Tomb of Sohni Mahiwal, District Sanghar, Sindh “Disaster risk reduction has been a part of USAID’s work for decades. ……..we strive to do so in ways that better assess the threat of hazards, reduce losses, and ultimately protect and save more people during the next disaster.” Kasey Channell, Acting Director of the Disaster Response and Mitigation Division of USAID’s Office of U.S. Foreign Disas ter Ass istance (OFDA)

PAKISTAN EMERGENCY SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

District Sanghar June 2014

“Disasters can be seen as often as predictable events, requiring forward planning which is integrated in to broader de velopment programs.” Helen Clark, UNDP Administrator, Bureau of Crisis Preven on and Recovery. Annual Report 2011

Disclaimer iMMAP Pakistan is pleased to publish this district profile. The purpose of this profile is to promote public awareness, welfare, and safety while providing community and other related stakeholders, access to vital information for enhancing their disaster mitigation and response efforts.

While iMMAP team has tried its best to provide proper source of information and ensure consistency in analyses within the given time limits; iMMAP shall not be held responsible for any inaccuracies that may be encountered. In any situation where the Official Public Records differs from the information provided in this district profile, the Official Public Records should take as precedence.

iMMAP disclaims any responsibility and makes no representations or warranties as to the quality, accuracy, content, or completeness of any information contained in this report. Final assessment of accuracy and reliability of information is the responsibility of the user.

iMMAP shall not be liable for damages of any nature whatsoever resulting from the use or misuse of information contained in this report. The user agrees to indemnify and hold harmless iMMAP and anyone involved in storing, retrieving, or displaying this information for any damage of any type that may be caused by using this information.

The terms used and the maps presented in this profile do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of iMMAP and USAID concerning the legal status and the area of any administrative unit or its authorities.

NOTE: This district profile is a live document and it will continue to improve based on its users feedb ack and upon availability of more accurate and authenticated sources as and when they become available. It’s not always possible to publish these profiles in hardcopy format; however iMMAP will ensure that these updates are made available on DRR Pakistan Information Management Portal. For updated version of following profile, please visit www.drrpakistan.pk/pesa.

Any questions/ comments concerning information presented in this report can be addressed to:

iMMAP Pakistan Services Desk H.# 25, College Road, F-7/2, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: +92.51.835.0755 eMail: [email protected]

Credits

iMMAP has been providing Information Management [IM] and Disaster Risk Reduction [DRR] capacity building services in Pakistan since 2010. Based on our lessons learned, while interacting with thousands of humanitarian partners and government officials, both national and international; we believe that the following are 7 basic requirements to improve Disaster Response and Management life cycle:

1. Information Management [IM] is a must for effective disaster response and monitoring; 2. Coordination among all stakeholders [both national and international] is of utmost importance to reduce redundancy and duplication in such critical situations – going beyond clusters and getting connected with local community representatives; 3. Appropriate logistic arrangements are critical for humanitarian relief and mitigation. However, it must be born in mind that logistic requirements drastically vary from disaster to disaster, based on its time, geography, and nature; 4. Disasters and Development are intimately connected. Its important that all disaster responders are aware of the long term implications of their actions of relief and early recovery; 5. It is important that we, as disaster responders, take full responsibility of self-accountability and transparency not only to the satisfaction of the government officials but the general public as well. Not-for-profit sector must be driven by a cause! 6. National, Regional, and International Public/ Private Partnerships [PPP] is the only way to implement sustainable Disaster Risk Management [DRM] measures; 7. Media must be integrated in our response efforts. This vastly helps to disseminate the right information, minimize duplication of efforts, and make all stakeholders aware of your organization’s input/activities.

Pakistan Emergency Situation Analysis [PESA] is a series of District Profiles (DP), which is developed with the above-mentioned 7 basic requirements in focus. PESA DPs are one of the most effective iMMAP IM services in Pakistan, which directly contribute to thousands of humanitarian relief providers’ effective emergency response and disaster management.

I can not conclude this note without thanking iMMAP Pakistan team that has contributed tirelessly, under extreme emergency pressure, to consistently deliver their best on time, during the 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 floods, 2013 earthquake in Balochistan, and the most recent drought emergency in Tharparkar, Sindh during 2014.

I particularly wish to express my great appreciation and thanks to my mentors, colleagues, and friends Mr. Fayyaz Ali Khan and Ms. Kathrin Lauer for their continuous feedback and reflection on the profiles quality. At many times, I parked their feedback, due to the time constraints of the service we have been trying to deliver. However, their feedback have always been valued and appreciated. Mr. Naeem Ahmad, being the M&E professional, has proven himself to be a gem for iMMAP. I also appreciate the efforts of other staff members who have been with us in the past and many new faces that joined iMMAP recently for their work with an exceptional dedication. This includes: Farooq Laghari, Qassim Jan, Sumbal Kazmi, Salman Mulk, Zohaib Fazal, Hadya Ali, Dr. Ahmad Ali Malik, Fatima Gillani, Fatima Ali, Laraib Malik, Zeeshan Ahmad, Sarfaraz Meher Din, Muhammad Javed Iqbal, Muneeb Muzamil, Mahwish Muzamil, Tariq Sardar, Wajid Ali, and last but not the least Nouman Ali, our amazingly skilled graphic designer.

Mehdi Bokhari PESA Project Director

Foreword

Timely response to a disaster may save precious human lives and reduce economic costs. However, natural disasters, typically, occur unexpectedly. Consequently, in most cases, the afflicted population lacks the necessary tools and capacity to handle such tragic occurrences and the devastation is manifold more than it should be.

“Before the next disaster hits, now is the time to recommit to making smart investments that save lives, property, and money. Whether at home or abroad, measures to improve response, increase disaster management capacity, plan and prepare, can have dramatic dividends.” (Kasey Channell: Acting Director of the Disaster Response Team for USAID’s Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance.) It is so true, as preparation for unexpected calamities is a tough task. However, if certain precautions are taken, they might lessen the overall damage. This series of district profiles, prepared by iMMAP and funded by USAID, is one such effort to enhance Government of Pakistan, humanitarian organizations and all other stakeholders’ efforts towards rapid needs assessment, disaster response and mitigation.

These profiles are divided into four sections namely background information, disaster history and its impact, hazard vulnerability and capacity assessment (HVCA) and coordination and support services.Background information provides an overview of history, geography, culture, and communication infrastructure. It also provides detailed analyses of demography, livelihood, food security, health and education. The second section provides detailed history of disasters in the district; information about losses and damages; and gap analyses of above mentioned sectors. HVCA section provides detailed analyses of district hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities that exist in the local community. Coordination and support services section gives information on whom to contact in emergency/disaster situations. The motivation stems from the idea that at the time of disaster all the stakeholders in general and the donors and disaster managers in particular can have a fair idea of what to expect and how to prepare for. It is expected that this contribution of USAID and iMMAP would lead to a well-coordinated and coherent response by different humanitarian organizations on managing similar disasters.

Having stated the above, it is very candidly admitted that these profiles are by no means exhaustive and in fact require a lot more input to qualify these as good enough documents for disaster preparedness. However, these are live documents and would be improved upon as and when required. There appears to be an element of repetition, which is owed to the fact that while these documents depict the district profiles in normal circumstances, the same then provide a detail account of the impact of the 2010/2011 floods, the assistance provided by the government and the humanitarian organizations and the remaining gaps. Due to time and resources constraints, the information provided in these profiles is mainly base on secondary source data. Depending on the end users’ response and funding availability, this exercise would be extended to other districts of the country.

Major (Retd) Tahir Iqbal iMMAPChairman Pakistan

Table of Contents District at a Glance ...... i Abbreviations ...... iii 1 Background Information ...... 1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1.1 History ...... 1 1.1.2 Geography ...... 2 1.1.3 Culture (Ethnicity, Religion and Politics) ...... 2 1.1.4 Administrative Division ...... 3 1.1.5 Road Network Infrastructure ...... 3 1.1.6 Irrigation ...... 3 1.1.7 Solid Waste Management ...... 7 1.2 Demography ...... 11 1.2.1 Population Characteristics ...... 11 1.2.2 Population Growth Pattern ...... 12 1.2.3 Population Distribution by Age and Gender ...... 12 1.2.4 Dependent Population ...... 12 1.3 Livelihood ...... 15 1.3.1 Main Sources of Livelihood/Income ...... 15 1.3.2 Agriculture ...... 16 1.3.3 Industry ...... 19 1.3.4 Livestock ...... 19 1.4 Food Security ...... 20 1.4.1 Availability ...... 20 1.4.2 Access ...... 21 1.4.3 Utilization ...... 22 1.5 Health and Immunization ...... 23 1.5.1 Health Facilities ...... 23 1.5.2 Immunization ...... 23 1.6 Education ...... 25 1.6.1 Highlights ...... 25 1.6.2 District School Enrolment Ratio ...... 25 1.6.3 Gender and Level Wise Details ...... 26 2 Disaster History and Its Impact ...... 30 2.1 Disaster in District ...... 30

2.1.1 Disaster History ...... 30 2.1.2 Impact of Disaster on Demography ...... 33 2.1.3 Impact of Disaster on Livelihood & Agriculture ...... 34 2.1.4 Analysis of Food Security Situation ...... 34 2.1.5 Impact of Disaster on Health ...... 35 2.1.6 Impact of Disaster on Education ...... 35 2.1.7 Drought 2013-14 ...... 36 3 Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis ...... 37 3.1 Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis ...... 37 3.1.1 Hazard ...... 37 3.1.2 Vulnerability ...... 38 3.1.3 Capacity ...... 42 4 Sectoral DRR Mitigation Measures ...... 45 4.1.1 Education ...... 45 4.1.2 Infrastructure ...... 46 4.1.3 Health ...... 46 4.1.4 Livelihood ...... 47 4.1.5 Food ...... 47 4.1.6 Wash ...... 48 4.1.7 Government and Humanitarian Sector ...... 48 5 Coordination and Support Services ...... 49 5.1 Important Contacts ...... 49 5.1.1 Departmental Focal Points ...... 49 5.1.2 Emergency Response ...... 50 5.1.3 List of NGOs Working in District Sanghar ...... 50 5.2 Health Facilities ...... 51

