t th is tine* We have had polities enough in th is State* We want peace and prosperity* and pol ities Man anything but peace* Party fires t h a t nay have been smoldering* ought to be allowed to burn out and not be lit up again* which would be the ease* I think* should a constitutional convention be called* « • « We want railroads* Internal improvements* that are aore of a necessity at present than a change in our Constitution* these sentim nts were echoed by the Republicans »

2 Pattaldaomrille Chief* Hovember 3* 17* 1 87 7 * q u otin g b t « Wary Enterprise* larayette Advertiser* and Calcasieu Echo* 3 c* J* Barry quoted in Hew Orleans Weekly Democrat* January 12, * * Itt 7l~m 8***£[%. n— gwuwu.mt.i.mu.-— 5? It m hoped that the compromise legislature would te a refora body ate that its astiom would pit* elude tte calling of a convention. She legislature w m expecteg to loner tbo taxes * cut tte expenses of govern- ate# ref ore tte judiciary, ate abolish t t e cumbersome registration system** Reformers la both parties believed tte enactment of a poll tax would serve a double purpose* It would lessen tte tax burden f o r tte property holder and, if tte reeeipta were used as a certificate for eligibil ity to vote, no expensive registration system would te needed* She Repsblican editor of tte Doaaldeenvllle Chief was most enthusiastic over its benefits* te doubt if there will be any s in g le Manure of reform urged upon tte attention of the Oarers! Assembly more prolific of beneficial results, both in an economical and general point of view than t t e p ro p o si tion to repeal tte cuatersome registration lee nee in force and constitute tte poll tax receipt of tte citizen tte evidence of his right to vote* fhis requirement * * « would save thousands of dollars to t t e people in every election year and do away with tte objectionable and superfluous features of tte existing registration law, which afford opportunity for tte pei’P*tra- tlon of fraud and make a Supervisor of R egis tration necessary in every parish* Moreover this nanner of regulating tte suffrage would set be open to tte objections of an educa tional or property qualification, e ith e r of white would excite tte alarm and animosity of tte colored citizen, against whom as a

* Sew Orleans Weekly Democrat, January 19, 1878* $8 claae it would be urged the %fac directed* • * • Mo am# white o r black* ric h or pdori Hio h tt & spark of' public sp irit which 1« tho essence of tho qual ities cm tihitiCfi the desirable oitieeR * w ill coaplaln of tho slight impost of a dollar por sussum os a prerequisite to him right to toto, when ho considers th a t tho aoaey derived fros the tax goes to tho free school mod Charity Hospital funds, end th a t tho imposition of this inconsiderable burden irlll ho tho aeons of diminishing visibly the heavy rate of taxation t&leh mm oppresses tho property holder, and throughhim* a l l other classes of our population*^ She hopes of the reformers were not realised* The legislature reached the end o f i t s a llo tte d te n s condemned as a do-nothing body whloh had spent its tine In political maneuvering and m frivolous bills* One editor mourneds Our silly hopes were in vain* Politicals are politicians end nothing els#f they are moekers aad whosever la deceived by them la not wise* While they were seeking v o tes, th ey were ready to pledge themselves to a thousand things* fhey could abuse their Radical prede~ caaaora to your heart’s content*-and now they can do Just as the Radicals did»& the legislature had taken no action on such vital m a tte rs as revenue appropriations * registration and election laws* and the payment of the floating debt* so Governor Hloholls had to call it into extra session* In a short tin the legislators had cut appropriations In a l l departments* passed a new election law* and prepared twenty-one reform amendments

5 Pon*M*«wlll* CM*f, January 19, 18?8» 6 Ibid., K*reh 9. I 8 7 8 . 59 r a r submission to tee electorate te IB7C J I t mm th e Bourbon eleasmt of tee Democracy which was clamoring far a mv constitution. Hw Constitution of 1868 was so dis tasteful to the® aa Che product of the Badlcals that they •a d i not consent to its mesa amendment*. fhey wanted, it ebelKhai «ad, consequently* in the campaign cf 18?8 thay m p i tte voters to defeat tte amendments. Conservative Democrat* and Republicans supported tte aaendmxits. How- e itr, tte Bourbon element dominated tte campaign and all tte amendments mere defeated except tte &m which provided for tte removal of tte capital te Baton Rouge» A Bourbon legislature mas elected in 1 8 7 8 which enacted a law calling for an election of delegates te a constitutional eonven~ tiea-te spite of Jficholls8 ejection te such a move, the election was te be held in March* 1879* It mas during tte legislative sessions of 1378 and 1 8 7 9 teat tee existence of tee Louisiana lottery became a political issue* Which was te be carried over into the convention campaign and tee convention itse lf, fills gambling enterprise had been chartered by tee legislature teeing tee tfarmete regime te 1368. It had a monopoly of tee lottery business te tee state and aade enormous profits.

7 Mew Orleans Pally picayune* April 6* 1 8 7 8 $ Donald- soavllie Chief * July 2T7*m % l Te safeguard it® position end pi-ofits tte company plowed polities* the oriels of 18?6 lottery money ted played a role la tte eontom tlos of tte emprasiso*^ In th e MT8 session of tte legislature* m otel is re&ossmnded the repeal of tte Lottery charter as m essential reform* the legislature refused to do so* Its supporters were too Im pressed with tte annual license fee paid by the company as sa easy source of revenue to disturb it* Every Republican is tte legislature voted against repeal*^ Another drive against tte Lottery was Bade in the 1 8 7 9 legislature* Warmth spoke in its defense* He stated that tte reason tte opponents of tte Lottery were against it was not moral* as they pretended* but political* Louisiana people were a lottery-playing people aad they would go on gash ling even if tte repeal b ill were passed* the eonpany played politics bseaaao it was good business to do so* As long as tte Re- publicans were in power tte Lottery was Republican* now it was Dcaocratlc * He pointed out that tte company was not tte only mnepoly In tte state* Tte Hew Orleans Oae Company end tte Hew Orleans Waterworks Company were Monopolies also*^ This tlm tte ant Hot tery ites were successful and a b ill the company was passed and signed by Jflcholls in

® Berthold C* Alwes, "The History of the Louisiana State Lottery Com pany," Louisiana H istorical Quarterly ^ XXVII (1 9 ^ ) * 997-998* 9 new Orleans Weekly Pem erat* January 1 8* 1 8 7 9 * 10 ibid., January 2 5 , 1879* 61 March* company tten sued In t t e F ed eral B is trie t Court to have tte set deal area unconstitutional* iwdge, a lepebli&an, so deelare tte repeal ast#^ She e«pany wont on with its operation® and began to lay tte groundwork to bam Its status fixed in tte now consti tu tio n * tto Republican party had no expectations of ©on- tellisg tte convention, hut they 414 exert themselves te tin t a respectable minority delegation* *5te central campaign eonslttee advised Republican voters to oast their b a llo ts for Republicans where it m s possible to do so* However, if that were not possible party m aters should sup port candidates who would pledge theme Ives to maintain the B i l l eC R ig h ts o f t t e C o n s titu tio n of 1866 I n ta c t, and who would ^vete la tte convention to separate tte powers of gevemmntf te restrict tte governor to executive power j to H alt tte power of tte legislature to create debt aad impose team ; end te recognise end provide for tte payment of tte existing state debb.*^ In west Republican parishes tte lateen to agree to give the Democrats half the delegates 14 to prevent bulldozing of toe Kegroes*

** Aimes, 'Louisiana State Lottery Company,” Xgcu ©it*, 995* 12 S£l*» 99®* *3 Meclcij JUw»l»tawln« iM eh 3* 1879* Ibid., Nurah 1, 1879* 62 The election was a. quiet one. It ms too quiet for the editor of the Louisianian Who stated that "Meter betore in the history of any state in the Onion me suoh W ttty witnessed in an election of suoh vital importance to all o lasses of the people." ^ The eonvention was made up of ninety-seven Democrats, two Rationale, three independents^ sod thirty-tw o Republicans. Seventeen of the Republicans were Regroes. the Republican delegation was headed by

UTM tB MBAakd tn elUflPPaOK m. tkn j. e Itpi^lieM activity in the convention waa centered armed three ieeueei education, civil right©* and the etate Cette It was Pinchbeck who introduced a proposal to eetebllah a etate supported university for negroes in Mew Orlean* • the convention adopted the propeeai by a vote of eighteen® te tsenty-three. fhe Republican delegation was also suooessful in its fight to retain a B ill of Rights in the new constitution end to ward off any attempts at limiting the suffrage* They wore joined by sixty-nine Democrats who voted to retain universal manhood suffrage.

1 5 Ibid.. March 29, 1879* 1 6 I b id . 1 7 Ibid., July 12, 1 8 7 9 . Ibid., July 19I August 2, 1679* 63 teem was a atmsK wovemnt in tte convention to tta state debt 4dab had boon eoiimwtad daring tte period of 8 epabU«an rule and which had boon funded during Kellogg'* adainletratlon. The convention adoptad on ordinance teleh itdaaad the 7 per cent interest rate on tte debt end provided for a eliding aeele of interest rates until tte debt was liquidated. For flee yoara after 1S80* tte interest saa to be 2 per cent; 3 per cent for tte next fifteen peers; aad * per sent until tte debt was paid. Handholdsvn ate did not want to accept these term could enahange their old bonds for new ones at a 2 5 per cent dis- saunt. tee new bands would pep a flat * per am t interest, tee PspubHnsna opposed this ordinance because they in sisted test tte state debt was a valid one and should be paid in fall, tee debt ordinance and tte constitution bad te te voted on separately. tee prolottery forces in tee convention were sue- easeful in their efforts to get a constitutional guarantee far tee continued operation of tee Louisiana lottery Coapsny* A r tic le 1 6 7 of tee constitution provided teat the Louisiana lottery ffrr*nr ms to operate until 1 8 9 5 and pay an annual lieeaee fee of $*0,000 to be used for tee charity Hospital. It bo longer h*A a Monopoly of ttm lottery business * 20

Ibido» August 2| 1879* 20 Artielo 167# bm iiiam State constitution* 1879* 64 Republicans ms* g*nerally M tlsflsd with Hue new constitution^ although mar* ms* erne points to which objected. n u r Rid not like tte® four-year legislative tes* and the prevision that artificial lim a be provided far disabled Confederate veterans at state-expense, they sen the possibility of a revival of the "felacJe-god®" laws under the provisions of Article 5 . They believed there was a danger of foreign frauds' in the section which allowed Ita- ■Sgrants te vote after they had declared their intention of s i kgftfm lnff fiitlM tte the eoastitutlon was to bo ratified or rejected by the people la Pooewher# 1879* At the earn th e the people ware to vote for the etate officials aad the legislature es tablished by the new organic law. This meat that Louisiana was to be In the throes of her third polities! oaapalgn in the course of a year. Baa issue area* m ac Republicans aa to whether

they should put up a elate for the state offices and enter the «—r»*tr*» on their am or whether they should try to reach an aqrcansnt with the Conservative Demorats and put out a fusion ticket. Many Republicans believed that the Peaoor&ts who favored paylm tbe state debt, a southern Pacific rail- read# protective tariffs# and sound annoy would be willing

^ John I. 0« Pithin'a ooaaenta on a copy of the Con stitution of 1879* Shaman Papers. te act with the Republicans to overthrew tbm Bourbons prevAded the carpetbagger-Negro x©aderskip mm supplanted ^ native white ao«bm Republicans of tho same soaini and eeoMsio standing as tho anti-Bourbcm Bemeeratsu22 laterally# tho old lino KtEOUam would haw© nothing to do with ito t a fusion ©dhow under these ta rn . Particular* ly dm i tho load©? of tho Conservatives was B. M« Ogden •the Butcher of Septeabe? lb# X87b.t,23 tho Republican state executive eemalttee net m August 26# IS7 9 to loan© tho ©all fo? a state eenventlea to neot l a October. A lengthy address wo© Issued to the S ^dllaitts of Loulataaa. do committee reviewed tho h la tsfy o f the part? since tho

22 Mm Bay to John Tyler# jr. August 1# 1 8 7 9 $ August 17# 1079# Shaman Papers. Tyler was in hew Orleans as an assistant special treasury agent to promote Sherman for president movement in the state. ^3 Pitkin to T^ler# August 8# 1879*

^ Weekly Louisianian* ^eptedber 29* 1879 ° . e h o iee of a. tic k e t and In the preparation of the pletrora*^ AH speakers ewpbs&lased tS^ necessity of selecting n®%i~ im e s who were above reproach In order to avoid the usual Pewocr&tlc Jibes about the Republican principles being seed but the w i bad* It mm ab ated th a t the Democrat* were trying to influence se e mufeers of th e convention to marinate unfit am so that political capital could be made out of this point*,2^ the ticket nominated by the convention was a Heon~ elllatioe" one designed to attract votes fro m m mmy d ifferen t c la s s e s o f Louisianians as possible* toy lor S e a ttle a of Lafourche, was the candidate for governor* Re was a native of the state, a planter, lawyer and Judge with many friends among the conservative planter Itemcr&ts* It me hoped th a t he would get sow of these votes* Jams X» Gillespie, of Tensas, the choice for lieutenant-governor me a Tale graduate, ex-Cenfederate soldier, owner of seven plantations, and an Irishman* Claudius Kayo, of £i<> Landry* the nominee for th e post of state auditor was from an old Opelousas family, ex~Cenfederate soldier, and ”of high social standing** Ron A* Pardee was supposed to attract the votes o f th e ex-Pederal servicemen and the carpetbaggers*

25 Ibid*, October 2$, 18?9* S3 ^ & native of Ohio and had ie w i %n ja m s A* 0 a r- field's regiment* sine* the war he had resided in Jeffer son pariah where he practiced law* He was the candidate far attorney-general» The nominee for superintendent of education was Pr. M* F* Bonzano* of St* Bernard* a native af Germany* He was a meaber of many national and Inter- national learned societies* After Haw Orleans had been cap tu red by th e ?edex*sXa* th e S e c re ta ry o f th e fm m m g had put hin in charge of reopening the Pelted States Hint In the city. The only negro on the ticket was James D« immtdy the candidate for secretary of state* Kennedy vie the twenty-feur-year-old Junior editor of the Weekly He was a native of New Orleans hut had been educated in Ohio* He was a godson of Oscar J* Puna* Ideutenaat-Oevernar under Warmth* It was the opinion of the Republicans that t^ r had chosen a ticket with "every feallfleatl*K» necessary to secure HONES? and GOOD govern- M t.” The term n Carpetbagger * non-re© ident * foreigna?” could not be "hurled sad thrust" in their teeth*^ The Republican platform declared that it was the "privilegei right and duty" of the national government to "extend its protecting am" to guarantee a free Republican foam of government in each state* The ballot must be free

2 7 IM 4 . 69 a t e t t e cmmt falfj otherwise gewernmnt was not o f * by# ate fw tte people* High tariffs protected later and Indus* try frosi competition wite tte products of pauper and 3la w la b o r o f foreign nations, Use party was In favor of a toattim transcontinental railro ad # laproveeefkt of riv e rs ate b n tm at national expense , m subsidised mrchant m r ln e , and a canal across tte Isthmus of d arlen* t t e state debt teleh ms approved and r a t i f ted la 18?4 should be paid in full* There should be no cenpronise on th is Issue* The convention urged tte voters to defeat tee debt ordinance, but to vote for tee ratification of tte consti tution* Kellogg m s endorsed as tee legal senator from Louisiana*2^ Tte convention elected a new state central c o m ltte e wlte Andrew J. Duaont, a colored C m tm House o ffic ia l# as otelrmn* A eanpalgn eowsdltee was selected to conduct a abort vigorous canvass in which every Bept&lioait was to bury all aalnoeity end put his shoulder to t t e w te e l* ^ Jdton Tyler, Jr* warned John Sternum teat in spite of the '’conciliation3 ticket, tte excellent p la tfo rm , and 1 the (orfaM unity of the hepublleane there was no chance o f 8im«m s . The party was controlled by the carpetbaggers and there was no hop* of fusion with the conservative

28 Ibid. 29 Ibid.* Hwasher 1, 1 8 7 9 . ?D Piaoerats to guarantee a M r election* The conservative Dewoerate hail tliroim their support to Xmla JU M ilts th m Bomton Democratic candidate*3° tli* Deneenata did attack Beattie os one Mho had turned M s bade upon his own race and el m n f o r gold and M lf~agsrandl&emnt.^ tto Republican canvass woo opened in Baton Rouge on O ctober 2 9 . It ms reported that an enthusiastic crowd of MOO turned oat to cheer Beattie and other specters, Tte caormign eeewlttee seat speakers to various parts of the state* Fteahhiftlc campaigned in northeast Louisiana and wrote reporta to hie new paper of the hasards and f rustra* tleea of a Republican canvasser In 1879* Be wrote 2 Owing to difficulties experienced in ob taining a conveyance, X failed to keep an appoint went In the 7 th Hard (Kadlsen Parish)* hut started out early Monday worning for Tallulah in a spring wagon drawn by a mule and piloted by Eon* Wou ttsm U . Me arrived there about 2 o'clock and found that two places had been doe Ignited for tte nesting and owing to the con* fusion arising tterefrow concluded to postpone tte nee ting until evening* to tte shields plants* tlon* about 6 w iles from Tallulah* MMn the evenisg sot in tte m atter was intensely cold* and tte prospects for a nesting sllw Indeed* but in a cooperatively abort tlwe tte crowd began to aeeeable and tte meeting proved a success* Tun»A«ar■ornlat, having been delayed

~~3® tyier t* Sberaea, Homfetr 1, 6 , 1879» Sherear. P a p e rs. Weekly Uwlelewlin. Movettber 8, l&79i quoting Batoo Ho«K?»~^gpltoiJaa.~~

3 2 Hereeber 15, 1*79. 71 by accident to M r wages*, we our Journey, intending to so to St. Joseph so as to attend a sooting there on the 6 t h . Mo traveled Moot 2 5 o r 3 ® ailos and gave up the trip aa it became apparent that our mile would not hold out* Wednesday morning dawned upon us dark and gloomy with a drlssling rain, but nothing daunted thereby we set out on our return to D elta, which we reached about 9 o'oloGk at night wet, cold, and hungry. Aa we plodded our way Mans the noddy and cheerless road, surrounded after nightfall with a darkness so thick that we could net see our hands before us, and compelled to trust to our faithful mule to keep us In the read* 1 wondered if our friends in the city had any idea of the hardships imposed in a canvass in Rorth Louisiana. Magro campaigners were not allowed to hold ssstk tp

in s o n places. Kennedy, the candidate for secretary of state* went to Waterproof to speak on Me Invitation of Me colored Republicans. Be found M ite wen at the nesting place tlw were detsreiaed to break up any Republican rally in that pert of the pariah, the nayor refused to disperse then or alien Kennedy to speak. ^ Republicans in the Berth were interested in the fight of Me Louisiana Republicans, the Christian Recorder of ffciladelphla suggested! One speech fron Blaine on the Mgnsmlty of the Barth, another by Shaman on finance and another by Cenkling on the future of the nation would help mightily to restore Louisiana to its rightful position as a Republican state. And the state is worth saving. . . . Upon it largely turned the presidential election of 1 8 7 6 . Me saw may be the com in 1 8 8 0 .“

~~33 ib id . & Ibid. , Botewber 22* 1879 Quoting Christian Recorder. ^ !U) ?' I 1 9 r( i~~

$ 5 ! I I I* I"■4 VO« i i o 73 been completely stripped by the highwaymen* who under the guise of lew and party have virtually told the Republicans of this state that vote as solidly and freely as they may* i t ’s the same in the result as if they had by those votes intended to pass an opinion on the despotic government of the Czar of Russia*^ thus ended the first real eontest between the Republican and Democratic parties since 1 8 7 7 . It set the pattern for future battles through the campaign of 1 8 8 8 * Prior to the national elections of 1880 the Louis iana Republicans divided into a Stalwart or anti-Custom Rouse faction and a Half-Breed or Custom House faction* This division continued after the elections. Both factions had their state central committees* Beattie was the chair man of the antl-Custon House groupand A* s* Badger was ehairnan of the Custom House factio n * The Beattie group would have liked to cooperate v it t the antl-Bourbon Democrats and therefore were very much interested in the independent political movement in Virginia headed by W illiam Mahone* This R ead ju ster move ment was dedicated to reducing the state debt and to un seating the Bourbon oligarchy with the aid of Virginia Republicans* to While the movement was in its Incubation stage the Beattie committee passed resolutions praising

~~39 weekly Louisianian. December 6 , 1 8 7 9 . *° Francis B. Simkins, The South Old and Hew (Hew Yorkj 19^8)# 235* 74 Rahone &n~~

4 1 Weekly Louisianian, July 2, 1881. 4 2 Zbld.« August 6, September 17, November 12, 1881. 4 3 Ibid., January 7 , lb, March 11, 18882. A* ibid., March 11, 1 8 8 2 . 75 *tate "to inks * Mahone." kng union of disaffected Beanerats with Xtj^Uuni would be aest 45 ®» issue h i still net settled when the party be- 0 * preparing f*r tbs state elections of 1384. Should thoy sake m h b ««m vlth the Independents or pot rut "pure" Republican tickets fer a ll tt« ©fflaest The Batehlteehss N rlah Executive Conmttee wrestled vlth the preblea frov October, 1883 throng April, 1834. Slnoe both points of T lv v o n about evenly supported In the eew tttee, the final decision vas to lot me election go by default. They would h f not pvt up any pariah candidates or atka any eennitwante. the state convention vat in Harm, 1834. The antl- fvalwnlata sore la the njo rltjr and elooted Kellogg as pm m nt ebalrven of the nesting. Kellogg stressed the patvt m at a fa ll elate of effieera should bo aoainated end mop mould sake no agpeovents vlth the Independents even though It vas certain that the tlekot would bo counted out ad the pells, the party should elect as nsny legislators SO possible who would cooperate vlth the Beaeeratle Majority In pr**fTfl lean to protect the civil rights of both whites jaad blades; to ensure education for all children; to preserve law and order; and to Invito ladgntlen and capital to the

45 janes S. Richardson to J. N. Currie, August 1, 1632, C h a n d le r P ap ers. 43 M inute Bede of the Republican larish Executive Con- v l t t e e of Ratchltocfaes iarlsh, Minutes fo r A pril 8 , 1384, Breda Papers. e t a $te above p<^at of vie* mm not feared by te v id Steag# * tegro delegate from Concordia* Ho believed tte party should endorse tte teiaeera&le state ticket and net m e te tU m * amey* and energy on a futile eanpete** He Mid tte only reason why am consented to run on a Bepub- Uaaa ticktt mb to lay claim to tte patronage ami notional recognition as southern l1*artyr*1’ to cause of MOofcHoonlaoi • Tte cntifuaionista m n t t e day* T te convention voted to nettlaate a s la t e f o r tte executive off lees of the itM sad to allow the perish and district cemlttees to decide tte Issue for ttemelves on that level* In the subsequent election * unification*’ tickets mere comoa In tte parishes.*^ tte Republican ticket of 1 8 3 4 mm another *nnmr111fit1oirr one* Tte nominee for governor vas John A* Stam uoBi Iberville* a steaateat agent* sugar planter* end a protectionist WillIan Buneli# candidate for lieutenant-governor, m s a Journalist and secretary of t t e ten Orleans Cheater of Cemeree* Re wrote protectionist

*7 P»**> Picayune, March 7 , 1884.

4 8 a s 6 * 49 PM »» April 28, 1884. Hew lortc Tribune. Hnek 7, 1884. a r t i c l e s tin* p « m Ctrl«m pppm*^1 m m pp tletet was Fr&&£c W* Siigpim* ©aaftltota M r B m e re tszy ©£ sttlt, Bm itas the editor $t the $te Maw tSMNPaseb, WIHiW.HB M 4 lit KM OrlMni in February to discuss ti» prtblin of tte sugar to rtff,^ Hut otter nealnaea wnrai Cl>adtu» torOt auditors B. V. Flanders, superintendent of educationj and A. Puperrlar, otato treasurer. B» Re- pufelleaa* enduresrt J. H. stone, tte Psnoeratie c a n d id a te for attorney g im n l, because te vaa a conservative Baaortt. Since this ticket omU offor tte no eo^etltion, tte BMMtnta pnlMfl it aa a itry good w .^ n o o n ly issue tte Republicans night haw exploited la t t e eaapolte m» doalod IMa because tte Louisiana Dora* •rets m n oa tte aaao sidft aa ttegr war*. Slneo tte eaaet- ■ate of tea tariff of 1883* which was a victory for tte prelaw! Imil a ttj attanpts bad been aada by sane peaoerats to stead It. teas* attacks on tte tariff worried tte Louis iana sugar planters booaaao ttey wanted sugar to roreln on tte protected H a t . A sugar planter's convention act in

51 Ibid* 5 2 ibid., Pally Picayune, March 11, 1884. ^ Pally Picayune, March 11, 1884. Men Orleans in Nandi to protest an? reduction of tee t a r i f f «b *flgM>,5’ Meet of the sen ia attendance Mere Peaeerata. The Floajvine expressed their views whoa it stated that lioaielana m m U aet allow herself to be sacri ficed hy the " pseudo-national Sanom y9 on the u ia r tariff lsaue.^ Re loanee, colorless candidates, "unification" on the paritt level, plus tte feet teat it vas a Ponocratlo iaar resalted in Stevenson polling 43,520 votes. saauel D. candidate, received 8 8 , 7 9 * . The nspitfil leans sanded seventeen parishes. ihajr also elooted five seaatore aad tnelve representatives to tee state legislatare. tee Republican strength In tee legislature ted teas rednaed by seven. te a tee Pena orate took ever tee federal goveraaant tee Republicans in lottisiaaa were stripped of tee federal petronsjp in tee state. In order to keep in polities nany Republicans had to teeene funionists, independents, or —Ifitftlvrlt**! at least, on tee parish aad district level la 3886 seen Republic aa leaders supported tee Deaooratie candidates for Ceagress. tee Meekly Pelican, the only Re publican newspaper la ROM Orleans, csepaigned against this

5* ibid.. March 13, 1884. 55 ib id . 5^ gee Appendixes P, K, f . T9 trend and urged that the party tee purified and purged of these defeatist and collaboration!®t elements* its casti gation of four prominent Negroes in the third congressional i district was instrumental In their teeing temporarily expelled from tte p a r t y . 57 These four iiaaaculates, these four negroes, these four would tee leaders of tte Republican party, acting from no conscientious motives or scruples, threw gratitude to tte Republican party to tte four winds, and went into the Con* grosslonal campaign fo r boodle and pelf* AllaIn , a hypocritical renegade, claiming to tee a leader of the Republican party and a rep resentative colored man, a fte r accepting from tte Republican committee what money he claimed he was out by tte nomination of Davidson, canvassed his parish for Gay* Davidson, a bleated ass, claiming a l l tta t AUaln claims, after declining tte Republican nomination, accepted expense money from the Re publican censlttee; but his ward, hitherto largely Republican gave tte biggest majority of any ward in Iberville pariah against the Republicans* Posey, a tough saint from St* Mary Parish, after soliciting and receiving money from tte Repub lican committee, accepted $50 or more from tte Democracy to work in h is ward tick ets with tte name of Davidson thereon, thereby helping to defeat the Republican candidate* Roxborough, a young sprig of the law * * * stands charged by certain prominent Republicans of Iberville parish with having sold tte D arrall tickets whitt were entrusted to him to Gay or his henchmen* Rot only th is 5 he received $275 or more, the last hundred on the morning of tte elec tio n , from tte Republican committee* He obtained th is money to cover the expense of distributing tte tickets* He sold the tickets and kept tte money* The bells have tolled* * * * They Must Go* When Republicanism is victorious JSnSoth' staEe and nation next year . • • these will be recorded as "dropped by the wayside; choked to death on Demo c ra tic crow*"

57 Hew Orleans Weekly Pelican, April 9 , 1687, M©^ 26, 1 8 8 7 * S la ilar purges took p i aee in Me asocial I and fifth con* gresalenal d i a t r i eta * 5 8 Mr Me latter part of £83? * there were two centrai cooalttees. Each claimed to be the ilar8 Republican party* loogf C. Minor# n «u|«r plaster# woo chaimen of oat eeantttae »hich represented plasters, ta h m i non m 3 former DaD$i^9 who hod supported Blaine in 138%« tte other eo ralttee « o hooded by A« &* Badger* former Collec* too of the Pert, and me the committee chosen by the state convention of 1380* MM these eendttm hod their sup- peptm is Me districts aad parishes*^ I s carder to present a unified fro st fo r Me sta te elections of £883, the two footless fused is October of I8 8 7 * A sew M d n l eomtttee tea chases with representa tives of boM fsatiee os it end e cell issued for a state aawlfwittng cwnmtlwi to met is Jan u ary , 1888* A sub- eeHsittee wee appointed to harmonise Me differences is every pariah where Mere were dual comitbees* 6 0 Me January* 1 8 8 8 convention of Me party named Philip F* Henrlg aa pernaaent chairman of the state central eonnlttee. sm lg waa a rich ami and a atoelsholder in the

~~5® told*, April 16# 1887 * 59 Mid#, September 2%* October 1# 188?« 60 Mid## October 29, 1887* 4* I I s i $ *4 Jf jo ^ o 3 5 “■ {~~

~~s 9 I i 1 i I~~

~~t i a S i I I i 3 I~~

I i J C o lle c t B££ la a mn i&o* one oarea to attack or to aubjoot to My apacias or M&$yM$$j bat Warmth aa a candidate . . . is sisgOy the eld carpet-bag governor redlvivus exciting and deserving aa opposition t©,_ " th e l a s t degree h itter and unrelenting.0-3 The Republicans had several reasons for believing that they had a good chance of success la 1888. one was that the Republican national c om it tee was Interested in the Leu 1*lane contest. Wareoth was inforaed that his nawlnation gave great satisfaction in the North aad teat If he was eleeted It would be "heralded aa the first gllapse af political sunlight in the south since 1 8 7 6 . * ^ Rich Republicans la the north ware asked to contribute to War- aoth's nnapalpi fund.®* Another reason for tee optlnlsa af tbs party was that Warwote had secured a pledge free governor MBnery that the election would be fair and tee count honest. Per the first tine since 1 8 7 6 the leaders felt that tea suffrage* of tee party weathers would be counted as east. This pledge had been given by the governor bemausa he had n o t secured tee newlnatlon of tee Denoerats aad was not on good terns with his successful rival P. T. Richolls. This division In the enesy ranks was also an

63 pally Picayune. February 8, 1888. Green R . Bams to warmth, February 4, 1888, war- note collection. Id. to Id.. February 20, 1888, Warwote Collec tio n . 33 encouraging development for the Btpidlisawi#® In the course of the eepiJp^ the Pewoeratic breech me closed sad the sscEnery pledge vtm resolnded. r e s t, MsEeery s e t the toe* of the campaign by playing up tte color issue tel the threat of "Africanisatioin** Hamate had sought to avoid this* When he accepted the wtimttfm he sold that he did not went to he elected by ea&eend votes. He advised the negroes to vote for ever party they pleased or felt the# could do thee the east While stumping north Louisiana* KeEstery t e jaflsmawtery speeches on the oolor issue* 2h Shreveport, te named his audience* If you permit the Negroes te organise, | you w ill have to break i t by power. . . . f Before I will see such mother state of af~ t fa irs I w ill wrap the sta te In Revolution j f r o m tte Gulf to tte Arkansas line* . . . It la time we shall say that the law shall He iriSfflETaSS S E oI^o^T IS ^y aT all ---- = ------JteSnery was waking h is speeches In tee northern part of tee s ta te , but race relations were bad in tee southern part also.

66 C. B. Parrall to Sherman, February 20, 1888, Mar s h 3 . 1888, Sherman Papers; Kellogg to iarmoth, February 22, 1888, Hamate Collection; Pally Haayupo, March 1 9, 1888; Hew York tribune, April 1^', juAJ^ xHSodaiot Sentinel, April 21, 1888,w3f®35y 9, 1892. 6? pally Picayune, February 8, 1888. 6& warmoth Address to tee people of Louisiana, April 13, 1888, Sherman Papers; Hew York tribune, April 16, the latter situation iraa brought a b o u t by the strike of tte sugar workers, «N»t of then negroes, in NteMbw, I 8 8 7 . the Knights of labor batt organise* wmy of the field a n d

•agar bouse ewplsyees and bad set M inim um wage^ for the 188T-® grinding season. Most planters refused to agree t e tte union Mg* scale and a strike of the workers took plaee Just at tte beginning of tte harvestli*; season, tte planters of tte auger d istrict appealed to Governor McEnery t e send s ta te troops into tte area te protect property and Maintain law aad order, tte Governor complied with tte veeeeet aad c lattes took plaee between tte strikers end tte tm p s. Xn House and ttlbodauat tte planters hired a n to drive tte Megre refuses out of tb* houses which had been rented for then by tte union, tte strike was broken.6® tte effect of this labor upheaval was to disturb race rela tives la one of tte areas of the state where they had been f a ir ly good sad to anhe even Republican planters tend te niywhitelsa. A fte r tte s t a t e administration faction o f th e D em renj case to terns with tte Mlaholla fa c tio n * a ll tte ■sue at tte Governor'a disposal wore used te ensure a SMMsrstlc v ic to ry . Independent Deaoorats Who had

~~R epublican support l a lo c a l contests were asked to withdraw~~

6 9 Weekly Felloan, H ovesber 5 . 19. 9 6 , IS8 7 . Bfl fton the n«« lafa v o r of th* regular taaoerat. They were latepoaAiitti m m * the possibility o f th e re- »t«r»tlw of negro rule. Two-thirdsof th® perishes had no Republican tOMdeeleotn at the polls. Denooratie noBlintOMi* wears told that th* oodw of delegates a perish would to allotted in future D e M sn U e sta te eon- nations would to detoewinofl on th* nutter of votes that parish east for RiotoUs.?® Marwott s e t 51*993 votes—the highest nutter polled a Republican sine* 1876. Tea parishes were eeuated Re- pshlioaa. &e party delegation in th* state legislature fo iste d of feur Hogro senators aad twelve representatives of shea eleven were Regroes.?* Republican leaders to a ana e Island that tfaraeth tod been Mooted out. they poured their complaints into the aywpattotle ears of Sherman aad Chandler, tte Louis iana o n wanted then to sponsor a senatorial investigation of the oleetlon toeauao th* state legislature elected in 1888 tad te eleot two United state* senators.?2

?° Harnett to Chandler, J u ly 16* 1888. C handler Papers; C. B . Darrall to Shermen, March 31. 1888* Sherman Papers. ?* See Appendixes C. S. £ . P. T2 Jfeilip P. Herwig to sherwen April 23, 1388, Andrew Hero to Sherman, April 24, 1888; Rlohardson to Je m n , April 24, 1888; W. B. Merchant to Sherman, April 24, 1883, Sherman Papers. 8 6 Chandler vas la fn w of MMh an lm atlg ttlm and also ■anted to imak* tM p n ltlw clause of the feurteenth m n h M B t. bo arete Manvlbt SoiittHB BapaUlaaw ought not to be ex pected to vote any ana until the notion does im tliliB to protoot then. . . . If the Berth n talU to having the Negroes mde the basis for tfelrty-ei«ht 6«gnnaM and n angr elea- terol rotes while no Negro nor white Eepublican ot the Sooth oaa voto or hove hie vote counted time w are bigger onwards and doughfaces than wo w ere b e fo re 1 8 7 6 * M a J. Ingalls sold that tho Northern people wane getting tired of the "rascality" of the Denooratie party In the Sooth. If nosh Methods os had bom practiced la his U eU liM o loot Ion prevailed, "wo night as well live la Iwoelo or *wrfeey.*7* tto KopWbllom national esm itten thought that Warmth's defeat eoald bo used for party advantage la tho presidential eanpalgn. The defeated candidate was urged to go Barth te parade his womds In the doubtful states.7'* Trrnifn-nr ashed for evldanee of fieweeratle dupllelty and baUdonlag for "bloody shirt" speeches la the eanpalgn and la the senate, bo ms seat all bo needed.76 By letter aad affidavit he was Infomed that two colored candidates for

73 Chandler to Warmth, April 23, 1888, Warmth C o U e e tle n . 7* John J. Ingalls to warmth. May 16, 1888, warmth Collection. 78 q„ q . Clarkson to Warmth, August 20, 1888, War- fg0%tx CoXXWti«lO £** voluwc 77# Chandler pa*alm» 8 7 ~ th* legislature fnw Martison parish hart b m tfrtvn fro* fee***# that « brother of Senator-elect Gibson of t w i l l aim m s t h t ?»»««»«»at a bwA a t night: rU int who had W «wt«*i th* degress In W nM wai parish* A s gory story a t kw K illian IW was shot dews in th* street in Kooree, M iw iM fren his wounds,was decoyed into th* court house W m hi* throat was eat w t his body disposed a t in t w W whlto ttm ms related, a* was told hew the polling p la e s t a r th* third ward a t Iberia parish was located w n w Seyou Seek* swag fro* th* center of population and that th* ftiT isw refused to taka Bepnbllean voters aoross.77 ■swear, a n th* protests and evidence war* in vain. It* nstlm al vistary a t th* Republican party 1* 1888 helped t* eti* th* Louisiana state election a dead issue. After Benjaadn Harrison's election, Louisiana tapiitHnsnn w ere te a busy trying te get th* federal patron age t e w r j shout wameth's defeat, in the fight for rasngaltlisi by Mm sdw in1 a tratlan, the Louisiana party unity disintegrated Into various splinter groups. After a long and hitter battle, varaeth was appointed Collector of th e pert aad resegnltwd a s the official representative of th e H a rriso n s d e lnlstratlon in the state.

77 m id 8 8 1890 tte Louisiana Lottery became tte paramount political issue in tte state* Between i860 ate 188$, t t e t e t t e r y ted to fight several legislative attempts to curtail I t s *etiviti*a or t e establish competing companies. to i s n l w tte ««guv hte to play pelittee. te* m ult was test te* Bomacratie p a r ty teoam divided on tte lottery laaaa. teas* opposed t o it said it was tte ehlaf sours* of polltleal corruption in tte state. I v o ry year tte op position teesne stronger. In 1890, John Honda, tte chief stockholder in te * o en p an y , aad* th* state an astounding offer. XMtead *f t t e $ t0 ,0 9 0 annual I t e m * fa* t t e company vas paying aoeordlng to tte cemstitutlea, te offered to pay te* state $1 , 2 3 0 ,0 0 0 per year far twenty-five years, in re- 7 8 t e r n - f o r tte privilege of running a lottery. A a p e e la l o a n n ltte * o f tte legislature was formed to study tte offer, te* Majority report urged tte legislature to accept.^ After losg debate tte lawmakers decided te refer tte matter to te* people in tte form of an amendment to tte constitution „ 8 0 to te voted on in tte election of 1 8 9 2 . Ite A nt^ Lottery league was organized by th* snti- lwttory Democrats to fight the adoption of the amendment

7@ Aimes, "tee Louisiana state Lottery," loo. o lt., 1033-3* * 79 ib id . 8 0 i b i d . , 1 0 2 9- 1 0 3 2 . and any attempt to reeh&rter tt© eenpaay a f te r i t s ch arter expired in I 8 9 5 , tte Bsrrise*i adniiil&tr&tle& was backing congressional legislation to prevent lotteries fron using tte nails* and since Wamett was adi&nistration apekeanait la tl» state* his faction H eaa anti-lottery* tte i»Uflgg4m i£« anti-Harrison fa c tio n was p re-lo ttery * A ll ttla created a wry confusing political picture aad a eon- plan political nenenelature# Ihe St* Laatey Clarion con- m w c a t Baa Idea Beneorats aad Republicans there are anti-lottery Dteom ta aad anti-lottery ApiBUM6 (a few of Fsraer** Onion PliOBfita and Farnsr's union Republicans* \ Farner’s Union anti-lottery Penecrats and \ Parner's m im lottery Democrats ( a fee or then}* and the w et curious political jttnm ten / is* these are sens anti-nigger Republicans*5i In the atate elections of 1892* both parties had tee tiehste in the field# In December* I 8 9 I* the pro-lottery Benoerats had nominated McEnery to head their ticket and tte anti-lottery Democrat* had ohom Murphy J# Footer* loth candidates elalesd te be tte party nominee and called cash otter a bolttr and a traitor# tte party leaders got together and decided upon a novel netted to solve tte prob lem# On March 22* 1392 tte white Denooratie voters were to go to tte polls end choose the ticket to be supported in

81 Quoted In Janas 3 # Penny* ‘tte People's Party Press During the Louisiana Political upheaval of tte Eighteen E llio t i n 1 "ft* - A* thesis* Louisiana State university* 19t2)* 90 the general «lceti<*n In April, this had newer been dene before In Louisiana. Delegates to conventions and not the Totero had chosen the party noaineee heretofore. the vote *** to be announced by & bi-factional returning board. Louie tana: a firs t white priaary wee held and the returning kcttd declared Foster the nominee, the Mattery fastis m refused to abide by the decision and kept its ticket in the field.83 Tfeis division in tte Dciaocr&tie ranks was a golteu epportaolty tar a unified Republican party to recapture the state# ta t the spirit at faction was too strong and tfee sift eoa)l not bo closed* At tbs state convention in lasaarid 1392* there M rs delegates from both factions but tho U ltag-lsnrig combine wore in the i»ajorIty« $he con* nation newlwated a ticket boated by Albert Ho Leonard of Oadtep adopted a pro-lottery platform* and elected a now state ccaaitteo with ttioaaa A. Cage* a pro-lottery Hogro 8b senator, ee chairmen.

82 Sfelbcdaux S en tin el, F ebruary 2 7 , I 8 9 2 . 83 SM *» Apr11 9* 1392- ®* Droedetde celling for state Convention (n.p., m .d .), Warmth Colleetlen, tfcibodaux Sen tinel, April 2 7 , IBag, fb e other mtmlnvrr wares—B. D. coieman, Lieutenant- tesM en J te foist* Attorney-General* Charles A* Pentlieu* la dllffr; C* B* Darrall, Treasurers L. A* M&rtlnet (H)* Super iatontent of Education; T* Vole in (H)* s e c re ta ry of S ta te # 91 The anti-lottery Republicans refused to support the ticket nominated at the January convention* Ihey held a convention of their own in February* The Harrison admin** istratlan had advised them to support the Foster forces*®® but they ignored the advice and nominated a ticket headed 36 by John S. Breaux. An anti-lottery platform was adopted and a state central committee with A. S. Badger as chairman was selected. In the meantime* the main issue of the campaign disappeared • Chi February 1* 1892* the Supreme Court of the Waited States upheld the constitutionality of the anti- lottery postal law. This meant that the Lottery could no longer operate on a nation-wide scale and that Its revenue would be drastically curtailed* Morris announced that his offer to the state was withdrawn and the amendment should be de feated.®*^ That this announcement did not cause a recon ciliation in either party indicated that factional differences were more fundamental than the lottery issue*

x,* Y. M ichener to Warmoth* December 29* 1891* Warmoth C o llectio n * 86 now York Tribune* February 19* 1892; Thibodaux Sentinel* February 24* 1892* The other nominees wares- TBS b TT Weeks* Lieutenant-Governor; James M* Edwards* Attorney-General; Stephen R. Gay* Auditor; James Lewis (H), Treasurer; John E* Staee (H) Secretary of State; Edward J. Barrett* Superintendent of Education* 87 Iloilo R. Caffery* ”The Political Career of Senator Donelson Caffery* ” Louisiana H istorical Quarterly* XXVII (1944)* 7 8 9 * 92 She election was a disaster for the Republicans* Leonard polled 2 9 * 4 5 9 votes and Breaux* 1 2 * 3 5 9 « m Be- p illo w s were e lee ted to the state Senate and only three to the House of Representatives* Seven parishes remained in the Republican column In the period 1 8 7 9 - 1 8 9 2 * the Republicans of Louis iana entered all political contests for state offices as the chief opposition to the Democrats* She party candidates for governor polled 3 3 per cent of the votes east for gover nor during the period*^ However * the auatoer of Republican parishes and legislators steadily declined* After the disaster of IS 9 2 * the party was forced to acquire allies to continue the fight.