List of Tables Table 1.1.1: Administrative Division of District Sanghar 3 Table 1.1.2: Mouzas Reporting Sources of Irrigation 4 Table 1.1.3: Irrigation by Type 4 Table 1.1.4: District Sanghar; Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) 9 Table 1.1.5: Energy potential of disposed-off WAB in district Sanghar (Taluka-wise) 10 Table 1.2.1: Estimated Population of District for 2013 11 Table 1.3.1: Number of Mouzas Reporting Sources of 16 Table 1.3.2: Land Utilization Statistics of District Sanghar (000 Hectares) 17 Table 1.3.3: Food and Cash Crops Cultivated in District Sanghar 17 Table 1.3.4: Livestock in District Sanghar 19 Table 1.4.1: Number of Mouza Reporting Major Crops 20 Table 1.4.2: Distance of Mouzas from Wholesale Markets 21 Table 1.4.3: Percentage Distribution of HH by Source of Drinking Water 22 Table 1.4.4: Percentage Distribution of HH by Type of Toilet 22 Table 1.5.1: Number of Health Facilities by Type 23 Table 1.6.1: Gross and Net Enrolment Rates by Gender and Locality at Different Levels 26 Table 1.6.2: Enrolment and Educational Facilities by level and Gender 27 Table 2.1.1: Summary of Losses and Damages in Floods/Rains 2011 33 Table 2.1.2: Summary of Loss and Damage by taluka in 2011 33 Table 2.1.3: Crop Loss and Area Damaged Due to Floods 2011 34

List of Maps 1: Reference Map ii 2: Irrigation Map 5 3: Sanghar Fresh Water Availability Map 6 4: Population Density Map 14 5: Health Facility Map 24 6: Education Facility Map 28 7: Risk Analysis Map 31 8: Possible Safe Location Map 32

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Abbreviations ACO Agriculture Census Organization BHU Basic Health Unit CD/GD Civil Dispensary/Government Dispensary CFW Cash For Work DCR District Census Report DDRMP District Disaster Risk Management Plan ECP Election Commission of Pakistan FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GER Gross Enrolment Rate GOS Government of Sindh HH Household NADRA National Database and Registration Authority NDMA National Disaster Management Authority NDP National Drainage Program NER Net Enrolment Rate NFIs Non-Food Items NGO Non-Governmental Organization NHA National Highway Authority PBS Pakistan Bureau of Statistics PCO Population Census Organization PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority PLW Pregnant and Lactating Women PSLM Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey RHC Rural Health Centre RSU Reform Support Unit SDPI Sustainable Development Policy Institute SMCs School Member Committees SUPARCO Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission TRF Technical Resource Facility UC Union Council UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs WFP World Food Program WHO World Health Organization

DISTRICT SANGHAR 1

1 Background Information 1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 History District Sanghar has been an important administrative unit that played an important role in the economy, trade and history of eastern Sindh. Historically, Alexander invaded India in 326 BCE and the ruins of Greek invasion can still be seen in this region. The Arab invasion, led by Muhammad Bin Qasim, in 711 A.D, made Sindh part of the Umayyad Caliphate. Later on, this region was ruled by different dynasties, including the Soomras (1024-1351), the Arghuns (1520- 1650), the Kalhoras (1657-1783) and the Talpurs (1783-1843). When Britain invaded the subcontinent, General Charles Napier, a commander in the British Army, defeated the Talpur dynasty and conquered Sindh in 18432.

The Britains contributed in a number of ways towards the development of Sindh. General Charles Napier was appointed as the first Governor General of Sindh. The province was divided into different administrative units and assigned to Zamindars (landlords) to collect taxes for the British government. The British government developed these areas as urban centers. Consequently, people migrated from other districts and provinces as well and started to reside here. The British named these small developed areas as "Talukas".

After World War II, People of Sanghar, under the leadership of their spiritual leader Syed Sibghatullah Shah Shaheed also known as Pir Saab Pagaro, started armed struggle in Sindh to get freedom from the British. The freedom movement they launched was called Hur Tehrik (freedom movement). Pir Pagaro declared his community as “Hur” (free from British slavery). The British tried to crush the uprising that resulted in an armed resistance by the Hurs. The British government passed the “Hur Act” and the entire Hur community was declared criminals and ordered to be shot dead on sight. To crush the Hur Tehrik, the British government established Sanghar as district Headquarters. Pir Pagaro Sayyed Sibghatullah Shah was hanged on March 20, 1943. The Hurs continued their struggle even after the hanging of the Pir Saab, right up to the time of the independence of Pakistan3. As the British left the subcontinent, Sanghar district was merged with Mirpur Khas and some of its portions with Nawabshah, in 1953. Keeping in view administrative and political reasons, Sanghar was declared a district again in 1954 and its headquarters was finally established in Sanghar city.

2 http://sukkurcity.com/sites/about/sukkur_at_Glance.aspx (accessed on 02/04/2013) 3 Population Welfare Department, Government of Sindh, (http://www.pwdsindh.gov.pk/districts/Sanghar.htm) accessed on 15/05/2013

BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2

1.1.2 Geography

District Sanghar lies in 680 28” 18’ to 700 12” 49’ east longitudes and 250 29” 42’ to 260 28” 1’ north latitudes. This district is bounded by Indian state of Rajhistan on the east, district Khairpur and Shaheed Benazirabad on the north, district Matiari and Tando Allahyar on the west, and district Umerkot and Mirpur Khas on the south. Indus River flows on the western side of this district, in the vicinity of district Matiari. The district comprises of two distinct types of soils. On the western side of the district, most of the area is fertile plain irrigated by a well-established canal system. This comprises of Shahdpur, Tando Adam, Sinjhoro, Jam Nawaz Ali and some area of Khipro taluka. The eastern side of the district comprises of the desert area in Khipro taluka. This desert is commonly known as Acchro Thar. The soil of the district, as a whole, is sandy with hard clay loams and some parts are desert. The average elevation of the area is about 50 meters above sea level. Like most other districts of interior Sindh, Sanghar has an extreme climate – very cold in winters and very hot in summers. However, there is a slight variation between the climate of the northern and the south-western parts of the district. The summer season commences from April and continues till October. May, June and July are the hottest months. The mean maximum and minimum temperature during this period is 420C and 250C respectively. The months of August and September are stuffy and suffocating due to humidity. December, January and February are the coldest months. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures for these months are 250C and 80C respectively. 1.1.3 Culture (Ethnicity, Religion and Politics) Sanghar has a rich traditional Sindhi culture. Women usually wear Shalwar Qameez but quite often dress in the traditional attire, Ghaghra or Parro as well. Traditionally, women wear bangles. Men usually wear a Shalwar Qameez distinguished by broader bottoms, and a traditional Sindhi style cap. According to 1998 census, people of this district are pre-dominantly Sindhi speaking (72% of the total population) but Urdu (5%), Punjabi (15%) and Balochi (4%) are also spoken in the district. Islam is the major religion of this district as 79.15% of the population is Muslim followed by Hindus (20.15%) and Christians (0.49%). -Sanghar district is home to many political parties; however, Pir Saab Pagara has a strong hold over local politics. This district is the major fortress of his party, Pakistan Muslim League Functional (PML-F). Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) is also a major political force of this district. This district is represented by three national assembly and six provincial assembly seats. In the general elections of 2013, PML (F) won two national assembly and three provincial assembly seats. PPP was able to secure one national assembly and three provincial assembly seats4.

4 Official results of Election Commission of Pakistan, (http://ecp.gov.pk/electionresult/AllResults.aspx?assemblyid=NA) accessed on 15/05/2013

DISTRICT SANGHAR 3

1.1.4 Administrative Division District Sanghar has its district headquarters at Sanghar city. This district has six talukas, named: Sanghar, Sinjhoro, Khipro, Shahdadpur, Tando Adam and Jam Nawaz Ali. It has 55 union councils and 362 mouzas (revenue village). Out of these mouzas, 335 are rural, 6 are urban, 20 are partly urban and one consists of forests. Table 1.1.1: Administrative Division of District Sanghar

Kanungo Number of Mouzas Patwar Circles/ Sanghar Circles/ Supervisory Partly Un- Tapas Total Rural Urban Forest Tapas urban populated Sanghar District 16 108 362 335 6 20 1 - Sanghar Taluka 3 22 69 65 2 2 - - Sinjhoro Taluka 3 21 88 81 2 5 - - Khipro Taluka 3 21 78 73 2 2 1 - Shahdadpur Taluka 3 20 47 42 - 5 - - Tando Adam Taluka 2 13 28 25 - 3 - - Jam Nawaz Ali Taluka 2 11 52 49 - 3 - - Source: Mouza Statistics of Sindh 2008, Agriculture Census Organization 1.1.5 Road Network Infrastructure Road network is considered as a vehicle for economic development and social change. Efficient road network not only develops a quick and efficient transportation system but also opens up new areas hitherto remained closed. It brings about social integration among rural and urban sectors and greatly assists in providing access to basic amenities such as education, health facilities, etc. It brings rural areas in constant touch with urban segment of a society and creates better understanding necessary for social change and political awareness.

Sanghar district covers an area of 10,608 sq. kms yet it has only 868 kilometers of good quality roads, which are inadequate for the area and its population5. Just like most of the Sothern districts of Sind, there is no national highway which could connect Sanghar with other major cities of the province, only a metaled road exist, which serves this purpose. The district headquarter of Sanghar is linked with its taluka headquarters of Sinjhoro, Shahdadpur, Tando Adam and Khipro through metaled roads. 1.1.6 Irrigation On the western side of the district, that constitutes half of the total district area, there is a well- established canal system emanating from Sukkur Barage. Two major canals i.e., Rohri and Jumrao irrigate this area. Taluka Sanghar, Jam Nawaz Ali, Sinjhoro and some parts of Khipro are irrigated from Jumrao canal, whereas, Rohri canal irrigates the talukas of Shahdadpur and Tando Adam. On the eastern side of the district, the area is desert like and as such is barren and has no canal irrigation.

5 Sindh Development Statistics, (2008), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), pp.262

BACKGROUND INFORMATION 4

As the table 1.1.2 shows, irrigation is done mostly through canals and tube wells. Out of the 355 rural mouzas, 354 have canal irrigation and 144 have tube wells as well. Table 1.1.2: Mouzas Reporting Sources of Irrigation

RURAL NUMBERS OF MOUZAS REPORTING SOURCE OF IRRIGATION POPULAT- TUBE SPRING/ ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT RAV- ARID FLOODING/ ED CANAL RIVER WELL/ STREAM/ INE (BARANI) TORRENT MOUZAS WELL KAREZ Sanghar Number 355 354 7 144 1 - 2 1 District Percent 100 100 2 41 1 Sanghar Number 67 67 - 20 - - - - Taluka Percent 100 100 30 Sinjhoro Number 86 86 1 21 - - - 1 Taluka Percent 100 100 1 24 1 Khipro Number 75 74 - 14 - - 2 - Taluka Percent 100 99 19 3 Shahdadpur Number 47 47 5 44 - - - - Taluka Percent 100 100 11 94 Tando Adam Number 28 28 - 25 1 - - - Taluka Percent 100 100 89 4 Jam Nawaz Number 52 52 1 20 - - - - Ali Taluka Percent 100 100 2 38 Source: Mouza Statistics of Sindh 2008, Agriculture Census Organization In the year 2008-09, 98% of the net sown area was irrigated through canals and tube wells and of this irrigated area 99% was irrigated through. From 2009-09 to 2009-10, there is .01% decrease in canal irrigated area. The table below gives information regarding irrigation in the district. Table 1.1.3: Irrigation by Type

Irrigation Type 2008-09 2009-10 Canal 248,954 248,726 Tube well 1,952 1,926 Total Irrigated Area 250,906 250,652 Un-Irrigated 5,419 11,480 Total Sown Area 256,325 262,135 Source: Table 4.36 Sindh Development Statistics 2011

DISTRICT SANGHAR 5

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1.1.7 Solid Waste Management “Solid Waste Management (SWM) is the generation, separation, collection, transfer, transportation and disposal of waste in a way that takes into account public health, economics, conservation, aesthetics, and the environment, and is responsive to public demands.”6 Current Scenario of Solid Waste Management (SWM) Unfortunately there is no proper data/statistics found on the current situation of Solid waste management system of district Sanghar. Likewise other major districts of Sindh, District Sanghar also has no proper solid waste management system right from collection to the disposal at landfill sites due to which, indiscriminate dumping and open burning of waste is a common practice. Nevertheless, according to official press release of Central Sindh Urban Services Corporation (CSUSC), with the approval of Competent Authority, Government of Sindh has constituted Central Cluster for Central Sindh Urban Services Corporation (CSUSC) under Sindh Cities Improvement Program, Planning & Development Department. The cluster consists of Mirpurkhas, Sanghar, Tando Adam, Shahdadpur, Umerkot and Tando Allahyar towns with Mirpurkhas as an anchor town. Consequent upon the formation of Central Cluster, the Program shall incorporate Central Sindh Urban Services corporation (CSUSC) under Companies Ordinance 1984 to plan, design, construct, operate, manage and maintain all Water Supply, Waste Water and Solid Waste Management infrastructure and services in the cluster towns - No: SO(C-IV)SGA&CD/4-11/08 Dated: 1st-February-2012.7 Current scenario of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) Biomass ‘Biomass is the mass of living organisms and recently dead matter like wood, leaves, stalks, straw and other organic matter. It is accessible on a renewable basis, and also includes agricultural crops and their residues, animal wastes (dung), wood and wood residues, aquatic plants and organic portion of the municipal solid waste (garbage)’.8 BIOMASS ENERGY ‘The energy obtained from the floras (Plants) and their residues and fauna’s (Animals) waste is known as biomass energy’. WASTE AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS (WAB) The agricultural residues are referred as the Waste Agricultural Biomass, which may be assorted as; field residues and process residues. Field residue

6 Journal of Environmental and Occupational Science Environ Occup Sci 2012; 1(2):129-131 7 http://www.scip.gos.pk/csusc.php 8 Baseline Report on; Assessment of Current Waste Management System, Characterization and Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) In District Sanghar, Pakistan

BACKGROUND INFORMATION 8

It is the matter leftover in an agricultural field after the crop has been reaped e.g. leaves, straw, stalks, roots etc.9 Process residue It is the matter leftover after the processing of the crop at the mills or factories into a valuable resource e.g. husks, sugar cane fiber (bagasse), seeds, groundnut shells, maize cobs etc.10 Assessment of Current Waste Management System of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB): The district Sanghar principally is an agrarian district except the large part of taulka Khipro and some part of taulka Sanghar, which comes on the left side of Nara Canal and is known as Thar Desert. The rest of the part of the district is very fertile. Wheat, Cotton, Sugarcane and Rice are main crops of the district. Groundnuts, Vegetables, Pulses, Maize, Bananas and many other crops are also grown there. Summary of Current Waste Management System To know the current management system of waste agricultural biomass detailed survey was carried out and after analysis of the data following conclusions have been made:11 1. Wheat straw is produced about 33-48 mons/acre and crop to residue ratio is 1:1. 40- 55% wheat straw is being used to feed animals by the farmers and landlords and 44556% is surplus and is being sold into the market at the rate of Rs. 90-100/Mon. 2. Cotton stalks are produced 3 times more than the cotton per acre. Crop to residue ratio is 1:3.0-10% cotton stalks are fed to animals and 10-75% are used for cooking and 25-80% are being burnt into field to clear the land by farmers. 3. Sugar cane tops, 20% is fed to animals by farmers and left 80% is being burnt into the field to clear land. Crop to residue ratio is 1:0.3. Sugar cane tops could be purchased at the rate of Rs. 40-45/Mons. 4. Rice straw, 20-30% is being fed to animals and rest of 70-80% is being burnt in the field. 5. Canola straw, 100% of it, is being sold to brick kilns for brick backing at the rate of Rs.60- 68/Mons. Crop to residue ratio is 1.1.1. 6. Bagasse, 95% of it, is being burnt into boilers for steam generation purpose and left 5% is surplus and is available at the rate of Rs.3000/ton. 7. Banana plants are produced about 367 Mons/acre.100% of it, is being burnt in the field. 8. Rice husk, 100% is being sold to feed animals. Crop to residue ratio is 1:0.5. It is available at the rate of Rs.150/Mons.

9 Baseline Report on; Assessment of Current Waste Management System, Characterization and Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) In District Sanghar, Pakistan 10 Ibid. 11 Baseline Report on; Assessment of Current Waste Management System, Characterization and Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) In District Sanghar, Pakistan

DISTRICT SANGHAR 9

9. Saw dust to wood ratio is 0.06:1. There are several uses of saw dust i.e. for brick backing, to make hot water in the barber shops and also used in poultry farm for coating layer floor in inter season. 10. In brick kilns, 37% crop residue, 7% animal dung, 4% chicken dung, 15% saw dust, 12% wood residue and 25% fire wood are used for brick backing purpose.12 Summary of Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) The total quantity of all the nine residues for district Sanghar (Taluka-wise) is represented in Table 1.1.4 below. As an aggregate the total quantity of the WAB in district Sanghar is 2533 kilo- tons. It can be observed that the share of cotton stalks is 1423 kilo-tons, which is about 56% of the total WAB generates in district Sanghar. Table 1.1.4: District Sanghar; Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB)

S Shahdad- Tando Jam TOTAL Sanghar Sinjhoro Khipro N0. Crop Residue (kilo-tons) pur Adam Nawaz Ali (kilo-tons) 1 Wheat Straw 73.17 137.43 113.83 52.87 29.62 86.60 494 2 Cotton Stalks 229.18 318.19 315.14 127.78 114.48 318.36 /423 3 Cotton Gin Waste 10.31 14.32 14.18 5.75 5.15 14.33 64 4 Sugarcane Tops 68.16 58.92 39.00 46.77 17.73 22.22 253 5 Bagasse 33.40 28.87 19.11 22.92 8.69 10.89 /24 6 Rice Straw 7.40 20.19 2.82 4.33 6.66 9.34 5/ 7 Rice Husk 3.37 9.18 1.28 1.97 3.03 4.24 23 8 Canola Straw 5.32 2.66 2.62 2.18 0.73 1.50 /5 9 Banana Plant 1.41 4.62 28.21 48.81 2.09 1.78 87 TOTAL 432 594 536 3/3 88 469 2533 Baseline Report on Assessment of Current Waste Management System, Characterization and Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) In District Sanghar, Pakistan Energy from Disposed-off Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) The quantity and energy of disposed-off WAB, that can be obtained from cotton stalks, sugarcane tops, rice straw and banana plant in each taulka of district Sanghar was calculated by using Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) respectively and is represented in Table 2. Equation (1): QDW = QPY x AF Equation (2): EDW = QDW x HCVx (4. 1 84 10 61) Where; QDW = Total Quantity of Disposed-off WAB (tons), QPY = Quantity of WAB per Year (tons), AF = Availability Factor, EDW = Energy in disposed-off WAB (TJ), and HCV = Higher Calorific Value (kcal/kg)13

12 Baseline Report on; Assessment of Current Waste Management System, Characterization and Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) In District Sanghar, Pakistan 13 Baseline Report on Assessment of Current Waste Management System, Characterization and Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) In District Sanghar, Pakistan BACKGROUND INFORMATION 10

Table 1.1.5: Energy potential of disposed-off WAB in district Sanghar (Taluka-wise)

Name of Crop QPY QDO HCV EDO Taulka AF Residue (tons) (tons/year) (kcal/kg) (TJ/year) Cotton Stalks 229,177 0 57,294 3,649 875

Sugarcane Tops 68,163 1 68,163 3,639 1,038 Rice Straw 7,403 1 5,923 3,349 83 Sanghar Banana Plant 1,415 1 1,415 3,201 19 Sub- total 306,157 5,555 132,794 5,555 2,015 Cotton Stalks 318,193 0 143,187 3,649 2,186

Sugarcane Tops 58,917 1 47,133 3,639 718 Rice Straw 20,188 1 15,141 3,349 212 Sinjhoro

Banana Plant 4,619 1 4,619 3,201 62 Sub- total 401,916 5,555 210,080 5,555 3,178 Cotton Stalks 315,145 1 157,572 3,649 2,406

Sugarcane Tops 38,997 1 31,198 3,639 475 Rice Straw 2,817 1 1,972 3,349 28 Shahdadpur Banana Plant 28,210 1 28,210 3,201 378 Sub- total 385,169 5,555 218,952 5,555 3,287 Cotton Stalks 127,779 1 89,445 3,649 1,366