~~See Appendixes c, D* B* F* 89 gee Appendix c* CHAfSKB XV~~

~~fsbbrax. nm aum a*© eiectioks~~

~~1 8 7 9 -1 8 9 2~~

toaUtiM tepdbllMM plajM a Ml* in national Itf ltiw tar participating in national nominating con sentient of the party, putting up candidates in the oon- gruilaM i tlioticM , conducting »ewpa1gnr far tfe* party aandeaes la presidential canvasses, and by controlling the federal patronage in tha sta te f a r all but eight years bet ween 1 8 7 7 and 1 9 0 0. 9w apeila system was entrenched la the state as well as la the aetlon at large* Patronage was a li f e - ftohg fares la politics. Besides the pastaastershlps sad the positions la the federal judicial systea of th e state, Louisiana Republican leaders dispensed the patron ag e o f the eustcaa service of one o f the nation’s major parts, of the brush of the salted States m at at Hew Orleans, sad af the bureau of internal revenue. The head quarters for all federal activities, except the Mint, was the Custom House on Canal Street, Mu Orleans. Who ruled the "Granite Pile" ruled the party. Shis feet influenced th e actions and attitudes of every Hepublican leader in the state. Xt was the chief cause of th e factionalism 94 which U tUM tin party after 1877* Sx-President Qrant and John Shemaa, the seoretary of the Treasury* m m t w leading contenders far the Re publ ican nontnatlon for president la 1880. Both had their supporters actively working l a Louisians In 1 8 7 9 to secure a pledged delegation to thanational party convention. Shaman * a chief lieutenant la Louisiana was M a Tyler* J r . of Virginia* when the seemtasy had appointed aa aaalataat to the Speeial Agent of tia Treasury i a Mew Orlaaaa. T y ler m i a faithful reporter and his correspondence with Shaman tamale the state of Louisiana Republican polltlsa l a 1379- 1360. A fter a prellainary investigation o f the s t a t e eltaetlon* Tyler advised hla chief that th e Cue to n Sousa was controlled by Kelloggand was pro-Orsnt. in a few watte* Tyler evolved a plan which he believed would guarantee a Shaman delegation In the national convention. First, the Seaeetary should meeve a ll the top Treasury officials In fr

1 Tyler to Shemea* May 2 7 , 1379* Sberaan Papers. 95 igpeaalble a* long m th e roeegai aed party leader* m a e carpetbaggers and negroes. He *tsggtetod th a t j . I» 0 . Pitkin* fom p United Stalfts Notiiftl# be recognised m the head of the parti and that t a Anderson* of the Re- tw aiag Beardj S am i 0. Hebert, candidate far Congress la the third d istrict la 18?8| and Jamas ju Rishatf-teen* a political commentator on Louisiana affairs for the m rhm a prm be made hla chief lieutenant* Pitkin pro duced a plan entitled "Considerations looking to a Repub- Item victory la Louisians In 1880" vhich was transmitted to shaman. $cter Pitkin’s leadership a Republican- conservative Democratic alliance m s envisaged to guarantee a free election and & fair count, go plane could materialise* however* unless the patronage was controlled by Pitkin mad hie lieutenants*^ Sherman ignored the advice of Tyler and Pitkin and no ehangaa mere mate sang the office holder** It *e* believed that Sherman did not dare act because i f he removed the Louisiana official* he mould offend Kellogg; and Kellogg me the supposed custodian of "dark secrets'1 In con nection with the election of I 8 7 6 which made Sherman and Hayee bow to hi* wishes In Louisiana affair*. Sherman's in activity offended Tyler to such a degree that he vent back to Virginia and Pitkin to such a degree that he Joined the

~~2 Id. to Id.* June 14* 1879, Sherman Paper*. 3 I b id . 9 6 f a m e s .~~

Shaman agptlBM Bm i s * 0* Slcheaer as Special *peeeary Agent In gew Orleans to ttto save of the secre tary *s Interests. t lthnw? imported that ha had never been • . » In a oom unlty where there appeared to he ao little regard paid to truth* principle and honesty* nor where there m so such intrigue, double dealing* and dishonesty generally. jeal ousy* distrust and declet /Iic7 sees to swell In every breast. & his interviews with various leaders each sought to de feat the others* by such reworks as "Shun E. . .* ho is Kellogg's chief thief and has a negro wife."^ Bo also resell ofl the conclusion that the Louisiana appolntawntc had bora unfortunate for the sheraan cause but believed he maid produce a Sheraan delegation if "given the proper latitude."6 Tlchenor had to feee aeee tough competition. grant elobs bad been forwed In Hew Orleans as early as June, 1 8 7 9 . grant wee better known than sheraan and was a great hero to the Magreea. Pinchbeck stated that grant's nans was a "living reality to the black nesses»" Oetraclsn* threats, violence and warder, said this Negro leader, would net pre vent thaw frea casting their votes for Qrant.^ The

* Oeorge C. Tichenor to Lhenasn, OeeeWber It, 1 8 7 9 , Shaman Papers. 5 i b i d . 6 I b id . 7 weekly Louisianian. February 2 8 , 1 8 8 0 . 37 Colored N m 't Pretsetlve Ibisa, to ittUeb a ll Higre Repub lican iM ten belonged, waa ia the vanguard of the Grant 8 ftectti tiyifflp Beattie* the 1epubiis&n candidate for SW im er la iSyp* and hid followers were &X&o supporting

(IriiitW a v H n r VI, She Fi4«Md office halyard were la a quandary * Hay reallsag that Sraat was the f&verlto of the majority of the party la the state hat they gig set mmt to of fang the Secretary of the rreaaury 'ey openly supporting hid rival* nay adopted the peae of being officially aou- eenalttol* In a meeting of the state central coMdfctoe held la Sarah* 1380* to Issue a a all for a state convention to mm the delegates to the national convention* they sue** eeeafully blocked a a m by the Orant forces to have the Q m b ^ H m s o sb reeord as In a t supporter#. A aonth before stats convention net* Grant visited Hew Orleans an the Invitation of his followers In Louisiana. Bis visit created a g re a t deal of enthuslasn SMS Republicans and creeds witnessed his arrival and pro gress down Canal s tr e e t. However* the WSeitly Loulalsaian complained of toe . . . conspicuous lack of hunting . • . the notable absenoe of fashion* beauty* and culture

8 J * M '» ^ " " " * 7 31» 1880. 9 Ibid-, Marsh 80, 87, 1880. I % 1 p*4 !H £ m m H tg I 5 1 & iI o B« i H 4* 50 ff 19 § 4* ii m m I 3 II 0 1*» 4* r i 3 3 I i i o * 3 3 o 1 I J0 3 I 1 i 5 IS ■Ar* ii Hi i I I i:s **% 3 * 1 f4 H I ' I n *s i a < i 1 i 1 3 If Mtm «]MtM B M tU * iiJii H iii iii H . i * s! j i 111 IS* 11 I ti 3. « i 1 2 n ! 11 i 11 8 s i 3 ii i 21 1 S «, S 11 * I s I MS pM I ilii ill H i 1 3 * ? ill & a o * I ! § i I respective groups. The m iilttw ruled that tbs Seattle M tm anA that the Vvatth itUgnUeB was the legitim ate one.16 Men the balloting began It was revealed that eight ■Mbnr* of the delegation were grant ant. these eight east their w t« for the ex-president on all thirty-six ballots. lewis lane gam Sheraan only six rotes, light Louisiana delegatee Joined the Oarfleld bandwagon.1^ the defeotion of the delegation disgusted flettenor. TeHnfi was to blanes Be bulldoved the entire delegation with the idea that hie ease ^Tpofford wee s till contesting Kellogg's seat in the fienatey would be endangered if he antagonised cameling* caneren, and iegan. Bin infernal ease has been the cause for the de- ■aralixatloa of the Custon Bouse for two years. • . • Bathing in Me world equals the duplicity . at a Louisiana politician of the Kellogg School.iG Serf in Id 's nomination was a disappointment to Louisiana Republicans, especially the Grant stalw arts. With grant as the candidate, they believed they could have re- turusfl Louisiana to the Republican eoluan. Pinchbeck stated that sows reeldent whites had confided in hin before the convention that if Grant were noninated May would bolt the

nronserttiwii of the Republican national convention (Chicago. lg g )7 % ^ ------17 ttifl.. 1 9 6- 8 7 1 . Tisheeer to sheman, June 13, 1830, Shern&n P ap ers. 101 H iaooffttid m 4 w to for hJj#* to t no ®t&©rB^publX^mi^ to* toto* vetm tod m r m r toaftt of Sw ftoM ato &$to& to@

^taffflto* im*,20 H oitm i tto tofptoltom t o t o wip$ to-* tom ato not to lot too tto tto to to" tofault* too p&rtto seeedttoes non tto to to m & mlM * m to eluto &to put up i ito iM A* BM tti* CMHtttM Nhttb had M t been nMiealMd «t 0>lm » put «tt a SnflaU ticket of its own* 9 s Issttis tlw tw» w it tolaw t am «A planters identified ■lot ttt ttcke fa r the last 30 or 40 years** There were fear whites sad flaw negroes on the ticket.22 This aetloa m s taken to denenatrete to Barfield that the bolts re sera tiihlnft h it, and If too a n , they could alait a share of the patronage. ia ttw r, before the eeapalga was ever the fee- tleas reached an agree—at and pat out a Joint electoral tietset ea ehlob th itt ant of the oldht electors were Beattie O f ttttt t * . * 3 The Republican elsetors polled 38*683 votes and seven toon parishes returned Barfield M ajorities. The Repub licans alee elected Cheater B. Darrell to Congress fren the

19 Meekly Louisianian, June 1 9, 1880* quoting a Plrach- baek IntervXfew la tad i>t« Lewis Post Dispatch. 2 0 beelrlr Louisianian, June 1 9* 1380. 8 1 Ibid., Baa A Jrardee to J. C» Breda, September 14* 1880* Breda~Tepsrs. 2 2 He* Orleans Tiawa, October 2* 1880. 23 ibid., October 12* 13, 1 8 8 0 .

1 0 3 widened the breast* between the fa c tio n s . !totb groups had In the congressional districts with the result that* 1b the elections of 1882 there war© two Republican iM ttliln for congrau la the 3©oond, third * and sixth district*.28 Xn tha third district, Kellogg and asattie warn appsasd by the Denocrat J. B. Aoklea. Kellogg was tha onlr wntlh t* to be sleeted. W&raotfa elaia- ed ha aaad hia success to an ‘■arraageaantl< asda with Ulrlsn.29 Another fu to r contributing to Kellogg’s election was that ha had tha fu ll support of tha custew Bausa while tha attar candidates did sot. mosa entrenched in tha f a dsraA afflM t did not want too naagrRepublican o o n g iew - aan. fn a U aliU no with whom they would have to share tha .... 3 0

lha national Bepabllcan convention of 1881 was held ia Chicago. the Louisian* delegation was wade up of f th n l aCTiaa holders with (hogm nai Kellogg as chief delegate.3^ ttaa Arthur was nominated, Pinahback wade ana of the seconding

~~®® Sea Appendix 1. ® Warweth to Chandler, October 16» 1882, Chandler~~

~~30 J. A, Bubbell to Bitkin, October 18, 1882, Chand-~~

31 Proceedings o t th e Eighth Bopubllcan national Cm- wai2 'At'-isSf l& r-tn a ioig. ’^ ^ rrxr^r^srwrwm {a»£W «o,-ra8fT.T5: 1 0 4 •f^eehes.3® On the first the President resolved tea Louisiana votes tat oa tta final ballot tta delegation I** •** tt» BUIm bandwagon aad g»v» tta Plcaed Knight a lM t a w . 33 In tte presidential easpaign o f 1884, Blaine sad Laganwere supported by tv » groop* of Republicans la touls- liWWi 6M faction w* tM office holding group ahleh had M&t th e delegationt o Chisago ond tta ether mo th e o ld

Beattie faatlw to uhleh sens eensorvative b a t l n u m b M i angar yloatomtad gravitated because they wr« m rrM shout t t a efforts being aodola Washington by Beaserats to etange t t a T a riff of 1883.3* the leader «r tta latter group m o taaey C» Klaor, a proniaant sugar planter of ftm ta » Mrtib, Mo tad a o t taoa active In polities prior to this ma|isl£ii tata foetleas put oat aa olootoral ticket. Tta Republicans had ooadldatoa for Congress la tta three aoattara eoagreeol eaal d la tr lo ta. Kellogg mo running for re-election againststiff opposition f r e n idnrd J. Oaf* a wealthy planter with pro-tariff synpathies. J. H. Aclclen

~~32 Ibid.. 119.~~

~~3 3 j C W d . , 1 4 1 , i t e . 3* Thitadaax Sentinel. July SI, 1888.~~

~~33 tally Pic s t u b s . August 6, 1688. 1 0 5 ^ opposed Bel legg •• & Denoorat in2382 mm r u n n in g f#ap G aat^ns with Republican support in the first d istrict.~~

~~HSahael Hahn, nH m ater and first frss state g em w of~~

~~toula tana# mu» ths second d lstrlst candidate.~~

~~The C u s to n Sous* aaBM ntmtofl Its efforts on getting~~

~~> lla g m laatal,^ S » employees were sent into ths die-~~

~~trlst on political i laslons lasting Bros fifteen to thirty~~

~~days. They visited the quarters and churches of the negroes~~

~~at night and nade political speeches. 3h«y browbeat and~~

~~Iwtlntdatod roealeltreat negroes. they urged the colored~~

~~w e n a a to present t h e i r am folk froa voting Denoeratio.~~

~~P o lit ic a l KtetlngM for the co lo red nan sponsored by the Deao-~~

~~ensts wars b r o k e n up.3? to offset this# the senooratle~~

~~planters brought eeenonie pressure to bear upon their Hegro~~

~~ap p le y s as t o aalBa d m v o t e fo r G a y .3 ® They I n d u c e d t e n~~

~~e f the Hagre Isadora I n t h e d i s t r i c t to denounce K ello g ga s~~

~~a "pestilential party leader'* and stunp the d istrict for~~

~~gsg.35 g o thirdwas the last stronghold o f Bepublloaaian~~

~~l a t h a s t a t e sad the Deneerats ware detem&ned to redeeu it.* 0~~

3$ janes Richardson to Chandler# Septeober at# 1834# Chandler tapers. 3? I. c. Blanchard# J. Floyd King, A. B. Irion# Edward J. Gay to President (Cleveland) (n.p.# n.d.) GHTD# Collector*® Applications. 38 j. g. sins# I. H. Pugh to Killian P. Miles# October J g , I 8 8 t# K illian P. Miles Colleotion# southern H istorical Collection# Bniverslty of Hearth C a r o l i n e . 39 Dally Picayune. Ostober 5, 6# I88t. ♦0 mibod«n sentinel# July 7 , 1883. 1 0 6 Blaine « i legsa carried tw nsttm p o in ts. g ill—g and Aeklen m n defeated but Hahn w a s e l e c t e d h1*1 to the tin t district, Carleton Hunt tha independent can- U lat* had baan supported by Warweth .* 2

~~following g t r e t u r n o f th o Deweerats to power in~~

~~> w h 1i«t«in for tho first bias since tha c iv il baa*, Louisiana~~

»epWhlieani ware stripped o f the federal patronage in the atato and the party leaders w a n t in to a state of suspended aaiaetlea sad confined their pelitleal activities to the district and pariah levels. the Republicans in the second district hoped to send a party washer to congress in 1886 to replase Hahn she bad died in office, Their candidate was Andrew Hero, Jr. a lew Orleans Votary Public, an officer in the Washing ton A rtillery, sad a nan of wide connections in the city, the Sew Orleans Ring attacked his as a political apostate. The unreconstructed sew Orleans states said he tied leagued hlwself with Louisiana'a bitterest foes and the state had we pelitleal reward to bestow on M*. ^ The Ring was too kb strong and the party too week to elect Hero.

” See Appendixes H, Z. * 2 Daily Picayune, xoveaber 3 , 1884. i t J paapblet on Andrew Eero, Jr. in GRTO, C ollector's Applications. Weekly Pelican. Deeesher 4, 1886. 107 to the thW ilfttviet tha Republicans were divided mordiag ta race. A district nominating cmventlon had designated J . &. D a v i d s o n , a Hegro, as tha party candidate f a r Congress* fhe white leaders refused t a abide by tha nomination and supported Darrall with tha result that tha

~~S e g r o leaders to tha district gave their support to and campaigned far Cay. Darrell was defeated.**^~~

~~Louisiana R ^ aiiow a wara am iatsli awaiting tha presidential election year of 1 8 8 8 which they hoped would ha a Republican year and they would once a m ru la to tha Custom~~

House* AH thay could contribute, of c o u rse , was moral support and rotas in tha nominating convention. I t was Im perative that ovary loader be conspicuous to tha convention which would nominate tha future president so that at patron age dispensing ties their services would b e remembered*

~~Consequently, K ellogg, Herwig, Pinchbeck,Marmoth, Eero, K ia e r, D arrell and Leonard wara a l l i n Chicago i n June, 1 8 8 8 , building up their national p olitical connectio n s. John~~

~~S h a m a n was tha favorite of tha delegation.2*7 Ha polled nine v o tes from Louisiana on tha first seven ballots, but tha~~

**5 ibid.i Pally Picayune, October 18,

^ Proceedings of tha Htoth Republican National con vention heirat^^KfeoTVSg (Chicago, 1<5^J,9 3 • *7 Robert Harlan to £harman, February 1, Darrall to Sheraan, February 20, l&cS, Shermn Papers. im touislan& delegation deserted him t® Join the Harrison bandwagon on the final ballot*1*® She campaign for Harrison and Morton was a q o io t cm© in Xoul&iana* Berwig, chairman of the campaign coimiiittee* reported that ha had sent campaign natarial to tha loaders in tha state* the reports of these leaders were not en- eoarsglng. In north Louisiana the BepbhXlcams were so terrorised that few would accept the task o f distributing tietots at the polling places. With th e administration Democrats la control of tha election machinery* Harrison didn't have a chance to win*^ In spite of the pessimism of the Republican high ir n— irn1, the Deaocrata were not overconfident * fhe sugar and riee planters were not aa enthusiastic over Cleveland aa they had been In 1884* the president had wade a reduc tion in the tariff the sain issue in the campaign and the planters were not sure what attitude the national party would tales on protection for sugar and rice* Many of thaw were wavering in their allegiance to the Democratic party* the Picayune sharply reminded them what their primary duty as Democrats was.

*® Proceedings of Mlnth Reputeliean National Conven- th e * • • j JmmmwmSwSCn Xb3*2W • mrnmrn " i l l r m ------I f f n — m m . h . i h I I I . . a n » *9 Philip Herwig to Harrison* October 3®* 1888* Ben jamin Harrison Papers* Manuscripts Division* Literary of Con g ress* H ereafter c ite d a s Harrison Papers* X09 She purpose of the Louisiana Democracy, mm of the whole Demecraoy of the South* is to hold together until the Republican party has boon utterly crushed and destroyed* * * * Ho a n earn some to th o f r o n t to Louisian® politics in support of a different policy* * • • the Louisiana politician dio hopes to control this State on any other lino is simply an enemy Fusions sad unification movements site Republicans by te n e n ts simply want tha opening wedge for tee African ization of tho state* It was admitted that tho throat of gegro domination was worm serious then tee loss of a portion of tee protection accorded sugar* tela fear kept tee planters in line.5* Barrison polled only 30,484 rotes and carried only seems parishes*'*2 However, the Republicans in the second d i s t r i c t did elect a congressman--B* Dudley Coleman* Cole- m i was a native Sew Orleanian, a Washington A rtillery man, and th e owner of foundry which mate plantation machinery* Be me a "new" Republican who had not taken an active part in polities until his campaign for congress* With such a background his opponents could not attack hist as a carpet bagger of no economic or social standing* But they could point tee finger of shame at him as a disgrace to the south*

5® pally Picayune, October 16, 1838*

5 1 mid., MfMbtr 4, 188 8 . 5* Se* Appendlx*» G, H. 1 1 0 What a fa ll fra* grace la a gallant Con- fM arat* soldier who eaa so soea foxget tha uaaery of tha past aa to enlist in the ranks ef a party that openly boasts ltsalf tha enasy of tm jlhlac Southern—a party. . .that mold gladly fas tan on ^Louisiana/ tha abhorred yoke of Negro domination. . . , other Southern soldiers have dona as Coleman Is doing and hats boon dishonored In tha ayas of their felloe eitisensV53 Barplng on th* thane of Africanization, the Picayune an- neuaeed that Cola nan had bean nonlaatad by a canrntlon i was "bleak aa nighty sprinkled vltb a Gaussian > gLk i ll^tts of oarpatbaggian and soalawsggeryV-' Also# in tha aeon* of tha campaign, tha Picayune defined tha issue as "shit* nan against blank in tha Second District-.. "55 Colanan earrlad only one ward In Kw Orleans but had a majority in tha four parishes with large Negro populations. 1h* press seornfully denounced tha Daaoersts of tha district far aliening such a resu lt.^ Harrison's election neant that th* Custom House would

53 pally Picayune, Hovember 5, 1888. 5* ibid.. Xoveofeer 6, 1888. 55 ibid., October 30, 1888. 5* Ibid., November 12, 1888. 211 m Coleman as the only Republican la Congress frow.ieuto- Bat Coleman ms not of th* old t e circle which symbolised th* party la tti stst* M m th* new Congressman had been & Republican* The old guard m aid as* stand by sad watch Coleman gamer a ll th* fruits of w&cteey* A ctually, Coleman was Warmoth's pasm to his fight with Kellogg for undisputed leadership to Imtotona Republican affairs* Sim* 1 8 7 6 , Kellogg had ham ia Washing ten where h* m s to contact with to* national toadem who eansultod hto on natters respecting Lcutoiansu He rarely visited Louisiana except at campaign time* Until 168% m at of to* federal offices in to* state war* held by nm rscommnriert by him* During to* am* period, Warmth aasoeiated mr* and nor* with to* conservative business am* planters, and negroes to to* party* It was Warmth who had secured Coloam *s nomination* It had com shout tom Colmaa had approached Jams Richardson to ask what his tomes* wore to securing to* nomination* Richardson told Coleman to so* Warmth: H* w ill ask nothing you my not freely gin. • * • 0 o to him and nako your to n . If you and hto agree, that ensures to* non- toatim* H* w ill send you, to all probabil ity to Hero* Baring your arrangement© with dor. Wameto, put to* campaign to Eero's hands* Re at the worst w ill not sell you out. Trust m other management no matter who, or what, or you w ill be so 14*57

~~57 Richardson to Warmth, January 4, 1 8 8 9 , Warmoth Collection* 1 2 3 I i 3 % s I * $ % a~~

ait U 3 3Bh#gr that If th# Jtesr#®# a&& e kb&gg^rs was® in th# djj&telbufcic&i #f tha sfetreMfp thmm •oul Kellogg stated that ha knew frea personal ex- pw ince that a Republican party made up of cenaerf'atiw A lt* 8«ittw m w would not break the solid south. Ba M i l t 1 had W lllia a H. B oat made A ttorney Oeneral of Louisians, Judge of tha Halted Stataa Court of Claims, .seeretary of tha Kavy, and M inister to Russia yet ha did set change flea w U *. Xa could not Induce even hie brother-in-law to vote tha Republican ticket. . . . 9 m Whites w ill stand together, thata all there Is to that. 1 Coleman, buffeted about in tha maelstrom that was Washington, eoofldad bis trials and tribulations to his polltleal ■eater: 1 should have written to you long since but—1 newer before In ag life got Into quite such o stow or rather a oroii before—1 *a in vited to the Dinner of the "Sridiron Club” next Saturday night 30th Inst—and the broiling there I expect w ill be wara but wary pleasant. Why dent you w rite as aHESIi as soaethlng & say whether I aa doing right or wrong, in this town of polltloians offioe holders offleeseekors news paper reporters, and beautiful weans a men a ll «!«■» dent know exactly hew & where to flock by E32elf even If possessed with more than one feather. . . .