Sugarcane Tops 46,770 1 37,416 3,639 570 Rice Straw 4,333 1 3,249 3,349 46 Tando Adam Adam Tando

Banana Plant 48,814 1 48,814 3,201 654 Sub- total 227,696 5,555 178,925 5,555 2,635 Cotton Stalks 114,480 1 91,584 3,649 1,398

Sugarcane Tops 17,728 1 14,183 3,639 216 Rice Straw 6,660 1 4,995 3,349 70 Banana Plant 2,092 1 2,092 3,201 28 Jam Nawaz Ali Ali Nawaz Jam

Sub- total 140,961 5,555 112,854 5,555 1,712 Cotton Stalks 318,356 1 206,931 3,649 3,160 Sugarcane Tops 22,220 1 17,776 3,639 271

Rice Straw 9,335 1 7,468 3,349 105 Khipro

Banana Plant 1,777 1 1,777 3,201 24 Sub- total 351,689 5,555 233,953 5,555 3,559 GRAND TOTAL /,8/3,588 ____ /,087,558 ____ /6,385 Baseline Report on Assessment of Current Waste Management System, Characterization and Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) In District Sanghar, Pakistan DISTRICT SANGHAR 11

1.2 Demography

1.2.1 Population Characteristics

In Pakistan, male population is more than the female population and is among those four countries where life expectancy for female, at birth, is less than that of males14. Sex ratio in district Sanghar is 110 male per 100 females, which is more than the ratio at the national level that is 10615. Though there could be other possible reasons for such a difference in male to female ratio, one probable reason of this ratio could be underreporting of females during national surveys. Besides, a very high maternal mortality rate16 and poor health care and non- availability of basic health facilities/infrastructure at the district level17 are likely to be instrumental for this difference. District Sanghar, like majority of the other districts in Sindh, is rural by its characteristics as 77 percent of the population resides in rural area as compared to the 23 percent that resides in the urban areas. Table 1.2.1: Estimated Population of District for 2013

AGE TOTAL RURAL URBAN GROUP (IN BOTH SEXES MALE FEMALE BOTH SEXES MALE FEMALE BOTH SEXES MALE FEMALE YEARS) ALL AGES 1,989,978 1,043,978 946,001 1,536,228 807,605 728,624 453,750 236,373 217,377 00 -- 04 319,660 162,200 157,460 253,796 128,578 125,218 65,864 33,622 32,242 05 -- 09 332,583 175,709 156,874 262,291 139,051 123,241 70,292 36,658 33,633 10 -- 14 250,333 139,145 111,187 188,910 106,384 82,526 61,422 32,761 28,662 15 -- 19 195,165 102,150 93,015 144,978 76,464 68,514 50,187 25,686 24,501 20 -- 24 186,806 91,706 95,101 143,314 69,788 73,526 43,492 21,918 21,574 25 -- 29 157,560 82,582 74,978 122,227 64,085 58,142 35,333 18,497 16,836 30 -- 34 121,021 66,740 54,280 92,573 51,019 41,553 28,448 15,721 12,727 35 -- 39 80,580 43,462 37,117 61,175 32,750 28,425 19,405 10,713 8,692 40 -- 44 83,271 40,755 42,516 63,092 30,857 32,235 20,179 9,898 10,281 45 -- 49 70,427 36,819 33,608 54,508 28,481 26,027 15,920 8,338 7,582 50 -- 54 59,612 31,473 28,139 46,060 24,422 21,639 13,552 7,052 6,500 55 -- 59 38,005 20,942 17,063 28,607 15,832 12,775 9,398 5,110 4,288 60 -- 64 36,558 19,172 17,386 28,455 15,098 13,357 8,104 4,074 4,029 65 -- 69 19,593 10,597 8,995 15,094 8,178 6,916 4,499 2,420 2,079 70 -- 74 18,693 9,921 8,772 14,821 7,912 6,909 3,872 2,009 1,863 75 & ABOVE 20,113 10,604 9,509 16,328 8,708 7,620 3,785 1,897 1,889 Source: Estimated for 2013 population on the basis of table 4, Census 1998

14 A profile for District Badin: 2009, South-Asia Partnership Pakistan http://www.sappk.org/district-profiles-with- focus-on-livelihood-related-issues-0 retrieved on 05-03-2012 15 Labour Force Survey 2010-11: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics 16 0.5 for Sindh, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2006-07: National Institute of Population Studies, Pakistan. pp. 179 17 Mean distance from hospital/dispensary is 8 km for district: Pakistan Mouza Statistics, Table 15 DEMOGRAPHY 12

1.2.2 Population Growth Pattern In 1998, the total population of talukas that Population Growth Pattern 18 currently form the district was 1,324,726 . 2,000,000 Population of district Sanghar has an estimated 1,800,000 growth rate of 2.74% per annum, which means 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,989,978 1,936,626

that the population will double itself in 25.55 1,884,717

1,200,000 1,834,212 1,785,073

19 1,737,262 1,690,744 years from 1998. 45.36 percent of the 1,000,000 1,645,483 1,601,444 1,558,595 1,516,903 1,476,337

800,000 1,436,865 1,398,459 population is below 15 years of age and 2.93 1,361,088 600,000 1,324,726 percent is 65 years or above. The estimated 400,000 population for 2013 is 1,989,978, showing a 50% 200,000 increase in 15 years from 1998. - 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1.2.3 Population Distribution by 75+ 0.5% 0.5% 70-74 FEMALE 0.5% 0.4% Age and Gender 65-69 MALE 0.5% 0.5% Out of the total population, 54 percent are 60-64 1.0% 0.9% 55-59 1.1% 0.9% males and 46 percent are females. Largest 50-54 1.6% 1.4% cohort of the population is 5-9 years, which 45-49 1.9% 1.7% 40-44 2.0% 2.1% decreases with 5 years interval. Total 35-39 2.2% 1.9% population in this cohort is 332,583. Except the 30-34 3.4% 2.7% age groups 20-24 and 40-44, in all the other age 25-29 4.1% 3.8% 20-24 4.6% 4.8% groups, male population outnumbers female 15-19 5.1% 4.7% population. 10-14 7.0% 5.6% 5-9 8.8% 7.9% 1-4 8.2% 7.9%

1.2.4 Dependent Population The economically dependent population is Dependent Population percent considered to be the population that is less than 15 years and more than 65 years of age. In addition to them, widowed, and/or divorced women are also considered dependent Labor Force 51.71% population. Dependent population in the case of Sanghar district is 48.29 percent of the total Dependent 48.29% population and the working population is 51.71 percent, which shows that dependency ratio20 in the district is 93 percent.

18 Sindh Development Statistics 2008, pp 45. 19 Rule of 70 http://controlgrowth.org/double.htm retrieved on 05-03-2012 20 Dependency Ratio= (Population < 15 Years + Population > 65 Years)/ Population 15-65 Years DISTRICT SANGHAR 13

Table 1.2.2: Population Details by Taluka Pop Average Estimated Taluka Population Male Female Sex Ratio Density HH Size HH Jam Nawaz Ali Taluka 122,325 64,182 58,143 255 110 5.6 21,844 Khipro Taluka 346,416 183,461 162,956 62 113 5.1 67,925 Sanghar Taluka 422,399 221,549 200,850 190 110 5.9 71,593 Shahdadpur Taluka 457,187 238,090 219,097 608 109 6.2 73,740 Sinjhoro Taluka 302,726 158,860 143,866 352 110 5.7 53,110 Tando Adam Taluka 338,925 177,140 161,785 808 109 6.3 53,798 Total 1,989,978 1,043,281 946,698 2,276 110 5.8 342,009 Source: Estimated using Table 1 of Census 1998 DEMOGRAPHY 14 WGS84 Territory Disputed India June07, 2014 Gilgit Baltistan Azad Kilometers Kashmir http://www.immap.org Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab FATA Sindh Taluka boundary Taluka District boundary Province boundary International boundary 0 - 62 - 19063 - 255191 - 352256 - 808353 5 0 10 20 Balochistan Afghanistan | Arabian Sea Arabian Sea Legend No. of Person/sq km Population Density f its frontiers orboundaries. iMMAP_PAK_Sanghar PopulationDensity Map_v02_060714 Iran Map datasource(s): Alhassan SystemsPrivate Limited:Admin boundaries Population:Derived fromtable 1,district census report Disclaimers: The designations employed and the presentationon of material this map do whatsoever on not the part imply of the the USAID iMMAP, Alhasan concerning expressionSystems, the or legal of status anycity or area of or of anyits opinion authorities, country, or concerning territory, the delimitation o Map Doc Name: Creation Date: Projection/Datum: Web Resources: 7.9% 7.9% India 5.6% 4.8% 4.7% 3.8% FEMALE MALE 2.7% 2.1% 1.9% 1.7% 1.4% T h a r p a r k a r T h a r p a r k a r 0.9% 0.9% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% U m e r k o t U m e r k o t 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 1.0% 1.1% 1.6% 1.9% 2.0% 2.2% KHIPRO 3.4% 62 4.1% 4.6% 5.1% 7.0% 8.2% 8.8% S a n g h a r S a n g h a r 1-4 70-74 60-64 50-54 40-44 30-34 20-24 10-14 June, 2014 PopulationDensity Map

) K h a i r p u r K h a i r p u r 2 190 62 62 255 255 190 608 352 808 193 (No./Km M i r p u r k h a s M i r p u r k h a s Pop.Density Pop.Density SANGHAR Sanghar- 255 ALI JAM NAWAZ B a d i n B a d i n 352 SINJHORO 122,325 346,416 422,399 457,187 302,726 338,925 1,989,978 Population Population Ta n d o Ta n d o A l l a h Y a r A l l a h Y a r

808 ) ADAM 2 TANDO 608 479 479 752 860 419 5,605 2,218 Area Area K h a n (Km K h a n 10,334 10,334 Ta n d o Ta n d o SHAHDADPUR M u h a m m a d M u h a m m a d M a t i a r i M a t i a r i Summary of Estimated population 2013 population Estimated of Summary H y d e r a b a d H y d e r a b a d F e r o z F e r o z S. Benazirabad J a m s h o r o S. Benazirabad J a m s h o r o Taluka Name Taluka JAM NAWAZ ALI JAM KHIPRO SANGHAR SHAHDADPUR SINJHORO ADAM TANDO Total T h a t t a T h a t t a N a u s h a h r o N a u s h a h r o DISTRICT SANGHAR 15

1.3 Livelihood

1.3.1 Main Sources of Livelihood/Income Since district Sanghar is an agro-based rural district where 77% of the population reside in the rural areas, the sources of livelihood are less diversified for the resident population. While agriculture is the main source of employment for the rural population, in the urban areas of the district people are engaged in various other economic activities like trade, services, personal business, and government and private jobs. Sanghar and Tando Jam are main trading centers of this district. Taluka Khipro, Jam Nawaz Ali, Sinjhoro and Sanghar are more dependent on agricultural activity as compared to Tando Adam and Shahdadpur. Though Tando Jam and Shahdadpur are also agro-based, here small industries also provide source of livelihood to the resident population21. The following table shows the number of rural mouzas reporting sources of employment in district Sanghar. Majority of the male population is associated with agriculture (in 74% of rural mouzas). While in the category of some; services sector, trade, personal business and labour are frequent in the male population. The Agriculture Census 2000 classifies rural households under three broad categories: agricultural households that operate land as owner-cultivators or tenants; livestock owners; and non-agricultural households. In district Sanghar, the share of non-agricultural households, in all the rural households, is 29.4% percent, while agricultural households and livestock owners constitute 41.8% percent and 28.8% percent respectively22.