60 Weekly Pelican. Deceafcer 13, 1888. January 5, 1889 quoting a Kellogg Inter view In Philadelphia Record. 114 Minor Beattie, Dr. Duperleur & Pearl Wight are here with Dr. Ike Scott Gov Flankers & Pitkin, the 4 first names attempted to read the r i o t a o t to me relative to what they considered wrong acta of m ine, hut I dont th in k they made much headway. Here X think should have told Pitkin Minor & B e a ttie What 1 had done or been to ld to do. . . . Minor seemed to think that Hero and X were gobbling up everything for the aid* Diet, and X aa willing to prove that it is not my disposition but I expect as a matter of course Sw ill try to see to it that the 2nd. is properly cared for. How Gov. you must help me in this veryTiig job and see that X make as few mistakes as possible. I feel certain that I aa strong & stand well with the PresOt* a the Cabinet unless possibly in the state Dept, where Minor may be strongest & where X think Kellogg has a hold. X astonished a rather upset the crowd Minor Beattie a Co in the state ment that 111 would be governed more by the advice of Gev Warmth than any man in Xa*1“—In fact this caused the rumpus—but now the seat of war w ill be transferred to H. 0. & if you & Pitkin cant handle either Minor or Beattie then X stand a poor chance* • . The storm broke over Coleman's head when he recom mended Hero for Collector. The old line Republicans played up the fact that both Coleman and Hero were members of the Washington A rtillery—a unit that had fought to d estro y the Whlon. When Coleman nominated Edward J . Kursheedt, another member of the Washington A rtillery, to be marshal of th e eastern district, the editor of the weekly pelican asked sarcastically t Do you belong to that veteran Republican organization the Washington A rtillery? We never knew • • • that it was the Republicans that en deavoured to break up the Republican government

62 coleman to Warmoth, March 23, 1889, Warmoth C o llec tio n . 1X5 on Se ptesaber It* IS 74 Co le a n ’s f i r s t racoHBsen&atlons outraged the old o f f ic e holders* ”Xt Is out of such milk and water no- bodies** exclaimed the j ©Ucan* * th at B* Dudley Coleman hopes with the aid of a few dollar® of federal patronage to b u ild up a party that shall dominate the florae and on terrified Democracy with its short-haired hoodlums and i t s long haired shot gun guerillas * &ik! tha sturdy Kepub- H e m e who have for years bravely imperilled their for tune* and lives to maintain wfa&t they knew to be right* When th e gentleman frosi th e Second D istrict would m ke one wugwuwp convert by preferiag such a neutral by nature aa S&raheedt he would disgust an hundred tried and true Be~ publicans who voted for faIn. * ^without the least thought of promoting fain to be the boas of the party which he now recognises and affiliates with for the first tine*11®1 then a coolness arose between Coleman and Eero* Sere wanted Coleman to recoiaaend Jacob Hasslnger* editor of the german Casette, for the past of Director of the Mint and the Congressman did so* Warmoth had a candidate for the t e e peat, Andrew Say the* and he forced Coleman to with draw fiasslnger's neat and substitute aeytfae *s Although

6 3 to*fcly P*llcan, March 30, 1889 • 6* H>1A> 65 colctua to Preoidant (Harrison), May 14, 1 8 8 9 j Boro to President, May 1 5 , 1 8 8 9 , OKU), Mint Applications. I 2 o u » c* s « 4* t jA« * t i a **8 g % H I f g S3 • § i 1 |3g&g $MU. * I *I 3 s 2* ii ?! # 1889# Harrison *;apar»o 11 § $ 1 i&,-; 1 7 i I *5?! I I* ** . «i «*• * m i * > I * i si si ; «9 Varaoth, Moor* Fitkia* Haro# colmn to Fm«l~ i 5 *

i I daat (8crriiOB)i Jun* 11? Sepbeaber# I 8 8 9 * fittt tew tin cKf pte tetsw eb not only to Louisiana Bepublleaaa bub to tea Harnsen administration * tee Eeptelloan asperity in t e l w m o 0 0 olin that tin telttaa of only on# ? te teld be welcome* MtU ter> te ism of tee te itie l eema&ttae* premised to a te money ate speakers to Louisiana to #14 in tee campaign *?0 Harrloon decided to appoint an eld bate at te iiim politic® a# te l of tee party to ea~ ease unity ate distribution of tie patronage teem it would do tea a te gte* He sent Wamete*s nee to tee senate far seafimatlon ae Collector of tea F teJ^ M ar to tee iw euBeiate of Hamate*# appelntnesit* tea Sallow ate tfamote t actions ease backing different candidates for tee third district nomination* Kellogg fm m i B om ll ate Hamate supported Minos?*, teen wamote was sade spokesman of tee lo M m ateoistPoU ei in tee state# It m s concluded by tee Sallees faction teat tee eat tonal leaders preferred Minor as tee candidate to Barrell* At tee d istrict nominating convention bald in Franklin in M ust# B am ll retired fro* tee race and Minor was nominated« tee Kellogg faction pledged its support to tee party neat- lB M .72

7 0 M— fc*y frliw m , July 20, 27* 1889* 71 ttH ndtw StatlM l, August 10, I 8 8 9 . 72 Hsrwlg to frw U m t (Btrrinm ), August 1 5 , 18@9» Marriaon lepers* M* V* Dudley to L* F* Suteon, August 21, 28^f Vamote collection* tolag kBOtrn as H m niii't candidate. He believed that w s r - anto rapport would bo on obstacle to his sueeess, uS ranted tho President to withdraw Hanetb^t ssams for the CoilootaroMp sad delay atahlng mjr i^siataiote until •fhff tho election. I» P. Suthon, Minor's osapslgn manages*. oiplaino* to ton Presideattoat ttameto too p elilto s woo k « M l a Loui s ia n a . M in o r's p erso n al frie n d s among to o eager « 1 riea planters of too district m o disposed to onto Cor him to t would not as long as Hamath was recog nised aa too official head of too part? in too state.^ Minor « p » m <1 too same sentiments in a personal letter 7 t to Harriseo. Minor was laforaad toast too President was Yirrrtm Wamsto said far too good of too pant? Minor oust ■ubanrga his parsoaol grievances and accept Wameth aup- portJ5 karaeth was d treeted to do all la his power to raise foods and to send a Republican to Congress frea the third district.T6

^ U P. Sutton to Harrison. August f , 1889. Harri son Capras. 7* H. C. Minor to Harrison. August 10. 1389. Harri- aon Papers. 75 J. g. Clarkson to Minor. August 9. 1889. Warnoto Collectioi). 7® p . m. Dudley to Wamoto. August It, 1889. Hamoth Cellootion. 1 1 9 The Denserats, c f oaurae, bad no intention of re linquishing the seat. U»elr candidate n s Andrew Price the son-la-la* of the deceased G«apMiaHi> M m was a poplar man £a the district and saved la me MM eeonosie and social circles as the Republican H B t t i t t t . Ulnar sett* speeches threugxeiit the d istrict, •M isted bgr northern eeagressnea, w a protec tlonist, In- taraal laprwae& t plabforw. Th® Desnarats accused dinar of betas “Llljwhita" aad opposed to the negroes participat ing la nw irnient or M arlas Is the patronage.7** However, to be ea the safe aide, the states told the M ites in the U strlct to "stand to their color—evea a* the whites of Berm T

77 Meekly Pellean. August 10, 17, 24, 31, I 8 8 9 . 78 paiijr Picayune. August 20, 21, 1889* 79 gaw Orleans Pally States, August 6, I 8 8 9 . 80 fhibadaux sentinel, septea&er 7 , 1 8 8 9 . 81 V. W. Dudley to Warneth, August 14, 1889, Warmath Collection. 82 fhlbodaux Sentinel. September 7 , 1 8 8 9 . la s The Denoorata carried every parish in th* district except Iberville and Terreboon».®3 Picayune gave four w * 8 *®8 for Minor's defeat: the Deaoorate had done their duty •*»« brought out a full vote; the tariff till before the Senate which was net favorable to sugar had caused a e m Bepobllcans to vet* for fries; Minor had antagonised the old part; leaders and the Mcgrees and did not have their full support; sad the voters in the district resentedthe presence tf northern Saagreaanen as federal intetferenee in a local e le s tlM * M e Ha pub 1 lo am; ©XeXaed h&& aou&t®d « il M i that the Hegro vote* nhish should h&m ^ th e ir s \ wore bought or stolen may by the Senocrats*^ the weekly gQlieen. ergon tf the KeXXegg JTeetteii* pXesMNi the hXsise en liso r. xt stsmM up t&e el*®ti$gi by utgtlngs f^Th 0 p a rt? a*nly failed to msJm a slUc pone ©ut ©£ a isr/w tfara& th m s oec^ying the ©fflee CaUeetw ef the ferfc tat he hoi aot yet bees* aenflned by the $*&ate» the leaden had accepted his noaination taeaus* ef the peHtle&X fig ew y in Me Mini district* Hlaer^e defeat earned te

8 3 Weefclr Pelican, ±>eptenber 7, 1889* ®* Polly Picayune, ieptehber b, 1 8 8 9 . ®5 j. p. Worth to J. P. oulllvan, September 9 , 1839, 6SDJ, Tear F ile. 8 6 weekly Pelican, septenher 7 , 1389* 1 2 1 latlest* that Wamoth was not the m m to heed the party in the at ate. Rost of the preatoent teen to the party tamed against hi* end »ou$at to prevent his sonflrwatlon by S estate . Minor plaeod the blase for hi» defeat on Maraoth. Selasen brole* with hi* bee&use he would not appoint Cole- m b 's nowise* for Surveyor of the Fort. Warmth dia- wlsaed hi» Tomer protege as a "spoiled ohlld" who was disgruntled because he was not given one-third of the patronage.8? Colenaa Joined the Kellogg faction. Federal Judge AlexBeaman opposed Wamoth *a confirmation beoauee the Collector wee supporting a fanwsr Democrat as MMUhal for Beaman** court. Wamoth said that such crlti- e lsa sewing free Bowman was hardly to good teste "to view of the fast that 10 years ago* the Judge hinself was oae of the m at pronounced Democrats and violent White Teatnmrm “ toe Negro leaders aoousedWamoth of following a *wllk and water" policy and of Ignoring the colored nan la givli*; out the Jobe. Kellogg* Colenaa, Leonard, Dense

wamoth statenent before Comsrcc Coaalttee (n.p.* n .d .)* SMD, Colleotor’s Applications. 88 serwlg to Halford* Jlsveadwr S?» 1889* Harrison fa p a rs . ®9 Wamoth to W. H. M iller, Hovenber 26, 1889, S8DJ, Appetotaent Papers, louts lana. 9® t . B* Staaqw to Chandler* Deoeaber 3* 1 8 8 9 , Chandler papers. 1&2 Cago aero in iaA iagtw t*sring to pntotd* t&e 6«nM%t 8a*ltt«* of t4»* .sonata into tuaias in on advww ntnw> am tatlon on Viraoth. o m r noMiaao tm Buvl$> Wa»oth vao not withoutfrlo n d a olthsp in Washing- Mb or in Louisiana, s. s . siaMoson of th* Rational ms* a itto e leapt hiai lafoned of toe maneuvers* of toe enesiieii® tj» am tofi preferred mraato to lm l| and o a t^ lt; of toe Oenmo C e a to tte e f i im d eonfir*aIng h lau ^ 8 ii iegiiiaat frionOo olaiasO to&t to tied tto e x p e r t of toe to lR W me—unity of toe e to to and toe '’feralna and tor3 o f toe Republican por^r# Hie enatobea were StoppoiotM offto aotom t o mroenary sagreea lee fey toat Hmaeberou** ok lllag toeoolafti*9 Kellogg. toe figbt me "bitter* unrelenting* Ingenious* *3 to r e e to to e to appe*? 1» person before tto Ceeneree @ otottee to ctorsee aade againat kto—toe aaln one feeing that to e artnlntatrntlon ee goim or tod tom ptolii& lo to ooogopta^ fie me e to lfto to toe Senate*

^ C U rtoi to to o th January 20* 18^# tfaraoto Col- le e tle a * 92 I b id * 93 Xbld* 9% If* 1m XeKlllexi to Waneto* January 28* 1&90* to o th CoUooUoftt 95 ||* If* Dudley to tfareeto* January 2&* 1090$ J* D* Renee to If* F» Frye* January 26* I 8 9 O1 J* &* Clarkes to War- veto* February 20* 18 9 0 2 feameto Statement before Coesseree Canal t tee* eSD» Collector** Applications • 1 5 3

*• the officially NoagBUM head of the p a r t; I n lAeSsSasa* Warmth triad to heal its wounds but with little tone—a, except in his

~~the second. She "Force B ill,1 the HcKinley B ill, and d is-~~

~~unity of the party washed against then. S h e "Parae B illn me on e lection l e e providing far federal supervision of~~

~~federal elections being d e b a t e d in c o n g r e s s which t h e S o u t h~~

~~believed would men the return of "troops end bayonets"~~

~~be that region. She McKinley B ill provided far the m oral~~

~~ef the soger tariff and the sdbstitetisa of a bounty te the~~

~~soger grower. LouieIans sugar planters were definitely op~~

~~posed to it. She Kamsth a n t Coleman opponents pointed o u t~~

~~sines these were Republican nsssures Republican c a a p e u e n~~

~~would be expected te vote for then. Therefore, s v o t e f o r~~

~~Warmth end Celeaum a m t a vote for the " F o r c e S i l l " a n d the Bill. The two BepobUean candidates found~~

~~that they could net eenpete against th e "influence of nottey~~

~~end the pressure ef enployers" on Megroes.^ Once w o r e th e~~

~~ton to 1 ana congressional delegation woe solid ly penooratie.~~

96 Warmth to President (Harrison), March 31, 1890, Harrison Papers. 97 Picayune, October 31, 1890* warmth to Hal ford# HovsnberB, ib 9 0, Harrison papers* 13* leto th* a*il«(g sad Muneeto factions sw t dele- to th* national noalaating convention la U bbm^ s U i is 1893* tt» Kellogg su According to A. S. Bkdgtr, itiitnw a ef th* Warwoth delegation* the K*llogg crowd had "diekerod” with th* aosaaitte® as ere- twt1»U and prwtMA to deliver eight w tn for Slain* if they were n«tei> ^ On the first ballot when Samson m s noM bsM , the Louisiana vets was Sarrlsen-eightj 1 0 0 MsSse-eSgh*. She Hamath fee ties refused te aeeept h a verdict ef the Uansapells atsm U n and put out an electoral titoet fee garrison and aeid# plaining to to tto "true" party, tto Kellogg faetleB had pet one set aha* “parities'* appealed to toe national esapaiga oewaittee for fands, thqr were interned that no aonagr would to sent to tontslana tn tll there was only one jto d lh aa electoral tiatot la the field. After retoiving this ultinatun, a joist eeefereaee ef to* toe faetiess was Mid «

~~98 M M t i f i n ______K:T ri~~

*** Badger to tfaraeth, September 9, 1893* Varaoth Collect ion. Haw Orleaaa Time-Doaocrat. October 5, 1892. 10* ibid.. October 16* 1 8 9 2 . U& Ibid.. October 22, I 8 9 2 . 126 Election feuto mm Orlessis in tto grip of & general strike tomlrXng. sstontt&l #1% sMirisM* lm spite ef tkis tto election was a qmlet on* tooause tto strike was not as leators of all. partis esnousisoe 106 it* $to Itooomti oar rise tto state for aiewtosd. ato eleeted all the Cotagrs&ssen* sore tto topu&li&a&s fend ttotoL^ts ejected fm tto Ousts* House wlt& four 1m m years Ik prospect*

~~S w e a to r 9 # 1&92 c b a v t b r v~~

*BB MORO AMD THE REPUBLICAN PART?

~~1877-1896~~

A *yth of th* post-Reeonstruetlen period w t th a t th* Republican party alone possessed th* tatfU m * of th* M U n t people and that * 1 1 Negroes ■** Republicans. I t n a *stiaat*d that th* colored tia m t nusbered "nor* than tm to anemia th* party, h a t th is Aid net asaa that a ll n tlite n d N*gra*a (th i aoter increased Dm 7 8 * 1 2 3 la I8 7 8 t* 130*3*4 1» 1 8 9 7 ) 2 war* Republicans, nor did It ■ m b th at th* Tot* ef the** belonging to th* party would h* *lth*r east a* eeuHted for it. Bad this bean a*« liowlalana would hav* tw o a Republican state, because the Eagre registrant* outnusfcered th* whites fraa 1 8 7 8 through 1097*3 l a th* saw* period* twenty-nine parishes reported ■eg** Majorities but only ten o f these ooaslsteatly want Republican, there were natural reasons idty th* Negroes

* Keofclr ioul aIonian. Ootober 22, 1881. a s e e Appendix a . 3 S if t* * See Appendixes a , t>.

~~1 2 7 fiffl[ g tI ! ^ U] u» f t fit l[ f t a? ! ! I & s * & I * 2 «*i isii; ? P| i I; 1 1 1 r * * | I I o S «♦ I I I i * f g «1i~~

g £ 1 2 9 m l eei—ittess which iam tlettM Louisiana affairs.^ Am "K tenbutliai w A iBtiaUaHqt" war was waged la aim.: parishes which lawlvefl m a pdor of defenseless Regress , church burnings, ravishing ®f Hdgro weann, and fee exiling ef 4m colored people. 6— of tto worst afflicted areas w t tenses Pariah which was said to "raise tto biggest and blackest pecans of any pariah in the state."7 m eir reaction to such conditions is beat described by fee in g re ss th e —e lv e s . Cue w rote ; And so— s f th e S— e r t t e tells — Just so long as we colored people fools with politics and try to vote here la the south so long as tto white —a of fee South are going to fell! — —d frea feat I eaa se it Seen *o.° Aasfeer asserted: As of now, 1 shall forever hereafter close ^ ecuth la politics. . . . X shall assure fee rebe ef a subject of Her Brlttaalc Majesty feere X know there is protection to fee huablest of her subjects even in Louisiana.* Coe eel—ed citizen dereaded drastic action on fee part of fee Federal governwent because fee bulldozed negro was

feeof s e le c t Co aalttee on Condition ef fe e oufe H» 8T 85jpts»»^^eis T ,- ^ rX5SHBT,"TS SeSsTTVT no. on Else til iana (1879)* ore. Bote, WOBBe# 3 J SBBWif e a s .,' m AT*| , h W o . t B U 55T ^| h a p o rt on fe e ' lo u ls ia n a Bleetlan ef 1 8 7 6 (I8 7 6 ), Sen. Apt « . f p gongTTn S S S T T t r , ■e. TOTI 17 IT /ill. 7 bdfel* Lewistanlaw. Deoewber 7* 1 8 7 8 . 8 Benry Ada— to Charles Devons, Noveober 11, 1 8 7 8 , QSDJ, Source Chronological F iles, EastL o u isian a. 9 a . B. N. Sew—n to B. B. Hayes, November 2 9 , 13?@, OBDJ, Source Chronological F iles,P re s id e n t. 130 • « * unlii m the Indian# has the and bread prirle Mt$7 hem # h is mU% footed pony to carry hia j»Mur to his hapy /S%o7 hem har far®® his m n sr^ l^ . * » Has colored am needed protection* • • • f ill the south with Hegre Soldiers to protect th® frtedm a end you w ill do the freed- mo justice*3** Xatlailetloii m s mod to force th® negro to vote tto Lemcrstle tidst* fhe ^ ite mn*s party” controlled th® election mehlnery and allomd ttaes to vote *» . « only vhen m cement te vote the Bemeratle tletcet whether It being our eh®lee or w t / ^ Butler Adam ef Emm refused te vote es the Bemeratle parish eem tttee had decided he Amid# sad as a coaseouenee his house ms rifle d with ballets and he ms form® lute exile leaving behind property valued a t $3000*00**^ Fnadi ballet hex stuffing* and net counting the colored vote as east were ether mthods used to nullify Begre suffrage* the colored am she regarded de ballot as a syabol ef his freedom and *BsaM in resented this hut eeuld do nothing shout It except protest te either his party

*** Ho J» Creme 11 to a* B« Hayes, Bovember 10, 18?8* 0EZ)J# Source Chronological F iles, President * ** citizens of Earth Louisiana to drover Cleveland# Ju ly 19# 3*886# 0RBJ# Year F ile * *2 Butler Adam te (?) Francisco# July 13a 168S# Chandler Papers. 131 leaders* Hio were as helpless as te was* ©r to tain ef national prominence* o m e f t h e ra m articulate aai(mg thaw who ican afraid to stp Mo n m wrote to th®

*toible John Shurran*" Me stated that ho wm a "waeanit” residing In north Louisiana who had sorted a ll ev er t h e

~~state and fe lt he could state the views of the colored~~

~~l a b o r e r in this natter. ^~~

• . * labor t o i aajr rath when they robe h i» ef whet he rate on ^entatjeift e i e t h e r laboring work but he hates the idear of been reb out of h is labor ext ballot to he would rutter give up his labor than have his vote stolen from h is and glee vote to a n o t h e r p a r t y *

~~The correspondent was so disgusted with the situation around~~

~~Shreveport that te believed the~~

• * * d evils caught the lord ahriatm&& g ift end the lord glved north Louisans away to the devils. « «aad th e lord has never know what the devils has done with north lauisasia S i n e s # * 3

~~U n d e r nerwal circumstances* if voting did not bring~~

~~rewards eith er pecuniary or personal* the Megroes were apt~~

~~to be apathetic at election time.1* This attitude te shared~~

~~w i t h t h e m m of white voters and Mde asoeeaasy the elee~~~

~~tlcaeerlng f e l- d e - m l characteristic ef political campaigns-~~

1 3 A n o n , to M m Shaman* February 12* 1868* Shaman Papers. 29* 18791 Jun® 19, 1880} Steeww r a a no paxtp dleolpllnt te fo n t the average voter te e© to the pells. 9 e colored elector voted when i t weald beatf it his Individually and with the people Who e

15 pally Flaeyuase August £2, 18691 toelcly lonlaisaisn, Ttamtntotr 7 Beaton Globe* carroTI M evetoer 3 0 # 1676* ^ Je S* S im end K» &• fugh to We F» Miles, October 30, 1864, william Foretor Miles Collection* 133 A nother put it mere crudely and X vote the Republican tlstet * and X have colored voters em agr plantation, m i they e ll vote os X te* x t w m m i hem to t e it.™ « • #*•*•»!»*!•*»*■■»» < M »» H W ll I » 1 » lll M l. m u tit****** the employers vrni harmonious* On occasions teen the t e t e were engaged in internecine