21 Report on Tranche Condition (2006), Taluka Administration, District Government Sanghar, Sindh Devolved Social Services Program (SDSSP), Government of Sindh, (http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.sdssp.gov.pk/ContentPages/46277016.pdf) accessed on 15/05/2013 22 Arif, et al (2010), “The 2010 Flood and Poverty in Pakistan: A Preliminary District-level Analysis”, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Islamabad, Background Paper for Conference on the " The Environments of the Poor”, 24-26 Nov. 2010, New Delhi LIVELIHOOD 16

Given the cultural trait of Sindh and its rural areas, where women actively work side by side with the men, the female participation in economic activity is reasonable in this district, as 134 mouzas (38%) have reported that women are also engaged in agriculture. In the category of some, services sector, personal business and casual labor are the main sources of livelihood for

the female population. Table 1.3.1: Number of Mouzas Reporting Sources of

PERSONAL OVERSEAS GENDER QUANTIFICATION SERVICE AGRICULTURE TRADE INDUSTRY LABOUR BUSINESS EMPLOYEMENT MOSTLY 3 263 1 - 3 - 30 MALE SOME 257 84 103 35 201 39 311 NONE 95 8 251 320 151 316 14 MOSTLY - 134 - - 1 1 69 FEMALE SOME 141 97 11 13 91 18 252 NONE 214 124 344 342 263 336 34 Source: Mouza Statistics of Sindh: 2008, Agriculture Census Organization The categories under which these mouzas have reported against different livelihood sources are: • Mostly: population of 50 percent and above • Some: population between 1 percent and 50 percent • None: less than or equal to 1 percent 1.3.2 Agriculture Agriculture sector plays a significant role in the overall economic performance of Pakistan. Currently, this sector provides employment opportunities to 45% of the labor force in Pakistan. This sector provides sources of livelihood to 60% of the population in the rural areas. Agriculture contributes 21% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan23.

Apart from well spread desert Achhro Thar in Khipro taluka, the remaining portion of district Sanghar is booming with agricultural activity and small industries. Sanghar contributes significantly in agriculture sector of Sindh because its climate is suitable for production of various crops including the Kharif crops of cotton, rice, jowar and sugarcane and the Rabi crops of wheat, gram and oil seeds. In addition to these, fruit orchards are abundant in this district. Taluka Shahdadpur and Tando Adam are famous for the production of a variety of fruits including banana, mango and dates. The fish of Jumrao canal is also another source of livelihood for the people of Sanghar district24.

Total reported area of the district is 480,000 hectares, out of which 153,000 hectares (31%) are cultivated. Within the cultivated area, 87,000 hectares are net sown25 whereas 66,000 hectares

23 Economic Survey of Pakistan (2011-12), Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan 24 Report on Tranche Condition (2006), Taluka Administration, District Government Sanghar, Sindh Devolved Social Services Program (SDSSP), Government of Sindh,(http://www.fdsindh.gov.pk/sdssp/DG%20-%20Sanghar%20- %20LSU%20Assessment%20Report.pdf) accessed on 15/05/2013 25 Net Area Sown means the area which has been sown at least once in a year. It will include areas under crops, fruits, vegetables etc. DISTRICT SANGHAR 17

are currently fallow lands26. The remaining 69% of the total reported area is un-cultivated; out of which 266,000 hectares are not available for cultivation and 26,000 hectares are culturable waste27. Table 1.3.2: Land Utilization Statistics of District Sanghar (000 Hectares)

Sanghar Area Reported Area 1,017 Total 457 Cultivated Area Net Sown 221 Current Fallow 236 Total 560 Culturable Waste28 167 Un-cultivated Area Forest 9 Not available for Cultivation 384 Source: Sindh Development Statistics (2008) Area sown and production of food and cash crops in 2008-09 are reported in the Table 1.3.3. Table 1.3.3: Food and Cash Crops Cultivated in District Sanghar

Area Sown in 2008-09 Production in 2008-09 Area Sown in 2010-11 Type Crop (000 Hectares) (000 Tonnes) (Acres) FAO Wheat 126.6 451.9 Food Rice 13.3 6.7 7,727 Sugarcane 11.6 487.9 32,600 Cash Cotton 122.9 656.9* 330,353 Source: Crop Area and Production by Districts for 28 Years; 2008-09 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS) *Production of cotton in 000 bales

The area sown and production trends of different food and cash crops, over the last 28 years, are given as follows:  Wheat Wheat crop, over the time, has shown Index of Area & Production of Wheat positive response, both in area as well as 1.4 production. As the corresponding graph 1.2 1 shows, from 1981-82 till 1991-92, the 0.8 production has shown mixed trend as 0.6 compared to the area which remained the 0.4 same over these years. Afterwards, 0.2 production declined over a few years yet the 0 increase in production is considerable when the area is taken in to account which has consistently declined. This shows the overall Area Production

26 Current Fallow means the part of the cultivated area which has not been used for cropping during the year under reference but for which the total vacant period does not exceed three crop seasons. 27 Sindh Development Statistics, (2008), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) 28 Culturable waste means cultivable land not actually cultivated. It includes all grazing and other land, not included under forest. Sindh Development Statistics 2008, pp 81. LIVELIHOOD 18

increase in the productivity of wheat crop in this district.

 Rice Index of Area & Production of Rice Crop Over the years, the trends in area sown and 5 4 production of rice crop have been mixed. 3 2 From 1981-82 till 1999-00, area showed 1 increasing trends while production was lower 0 for the area sown. From 2001-02 till 2006-07, both area and production of rice was low as compared to the previous years. But the data Area Production for a single crop year i.e. 2008-09 shows a huge increase in area and production; however the increase in area is far more than the increase in production.  Cotton Index of Area and Production of Cotton Crop The production and area of cotton crop showed mixed trends for the last 28 years 2 as from 1981-82 till 1993-94, both 1.5 decreased consistently. However this trend changed and from 1995-96 till 2008-09, 1 both area and production of cotton crop 0.5 have been increasing over time. The 0 increase in production is more than the increase in the area showing the increased productivity of cotton crop in this district. Area Production

 Sugarcane Index of Area & Production of Sugarcane Crop

The production and area of sugarcane 3.5 showed increasing trends over the last 28 3 years. Increase in production has been more 2.5 2 than the increase in area which shows the 1.5 increased productivity of sugarcane crop. 1 0.5 However, in the year 2008-09, both area and 0 production declined a little.

Area Production DISTRICT SANGHAR 19

1.3.3 Industry District Sanghar has agriculture related industries ranging from sugar mill, textile looms, to ginning factories. Sanghar Sugar Mill, textile looms in Tando Adam, cotton ginning factories in towns are the source of employments for residents of district Sanghar. In the census of manufacturing industries 2001, 39 industrial units have been reported as working in this district. These industries provide, on an average, daily employment to 3,628 people.

1.3.4 Livestock Livestock sector maintains a unique position within the agriculture sector of Pakistan. It contributes 51% to the value addition in agriculture sector of Pakistan. It also contributes 9% to the GDP of Pakistan29. Besides, this sector provides foreign earnings, dairy products’ needs, food security and daily cash income to the people of Pakistan. It helps to reduce the income inequalities, especially in case of emergencies (floods, crop failure). Hence this sector is considered as most secure source of livelihood for small farmers and landless poor. The share of Sindh province in livestock population of Pakistan is 20%. The livestock population of district Sanghar is given in the following table: Table 1.3.4: Livestock in District Sanghar

Livestock Population Cattle 370,235 Buffalo 323,543 Sheep 83,579 Goat 696,584 Camel 6,406 Horse 1,600 Mule 989 Ass 45,818 Domestic Poultry 473,343 Source: Livestock Census (2006)

29 Economic Survey of Pakistan (2011-12), Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan FOOD SECURITY 20

1.4 Food Security Food security can be broadly divided into four components30:  Availability of food in terms of sufficient quantity available through domestic production or imports  Access to adequate resources given the socio-political and economic arrangements of the community  Utilization Refers to the body’s ability to make use of the nutrients provided. This requires clean water sanitation and health care  Stability includes an all-time access and utilization of food without any fear of losing it due to any shock (natural calamity, economic shock). This component points out to sustainability of food in an area. 1.4.1 Availability Wheat along with other crops like cotton, rice and sugarcane is produced in most of the rural mouzas of district Sanghar. Besides, vegetables and fruits are also produced in the district. As the following table shows, wheat and rice are cropped in 99% and 23% of the mouzas respectively. Wheat is dominant among food crops cultivated in this district. The table below also shows the cultivation of cash crops in the district i.e. cotton and sugarcane that are cropped in 99% and 88% of the mouzas respectively. The overall crop based food production is sufficient in Sanghar district31. Table 1.4.1: Number of Mouza Reporting Major Crops

ADMINISTRATIVE NUMBERS OF MOUZAS REPORTING MAJOR CROPS UNIT WHEAT RICE COTTON SUGARCANE MAIZE PULSES ORCHARDS VEGETABLES Sanghar District 353 82 353 314 126 43 193 168 Sanghar Taluka 67 48 66 66 8 7 18 8 Sinjhoro Taluka 86 11 86 74 4 2 11 10 Khipro Taluka 73 1 74 65 63 5 60 58 Shahdadpur Taluka 47 15 47 33 31 23 35 34 Tando Adam Taluka 28 3 28 24 20 6 17 7 Jam Nawaz Ali Taluka 52 4 52 52 - - 52 51 Source: Mouza Statistics of Sindh: 2008, Agriculture Census Organization Food availability not only depends on the obtainability of wheat but also depends on other cereals like maize etc. As far as cereal food is concerned, this district is surplus in production for its food requirements. In addition to cereals, animal based food (meat, milk, milk products) availability is also important for total food availability, which is surplus in the district. Combining both the crop based and animal based food production, district Sanghar is self-sufficient in food production32. Besides, the trade and economic activities of this district ensure the availability of food through imports from neighboring districts.