X4 gm veto te a o * mmiltgr to te m t dii met hesitate to soil tils wte to the Mglteet bidder*

Baring the Lottery labr^lio In I 8 9 2 the Democratic tive Committee Ascension Parish incurred & debt of because I t had % . * to buy votes In tenaldeonvll le * Smote Bead Barrow & other* • .Plantations 0*^ the tebt to t e liquidated by assessing each plaster and i f f t e bolter in the Parish from $ 1 0 0 to $b0 0 * In white supremacy front was s p ilt wide were forced to *dicter* wltb tte tegrees. Ibis caused the Pally Fieayqps to fulminates Louisiana teen I t was under negro rule basted by Federal bayonets, bad never reached such depths of ignominy as teen Its citlsen* sold themselves to the was done in not a few parishes State, and it la the most disgraceful pro seeding in .the whole history of Louisiana politics. 0

*7 quoted la W. P. P ie rc e to Benjamin Harrison* De cember 29, 188$, Harrison Papers. 18 Henry McCall to V. P. M iles* May A, 1892, William P O rcher Miles C o lle c t ion, southern Historical Collection, CulversIty ef Hortb Carolina. 19 telly Picayune* April 2b, I 8 9 6 . 20 ibid., April 28, I 8 9 6 . 13% *® these olN w tucM which ««a«d the ihltw te looil “P*® 8*gr© suffrage as a "corrupting" inflaens® upon th* whites and leg to the B tw ant to elinlnate i t m a s the state.81 Before 1896 the B nm ietlo party was in constant ■ •■petition with the Republican for colored votes, t h i s straggle began with the enfranchising ef the blacks.33 They played up to the ancient loyalties of the negroes far their "white folk*" and insisted that the froedaan’s interest eeald beat be protected by the people who “under stood" U s. Hagro Seaoeratie organisations war* organ!sod, aad were eneouraged to participate in campaign parades, barbecues, sad political rallies 1 speeial uniform and badge* tier* provided, Negroes sat on aad spoke frea the seas platforms wiht preainent white Democrat*. Negro Dewo- erats war* eleeted to public office. la 1 8 9 6 Monroe had throe eolored seaoeratie public servants. Two of them had been on the tom council for fifteen years and one had been a eonstable for twenty.8^ in the crucial election of 1876 the eolored voter was avidly wooed by the Democrats

21 Thirmit V. Shields, "The Political and Social Book graced of th* Suffrage Changes of 1898 la Louisian*/ (m.A. Thesis, Louisiana state University, 1931), 53-59* 22 W ill law E. Hlgbsaith, “Son* Aspects of Beoonatrue tion in the Heart ef Louisiana,” Journal of southern History XIII (19*7). Wa-%83* ------23 New Orleans Tlwes-Deaoorat. October 21, X 8 9 6 . 135 who promised that hie rights would bo secure under their regime and that he would get a fair share of the state patronage.2** Lonn reports that between 5000 and 1 7 ,0 0 0 Megroea voted for Nicholls*2^ 3hi$ rapprochement was glowingly described by the Eatchltoahes Vindicator after the election of 1 8 7 8 * Election day here was spent joyously by white and black* First they went arm-in-arm and voted the Democratic ticket, and then went to their old ante-bellum plays* We had jumping, wrestling, foot racing, jig dances and pony races* Had a stranger to our custom come here he would hare been astonished* Eren the whites had no idea of such a tremendous ground sw ell, and scores of colored m n declared to us that Tuesday, Hovember 5 , was the happiest day they hare seen since the war* * . * For ten long years, hare we, bom together and linked in me common tie of interest, been estranged, but today we are united forever* Colored men, we salute you as citizens, friends and brothers I In every subsequent campaign the press reported the activ ities of the colored Democratic clubs* The complexion of the "white man's party" was not "lily white" but "cafe-au- l a i t ."

24 Donaldsenvllle Chief, September 9, 30;^October 7 , It* 28* 1876V WeelidyTouIsiahian, September 2 9, 18771 Hilda M. McDaniel, "Francis Tlllou M chells and the End of Recon struction" (M.A. Thesis, Louisiana State University, igt6) ^9*30; Fanny Z* Lovell Bone, "Louisiana in the Disputed Election of 1876," Louisiana Historical, quarterly, XIV, (1 9 3 1 ), 55t* 25 ixmn, Reconstruction in Louisiana After 1858, 425* 26 ^w Orleans Weekly Democrat, November 2 3 , 18 7 8 , quoting Hatchitochaa Vindicator. i i i i i I i t i I i $ $

~~§ § I t~~

I f J cl 3 § g ■fill's E I 1ST broken and that the coloved people of Louisiana, had "freed theaeelves ef political servitude te the Repub lican party."32 On occasion* Begro leaders would holt the Republi

can party and canpatgn for Deaoerets. tEhaeghtle f« A llsin * Janes £ « Davidson, end Charles A* Roxberough were tenporar- ily expelled free the party because they supported R. 3 • Oay* Deaeerat, instead of C. B« Darrell* Republican*for Congress in 1866* In that sue caB^aign* Louis S. Martinet etuwped the third district far day because he believed the "Radical carpetbag leaders" did not have the interests of the Megro at heart.T . B. steeps bolted the party on the free silver issue in 1 8 9 6 and campaigned in the fifth district for Bryan and Sewell.^ The "nixed-tieket" schene was a device by which Republicans were forced to vote for Deaoerats. Pariah leaders ef both parties would sake agrsenents to Share the offices and legislative positions. snh party would

3* raid., April 23, 1338 quoting the Raw Orleans P ro g ress. 33 Mew Orleans Weekly Pelican, October 2 9 , 188?. 34 SSMZ no&irune, October 21, 1386. 35 new O rleans T less-P o ao erat, O ctober 21* 1 8 9 6 . 3** mw Orleans Denoorst* Movenber 2 , 1 8 7 8 . 1 3 8 put oat a ftlAtft but the m m names appeared era both. A candidate on snob • ticket declared to bis audience that hft was a fiwM M t but "I m m tbs Bepubllcan tic k e t* •ad tbs la s t oas e f your Kinky-headed '* has so t to vote fo r me."37 om Higro voter complained that hft bad to support a "llttlo fire eating Democrat for Con- gresa" boeauao the M pAUtan had net put up a candidate.3® the asss Rcgro veto In pest-Seeenstruetlen Pools- 7 laaa was an unknown quantity. the political action of the Begro was influenced* to sews extent* by the educated* effluent and politically e capetent members of bis race, ibis snail group of In dividuals were laouMMnts of federal positions* legislators* constitution ashore and parish officials. Anengtble body ef loaders were ox-slaves* descendants of oreole families* ox-Federal soldiers* frsonsn from the north* sad self-made men. They earned their living as preachers* lawyers* teachers* planters* aerebants* end newspaper ed itors. Bis meet widely known Louisiana eolored leader was Pinckney B. s . Pinchbeck. Be called on and corresponded with presidents and national party chiefs. The eastern mod m i d -western press regarded him as one of the leading negroes

37 Weekly Democrat. Bovember 2 , 1 8 7 8 . 3® Isaac B ell to JanosA. Oarfield* Her oh 30* 1881* QRDJ* Appt. Papers* La. 1 3 9 In tto to was tow tM u Mini as obit* as tto* "ewerage Caucasian* U itii|slito l« irlit««nti», and in- teU liM t in itoiwiBM*^0 naA toto ««i a • • • gentleaan in when the Mwm ef Africa ace m eetly blendee with the fragrance ef leoiaiana sugar sane, . . *a town politician* a reasonably honest nan, and a peer with his r«M «u Hie etending in Louisiana wee demonstrated la tee crisis ef 1 8 7 7 teen w uiiaa I. chandler ordered Kellogg te confer with hia and te "regard hie wishes ." * 2 As the publisher ef the Weekly Leals lanian sad the holder ef federal office hie influence was state-wide, he maintained his position as the asst important Negro leader la Louisiana until he left the state around 1 8 9 2 .* 3 As chairman of the regular Republican state Cosnlttee f o r aaajr pears* Andrew J. Dumont wee technically the head ef the party hut was actually the front nan for the Collector of Cuetons at New Orleans. After the downfall of the party In the state the incumbent of that position was always looted upon as the leader ef tee Regular Republicans. Dumont was a

39 weekly Louisianian, March 22, 1877. June 19, 1880 quotes' Pl^bM Y^ervTew* in Cincinnati, Journal of c«—» «* is*ja a n issi filsEssafe* *° Louisianian. June 1 9, 1880 quoting J t . Louis Post jjBiilcE. ^ * 3 I b id . . Nay 6 * 1882, quoting New fork Dally Truth. ho «• *• Chandler to w. p. Kellogg, January 13, 1877, Chandler Papers. *3 Agnes Smite arose, "The Political Career of Plnok- jg^s.lana Historical Quarterly, a*o native of Algiers, tonlilm , a bw lsm nan Mm get along

~~M il with the whites.44 When tha Republicans m m la p a n r nationally* he m » ilM ga on tha Patera! payroll* Thsophlle T. Allaln waa th* leader la "swrot Xber-~~

»Uto.*Bo woo • levee contractor and tbi owner and smuo - ager of rlca and augar plantations mused ^ouleuqua and Losana. Ha had a Jersey oattla a took fan* Bra* Alina Allaln waa "Directress of tha Dairy*" Ha served in tha atota legislators aa representative and senator froa 1ST* to 3S9S# tha constitutional aanvaatlon of 1879, and aa a trustee of the state eolored university• Ming "always ■oat ooaclletery te tha dominant eleaent In the State" ha waa res pasted by the ahlte leaders of both parties.*5 St. John the Baptist waa a "black” pariah par excellence. It waa one of tha parishes whleh reported a ■ajorlty ef Negro registrants even after tha disfranchise- ■ant clauses of the Constitution of I 8 9 8 want into effect.4** The parish was listed In the Republican column in every state and national election froa 1 8 7 8 to 1 8 9 6 - I t had a "blaek boss" named Heavy Danas who to his white contemporaries

** Pally Picayune. November 21, 1884. Weakly Louisianian. August 2, 1079* ^ see Appendix B.

~~4 7 SM Appendixes D, K. s~~

%S *m g «* Wmwi fO H 5V! H 5P 2 O *05 *S g iE OD S fi»‘fr|, ii ! j l l f j i jf | m r • ? i r I ? : 9 i m : i p*2 8 * * si I £irO .- It?! * >'3*1*IE 1*0 |*1 : 11 * n Is g ; > I I * 2 if « * © * *3 fcrf ill!*a «♦ i *% IN>a I r o & «* !* ** ;Cfc *i t 3 I *fr m s r m e i § ef t CO o * r ►t i © £ #-*] n & Sr S i & g » I * !

3* Bowes to Harrison, May 23, 1839, 6B0T, Naval Office Applications. 55 j, R. a. pltkin to Chandler, Noveaber 10, 1332, Chandler Papers. 5 6 B. P. Flanders to President (Harrison), April 17, I 8 8 9 , ORBS, Surveyor of Cuetews Applications. 57 Ponaldsenville chief, September 16, 1 8 7 6 s Cases Lewis to W iiliaak. uaanaler, October 1 8 , 1900, Chandler P ap ers. 1*3 An influential M»«r© newspaper to the I890»a was SSL C*»sader M 1M by Louis A. Martinet* tha sen of a Freaeh Creole father and a slave anther* He sans nut of slavery aa a child and attended freedaaa's sohoels to Sw Orleans. Ha studied law and waa adnlttad to too tar and than took up too study of nsdiotoe at too Negro nedtoal sehool where ha waa f a r a Um "Dcawnstrator of Anatewr*" Zn 1 8 9 8 ha waa offered a *1800 a year eehelarship *er toroa years study to Europe by ex-President Hayes but re fused to tahs i t baoaasa ha fait it hia duty to ranato with toa crusader to proaote too walfara of hia raoe.5® Harry Mahoney served through toa C ivil War east* peigas waat of toa Mississippias toa faithful body servant of Major M* P. Wyehe o f I b e r ia Parish. After ha beeaan a freednan, ha aduaatad htoaalf* noved to Plsauenine* parish* e n te re d p o litie s and beeaae a sugar plaster.59 l a represented his pariah to toa state legislature fro® 1880 to 1898. ftoshbaok, Duaont, Allato# Danas* lewis, Martinet* and Mahoney represent types of Moore leaders to Louisiana but they do net exhaust the list. Mention Mist be made of

5® Albion W. Tourgee to Chandler* January 30* 1896, Chandler Papers. 59 Mre. M. ?• Wyehe to John ft. ptoklen* February 83, 1 9 0 3, Pioklen Papers. * * i I« * I ii I Ute -s3 s i ill Iff ii S g i * ** * i 'si f t 3 f t I p O

HSSk& iffltiftjiBtia# Itay 1B80 1 * 5 w niaoegenation. They wanted colored ama to veto, servo eat Juries, tel« public offlee, to have free education and f r e e m « m to public ;1 m m HA convoycnees. But these ideals could ho relegated to the background for purposes of espedloney. As politicians they played too game. they quarrelled among themselves end with the whit* leaders. Then reconciliations would follow and there would ho a 64 shifting of alliances. Hoot of thou wore accused of every epeeles of political crime) from betraying the in terests of the reee hy aolllag themselves to the Bene* orate to scalping tickets at national conventions. They placed the blane for tholr polltleal shortcomings on the earpetbaggera. the following Is typiealt

The war brought largo auWbora of mm# adventurers Into our *Uit< The reconstruction acta threw us, an Inexperienced element, 1 js tltO political arena. The wily rascals who had eome ameng as, soon dissevered our helplessness, and with devilish Ingenuity managed to Ingratiate themselves Into our favor and secure the leader ship our necessities demanded. Through their tutelage we acquired the sunning and unreliabil ity that have In some oases shewn itself and been sited on every occasion as an evldenee of the Incapacity and unworthyness of our race.00

weekly iouleianlan, January 4, 1879) April 15, 2 9, 1882. 65 Pally Picayune. JUne 16, 1880) weekly Pelican, April 9, iC T W TSiirober 28, 1889* 66 Weekly tflfllfffl - Boveatoer 17, 1877* 146 Their M ia grievance was that they were being denied a Just share of the party spoils, they agitated for more "shade” in the Custom House and the M lnt.^ Die color line was drawn even in the “negro party.” The colored leaders never did gain ascendancy over the whites within ttw party organization because they never presented a united front against then. The party divisions were never eonposed exclusively of white or blacks; both races were represented in every faction. As a result* the Hegre Republican got what it was politically expedient to give hia and no nere.

Pinchbeck to Hayes* January 2 9, I 8 7 8 * Hayes Papers) Weekly Louisianian* December 21* 1 8 7 8 , July 16* 1881* October 2^* iooi) a . b. Blount to Harrison* April 1* 1888, Harrison Papers) Louis A. Martinet to Thomas B. Reed* Ju ly 24* I 8 9 O, OHDT, Mint Applications) R. P. Oulch&rd to Warmoth* June 1 7 * 1891* Warmth Collections. GHAPXKR VI

~~1896~~

1b* y w 1896 wa* * very significant on* In Louis iana polities. It was tb* year that th* Republicans, with their sugar plantar and Populist allies, fought their last significant battle with the Democrats* fhe Democrats war* sa hard pressed that they had to buy and steal Jfegro votes. This led imuny loaders of all parties to begin thlnhlng seriously of eliminating the Magro vote* this thought eulalaated In the suffrage clauses of th* Consti tu tio n o f 1 8 9 8 . It was In 1 8 9 6 that th* Australian ballot was first used In Louisians. It was In 1 8 9 6 that the cor rupt gew Orleans Ring was overthrown by th* Citizen's league supported by Republicans and Populists. For the Republican party In particular, I 8 9 6 was th* year when scam wealthy and Influential sugar planters and business men, a ll former Democrats, ware absorbed into the party, since I 8 7 7 , the party had tried to attract men of this type beeaus* they believed In th* Republican principles of high tariffs and Internal improvements. yet, they would not join the "negro" party* It was the action of a Democratic Congress Which mad* them abandon the politi cal allegiance of their fathers and associates. 1*7 T ariff of 1 8 9 % iapeawt a duty «n raw augar 2 3 * 1 s f I * * % 3 5 I§ I * i i i *n 1 4 9 determined to 1m » the Denoeratla party sad affiliate with the party of protection. The McCall* ami Pugh an- neuneed their deeisien at a nesting of tha Aaeansion Pariah Denoeraey and advised their fallow planters to do likewise. da ayaw&taaaa raportad that everyone was struok apaaahlaas at tha announeenent.* These nan had haaa tha aaat ardaat Democrats and opponents of Rspublleaaisei in tha pariah. (hi saptanbar 6 * 1894* 3 0 0 plaatara hold a eon- m tt« la haw Or loans to discuss whatbar thdy should follow tha exaaple of tha Ascension aaa. Pugh was aade shalrwan of tha seating. W« *• Rowell* X* P. Berneohan* Alhart Estoplnal and J. R. Iharr advised tha planters to ■sin tha hrealc and Join tha party which would restore tha sugar tariff, Tha sugar districts mould support con gressional oandidatsB who would ha aoseptable to the Re- puhlioans in Washington and who would ho adaittsd to tha eaueua. John Dyoond of Plaquenines parish, opposed any disruption of tha Donooratio party.5 Those plaatara Who maided to laava tha Denocratie party net in Kaw Orleans on Saptanbar 17* 1894. and organized the National Republioan ta r t y of Louisiana. W. X. Hawaii

* R. Prosper Landry to W illlah P. Nilas* septenber 5, 1894* Nilas Collection. 5 How York Tribune, saptanbar 7 * 1894. tbe Regulars allowed t&e Nationals to li i t £ V0 % 9 9 % i 6 Tt 03 U # % " 0 0\ 00 t"» 8 a ** «n A 3 I s l> 3* * * r-t O § s s * j ** % % S * o I s « 1 5 1 She Republicans of all factions used tha occasion of Ms v isit on October 20 to pat on a big denonstration, in- olading bonfires and fireworks, to show that leuisiana woo • protoetlonlst ototo. Sight thousand poople heard d» distinguished visitor's spoooh on tfao benefits of protection.*0 me Denocratio proas rldioulod tho idoa that the Rationale could bo Republicans on national issuos and Denoorats on local issuos* It was stated that no lily- whito party could boar tho nans Republican.** me planters who had been able to control tho votes of their Kegro laborers when they were Democrats deterainod to continue doing so in spite of tho color linepropaganda of their opponents. One St* Maty planter declared! "I shall vote every negro on our plantation even if it is necessary to kill white nan to do so. ® Re Republican congressmen were elected in 139%. Ihe Ring was too powerful in the Row Orleans wards of the first and second districts and Andrew Price spent thou- 13 sands of dollars to defeat Seattle in the third.

*° Raw Orleans Tlsns-Dsnoorat* October 21* 139%. 11 *»**., Rovehber 2, 3. %. 189%. 18 O ctober 1 ?, 189%. *3 warnoth to Chandler, Rovenber 9, 189%, Chandler P ap ers. 1 5 8 the Nationals aid net let this rebuff discourage the*, they began preparations for the state eaapalgn ef 1896 In 1895 by organising olube. m aim was to be a crusade against "Posterlen" and for fair eleetloos and an honest count. they s till elalaad te have no connections with th* Bsgulars.1* In Deoeeber, U9S the state eeatral eoanlttee of the Regulars net te prepare for the seeing campaign. The lifs itt fersea fought tha Kellogg crowd for supremacy. Varaoth wanted te nake overtures te th* Nationals with a view te asking eoaaon eaua* with then on the fair elections sad honest count issue. the Kellogg forces would have nothing to do with lilywhlt* Republicans. th* showdown between the factions was postponed until the nesting ef th* state convention in January, 1896. the Nationals held their Ulywhlte nonlnatlng con vention on January 2, and naasd E. M. Pugh as their candi date for Oovemor, J. B. Oonnslly for secretary of strte, 16 and 1 . P. suthan for Attorasy-Oeaeral. they did not nan* say ether candidates because they hoped to reach an agree- ■ent with h e Populists and put out a fusion ticket. Such a

** thlbodaux sentinel. November S3, 30. 1895• 15 Ibid., December 88, 1895. 16 Ibid., January 11. 1896, Pally Picayune, January 5# 8 i 1 8 9 6 * 1 5 3 possibility had been discussed In August, 1 8 9 5 .17 The Populists held their convention in Alexandria on January 8 and refused to fuss with the Nationals with rush hooding tho ticket. Pugh was a whita supremacist hut against Pros silver. A separata Populist ticket headed by A. B. Booth was naMd.10 Political negotiations followed throughout the math of January and finally a ticket was drawn up on which both Nationals and Populists could agree* there were three Nationals and four Populists on it.1® the Fusion ticket was as follows t Oovemor j. H* Pharr National Republican Lt. Oovemor J. B. Sleinpeter populist See. of state J. V. McFarland Populist Auditor B. P. Karaoohan National Republican treasurer John Pickett Populist Atty. General l>. P. Suthon National Republics S u p t. o f Bdue. Q. A. M* Oook P o p u list The Regular Republican convention swt on January 29. Xt was the replica of every Republican convention of tha past twenty yearst the su m old faces* the asm old quarrels.®® Kellogg wanted te put out a separate ticket*

1 7 Lucia K. Oanlel, "She Louisiana People's Party. #** Louisiana H istorical Quarterly, XXVI (19*3)* 1099* 10 Xbld. . n o i l Pally Picayune* January 9* 10, 1 8 9 6 . 1® Daniel, "The Louisiana people's Party,” loa. c it.. 1102. 2 0 Tblbodaux Sentinel, February 8 , 18961 Pally Pic ayune* January 30* I 0 9 0 . 1 5 4 Wamoth wanted to endorse the Fusion ticket and back tbs lilyw hites. Wamoth'a position waa approved by sons of the important national loaders, in reporting what trans pired in tho convention to Chandler* Wamoth wrote: The work wo began last August When you and Senator Platt and others consented to an inter view with Messrs. Recall and others has born /fro7 good fru it.81 Dw Regular convention did endorse the Fusion ticket after 22 a hard fight. Wamoth reported that Kellogg had cone to L ouisiana w ith a l o t o f money and had conspired w ith A. H. Leonard* Thomas A. Cage and the Democrats to buy up the convention to prevent the fusion. This had been pre vented* but Kellogg and Leonard were elected chief dele gates to the Republican national convention and cage was th e new o h aim an o f th e s ta te c e n tra l c o m m ittee.^ Wermoth promised Chandler to bring evidence of Kellogg's nefarious deeds before the St. Louis convention in order to rid Louis iana of"this predatory scoundrel, Who never comes to the state except to demoralise and debauch the political or ganisation which those ef us who live here have tried so hard to maintain."2^

8 1 Warnoth to Chandler* February 4* 1 8 9 6 , Chandler P ap ers. 2 2 P*41y Picayune. January 31* 1 8 9 6 . 23 wamoth to Chandler* February 4* 1396, Chandler P apers. I b id . the Shibodaux Sant Inal wondered who Would rule in this trip artite fusion of such diverse elements Whose only unifying foroe waa the desire to beet the Democrats. According to the Sentinel the Populists favored a "paternal ism of the most pronounced type*” communism and free silver; the nationals mere white supremacists who hod no use for 1 the "nigger" except to vote; the Regulars vented to re peal the separate ear and antimiseegenation laws; and Pharr was a prohibitionist, if they won, "what an un palatable compound w ill then be pressed to the lips of sn afflicted people 1 ’,S~’ When Pharr accepted the nomination he had to address his letter of acceptance to three party chairmen. Be had to eoueh it in general terms in order not to offend. Bis position was explained by the Timea-Demooratt If Capt. Jharr could te ll the Populists that he favored the Ooala Demands, that he b e lie v e d th e ra ilro a d s should be owned by th e State and all taxes placed on the richest class es he could sweep the Populist parishes north ef Bed River. . . . Any remarks about saddling taxation on the wealthy would antagonise the Rationale, wnlle the Republicans would be in dignant over attacks on the corporations and monopolies which they created and fostered. If he could te ll. • .the Nationals, that he believed in the restoration of the sugar bounty, and that he did not think the Negroes ought to be allowed to hold any offices or positions of trust in the state, and that the

ohlbodsux Sentinel. February 8, 1896. 1 5 6 control of the RepubHoan party should be handed ever to the planters* it would swell hie vote in the Sugar district but ruin his in North Louisiana and the Negro parishes. It la the same with the regular Republicans. Be does not te ll then that he believes that the separate oar anti- aisoegenatlon lows outfit to be repealed and that the Negroes should have a large share of the offloes* What would please the regulars would lose hia every white vote in the state.*» Pharr did have a platforn with two planks on which his three-headed support eould agree. One plank sailed for a fair emotion and an honest count sad the other called for the defeat of the suffrage amendment to the constitution.2? the legislature had added to the usual age and residence qualifications * educational and property requirements for voting in the state. The Fusionists were against it because it would not only dis franchise Negroes but many whites as w ell.2® Throughout the state campaign* the Regulars and the Nationals maintained separate identities. Each had its campaign committee, and its corps of speakers to stump the state for Pharr. The National campaign committee had

New Orleans Tlmcs-Democrat * February 7* 1096. 2? Tfalbodaux sentinel* February 2 9* 1396* 2® Daniel* "The Louisiana Peoples Party#" lac* Qlt.i 1 1 0 5| w. W. Dus on to lharr# October 27* I 8 9 6 # Jharf Papers# Louisiana state university Archives] Times-Democrat# October 8# 16* 1896. ------1 57 no Negro In January, anti-Ring Democrats in Raw Orleans or ganised the Citizen's League. It nominated candidates for the city offloes and legislative seats. 'She Rationale sup ported the League candidates and the Regulars were allied with the Ring . 3 0 The Democratic press made fun of the Puslonlsts* hat the practical politicians of the Deaoeratle party realized that they were faced with the aost formidable threat to their control of the state since 1 8 7 6 . two wings of tha Puslem represented f eraer Deaoeratle votes now lost to the party. To ensure the election of Poster* they had to aake sure every election oosamissloner and poll official In the HOgro parishes was a trusted Democrat be cause the Rsgro vote would have to replace the lost white votes.31 The party was also prepared to buy votes. She Ring opened up a special office In Raw Orleans to purchase Icgro votes at $1 2 .5 0 per man.^® Because it was so un popular with the mass of the voters* the Democrats abandoned their support ef the suffrage amendment which was thus

P » lly Picayune* March 12* 19* 1 8 9 6 . 3 0 APrt-1 «# 16# 1896. 31 Raw York Tribune. March 15# 1 8 9 6 . 32 DaH y Picayune. A p ril 1 7 * I 8 9 6 . 1 9 8 d e fe a te d M a n the election.33 DM decision of * Denearatie faction to vote tho Hegroes ceased on explosive situation la st. landry. this faction Ins is tod that tho colored won ho allowed te register. DM opposing faotloa prepared te resist euoh a move by force of arao. Opelousas becaae on armed camp of the pro-Kegro faotloa aad a haven for the rural Hegroes. Oovemor foster sent state troops to tho parish to Maintain the pease.^ Mot a ll Denoorats wanted te abandon the suffrage aasndaent. Its proponents hoped Its passage would ellnlnate the "revolutionary" Methods used in the past to win elec tio n s . Dm Tensas Oasctto aehedi "Are non to pass their lives in a state of seni-warfare?a*5

~~33 Ibid.. April 17, 21, 1996. 3* Itid.. April 5 , 6 , 1896. 35 ibid., April 1, 1 8 9 6 , quoting Tensas Oasettc. 15 9 jesting natter.38~~

The yusionlsts w n opposed to the suffrage anend- aent but that did not aeon that they were all pro-Negro, the Populists were against it because it would disfranchise ■any of their followers, the National's attitude was expressed by ifcarr in hia esapaign speeches aade at segre gated political nestings, the Negroes were a clinging vine on the oak of the white race* the colored nan Should ioek to the white nan for guidance in all natters. Pharr's ad v ic e was: Don't nab* any fight with a white nan. but go to law for your rights. . . .Acquire property and be respected, and the white awn w ill see that you are not inposed on and run out of the country. Mhat you want is to earn issuer and educate your children, and not take part in politics. If the white wen allowed the Negroes to vote, they should go to the polls but if the prevailing sentiawnt was against it. they should stay at hone.3* S lection day passed without serious disturbance in the state. Sons 500 Negroes voted in Opelousas without in cident. Two swn were killed in Tangipahoa.38 it was in

3 6 J £ £ £ * 37 Ibid.. April 7 . 11, 1896* Ihibodaux sentinel, March 14, 1B5S7 3 8 Qelly JPiparunc, April 22, 1 8 9 6 * 1 6 0 connection wltte the counting oaf th* vot* that serious trouble arose la two different parts of the state. St. John the Baptist Parish was the only parish wtelete had n o t com pletely suppressed i t s Hegre and R epubli can eleasnts in loeal affairs, the Bemoorats determined to aeoMvllsh this in the election ef I 8 9 6 . Paced with this determination, Henry Denes, the black boss of th* pariah, tried to prevent a complete eouat ef the vote by seising the ballot box of the second ward. He gathered his fellow blooks at his house, armed then, and prepared to withstand any attacks by the whites, the whites laid siege to h e Hegroea and called on the G overnor to send state troops, the Louisiana field artillery dispersed the Hegroes and Bene* fled the parish. St. John was "redeemed."^ the Populists of Hatohitoohcs parish assisted by party weahers from Winn and Grant parishes were in m s against the Bemocratlc cemtissieoers tho refused to count all the Populist votes cast. Prior te the election, the whites in the parish had agreed that no Hegroes would be allowed to vote, the Benocrats claimed that the Populists had broken the agreement and voted Hegroes In the Grapp * s Bluff precinct of ward three. It was these votes the com missioners wanted to reject, state troops were sent to

~~39 SSA*» AP '11 23, 85, 1896. 3161 Matehiteehes te maintain order, the parish went~~

The election revealed that when the whites were divided the Negro vote became a valuable commodity even f o r D em ocrats. The Picayune remarked on th la phenomenon* now that the Hegroes ef Louisiana have ease te realise that the days of Deaoeratle bulldosing have entirely passed away, and that the Demo- orate have beeeae tide Negro's best customers, it ia easy to see that the Hegroes are not only be> coming a great political power bat are disorgan ising the Democratic party. She gams now is to seeure a noaination « the Deaoeratle ticket for the important local offices, and then abandon the balance of the ticket and the prinolplea of the party on the condition of seeuring the black v o te . /■ A fte r th e re tu rn s were ia i t .was seen th a t th e O itisea's League had won a clear victory in Hew Orleans* The Fusionists earrled 26 parishes* There were to be four Republicans in the state senate sad nine in the hoase. fester claimed 116.216 votes te lharr'a 90.138.*2 A study of the returns revealed that Pharr had carried the white parishes north of Red River and that Foster's Majorities were in the black parishes which had heretofore been in the

~~Republican column.*3 the conclusion was obvious to the~~

*° Ibid.. April 28, 1896. *X ISM** A pril a*# 1896. ** See Appendix C. A3 Daniel, "The Louisiana People's Party," loo, o lt., llllj Appendix D. 1 6 2 Fuslonlsts. the peneerats had stuffed the ballot boxes and stolen the negro votes* they planned to contest the eleotlen and got the state legislature to go behind the returns, the Fusionists expected the Citizen's league

legislators* uho held the balance o f power la the legis lature* to set with then ia this novo alaee the league waa a body dedicated to ref ora and p u r e elections. Henry Recall* the "Warwick ef the sugar teats*” declared that

Once upon a tine there was seaa Justifica tion in this nethod of counting out a eoancn enengr* b u t new. . .a c r e than one half* two thirds of the white votes of the state have been e a s t f o r P h a r r .

* f a i r count would shew that lharr had a dear M ajority of 6000 white votes over Poster. the league leaders sought to eoaproulse the issue

~~before the M e e t in g o f the legislature, they preposed that Foster's election not be challenged and in return the ad* aiaistration would agree to call a constitutional convention~~

~~to revise the suffrage Q ualifications, tha legislature would enact a new election lew providing for the Australian ballot. Another state election would be held ia two years under th e new law .~~

~~44 P a ll r Picayune. Hay 1* I 8 9 6 .~~

~~4 5 B > 1 0 .~~

46 * * • * * ' 1896 * 1 63 Th* Pusloniat* agreed te accept the propositions but m «r»M th* right te ash* a formal protest te the legislature on th* frauds perpetrated in the election. Pharr later admitted that he had aeeepted the terns beeaus* of the proais* te elinlnat* the gegro vote.*? ^h« Posterites delayed accepting the terse until the night before the legislature «*» te proclaim th* results ef th* election. Meanwhile, the capital was in a state ef great excitement. All the legislators carried pistols. On* gun was accidently discharged in the corridor ef th* state Bene* and immediately the whole place was bristling with drawn guns and knives* Th* atmosphere eleared When it waa ansonaeed that Pester had aeeepted th* league compromise with the exception of the part calling for another election ia two years* When the legislature met on May It# the Fuslonlsts presented * long report on the frauds ef the election of 1^96. They pointed out that in many parishes the number of yetes returned exceeded the number of registered voters, pay charged that 35,000 votes claimed by the Democrats yere fraudulent. The election* committee presented a majority and a minority report. Th* former declared that th*

47 May 81, 1896. 48 P>1*.» "by 14, 1896. m legislature had 0 0 power to go behind the returns and that on tha faoo of tha returns Pester was aloe tad. the minority report recommended going behind tha rotum a. ihe legislature voted on tha minority roport. It waa rejected by a vote of 86 to 43. seventeen league aan votad with tha Democrats and aight with tho Pusiomlata thus ended erne of tha m at algalfleant elections la Louisiana political h la to r y . Just aa In every presidential election year alnoo 1879* the aoeelualon of tha state election did not man any respite froa polities for the people of the atom* The national party conventions net in June followed by the cam paign and the election In November. The Nationals wore not represented, except Indirect ly by Warmth, at tha St. Louis Republican convention, fho majority of the delegation was for McKinley.J. Med la on Tones, a Negro delegate, made one ef the speeches to second McKinley's nomination.^ the gold plank of tho platform waa unanimously approved by the Louisiana mm. Augustus I. Wimberly, a former collector of internal revenue, was

* 9 $634*» 15, 1 8 9 6 . 5° official Proceedings of the Eleventh Republican

51 D>ld., 120. 52 Ibid., 91. 1 65 b u m national coanitteenan. Although thoy had had no part in hie noalnation, MeKinley waa thoroughly acceptable to tho Rationale. Ho waa alao acceptable to may conservative peuoerats in tha atato Mia could not swallow Sayan and tha free silver h e ro a y . The R a tio n a la hoped th e se sound money S enceratg would help then earry the state for McKinley, and aono indicated their willingness to do so* R. N. tfalasley, New Orleans eotton factor, wrote Pharr* . . . I son safely say that there la a strong continent growing with our host people la favor of Mesinlay and tho Republican party. Speaking for oyself I would say X have always boon a Deamerat and a* s till, out, X do net favor the Chicago neulnees nor platform.5-3 Another eerrospondont ef Pharr, J. V. Castles, president of the Hibernia National Bank, etatedi Among tho business people of the eity of New Orleans there is already a strong and de cided opinion to vote for McKinley, without reference to polities, and X soot very few business asn who do not intend to take this course, who hare always boon staunch Demo crats before. “ The Nationals named an all-white electoral ticket and nominated candidates for Congress in the first, second, and third districts. The Regulars bad a Negro on their electoral tletcet and congressional candidates in the first.

53 p. M. Valmsley to J. N. Pharr, August 22, 1896, Pharr Papers. 5* j, w. Castles to Pharr, August 22, 1896, Pharr Papers. 1 6 6 second, third, and fourth districts. The iopullsts were fused with the Democrats. In J u ly , 1 8 9 6 the state legislature had passed the new election law which provided for the Australian ballot. The new law was to apply for the first time in the presi dential election. The state Board of Canvassers was charged with preparing the official ballot. It reeognlsed the Regulars as the Republican party In the state by In cluding their electors under the party designation and by assigning then the task of naming Republican poll commis sioners. The Rational electors were put on the ballot but as nominees of a nominating body not a regularly con stituted party. They were allowed no pell commissioners. Two sets of electors would confuse the Republican voters aad cause than to spoil the ballot which would then be thrown out.'" Paced with this situation, negotiations were begun between the two factions with a view to having one electoral ticket and one set of candidates for Congress which all Re publicans could support. The major stumbling block was that the nationals did not want any Negroes on the electoral ticket. They could not ask other white man to vote for co lo red electors.the Regulars Insisted that the Negro

33 new Orleans Tlmss-Pcmoorat. Ootober 11, 1398. 5 6 IM4»» Ootober 8, 1 8 9 6 . 167 elector on their ticket be retained. Mark Banna, who J dispensed the canpalgn funds of the national committee, supported their view .®7 tflaberly, the national eoanlttse- aw end leader of the Regulars, wee informed while on « v isit to McKinley in Canton that no funds would be sent to Louisiana until the factions united on a single elec toral ticket would Inelude negroes .^ 0 On Ootober 1 5 * the nationals capitulated and accepted the Regular elec toral ticket. In return, their congressional candidates, A. Remain, j. Legendre, and Beattie were assured united party backing.^ The Thlbodaux sentinel sympathised with the nation als in their hunillation and pointed out that if they re turned to the Dome ratio fold they would net have to vote for a negro .**0 The Rationale' attempt to hold themselves aloof from the "Hegro wing" of the party had been unsuccess ful. Circumstances and expediency had forced then to bo sons identified with the "black and tans." Although the sugar planters had agreed to withdraw their electors there were two sets of Republican electors

57 Marshall 3 . aasquot to Pharr, September 1 0 , I8 9 S, Pharr Papers. 5® lfew Orleans Tlmes-Deaocrat, October 11, 1396. 59 ibid.. October 1 7 , 1 8 9 6 . 6 0 Thlbodaux sentinel. Ootober St, 1096. 1 6 8 on the official ballot on election day* On October 16* the Republican leaders hired a special train to take them from Hew Orleans to Baton Rouge to get the National electors re moved from the ballot, secretary of state JohnM ichel in formed them that the deadline for making changes in the ballot was on October 9 and he could not honor their re quest. The leaders were crestfallen at this development but took the secretary's refusal good naturedly because 61 he had dene it with such "ease and grace." The Repub licans issued an address to the public explaining the situation and hoped the voters would not be confused by the double set of electors. The Republicans' main appeal for votes was that McKinley would restore the high ta r iff on sugar and per haps the bounty. The Democrats pointed out that McKinley favored reciprocity tariffs and that meant free sugar to the Republican nominee.62 On the question of free silver* there were defec tions in the ranks of both parties. The "Sound Money" or "Sold Bug" Democrats had no connection with the Republi cans after the National capitulation to the "black and

61 New Orleans Tlwes-Pemocrat > Ootober 1 7 * 1 8 9 6 . 6 2 Thlbodaux Sentinel. Ootober 22* I 8 9 6 . 1 6 9 tans." There were aoM "free silver'- Republicans Who net only voted but campaigned for Bryan and Sowall.®3 Bryan oarrled the state. The Republicans earned 64 only five parlahes for McKinley. The Rationale had been absorbed by the Regulars but with a Republican national adalnlstratloa in paver again, they began to challenge the eiain of the old leaders to the patronage and party dosrt nance.

~~63 Hew Orleans Thaes-Deaoorat, Ootober 21, 1 8 9 6 6* See Appendix R. CHAPTER V II~~

~~?&imm op isb uumvrns~~

Za surveying tin political scene after the presi- teotlal election of 1 8 9 6 * th e ib ibodtia Sentinel had this to say about the Republicanas Captain Wimberly eagre Louisiana Republi can* are net after office*! the lily whites are said to be not la It* a little bltj Or. Say the has heard* away off In Ireland* of McKinley's election and la hastening hone on l^ortant legal business} Penas is eayli« nothing but doing a heap of thinking} Cage Is somewhere loose; Herwlg has his red ready for the lightening to strike it and land his in seas fat office} Leonard is trussing his sails} Eero is surveying the field} and on the outer edge of the magic c ir c le are ranging themselves a multitude or lesser lights wait ing for some signal to move and a ll this por tends preparation for a fierce scramble and a nighty struggle for office. The mighty struggle for efflee dido c c u r and resolved it s e lf Into a contest between the WlmbeMy-Penae combine and the Kellogg-Waraeth-sugar planter alliance, the latter grouping was one of convenience to fight Wimberlywho seemed to have the confidence of the McKinley administration much to the disgust of the old guard. Augustus T. Wimberly was named national committeeman

~~1 Thlbodaux sen tin el. November 21, 1 8 9 6 .~~

170 vri fron Louisiana by the St. Louis convention and, et the tin*, the Scalar* bad believed bln to bo tbolr willing to o l . Bat in tbo course of tbo caapelgn of 1 8 9 6 bo had visited McKinley and Sanaa and bad aaaaatd tbo leadership with their blessings. fhe old leadero looked upon bin as an outsider, a newaoner, and a usurper. He bad eon* to Louisiana fn a Mississippi in 1 8 9 0 to bo collector of Internal Revenue and had used the patronage of his o ff le e to build up Hogro support, tbo lllywhltes did not like bis because bo catered to the negroes* Winberly wanted to be naaed Collector of the Port. Donas and V alter Cohan, bis two Hogro henchmen wanted to be Haval Of fleer and Surveyor, respectively, the adain- istration was deluged vltb cerreapondenee tram th e o ld Republicans and the sugar planters opposing the recognition of Winberly as head of the party in Louisiana. Wlnberly's enesd.es elaiasd that be had no soelal standing in tbs eeaaminlty and was without visible mans of support. His accounts as Collector of Internal Revenue bad shown a shortage and Harrison bad dismissed bin for cause. He bad conspired with the Democrats to throw the election of 1 8 9 6 . His faction had been the recognised party

~~2 A. H. Leonard to President (McKinley), April 9$ 1 8 9 7 , 0R«>, Collector's Applications. *4 m Si s o i «4 4» 01 a f m 1 3 I i a si s ! 4* &9 g 9~~

i 11 a? i i a & r>i 4*

=*2 0 2 * il IsS 1 3 a 9 il l I *

8 i lA *H 3 ♦> *o 4> tf m o * e «> 3 S k & 1 $ I i < 17 3 la kind* Warnoth had had three mistresses. la was re sponsible for the death of the child of ana of his .para- ■oars. The lottery company bad paid Wermoth to sign tha lottery charter b ill. Ha bad also gottan tba tottery to Invest $400,000 In a railroad from Haw Orleans to tba Wer- aeth plantation in Kallagg's w latrass, Nlnnla Wallace, bad polsonad bar husband In Emporia, Kansas, before aba aat xallagg. Tba ex-governor toeb bar with bln to Europe, Cbleaga and Washington, she was known a ll over tba country as Kellogg's wonan. During tba Kellogg adaUsiatratlaa $800,000 la

M l falsa warrants ware Issued.' laonard was a White leaguer who lived in open dis- graoe with a eelorad prostltuta. W. J. Sehan was connected with tbs Whiskey steal* Tin lilywhltes were net only trying to prevent Vlaberly's nomination but ware also endeavouring to get the McKinley administration to give them the patronage, they

® A. T. Wimberly to secretary of the Treasury (G age), June 1, 1897, QRTD, Collector's Applications. These charges and counter ohaxges ware a ll supported by swam affidavits of the political friends of those accused. Those accusations of a personal nature ware exaggerated or distorted for political affect.

7 1 MM*

8 J * M * lTfc wanted to displace the old party leadership.^ Walter jr. Suthon pointed oat that the Australian ballot had dis franchised 5 0 per oent of the eolored adult Male population and the only hope for Republican success in the future rested upon the "aoeeaaion to the party of white men, both for leadership and numerical strength." More white men would join the party if the President appointed men like 1 0 Suthon to the federal positions of the state. Wimberly had an advantage over the other Louisiana 1 1 leaders. He was supported by Hanna. Eventually, HeKinley sent the names of Wimberly, Demas, and Cohen to the senate for confirmation. Wimberly was confirmed but Pomas and Cohen were not . 1 2 In July, 1896, the legislature had passed a law which required that the question of holding a constitutional convention be submitted to the people In 1398 and at the same time delegates to the convention would be chosen, the

® b * S. Comay to President (HeKinley), June @3, I 8 9 7 , 08XD, H in t A p p lic a tio n s, j . 8 . Verdun to lyaan J. sage, O ctober 7 , I 8 9 7 , QRTD, Hint Applications. Walter J. Suthon to William HeKinley, July 16, 1897, GRTD, Surveyor's Applications. 1 1 Mark Hanna to Attorney oeneral (McKenna) SRJD, Ap pointments, Louisiana (undated note); Hanna to dago, April 1, 1897, SEED, Collector's Applications. 12 new York T rib u n e. Ju ly 81, 1 8 9 8 . 1 75 convention was given the power to fvmrn and adopt, without eubnleslon to tbo people, a now constitution* *3 there * • » to be 1 3 4 delegatee, 3 6 of tboa want to bo delegates at large nominated by atato oonvantions of tbo parties. tbo remainder of the nomination* wore to bo nude by the m parish and district oonvantions.” the Republicans wars so disorganised baeauso of tbo patronage fight that they wore unable to bold tbo necessary oonvantions to nabs neafnstions. However, tbo state executive eosnittoo naned in 1 8 9 6 net in Decoaber, 1 8 9 7 to nenlnate tba 3 6 delegates at large to which the party was entitled* Visberly and Panes controlled tba ■eating and expelled Rellogg-W&raoth nan.-* tbo lilywhitea were not represented « the state eosuittee beeause it bad boon foraed wbsn they ware s till nationals, the eomittee put out a platforn for its nonlnees to oanpaign on* tbo main planks worst opposition to the convention which everyone knew was to eliminate the Negro votei nere schools; reduc tion of the Louisiana congressional representation! poll tax; liaitation of iw lgretion; pensions for veterans; and honest

*3 Daniel, "The Louisiana People's Party," loo* e lt., 1120. ** O ailr Picayune. November 30, 1397* Ibid*, December 2, 1397* 1 I 15£ I J&H ?