30 Define by Food & Agriculture Organization 31 Food Insecurity in Pakistan (2009), Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), Islamabad 32 Food Insecurity in Pakistan (2009), Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), Islamabad DISTRICT SANGHAR 21

1.4.2 Access Per capita availability of food items alone is not a reliable indicator of food security. If the available food is socio-economically not accessible to the masses, it cannot make a society food secure. The income level of the households reflects access to food, capacity of consumption and even food poverty. Average monthly income of a household (HH) in this district is between Rs.11, 000/- and Rs.15, 000/- which is considered as very low33. Child dependency (ratio between children and household members in economically active age group) is one of the limiting factors in meeting the daily needs of households and is an important indicator to measure access to food. The increased dependency ratio enhances the spending of the household on child care and food, which results in per capita reduction of socio-economic access to food. Child dependency ratio is reasonable in this district. The share of household expenditures on food is 61.8% of the total income in Sindh. So the inadequate level of income, high food expenditures, and high inflation (particularly food inflation) hinders access to food34. The table below shows physical access to food in district Sanghar by providing distances of different mouzas from the wholesale markets. Average distance from the fruit and vegetable markets of a mouza is 19 and 17 kilometres respectively, whereas the distance from the grain market is 14 kilometres. Such long distances impede access to food. Table 1.4.2: Distance of Mouzas from Wholesale Markets

Overall Mouzas by Distance (in Kilometres) by Facility Rural Mean Type of facility Populated Less 51 & Distance 1 - 10 11 – 25 26 – 50 Mouzas Than 1 Above (KM) Number 355 16 11 146 133 64 1 Livestock Market Percent 100 3 41 37 18 Number 355 14 18 177 108 51 1 Grains Market Percent 100 5 50 30 14 Number 355 19 9 135 104 103 4 Fruit Market Percent 100 3 38 29 29 1 Number 355 17 12 152 101 88 2 Vegetable Market Percent 100 3 43 28 25 1 Number 355 13 36 184 93 41 1 Govt. Procurement Centre Percent 100 10 52 26 12 Source: Mouza Statistics of Sindh: 2008, Agriculture Census Organization

33 Food Insecurity in Pakistan (2009), Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), Islamabad 34 Ibid FOOD SECURITY 22

1.4.3 Utilization

In addition to food availability and access, proper assimilation of food in the body is essential. Food utilization and stability depicts this absorption of food and its sustainability. Improved sanitation facility, clean drinking water, health infrastructure and individual health status along with female literacy play vital role in food absorption. According to Food Security Analysis (FSA) 2009, access to improved drinking water is reasonable in this district35. Table 1.4.3: Percentage Distribution of HH by Source of Drinking Water

Water Delivery System Sanghar Tap Water Hand Pump Motor Pump Dug Well Other Total 20 58 18 0 3 Urban 41 18 41 0 0 Rural 14 71 11 0 4 Source: PSLM 2010-11 Sanitation conditions in district Sanghar are relatively poor where 42% of the households use flush toilets and 51% of the households have non-flush toilets. The sanitation facility is comparatively worse in rural areas of the district and the female literacy rate is 30% only. Table 1.4.4: Percentage Distribution of HH by Type of Toilet

Flush Non-Flush No Toilet Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total 83 29 42 17 62 51 0 8 12 Source: PSLM 2010-11 In a nutshell, this district has sufficient availability of food, poor socio-economic access; and relatively poor food utilization environment. Combining all the indicators of food security i.e. availability, access, utilization and stability; it can be ascertained that district Sanghar is a food insecure district of Pakistan.

35 Food Insecurity in Pakistan (2009), Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), Islamabad DISTRICT SANGHAR 23

1.5 Health and Immunization

1.5.1 Health Facilities The total number of health facilities in district Sanghar is 8936. There is only one District headquarter hospital with a capacity of 200 beds. These health facilities are sufficient for only 24% of the estimated 2010 population of the district37. Table 1.5.1 shows the details of these health facilities. Table 1.5.1: Number of Health Facilities by Type

Type Number Bed Strength Teaching Hospitals 0 0 District headquarter hospital 1 200 Tehsil headquarter hospitals 3 102 Rural health centres 6 48 Basic Health units 58 116 Govt. Rural Dispensaries 20 - MCH centres 1 - Sub health centres 0 - Grand Total 89 466 HMIS Cell, EDO-H Office

1.5.2 Immunization 60 Urban Rural Total Immunization coverage estimates are used to monitor 50 immunization services, and to guide disease 40 eradication and elimination efforts. This indicator is 30 20 the measure of the percentage of children of age 12- 10 23 months, who have received all the doses of BCG 0 vaccine, three doses of polio & pentavalent vaccines and 1 dose of measles vaccine in a given year. In district Sanghar, around 43% pregnant women have received tetanus toxoid injections. In urban areas this percentage is 60% and in rural areas it is 36%38. Record based39 immunization data of district Sanghar shows that 34% (Male 32%: Female 37%) of the children aged 12-23 months have received full immunization. In the urban areas this percentage is 45 percent (Male 43%: Female 47%) and in the rural areas it is 29% Male 24%: Female 34%). The graph shows the percentage of children of 12-23 months that have been immunized by the type of Antigen based on records40.

36 Health Facility Assessment 2011 (HFA) by Technical Resource Facility (TRF) http://115.186.137.115/reports/hfa/sindh/HFA-Sanghar.pdf 37 WHO Standard is 2 health facilities and 25 beds per 10,000 people. 38 Table 3.11, Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM)2013-13 39 Table 3.4 (b) Based on record: Children who reported having received full immunization who also have an immunization card, expressed as a percentage of all children aged 12-23 months. Also immunizations to be classed as fully immunized a child must have received: ‘BCG’, ‘DPT1’, ‘DPT2’, ‘DPT3’, ‘Polio1’, ‘Polio2’ 40 Table 3.5: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM)2010-2011 HEALTH ANDIMMUNIZATION District Sanghar - Health Facilities Map Date (June 2014)

Legend KHAIRPUR ! Settlements ÆP BASIC HEALTH UNIT S. BENAZIRABAD KHIPRO G DIAGNOSTIC CENTRE I$ DISPENSARY ÆP DISTRICT HEADQUARTER HOSPITAL ÆP GENERAL HOSPITALS India India "u GENERAL PHYSICIAN ! MEDICAL STORES u" RURAL HEALTH CENTER SHAHDADPUR SANGHAR SANGHAR "u SUB-HEALTH CENTER SINJHORO v® TEHSIL HEADQUARTER HOSPITAL Road Network KHAIRPUR Tehsil Boundary District Boundary

PROVINCIAL BOUNDARY MATIARI INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY JAM S. BENAZIRABAD NAWAZ KHIPRO ALI TANDO ADAM

MIRPURKHAS JAMSHORO T. AYAR |

Map Doc Name: iMMAP_Pakistan_Sanghar Health Facilities Map_A4L_140607 Creation Date: 07 06 2014 Projection/Datum: WGS 1984 http://www.immap.org Web Resources: SHAHDADPUR

0 15 30 Kilometers SANGHAR India Map data source(s): SINJHORO Alhasan Pvt Limited (Boundaries, Education Facilities), AWRAE NGO,WFP ,National Geo-Spatial Agency SANGHAR Disclaimers: The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion KHIPRO whatsoever on the part of the iMMAP, Alhasan Systems, or USAID concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. TANDO JAM NAWAZ ADAM Turkmenistan ALI Tajikistan

Gilgit - Baltistan Gilgit - Baltistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Aksai Chin Afghanistan FATA Disputed Territory Iran (Islamic Republic of) Disputed TerritoryChina/India

Punjab China/India JAMSHORO Pakistan Balochistan Nepal T. AYAR MIRPURKHAS UMERKOT THARPARKAR Sindh MATIARI Iran (Islamic Republic of) Oman Arabian Sea Oman India

HYDERABAD 24 DISTRICT SANGHAR 25

1.6 Education

1.6.1 Highlights Literacy Rate (10 years and above) 54% Adult Literacy Rate (15 years and above) 51% GPI Primary 0.60 GPI Middle 1.20 GPI Secondary 0.39 GPI Higher Secondary 0.54 Population that has ever attended School 54% Male 71% Female 35% Population that has completed primary level or higher 43% Male 57% Female 27% Student Teacher Ratio Primary 47 Middle 33 Secondary 63 Higher Secondary 111 Primary Participation Rate 42 Male 50 Female 33

Source: Sanghar Education Profile and PSLM 2012-13

1.6.2 District School Enrolment Ratio The education status is quite poor in district Sanghar. The overall literacy rate (for the population of 10 years and above) is 54%; for male it is 70% and for female it is 35%. For the urban rural comparison, urban literacy rate is higher than the rural, which is 69% (male: 82% and female: 56%); whereas the rural literacy rate is 47% (male: 65% and female: 26%). Adult literacy rate (for the population of 15 years and above) is 51%. Gross Enrollment Rate41 (GER) at the primary level in Sanghar is 81% (Male: 92%, Female: 66%), in urban community it is 104% (Male: 107%, Female: 99%) and in rural community it is 73% (Male: 87%, Female: 56%). Net Enrollment rate42 (NER) at the primary level in district Sanghar is 52% (Male: 58%, Female: 44%), in urban community it is 70% (Male: 73%, Female: 67%) and in rural community it is 46% (Male: 53%, Female: 37%). Table 1.6.1 shows details of Gross and Net Enrolment Rates by Rural, Urban and Gender at different levels.