~~1 . 3 I § H 8 9 8 I i S s s r«S € s I i 11 6 s £ ii i £ h - * i 1 g I I? s i s & q I fli fif I Pally Plcayuna, January 13, X § 2n Hjrj rt 9 2 H OS S !2~~

21 Ibid** January 2 0 , 1898* 2 2 Article 197, Louisiana ^tate constitution, I898. 23 New York Tribune* March 12 , 1898* 2* William A* Mabry, "Louisiana. P olitics and the xiii’Grandfather (1936} * 302,Clause*", Thwmsrwr^mrnT North Carolina *w?H istorical mnxorrai Review, Social Background of tee Suffrage Changes of 1898 In Louis iana" (M* A# t e e s i a , L* s* U-, 1930), 69, Mm York Tribune* February 22, 1898* 1 7 8 The Picayune said it was "permeated with schemes of fac tional and Individual interests."25 Several parts of the document ware eemdeaned by the state prase.26 The legislature net on May 16 to deelare the new organic law in affaet. There was some talk that the assembly would reject it and call a new convention. However, It was fait that the people of the state could not stand the ex- cltenent of another convention and the war with Spain. A new registration was taken preparatory to the congressional elections of 1 8 9 8 . The figures revealed that 74,133 whites and only IS,90S negroes net the new gQ qualifications for votings Con eordla# at# James* St# John and Tons as s till had more HOgre registrants than white e2^ Since the whites were In ©©Mplete control of the political situation In those parishes the Jfegro majorities meant nothings The Wimberly faction supported candidates in the congressional districts * The antl~Custe« House crowd r e mained inactive * The Republican sugar planters in the

~~P***y Picayunea May 12$ 1898 * 26 Ibid., May 14, 1 8 9 8 . 2 7 I b id . . Kay 1 7 , I 8 9 8 . 2® See Appendix A. 29 See Appendix B. 1 79 third d istrict supported the Democratic candidate instead~~

•f tba Wimberly s u m . 30 ^ niywhltes mm biding their time until the 1 9OQ elections* By then the effects of the new suffrage qualifications would be apparent and the people ef Louisiana would "have an excellent opportunity to prove up the elneerlty of their oft-repeated deaim to secure good government."3* Mo one took any interest in the contest. Bight parishes voted Hapubliean but the party elected no con- » g r t u m n .- ^ The Wimberly state convention of 1 9 0 0 consisted mainly of men who had been awarded federal positions by the collector of the Port.33 The Picayune reported the proceedings as being carried ora with "neatness and des patch# no oratory, points of order# or privileged ques tions." Although, the Wimberly faction was supposed to bo the Mogro wing of the party the ticket they nominated was a l l white* The candidate for Governor was E. S. Bo m s# a native of Franco but a resident of New Orleans since he was eight years old. F. 3. Earhart# the candidate

3° Thlbodaux Sentinel# November 12# 1 8 9 8 * 31 Pally Picayune. November 7# 1898. 3s Ibid.* November 9 * 1 6 9 8 . 33 mow York Tribune* A p ril 23# 1899. 1 8 0 for Lisutenant-Cevemor was a former united States D istrict Attorney. The nominee for Attorney-General was A. P. Banter a former anti-lottery Democrat. the candidate for state Treasurer was B. Bloomfield, a merchantj for Auditor, James Forsythe, a lawyerj and for Superintendent of Education, D. H. Dines a physicion.3* The platform favored sound money, Imperialism, a subsidized merchant marine, and McKinley's candidacy for President. It was opposed to the suffrage clauses of the constitution of 1898.35 The ant1-Custom Bouse faction held Its convention In Alexandria. It was a lilyvhlte meeting. A delegation of Kegroes from Bow Orleans were told they were not wel come. Domes made some overtures to the group but was re buffed.3® fhlllp Eerwlg was elected chairman of the con vention. They had a hard time finding a candidate to head the ticket but finally nominated 6. Taylor Cade, sheriff of Iberia Parish, who had been a Democrat up to 1896. Cade's brother had been superintendent of the Mint in Mew Orleans under Cleveland.3?

3* Dally Picayune. February 6, 1900. 35 ib id . 36 I » ld . 37 Ibid., February 7 , 1 9 0 0, Mew York Tribune, Feb ru a ry 7 , 19WJ1 —— — The Populists were holding their contention at the same tlee and place. negotiations were entered Into for a fusion hut the Populists would not accept Cade. Xn 1900 the Democrats were divided. An "Independent faction led by Son Caffery, Jr. had arisen to fight "Fosterlsm and the Ring" and W. It. Heard, the Foster naohine c a n d id a te . Both the antl-Custom House Republicans and the Populists reached an agreement with the Independent Demo crats and all three supported the following fusion ticketj Governor Don Caffery, Jr. Independent It. Governor D. M. Shelara independent See. of state 0. Taylor cade Republican Treasurer 0. A. Hass lager Republican Auditor 0. H. Deehotels Populist A ttorney G eneral W. G. Wyly Republican Supt. of Bduo. 0 . B. staples Populist The Winberly Republicans did not sake a vigorous campaign. the PusIoniats stumped the state attacking the stats political machine. They demanded an honest count and the elimination of the constitutional powers which allow ed the governor to control elections. These powers were no longer necessary since there was no longer any danger of Negro domination .* 1 Both the administration and the courts

Dally Picayune. February 18. 1900. ^ Ibid.. Kerch 2, 1 9 0 0. *° Ibid., March 6 , 19, 1 9 0 0. 41 Ibid., March 4, I 9OO. 1 8 2 recognized the wisherly faction as the "regular" Republi can party and let then name the pell oosaissioners to the chagrin and disadvantage of the Fusionists • The most exciting thing in the campaign was not the defection of some Democrats from the party but that Senator Donelson Caffery turned against his friend and neighbor Murphy J* F o ster to campaign fo r the fusion tick et* The Democrats accused him of being an Ingrate because Foster had lifted him from obscurity and made him a Senator.^ It rained on election day* The vote was very light —only 60 per cent of the registered voters went to the polls* Heard received 60,206 votes, Caffery 14,215, and Heems 2,449* neither Republican candidate carried a single parish and for the first time since 1668 there were no Re- 44 publicans of any faction or color In the state legislature* The Wimberly Republicans and the antl-Custom House Republicans both sent delegations to the national convention In Philadelphia. The anti-Wimberly delegation was seated because they had been more activ e than the Custom House In

42 2&M*» A p ril 6 , 8 , 1900. *3 Ib id . , March 3 1 , I 90O} Caffery, "The Political Career of Senator Donelson Caffery,” loo, o lt., 846-847. Xbid«» APr il 18* 1900 and Appendixes E, P. 18 3 the recent abate election and because Waraoth promised the eoadttM on credentials that If his faction was m a p in d as the party by tha convention two or three Republicans weald be sent to Congress from Louisiana In 1 9 0 0. im m v, Wimberly retained his position as Colleo- te r and national eeomdtteeman. The convention recognised Prone is B. Williams as chairman of the state central ttee.> 5 In Bme campaign of 1 9 0 0 for HeKinley and Roose velt, Wimberly let the lllywhltes ran the show. They nonlnated eendidatee in all congressional districts. They carried on a "clean and decent" campaign but were seriously handicapped by the main issue of imperialism. As Republicans they had to support the annexation of Hawaii, Puerto Rice and the Philippines. Yet these were all sugar- grewlng areas Which would come into direct competition with the Louisiana planters, the economic group most likely te be attracted to the party. It was also pointed out that no natter what the leadership of the Republican party was it would always be associated in the minds of Louisianians with reconstruction and radical rule and that would serve to keep i t down l a L o u is ia n a .^

*5 how O rleans Tlm es-Douoorat. August 18, 1900* Off i -

*6 Pally maarune, January 28, 1900; Hew Orleans Tlaea-Penoorat, October V. 1 9 0 0. <3 S 3 s f o-l© I t § *0 i§* SB© 1 I i *4 1 I© |£ © to 1 © <* I S i a a W 3 «k 1 1 2 o 2 © 2 i s s 0 4* H

Z a w Orlean# Ylmaa-Democrat> October 6# 1901* I © New ana 2* New Or T ln ea-P eao erat» February 3, 190X# ! 2 k 1 t** 2 ! | a I 3 *9 i s 3 S I I 2 iM j 1 8 5 Officer appointment was being considered. Under every Republican regime since I 8 7 6 , the position had been given to a negro* Roosevelt vented to maintain tin tradition but tbo state organisation endorsed a white man for the of flee* If the President Ignored the recommendation and appointed a Negro he would offend the organisation leaders and humil iate their candidate* and if he appointed a white man he would offend a ll Negro Republicans* Roosevelt got out of the predicament by having the secretary of the Treasury abolish the Naval Off ice position in New Orleans by trans ferring the duties to the Surveyor of the Port**’0 The planters and business man who had become Re publicans since 1894 were firmly entrenched in the posi tions of party leadership after 1 9 0 2. The carpetbagger and Negro elements were relegated to the background. The lllyvhltes and their successors have been granted the federal patronage In the state by every Republican admin istration since 1902. The completeness of their victory Is seen when one scans the names of the men on the Repub lican campaign committee for the state election of 1 90t*

5 ° j. H. Holland to Theodore Roosevelt* January 28, 1902* ORTD, Naval Office Applications} Roosevelt to Secre tary of the Treasury (Gage), February 1* 1902, ORTD* Naval Officer Applications. 1 8 6 The roster made like a planter and business directory of Louisianai P. B. Williams, V. E. Howell, L. H. Pugh, H. S. Suthon, FeaaaWight, Jules Oodchaux, Henry McCall, Rufus E. Poster, Jules Dreyfus, John A, tfogaa, Charles P. Boagnl, C. C. Dusoa and B. A, P h a r r .5* the old familiar names of Kellogg, warmoth, Leonard, Herwlg, and Deaas are absent. The latter-day Louisiana Republicans have main ta in e d a skeleton party organisation of leaders who have participated In national conventions and garnered the federal spoils. They have offered only token resistance to the Desecrate because they held the sane views on state Issues as the conservative leadership of the Democracy. The triumph of the lllywhites Bade the Republican party of Louisiana respectable—but Impotent.

~~51 Letterhead of the Republican state Campaign Committee for 190t, In Pharr Papers.~~

~~KAWJSCRim~~

J . P. B N te tad Fsa lly Papers, Louisiana State university A nhlnti Baton Rougi. M illion E. Chandler Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress. Saloon p. Chase Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of C ongress. John R. Fieklen Papers, Louisiana State University Archives, Baton Rouge* Benjaaln Harrison Papers,, Manuscripts Division, Library o f C ongress. Rutherford B. Hayes Papers (M lerafllB), Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress* Andrew Johnson Papers,ManuseMpt* Division, Library of Congress. Abrahaa Llnoola Papers, Nanusorlpts Division, Library of C ongress. Wllllaa Porcher Miles Oolleetlon, southern H istorical Collec tion, University of North Carolina, Chapel H ill. j r . B. Pharr and Faally Papers, Louisiana State university Archives, Baton Rouge. John Shem an papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress. Henry C. Waraoth Collection, Southern H istorical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel H ill. National Archives of the United States Record Croup 56t Oeneral Records of the Dapartasnt of the Treasury, Applications for Federal Appointment. Record Croup 60i Oeneral Records of the Departasnt of Justioe, Appointment Papers, Louisiana. Record Croup 60t Oeneral Records of the Departnsnt of Justice, Source Chronological Files, P re s id e n t. 188 Record Croup 60i O tM rtl Records of tho Department of Justice, Source Chronological Files* Bast Louisiana. Record Group 60« General Records of the Department of Justice* Boor Pile.

~~PUBLISHED SOURCE~~

Rieolay* John Q. and Bay* John (eds.)* Complete Works of Abrohan Lincoln, Gettysburg RdltloSnBri5Sa7-TM r B erk, isW *

~~RBWSPAPERS~~

Deaaldaonvllle (la.) PonaldsonTlllc Chief. 1 8 7 6 - 1 8 7 8 . Row Orloans Dally Picayune* I 8 7 8 - 1 9OO. Row Orleans Democrat* 1377-1881* Row Orleans Tlnca-Penoorat* 1881-1901* Row Orleans Tribune. 1864-1866. Row Orleans Weekly Democrat* 1377-1831* Row Orleans Weekly Louisianian* 1876-1332* Row Orleans Weekly Pelican* 1836-1889* Row York Tribune* 1888-1900. Thlbodaux (la.) Sentinel* 1888-1900.

~~RSMIN LSCERCES~~

~~Dupre* G ilbert L. * Polltloal Reminiscences, 1876-1902* n .p * * n .d .~~

~~N o r d h o f f* Charles* The Cotton States I n the Spring and Sunwsr o f l8TCTTletf '!S r k *' ‘1HTC: * ------~~

~~Waraoth, Henry C.* war* fo litlos and Reconstruction* Stormy D a y s i n LoulslinS* IBSf H'ork,T©3trr ------189 PUBLIC DOCUMEKtS~~

Louisiana Houaa of Representatives Journals. 1 8 7 6 - 1 9 0 0. Loulalana Senate Journals. 1 8 7 6 - 1 9 0 0, Report of tha^aeorata^ of state to Hie Bawolloney w. W. T5QBSri*ew,We SL. "Beport of tba Salaet Conmittee on tba Haw Orleans Riots*" Boasa Reports* 39 Congress* 2 Session* Mo. 16* Wash- g m r . "Report of tba select Committee on Conditions of tba south*" ^ 0 ^ 0 Reports * ^43 Congress, a Session* V* Mo. 261,

"Report on Kleotlons in Louisiana*" senate Reports* 45 Congress* 3 Session* XT* No. 855, (/a&3fcgtan* 1 8 7 9 . "Report on tbo Louisiana Rieetion of 1 8 7 6 *" se n a te Reports* 4b Congress, a session* IV, 8 0 * 701* Washington*187Y.

~~C0MVEH7I0R fSOCEBDXNOS~~

O fficial Journal of tba Proceedings of tbo Constitutional CoSsontloh or ^tES^S tb tt^T w isanaT S5rTH«JSansrX8?9 Prooeadlngs of the convention of the Republican forty of guSTagg* to ir a ^ iiomT gn,' sfg^leariSTfgpleMber longsor^^rS anS^ ^ e ^ or^p ftM ^So^tgg „ central Executive Committee pjfTha Bip^lioSSlPlggy of X tSbuke,' n.p.* n.a. Proceedings of the Republican Rational Convention* Cbloago* (M N M » T w elfth Re National Q 'BS * » i s n *

~~SIBCXAI. WORKS~~

M isaisiaaa*

~~^^'york?* 1§§§*ss*r~~

KoOtoty, Qamle ¥.* A Htotorar of toutolaaa, New Iw k, 1949*

***** f&Sl SffiMi# JS && J a

~~Shugg* Reger V«* Qrtotoa of ClaaaS' :le to toutoiaaat A Seetel H totonrof 'White FareelS ...... H K riBW M lW .~~

~~Stoklna* Franeto B., ^ae South 014 and New, New Tork, 1948. Taeeeig#£**•»* & {«S£ ?«:*££ HlatoryOf the M lted Statoa* New Tent* 1914.~~

~~SPRCIAX. ARTICIES~~

~~Alwea* BertholdC.» "The Htotory of the Louisiana state tottery Coapaay^ Louisiana Htotartoal Quartorlr* XXVIX (1944),~~

~~Bone. Fanny z . Lovell, "Louisiana to the Dtoputed Election of 1 8 7 6 . Louisiana Htotorloal Quarterly* XIV (1931). 404- 440* &»g-^ snc.T w®&rrw ----- "~~

191 Caffery, Luclie Roy, "The Political career of s e n a to r Donelaon Caffery," Louisiana H istorical Quarterly, XXVI (19*3), 783-853: ------** --- * Daniel, Luola B ., "The Louisiana People's Party*" Louisiana H istorical Quarterly* XXVI (19*3), 1055-11*9. ------

Gross, Agnes Smith, The Pelltloal Career of Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchbeck," Louisiana H istorical Q u a rte rly , XXVII (19**), y & E X S Z ...... Highssith, William B ., "Sons Aspects ef Reconstruction In the Heart of Louisiana,” Journal of Southern History, M il (19*7), *60-*9l. “ **■ *■* * ------* Mabry, V lllian A ,, "Louisiana Politics and the 'Grandfather Clause,'" Barth Carolina H istorical Review, XIII (1936), 890-310, Perkins, A, B., "Sens Negro Officers and legislators In Louisiana," Journal of Negro History, XIV (1989), 583-588* Boaaro, Sidney J«, "the Political Career of Murphy Jaaes Poster," Louisians Historical Quarterly, XXVII, (19*5 ), H 29-1213I THESES

Leach, Marguerite T., "Aftemath ef Reconstruction in Louis ia n a , M.A. thesis, Louisiana State University, 1933, Lowery, Valter M,, "The Political Career of Janos Madison V eils," M.A. Thesis, Louisiana State University, 19*8. Penny, Janos S ., "The People's Party Press During the Louis iana Political Upheaval ef the Eighteen Nineties," M.A. Thesis, Louisiana State University, 19*2. Shields, Thoaas v ., "The Political and Social Background of the Suffrage Outages of I 8 9 8 In L o u isian a,1' M.A. Thesis, Louisiana state university, 1930• Singletary, Otis A ., "The Restoration of White Supremacy In Louisiana," M. A. Thesis, Louisiana state University, 19*9*

~~198 CYCLOPAEDIAS ARB DIRECTORIES~~

Johnson, Allan end IU« m « Dunas (ed*)« Dictionary of Aaorlcan Biography, 22 vols. Mow YorK, 1'94'fc. Board*a Mow Qrloona City Directory. Bow orlean*, 1875-1935* Wilson, Janos 0. and Plaice, John (eds.), Appleton's Cyolo- paodla ofAncrloan Biography, 7 vols. (Waw York, IBoo-Tljfw) #

~~MISCELLANEOUS~~

Blegraphloal and Historical Renoirs of Louisiana, 2 vols. — — ------collana, I, Mharton (Reporter), fu ll Proceedings of do tria l <£ ThonasC. AadaraopTW T M H Srilffil * ----- Laurent, Aubln P ., "A History ef St. John the Baptist Pariah," typescript oopy of original nanuaorlptIn Louisiana Roan, B ill Manorial Library, Louisiana State University,

~~BACKOROOHD MATERIAL ON LOUISIANA RECONSTRUCTION, NATIONAL POLITICS, AMD SOUTHER! POLITICS~~

Caldwell, Robert a . , Janes A. Garfield, Party Chieftain, MOW York, 1931* Eokenrode, Hamilton J ., Rutherford B. Hayes, stateenan of Reunion. Maw York, 1930. Pleklen, John R., History of Reconstruction In Louisiana, Through 1 8 6 8 ,"gaTgI»oTg.~T9Itn ------Oonzales, John E., "w illlsa P itt Kellogg, Reconstruction Governor of Louisiana, 1873-1877, Louisiana H istorical quarterly, XXIX (1946), 394-495. H arris, Prances Byers, "Henry Clay Warmoth, Reconstruction Governor of Louisiana," Louisiana H istorical Quarterly, XXX (194?), 523-653* *------“ ------193 Haworth,^Paul X*. Yho Hsyos-Tlldcn Elect!on, Indianapolis,

HesseItlne, Million B., Ulysses s . Qrant, Politician. Mow Y ork. 1 9 3 5. '... ~ --- "r":" ' 1 \ x 1 Kay, V. 0 .. Southern Politico In State and Motion. Mow Y ork, ------“ ------Lswlnaon, Paul. Mooo. Class and Partyt A History of Negro Suffrage anTm iym im Bn5^ ~ s ^ .1k>M «^r^^ McOinty, Sarnie V .. Louisiana Eodeensdi Hit Overthrow of Carpetbag• Rule. ~ ■»"'1 a«inut—li'n 8 7 0 - 11W11 0 0 0 . '<■■■» Mow arioaBs, "Hawn «„ , m1941. ni w .uinwnitM»<««liMi sw * w w Hussey, David S .. Janos 8 . Blaine. A Political Mol of Other Days. How York. 193?. *“ Qberholtser, E llis P.. A History of the United States Since the Civil War. 4 vela7*S™ ^7^9TFX ^l“ ------Shades, Janos Ford. History of the United states from the Conpronlse of 1850 to tEe EH? of tke Hodseveit AdSIn- lia'trAtTdn.' TvolsT ia rr5 ririW r~ ------Richardson. Loon B.. w illlsa E. Chandler. Politician. New York, 1940. ' “ ------W llllans, T. Harry, "An Analysis of Soon Reconstruction A ttitudes," Journal of southern History, XIX (1946), 469-486•

~~194~~

~~APPENDIX A~~

Louisiana Registration 1878-1900*

~~TSAR wHrns NE0R0~~

~~W 9 1 5 1878 77,3*1 78,183") 1880 85**51 88,02* ' 1886 111*791 110,4*5 , \'i> ' 125**0? 128,150 H1888 1897 164,088 130,3** 1898 ' 7**133 1 2 , 9 0 3 , ^ 1 9 0 0 185**37 5*38®~~

~~* Registration statistics Pound in Report of the Secretary of State ^>T^tEy State o rTO ^IahaTllgsnNagon Rou^T mIgoSJTm m '" n tm , »«»—*■ Smim wm an im i mm mum— ..... n>nim t uum* n *~~

~~196 CADDO VB0SSIER £ WEBSTER CLAIBORNE~~

~~w i s r CARROL I CRAM'S f AST ARROI. 8%x 11 Outline Map LOUISIANA SCALE JACKSON U-'L.- W 3P. *0 MILl5~~

~~COPYRIGHT CALDWELL THE GEORGE F CRAM COMPANY RED RIV ER INDIANAPOLIS □♦SOTO TENSAS~~

~~NATCHITOCHES CATAHOULA SABINE rarislr es having more N GRANT ^gistrants than v~~