41 Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. 42 Enrolment of the official age group for a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population. EDUCATION 26

Higher Secondary There are a total of 17 higher secondary schools in the district. Total enrollment at the higher secondary level is 18,778 (Boys: 12,190 and Girls: 6,588). The total number of teachers at the higher secondary level is 487, out of which male teachers are 336 and female teachers are 151. Thus, on an average, each higher secondary school has an enrolment of 1,105 students with a teaching staff of 29. However, the student class ratio is 111 and each school has averagely around 10 class rooms. Table 1.6.2: Enrolment and Educational Facilities by level and Gender44

Level Enrolment School Facilities Teachers

Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Mixed Total Male Female Total Primary 111,879 67,391 179,270 524 311 2,165 3,000 5,537 1,281 6,818 Middle 3,926 4,711 8,637 17 39 52 108 264 176 440 Secondary 21,269 8,355 29,624 16 12 35 63 858 213 1,071 Higher Secondary 12,190 6,588 18,778 5 5 7 17 336 151 487 Total 149,264 87,045 236,309 562 367 2,259 3,188 6,995 1,821 8,816

44 Sindh School List 2012-13, Statistical Education Bulletin, Reform Support Unit, Sindh Government.

DISTRICT SANGHAR 27 Chin Nepal

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2 Disaster History and Its Impact 2.1 Disaster in District

2.1.1 Disaster History

District Sanghar is one of the oldest districts of Sindh. It was hit by 2010, 2011 and 2012 rains/ floods. River Indus, after receiving water from 5 of its tributary rivers, causes floods in the northern and southern parts of Sindh province. The upper region of Sindh Province comprises of the districts of Jacobabad, Shikarpur, Kashmore, Larkana and Kamber Shahdadkot on the right bank of River Indus and Ghotki, Sukkur, Khairpur, Naushahroferoze and Sanghar on the left bank of River Indus. These districts, on the right and left banks of River Indus, are prone to severe threat when River Indus is in high flood. The districts in the lower Sindh are prone to riverine flooding and include: Dadu, Jamshoro and Thatta on the right bank of River Indus and Tando Muhammad Khan, Matiari and Hyderabad on the left bank. The length of River Indus along the province is 750 kms long.

Areas affected in 2011 were: Khori, Hatango, Qazi Faiz Mohammad and Jinhar, Goth Mir Nabi Baksh, Khipri, Jhoorvee, Mir Bungla, Goth Hunra, , Khori, kamaro, wadal,and warian.

Along with the aforementioned floods, drought hit this district in 1997 and in 2000. 2013-14 drought affected Sanghar along with Tharparkar, Umerkot and Khairpur districts. Epidemics, casualties due to accidents and environmental degradation occur on yearly basis.

DISTRICT SANGHAR 29

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h o a berequired. may differ, therefore may differ, field verification would Possiblesafe locationsare based on maximum floodextents in recent3 years(2010-2012). Floodextents are derived fromMODIS imagery throughGIS models. modellingand the actualsituation in thefield g o a B D These possible safelocations are based on n k h h a ra P h A Dhoji Minor a B G D T DISTRICT SANGHAR 31

2.1.2 Impact of Disaster on Demography As mentioned above, district Sanghar was severely hit by rains/ floods in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Yet the extent of damage was more severe in 2011 as compared to 2010 and 2012. After 2010 floods, the district was categorized as a very low risk districts by PDMA Sindh45. But in 2011 rains/floods, the extent of damage was severe as assessments showed that all the 361 mouzas of 55 union councils were affected. A population of 1, 237,432 (67% of the total population) persons was affected and there were 39 casualties and 93 injuries. In total, 312,928 houses were damaged. Geographically, a total of 927,201 acres of area was inundated in all talukas of the district. The extent of 2011 rains is given in the table below. Table 2.1.1: Summary of Losses and Damages in Floods/Rains 2011

Attribute Figures 2011 Source Total Households 2010 315,224 Estimated Affected Households 213,350 Estimated Total UCs 55 UN-OCHA UC Affected 55 Total Villages (Mouzas) 362 Sindh Mouza Stats/UN-OCHA Mouzas Affected 361 PDMA Sindh Total Houses Affected 213,928 Partially Damaged 88,722 Destroyed 125,206 Total Population 1,834,212 Estimated Affected Population 1,237,432 PDMA Sindh Deaths 39 Injuries 93 Total Area (acres) 2,553,636 PCO Total Affected Area (acres) 927,201 FAO Area Sown 396,840 Crop Area Damaged 356,473

Table 2.1.2: Summary of Loss and Damage by taluka in 2011

Affected Total Affected Estimated Affected Taluka Area (Acres) Area Population Population Households Households Jam Nawaz Ali Taluka 118,372 115004 115,066 137,440* 20,548 24,543 Khipro Taluka 1,385,037 158,750 319,153 260,006 62,579 50,982 Sanghar Taluka 548,187 280,983 384,759 192,204 65,213 32,577 Shahdadpur Taluka 185,800 135094 422,932 213,041 68,215 34,361 Sinjhoro Taluka 212,626 181770 278,495 310,449* 48,859 54,465 Tando Adam Taluka 103,614 55600 313,806 124,292 49,811 19,729 Total 2,553,636 927,201 1,834,212 1,237,432 315,224 216,656

45 Flood 2010, Disaster Management Apparatus in Sindh * These figures are based on the estimated population for the year 2010 and the figures reported by UNOCHA for affected population. One possible explanation for this discrepancy could be that affected people from other areas came to these Talukas for relief and assistance.

DISASTER HISTORY AND ITS IMPACT 32

the food security situation, given the deplorable social indicators i.e., large household size, poor literacy level, higher mortality rate, infrastructure with poor access to education and health facilities show the higher level of poverty and deprivation in this district . Through the destruction of roads, transport and market infrastructure, the floods had a significant negative impact on commodity market. As a result, the functioning capacity of the markets (transporters, processors, wholesalers and retailers) decreased with upward movement of transaction costs and shortage of food commodities. This phenomenon hindered the socio-economic access to food in the district49. The losses to crops and livestock along with the poor functioning capacity of the markets reduced the expected income of the population of this district. Thus the floods and rains affected people of the district Sanghar had to face a number of key challenges to recover their livelihood, agriculture and livestock; directly affecting the food security situation. 2.1.5 Impact of Disaster on Health Severe floods can not only cause destruction to heath care infrastructure but also affect health indicators of the affected population. Sanghar district was badly hit in 2011 heavy rains, resulting in damage to the public health infrastructure. Based on 2011 flood rapid assessment, 50% (28 out of 58) Basic Health Units and 20% (1 out of 5) Rural Health centres were reportedly damaged. These affected health facilities in the district had marginal stock of medicines, equipment and other consumables for three weeks50. A large number of people suffered from waterborne diseases, epidemics, malaria, diarrhoea, gastro, fever, eyes and many other skin diseases. Deaths of children were also reported due to waterborne diseases. In many camps there was no medical assistance. Drinking water sources were contaminated due to which there were fears of Dengue and other such diseases spread51. 2.1.6 Impact of Disaster on Education Due to the floods/rains of 2011, 1,575 school facilities were damaged, out of which 307 were fully destroyed and 538 were partially damaged. 730 schools were occupied by the IDPs. Also, heavy rains affected the school going children. Due to the damages to the schools, houses and roads; education of 126,000 students was affected (Girls: 54,180, Boys: 71,820). Teachers numbering 4,200 were also affected52. No loss was reported to the school facilities due to floods 2010 and 2012.

49 Ibid 50 Health Initial Rapid Assessment Report (22 Flood Affected districts in Sindh) by Provincial Health Department in collaboration with National Health Emergency Preparedness & response Network (NHEPRN), Cabinet Division and WHO, 8th Sep-12th Sep, 2011 51 Sindh Agricultural & Forestry Workers Coordinating Organization (SAFWCO) flood updates caused by monsoon rains and breaches in LBOD and other canals in District Sanghar November, 2011 52 Damage Need Assessment, Sindh-EMIS Reform c Unit, Department of Education and Literacy, Government of Sindh.

DISTRICT SANGHAR 33

2.1.7 Drought 2013-14 In the recent drought-like situation has caused the least number of deaths in persons and livestock in district deserted area. According to District Health officer of Sanghar, four (4) numbers of deaths have been reported in district53. Eight (8) Sheep and Goats have been perished reported by district administration. PDMA Sindh with support of district administration has provided medical treatments to both (persons and animal). From 14th March to 18th March 2014, 581 children were admitted in the district health facilities of which 153 were under five. 13 cases were referred to the Taluka hospitals and 72 under five children have been reported for suffering from malnourishment. Per day, 80 to 90 Anti-Snake Venom (ASV) and 40 to 50 Anti-Rabies Vaccines (ARV) were provided to affectees and other stock of essential medicines were sufficiently available in all the health facilities centers of district54. Four (4) Medical Camps were working in desert area of district. Following health facilities are actively functional at district Sanghar.  CH Sanghar  SIMS SHD  TH Tando Adam  TH Sinjhoro  TH Khipro  RHC Jhol  RHC Kandiari  RHC Jam Nawaz Ali  RHC Shahpurchakar  RHC Sarhari  RHC Jaffar Khan Lag. Along with human population, animal population were also treated and vaccinated. According to Livestock Animal Husbandry from 4th March, 2014 to 9th April 2014, 55,137 animals (large and Small) vaccinated and 1,698 were treated55.

53 Cumulative Data of Daily Health Report by DHO Sanghar shared on Daily Basis during Drought Like Situation in Sanghar. 54 Daily Health Report of District Sanghar shared by DHO Sanghar 55 Cumulative Data of Daily workdone progress report in Achro Thar District Sanghar by Deputy Director Livestock Animal Husbandry, Sanghar

HAZARD VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY ANALYSIS 34

3 Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis 3.1 Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis Prior to analyzing existing hazards; vulnerability to hazards and capacity to cope with the same of the district and its population needs to be understood. An explanation of the terms used is given under each heading, as follows: 3.1.1 Hazard A hazard is a situation which triggers disaster. But it can be also defined as: “A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the Loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation”56 A hazard is a situation that has the potential to harm the health and safety of people or to damage plant and equipment. Hazards can be divided into two categories.