~~CONCOROIA~~

~~RAPIDES VERNON~~

~~AVOYELLES~~

~~WEST FELICIANA) EAST WASHINGTON ' FELICIANA HELENA POINTE COUPEE~~

~~TANGIPAHOA~~

~~ATON ROUGErt|V|NQSTON SAINT TAMMANY~~

~~IOERVILL ACADIA sWT-'UiT—I'iH H!)W9 WMy iyJIIU'I WMy H!)W9 sWT-'UiT—I'iH SAINT MARTIN ASCENSION~~

~~LAFAYETTE SAINT JOHN THE BAPTIST SAINT JAM VERMILION ORLEANS CAMERON IBERIA ASSUMPTION SAINT CHARLES SAINT BERNAR SAINT LaFOURCHE SAINT MARYl MARTIN~~

~~PLAQUEMINES~~

~~TERREBONNE~~

92 91 Longitude West of Greenwich APPENDIX B Parishes Reporting a Majority of Negro Registrant* 1 8 7 8 - 1900*

P arish 1878 1880 1886 1 8 8 8 1 8 9 8 Aseenslon X X X X X Assumption X X XX Avoyelles X B ossier X X X X Caddo XX X X Claiborne X Concordia X XX X X DeSoto XXX £ • Baton Rouge X XX XX R* C arro ll X XX X X E« Peliolana X X X X X F ranklin X X X Ib e ria X X X X Ib e rv ille X X X X X Jefferso n XX XX Madison X X X X X Morehouse X X X XX Natchitoches X X XX 15 Ward N. 0* XX 16 Ward M* 0. X XX X Ouachita X XXX X Plaquemines X XX X Pt* Coupee X X X X X Rapides X X X Red River X X X XX Richland X X X X X 8t« Bernard X X X X X St* Charles X X X XX St* Jam es XX X X X St* John X XXX X St* M artin XX X X St* Mary X X XXX Tensas X X X X X Terrebonne XX X X Webster X X X W* Baton Rouge X x X X X W* F elician a XX X X X x—Tear Negro reglatrants were in a majority* • Registration statistic** found in Report of the Secre of the state of Louisiana* 1896** l

~~iy8 APPENDIX C~~

~~Comparative Vote for Governor* I 8 7 6 -I 9OO~~

~~TEAR DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATES VOTES REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES VOTES~~

1876 Francis T. Nloholla 84,487 Stephen B. Packard 76,477 1879 Louis A. Wilts 74,098 Taylor Beattie 42,555 188* Samuel D. McEnery 88,794 John A. Stevenson 43,502 1888 Francis T. Nieholls 136,746 Henry C. Warnoth 51,993 1892 Murphy J . F oster 79,388 Albert H. Leonard 29,459 Samuel D. MoEnery John S. Breaux 47,037 f 12,359 1896 Murphy J . F o ster 116,216 John N. Pharr 90,138 1900 William w. Heard 60,206 Eugene S. Reams 2,449 DoneIson Caffery, Jr. 14,215

~~• Election Returns found In the Report of Hie secretary of State of the State of Louisiana. l90?'fli[toFHouge .TflWTTSCT-^BSrr~~

~~199 REPUBLICAN PARISHES—1876-1896~~

COPYRIGHT INOIANAPOLIS CRAM’S LOUISIANA 8%x 11 11 Outline8%x Map THE GEORGE F CRAM COMPANY SAINTV vBERNARI PLAQUEMINES ^ORLEANS SAINT TAMMANY WASHINGTON CHARLES [SAINT TANGIPAHOA /SAINT JOHN fTHE BAPTIST HELENA 1 SAINT 1 ______LaFOURCHE 'SAINT JAME5 fASCENSlON EAST FELICIANA EAST I V TERREBONNE V IATON IATON ROUGEf LIVINGSTON ^ASSUMPTION a r r o l CAST s a in t : TO\ I WEST C™. WEST I JsATON ROUGE' TENSAS WEST FELICIANA / \ SAINT SAINT MARYlMARTIN / \ ylBERVILLt' POINTE COUPEE CONCOROIA MARTIN RICHLAND Longitude West of Greenwich s a in t IBERIA ' CATAHOULA 92 .LAFAYETTE1 AVOYELLES CALDWELL on T ACADIA v e r m il RAPIOES JACKSON CLAIBORNE VERNON NATCHITOCHEB

~~CAMERON CALCASIEU SABINE~~

D*SOTO CADOO A BOSSIER CADOO A (W EBSTER 200 I APIBHDXX D Parishes Voting Republican In Gubernatorial Elections*

Pariah 1876 1 8 7 9 ism 1838 1 8 9 2 189< 1900 Acadia X Ascension X X X Aeaunption X X X XX Avoyellea X Boaaler X Caddo X Calcasieu X Caldwell X Catahoula X Claiborne X Concordia X X B. Baton Rouge X X I . Carroll X X Franklin X Grant X X X Iberia XX X Ib erv ille XX Jackson X X Jefferson X X X Lafayette X Lsfourcho X Lincoln X Livings ton X X X I«tehlt06h«8 X X Plaquesdnee X X XX F t. Coupe* X X Raplde* X R*d River X X sabln* X St* Barnard X X St. Charles X X X X X S t. Helena X St« James X XX XX S t. John XX XX X S t. Landry X S t. Martin X X X S t. Mary X X X X Z—Year Parish voted Republican #—Republiean-Populist Fusion Ticket • the election returns by parishes are given in the Re *“ * * ■ H s i s a a s ' 201 a ppb b d ix d (Continued) Parishes Voting Republican in Gubernatorial Sleotions* (Continued)

P a rish 1 8 7 6 I 8 7 9 1884 1888 1 8 9 8 1900 S t. Tausaay X Tensas x x Terrebonne x X X X X Union X Vermillion X Veraea X Washington X V tbsttr X W. Baton Rouge X X X W. Carroll X W. Feliciana X

~~X—Year Parish voted Republican #—Republican-Populist Fusion Ticket • The election returns by parishes are given in the Report~~

~~202 APfESDlH B~~

Republican Senators la Louisiana Legislature, I 8 7 7 --I9 0O*

1 8 7 7 - 1 8 7 9 , Elooted in I 8 7 6 A llain, Theophile T. (B) 14th. D istrict Breaux, John E. 1 2 th . »l Bryant, A. J. (M) 1 6 th . 1* Bureh, J. Henri cH 1 3 th . « Cage, Thonaa a . (Hi i l h t i f Deaaa, Henry (K) 6 th . » Bunont, Andrew j. (H) 5 th . H Ola, Jaquee A. (B) 1 7 th , fS Harper, W illlan (n ) 2 1 st* K* Landry, Pierre (H) 7th# It Stanpa, P. B. (I) ©the It Sutton, laaae (B) 9th e W TWitohsU, N. H. (H) sand. tf Wakefield, Samuel (K) the « W heeler, c* B. 17 th* 11 Young, David (N) ISthe it 1879-1880— 7 holdovers and A elected in Nov. 1 8 7 8 Bryant, A. J. (B) 16th. D istrict Cage, Thoaaa A. (H) 9th . " Cahen, Mayer (Elected) 9th n Delahouasaye, Oneziphore, Jr. (El) 11th. Ola, Jaques a . (N) (Sleeted) 25th II Harper, WilUaa (I) 2 1 e t. « Landry, Pierre (H) (Sleeted) 8 th . tt S tan p a, T. B. (H) 7 th . » Sutton, Isaac (H) 9th . II W heeler, c. B. 14 th . Toung, Dave (H) 1 5 th . 1880-1884, Sleeted in Dee. 1879 Cahen, Mayer 9th. D istrict Deaab, Henry (N) 7 th . ” Simas, Richard (H) 8 th . " Stewart, Jordan 9th , Davidson, J* 3 1 4 th . • These names were compiled from A. S. Perkins, "Some Negro Offleers and legislators in Louisiana,” " Journal ' " ” a sIa E a

~~203 A7PK8DXX E Republican senators in Louisiana Legislature* 1377-1900* (Continued)~~

1834-1888j Bicetad April* 1834 Ochoa, Mayer D is tr ic t Menas, Henry (M) •mlehard* R. 7. (I) U Sim s, Richard (H) •» Stewart* Jordan (H) « 3 m = 3 m » Elected April* 1833 Sana* Henry (K) 7th.7 th . D istrict A«m A /u \ Afck u « 1892—Xo Republicans la the Renata* 1896-1900—Elected April* IS 9 6 Rowell* V. E. 9t h . D is tr ic t Miner, H. C. 9th. W atts* 3 . ?. 10th. ” WUllaas* 7, B. 10th. " 1900-1916—Senate solidly Denooratio 1916—5 Progressives elected 1 9 8 0 —Present-Senate solidly Deaoenatle

* th e s e n saes were o en p lled f r e n A* B .P e rk in s, "Sons Megro Oftloers sad legislators la Louisiana," journal of Megro History* XIV (I 9 2 9 )* 523-52® and the leulsllfii jeWsSe Journals*

204 APPENDIX P R epublican Members o f th e L ouisiana Rouse o f R ep resen tativ es 1877-1900*

1877-1879--Elected in 1 8 7 6 Barrett, s. j. Rapides Hill* Oloatar (a) A scension Barron*Barren* L. L. o.0 . Natchitoches Holt* Oscar W. Baton Ro< Boaley*iM la v . Andy Rad R iver Johnson* W. V. (8) Madison Brooks, a. j. (a) S t . Mary Jones* Milton (a) Points Coup Brwm, Charles P. (a) J e ffe rs o n Keating, C. V* Caddo Barton* Nioholss C a rro ll Leonard* A. H. Caddo C ole, JaBBS S t. John Lewis, John 0. Matohltochei Cone* Lucian (a) S t. ja e a a MoMlllen, V. L. C a rro ll D avidson, j, s. (a) I b e r v ille Maglolre, P. A voyelles Bevy* Trank J. S t. Landry Milan, A. E. Plaquemines D elaoey, v. J. R apides Rahy* H. Natehltoohei Dejeie, Aristide (a) O rleans Simas, Richard (a) S t. James Sotlose* Bella (a) St. Martin Snaer* L* A. <-») Ib e ria Dlskeraon, Vincent (1 S t. Janes sotwr, L. j. A voyelles Dlnkgravs, W. H. Madison Stewart, J. Rosa Tam as Man* Boptlsta R apides Tolliver, A. Concordia Santt, Elbert S t. Landry Walker, Robert J. Tensas Barr* *n. c. (a), ■ S t . Mary Varnoth, H. C, Plaquemines Oraclen, Oeorge (a) O rleans Washington, Oeorge (a)Concordla Bate* Michael St. Charles 1879-1880—Elected Bov. 5* I 8 7 8 Beard* 1. W. (Bend?) Terrebonne Daoote, Resalr (H) Avoyelles ( Bourgeois, c. A* (a) S t. C has. Estopinal, A. St. Bernard (R ations Brown, c* T. Je ffe rs o n Frasier, T. M. Lafourche C a rv llle , j . m. I b e r v ille Hawkins, Oevernor (8) Madison Sens* Luolen (a) S t. Janes H ite, Moses Assumption Coleman, Royal (a) Terrebonne Landry, Eugene S t. Mary Davidson, j. s. (a) I b e r v ille M urrell, William (8) Madison Dense* Henry (a) S t . John Smith, W. B. (8) S t. Mary Detlsge, Emile (a) St. Martin Veasey, P. A. Ib e ria Barthelmy, T. R. B. Carroll Warmoth, H. C. Plaquemines Seculr, Oratien Points Coupee Watson, C. H. St. Helena (N ations * These names were compiled from A Perkins, "Some Negro Officers nod Legislators in Louisiana," Jv».», ...... , XIV (1929). 5 2 3 -5 2 8 and the Louisiana House of HI tsen n a ls .

205 APPENDIX ¥ Republican Meabers a t the Louisiana House of Representatives 1877*1900* (Continual) 1880-1884—Elected Bae. 1 8 7 9 A llaln , V. (R) I b e r v ille Mahoney, Horry ( 8 ) Plaquemines Bulew, A Assumption Pollard, Xshaa ( 8 ) Terrebonne C ayelle, John (K St* John St* Clair, c * 8* S t. Mary Blokereen, T. 8 S t. ja m a Y e r r e tt, A. I b e r v ille I h m * George (x Terrebonne W illia m , Enos (H) Terrebonne Frasier, flwau Lafourche Y ell, Wh* J* E» C a rro ll Gardner, 8 , (I ) Assosptien Young, Clement Ib e ria Beldenhaln, B. O rleans Young, David (H) Concordia Jackson, la m St* Mary Roach, Leonard Jefferson Landry, Pierre il! A scension 1884-1888—Elected A pril, 1884 A llaln, Y. T. (8) I b a r v llla Ewell, 1* B. (8) Assumption Bourgeois, C. A. (8) St* Charles Gardner, B. (8) Assumption !• C. P. (8) Je ffe rs o n Zarema, 0* W* ( I ) Terrebonne Cage, Y. A. (8) ^ 4 Terrebonne Mahoney, Barry (8) Plaquemines Davidson, j. s . (8 ) I b e r v ille f a t t y , J. P . 18 S t. Mary Dlofeerson, Y. (8) St. James Posey, W• Si \1 S t. Nary 1888-1892—Elected A pril, 1888 A llaln, Y. Y* (8) Ibarvllla Dickerson, V. (8) S t, James Benjamin, Anthony E. Baton Rouge Gagne, H. S* Terrebonne Bourgeois, C* A. (8) St. Charles Mahoney, Harry (8) Plaquemines Brown, c . P. (8) Jefferson Roehon, Y. (8) St. Martin Csyolle, John (8) St. John Smith, C* N. (H) Terrebonne Davidson, j . s . (1:*) Iberville William, J. J. E. Baton Ro 1892-1896—Elected A pril, 1892 Bourgeois, c . A. (8 ) St. Charles Caldwell, Geo. B. Points Coupee Csyolle, John (8) S t. John

• These name were compiled from A. E. Perkins, "Some Negro officers and Legislators in Louisiana," Journal of Negro History, XIV (1929), 5 2 3 -5 2 8 and the Louisiana BeueCTanKiprta«Bt$tlYSn75uleals.

206 APFEMDXX P Republican IteiM n of the Louisiana Boos* ef Representatives 1877-1900* (Continued) 1896-X900—Elected A pril, 1 8 9 6 Bourgeois, c. A. (H) St. Charlee B uford, c. A. Terrebonne Casaealmb B. C. V. (K) B. Baton Bouse Buses, Honore Assumption Dupont, Alphonse Terrebonne Paurla, Pieter (s) St. Tammasgr Hemet, A. I»« Iberia Henqr, B. J. St. Mazy O'Belli, V. A. St. Harp 1900-1916—House wee solidly Democratic. 1916—18 Progreso lyes elected. 1980 to present-solldly Democratic.

~~• These names mere oostplled from A. B. Perkins, "Some Negro O fficers tg-wtts's: (1929)-~~

~~207 86 715 22.037 77*175 1896 90 361 1^,233 53,671 1900 till!~~

~~m « m U? If Os 0 & % vto u S &» U* ON u* * 0 \ *fs- c u 3 ? s % ct s k tm m a h~~

Parishes Voting Republican In Presidential Elections*

PARISH 1880 1884 1888 1 8 9 2 1 8 9 6 Aeceneion X X Aeauaption X X X Concordia X E* Baton Rouge XX E. Carroll .'■x X Iborla X Ib erv ille X XXX Jefferson X X X Lafayette 1 X Lafourche K Lincoln X Kadison X Plaquealnea * X X X Pt. Coupee X Sablno X S t. Barnard X St. Charles X X XXX S t. Jaaea XXX X X S t. John X X XX X S t. Landry X S t. KartIn X X S t. Mary X X Terrebonne X X W. Baton Rouge X

X—Parish voted Republican* * Election Returns f o r 1880 and 1884 are found In the Effort of the deeretaw of, S ta ts of the State of Louisiana#1 iWk Xla^on IT5^ T l90^ # n ^ r7 ------* ------E le c tio n Returns by p a rish e s fo r 188 8 were found in the gguq«b*iasBsgm S2W&931 aauna£ Iss i§§& (»«• ETleotion R ttw n by parishes for I 8 9 2 , X8 9 6 and 1900 war* 4?M!il> ** l893i pp* 3 ^ 3 -^ ^ i o f 189%, dfiz CADOO ie o S S lE R £ WEBSTER £ R lE S S o CADOO ie O a SOTO SABINE CALCASIEU CAMERON ACI0H6CATAHOULA NATCHIT0CHE6 VERNON CLAIBORNE LINCOLN RAPIDES GRANT ACADIA OUACHITA CALOWELL AVOYELLES LAFAYETTE1 AN MARTIN SAINT ogtd Wet Greenu/ich f o est W Longitude CONCORDIA COUPEE POINTE JBERVILLt SAINTV \ / AN MARYlMARTlN SAINT T0\ \ / | XARROLL] T S E W / ET FELICIANA WEST TENSAS [ AO RUE viNGSTON U ROUGEf IATON on io t p m u s s a TERREBONNE AT l C EAST FELICIANA EAST [ASCENSION UFOURCHE ______HELENA T S I T P A B E H ‘ TANGIPAHOA] CHARLES SAINT WASHINGTON f ------AN TAMMANY SAINT 1 Fifth District District Fifth District Fourth First District District First Third District District Third Sixth District Sixth District Second PLAQUEMINES vBERNARI t n i a s , V THE GEORGE F CRAM COMPANY COMPANY CRAM F GEORGE THE Skx LOUISIANA 11 Outline Map Outline 11 CRAM’S INOIANAPOLIS yo yo COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT SCALE SCALE 29

«0

~~MILES rRSTNL ITIT—1876-1900 DISTRICTS— mrGRESSTONAL APPENDIX I~~

~~Candidates In Congressional Elections 1878-1900~~

YEAR DISWUCT REPUBLICAN DEMOCRAT MIKPDl} 1878 I H. C. Castellanos R. I>» Gibson II B. N. Cullen B * J * B il l s I I I R. 0 . H ebert J. H* Aoklen We Be m m h m 17 J. M. Wells J . B* Elam V J. *. Ludellng j . F . King VI W. I>. Larrlmore B. w. Robertson 1880 1 A. J. Ker R. L. Olbson XI Michael Hahn E. J. Bills XXX • C. B. Darrall J* S. BllXiu XY t. tr. Bel'S ... N. C. Blanchard Y R. H. Lanier J. P. King VI Alex Smith B. W. Robertson 1882 X A. C. Janln C arleton Hunt II Henry Sanaa (K) B. 3, B ills Bowls Barks m * w. p. m i m 3 * H * Aoklen Taylor Beafcti XY None N. c. Blanchard V W. L. MeMlllen j . p . King YX L. Trager A. s. Herron To Oe An&eme 1 8 8 4 I J. H. Aoklen I>« st* Martin Carleton Hunt XX • Michael W. T» Houston i n T r E. J* Gay XY 3. B. Slattery N. C. Blanchard Y Frank Morey <7 . F* King 0 e loatntf YX C. C. Sways le A. B* Irio n 1 8 8 6 X William Burwell T. S. Wilkinson XX Andrew Hero* Jr. M. D* Lagan Be Simarn XXX C. B. Darrall B * 3• Bay XY Bone N. C* Blanchard V Q. L. Walton Cherubuseo Newton YX J. 0. Berfael E. W. Robertson 1888 X C. B. Wilson (H) T. S. Wilkinson XX * B. D. Coleman B. Elliott XXI 7. I. Jolley E. J . day XY W. B. Maples N. C. Blanchard Y Frank Morey 0. J. Boatner YX W. H. Harrison S. M. Robertson • was elected. 211 APWtlBD IX 1 Candidates in congressional Elections 1 8 7 8 ** 1900 (Continued} TSAR DISTRICT RKm&IQAH DEMOCRAT OTHER 1890 I He Co War moth Adolph Meyer II Ho Do Coleman Mo D« Lagan III Hone Andrew Price IV Hone Ho Co Blanchard V Hone C« j. Boatner I>. J . Guise (Po VI Hone s . 11. Robert eon S. W. Green (p© 1892 I Hone Adolph Meyer T. o> Wilkins© I I Merrla Harks Ho Co Davey III None Andrew Price J. J. Villis(R) IV Hone Ho Co Blanchard L. j r . Guise(Fp V None 0* j, Boatner R. P» Webb (Po VI Hone s« Mo Robertaon J. Kleinpeter (Po 189* I Ho P* Kernochan Adolph Meyer II H« Do Coleman C* F* Back III Taylor Beattie Andrew Price J. Lightner (Po IV Hone Ho W# Ogden B. W. Bsllsjfo: V Hone Co Jo Boatner A. Benoit (Pop VI Hone @* it* Robertaon W. R. Wilson (Po 1893 I As Remain Adolph Meyer II J. Legendre fU Go Davey III Taylor Beattie Ho Brou&a&rd IV Re Po Hunter Ho Wo Ogden B. W. Balley(R> V None So T« Baird A. Benoit (pop VI Co Co Duaon So Mo Robertaon W. Thompeon(Po 1898 I Fe v* Heating Adolph Meyer II P. IS. Wicker fU Co Davey III Co Fentlleu R. Brouasard IV Hone Po Breaaeale H. Brian (Pop. V J« T aliaferro So To Baird H. T aliaferro VI Nome S. Mo Robertaon 1900 I We Brophy Adolph Meyer II S* H eaelip Ho Co Davey C. Zlaawrmatt III P • Be W illiam Ho Broueaard IV E. Ha welch Po Breaaeale V Ho £ 0 Hardtner J* B. Hamadell VI Jo Ho Ducote So Mo Robertaon

~~212~~

~~VITA~~

Philip Davis Usee was bona in Jennings, Louis isos, Hovember 5 , 1914. Be received his elementary and high school education in the public schools of Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. Be was swarded the s. A. degree by Teacher's College, Louisiana state university in 1939* After teach ing two years is Lafourche Parish, he was awarded a grad uate fellowship in the Department of History, Louisiana State University, and received his N* A. degree in 1938* He continued graduate work in history until he became an instructor in social sciences at John McMeese Junior College, lake Charles, Louisiana for the session 1941-1942. Fros 1942 to 1946 he served in the United states Arny. Since 1946 he has been an instructor in the Department of History, Louisiana State University.

~~214 EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT~~

~~Candidate: P h ilip D. Uzee~~

~~Major Field: H istory~~

~~Title of Thesis: Republican Politics in Louisiana, 1877-1900~~

~~Approved:~~

~~Major PrrProfessor and1 ™ Chairman 5~~

~~Pean-T5Tthd\Graduate School~~

~~EXAMINING COMMITTEE: N~~

~~Date of Examination:~~

~~May 12, 1950~~