Natural Hazard Natural hazards are natural processes or phenomena within the earth system that may constitute a damaging event. For example typhoons, tsunamis, earthquake and volcanic eruption cyclones, earthquakes, floods, landslides, storms are natural hazards.

Man-made Hazard Any industrial, nuclear, or transportation accident, explosion, power failure, resource shortage, or other condition, resulting from man-made causes, which threaten or cause damage to property, human suffering, hardship or loss of life constitute ‘Man-made Hazard. Hazard matrix of District Hazard Frequency Area affected/union councils Severity/Force Year 2006,2007, Rain floods Monsoon Entire district High 2011,2012 Epidemics Seasonal Entire district Low Every year Eastern part of district 1997-2000, Droughts Common Low (Khipro Taluka) 2013-2014 Earth quakes Rare Entire district Low 2013 Water logging & Salinity Common Entire district -- Through out

56 “Urban Governance and Community Resilience Guides”, (2010), Asian Disaster Preparedness Center DISTRICT SANGHAR 35

Hazard Frequency Area affected/union councils Severity/Force Year Desert storms Frequent Taluka Khipro Low Through out Fire/ transport accidents Frequent Entire district Low Every year

3.1.2 Vulnerability Vulnerability is a situation which is: “The attributes and circumstances of a community or system that makes it sensitive, vulnerable or susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard57” Vulnerability precedes disasters, contribute to their severity, hinder and obstruct the disaster response. It is divided into three parts:

Physical/Material Vulnerability Weakness of the built environment and lack of access to physical and material resources i.e. living in hazard prone areas or in unsafe buildings, lack of savings, insurance and assets constitutes physical/material vulnerability.

Social/Organizational Vulnerability Social/Organizational Vulnerability refers to inequality in social systems that discriminate against and marginalize certain groups of people from accessing resources and services. People who have been marginalized in social, economic or political terms are vulnerable to disasters. Weakness in social and organizational areas may also cause disasters e.g. deep division can lead to conflict and war. Conflict over resources due to poverty can also lead to violence.

Attitudinal/Motivational Vulnerability Existence of fatalistic myths and religious beliefs influence people’s vulnerability to disaster risks. If people believe that disasters are ‘acts of God’ and if they have low confidence in their ability to affect change or have ‘lost heart’ and feel defeated by events they cannot control, these people are often harder hit by disasters.

57 Participant’s Course Workbook, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) HAZARD VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY ANALYSIS 36

Vulnerability Matrix Physical/material Social/organizational Attitudinal/motivational According to 1998 census, total population of the talukas that Droughts in Sanghar are common formed this district was 1,324,72659 but not as frequent as floods. while the estimated population for Eastern part of the district is 2013 is 1,989,978 persons. The There is a lack of training, exposed to droughts because it is 60 mostly desert area named Achhro district has an estimated growth appropriate skills and awareness on (white) Thar. The recent drought in rate of 2.74% per annum, which disaster risk management, both at Sanghar has decreased livelihood means that the population will the community and the public 61 opportunities in the district by double itself in 25.55 years from servants’ level. Skills to handle affecting livestock. More than 1998. Such rapid growth in emergencies are very weak and 239,268 animals were vaccinated as population gives birth to many need to be strengthened. a result of drought affects and 08 socio-economic problems and were found dead58. makes the area vulnerable to different natural and made-made hazards. District Sanghar is vulnerable to heavy rainfalls (Monsoon) and floods. The presence of Left Bank Like majority of the other districts in Reactive approach prevails in the Outfall Drainage (LBOD) has Sindh, district Sanghar is rural by its district i.e., the government and all increased the disaster risk for the characteristics. 77 per cent of the other stakeholders come into action district especially in monsoon. The population resides in rural areas as when disaster occurs whereas the heavy rains of monsoon usually compared to the 23 per cent need is for proactive approach cause overflow of the water or that resides in the urban areas. Most (disaster risk reduction) where breach the LBOD which inundates people in the rural areas lack job actions are taken in advance of the the area nearby it. In 2011 opportunities, health and disaster. Therefore, gravity of the rains/floods, 5,182 educational facilities which escalate situation demands for a paradigm villages/settlements62 of 55 union the risk against different hazards. shift from reactive approach to a councils in all the 6 talukas were [Floods, rains, droughts] proactive one. affected. A population of 1,237,432 persons was affected. Disasters are rooted in Dependent population (the In rural areas of the district, women development failures e.g. unsafe population that is less than 15 years are marginalised in disaster risk buildings that could not withstand and more than 65 years of age reduction process because of social, heavy rains, desert storms, including widows and divorced economic, biological and physical earthquakes and results in women) in the case of Sanghar differences. Disaster impacts disasters. In Sanghar district, 45.94 district is 48.29 per cent of the total women and men differently, even per cent people use wood/bamboo population and the working within the same household. Women material for roof construction. This population is 51.79 per cent, which have less social, economic and percentage is higher in rural areas shows that dependency ratio64 in political power and are not

58 Deputy Director, Livestock Animal Husbandry, Sanghar, (report of 09-04-2014) 59 Sindh Development Statistics, 2008, pp. 45 60 Estimated using 2010 population estimates from Gridded Population of World (GPW) 3 data set 61 Rule of 70 http://controlgrowth.org/double.htm retrieved on 05-03-2012 62 Sindh Provincial Monsoon/Floods Contingency Plan, 2012, pp.11 DISTRICT SANGHAR 37

per cent) as compared to the district is 93 per cent, which is represented in formal leadership (24.66 per cent)63 in the urban very high and as such makes the structures. areas. population highly vulnerable The fertile agricultural land of The status of education is quite poor district Sanghar was badly damaged in district Sanghar. The overall by heavy rains of Sep, 2011. These estimated illiteracy rate (for the rains breached LBOD and population of 10 years and above) endangered the agricultural land to for year 2012-13 is 46%; for male it Advocacy seminars and awareness erosion thus degrading the fertility is 30 and for female it is 65% .For campaigns regarding disaster risk of the soil. The Poorer farmers the urban rural comparison, rural reduction are insufficient. suffered heavy damages due these illiteracy rate is higher than the rains and fell into financial crises urban. Illiterate people cannot be further escalating their easily mobilized and made aware of vulnerabilities against future the different disasters’ risks. disasters. Risk assessment is the process of It is estimated that more than 57% hazard identification, analysis and of the cultivable land of Sindh is determination of appropriate ways under water logging (saturation of to control these hazards. At the soil with water). A large area of district level, there is a deficiency in Sanghar is badly affected by water risk assessment of disaster prone and salinity, around an estimated 65 1.342 million hectares (57%) is identify vulnerable locations) of the reported to be highly saline which district is also not available. adversely affects the crop production in the district. In the whole district, piped water is available to only 20 per cent of the housing units. In rural areas pipe water is available to 14 per cent of There is a lack of Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRM) the households while 58 per cent66 projects in the vulnerable areas of of rural households have hand the district. Focus of the different pumps inside the housing units. By organizations working in the area is drinking unsafe and contaminated only towards relief side. water people gets vulnerable to hepatitis and other water born disease. Livelihoods of the people are not Disasters, poverty and vulnerability sustainable that is it cannot cope are interlinked as it has been with and recover from stress and observed that, during disasters, the shocks and when disaster strikes; most affected population are the these livelihoods collapse. As a poor of the community. The result poor people get poorer and incidence of poverty has increased fall under the poverty line. level of the households by damaging

64 Dependency Ratio= (Population < 15 Years + Population > 65 Years)/ Population 15-65 Years 8Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM), 2010-11, pp. 380 65 Disaster Risk Management Plan, district Sanghar, pp. 20 66 Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM), 2010-11, pp. 428 HAZARD VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY ANALYSIS 38

their assets and sources of income and thus have aggravated the household poverty. In many households there is just one earning person with many dependents. There are no Disaster Management Committees (DMCs) and Emergency Emergency Stockpile at district level Response Committees (ERTs) in the is important, which does not exist in vulnerable communities of the the district Sanghar. Emergency district. DMCs and ERTs are Stockpile includes resources like supposed to have representation boats, life jackets, first aid kits, from vulnerable communities’ which torches, ropes, tractors, and includes ex- counsellor, religious dewatering machines. Stagnant leaders, union council sectary, water results in spread of malaria youth, farmer’s representation etc. etc. Tractors can be used to pick DMC and ERT members are trained waste material and dump into far (on DRR and first aid.) and are first off places. responder to any emergency situation. Sanitation conditions in district Non-structural mitigation measures Sanghar are relatively poor where which include trainings, workshops, only 42% of the households use seminars, land use planning and flush toilets and 51% of the building codes are not properly households have non-flush implemented by the concerned departments in the district which toilets67. The sanitation facilities are makes the people vulnerable to comparatively worse in rural areas different hazards e.g., floods, of the district. droughts and earthquakes. Climate change is said to be responsible for these (2011 & 2012) Lack of coordination amongst all the heavy rains because usually Sindh stakeholders is a major hindrance in province receives very little rains. implementation and progress of the Environmental scientists agree that Disaster Risk Reduction process. they cannot explain the floods in

Sindh as the area that received the rain is normally very dry. Early Warning systems, in Pakistan, lack the basic equipment, skills and resources68. Similarly, early warning Lack of implementation of all the system for the floods in the district policies and strategies regarding is not up to the mark. Monitoring disaster risk reduction and disaster stations from the agriculture risk management. department, in some instances, were unable to take the measure of water level and report them, timely. Floods and heavy rainfalls have Community-based disaster drills are damaged and weakened, the an important aspect of emergency

67 Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey 2010-11, pp. 435 68 Government of Pakistan (2006), “National Plan: Strengthening National Capacities for Multi-hazard Early Warning & Response System (Phase-I)”, Cabinet Division, pp.8

DISTRICT SANGHAR 39

protection Bund (linear levees along management, yet so neglected by rivers and ring levees around cities), the district authorities. These drills on both sides of the Left Bank provide a chance to practice the full Outfall Drainage (LBOD). There is spectrum of disaster response. weak/no proper monitoring system for the maintenance of these vulnerable points of the protection Bunds.

3.1.3 Capacity Capacities are resources, means and strengths, which exist in households and communities and which enable them to cope with, withstand, prepare for, prevent, mitigate or quickly recover from a disaster. The combination of all the strengths attributes and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals constitute its capacity to cope with hazards69.

Physical/Material Capacity In most disasters, people suffer their greatest losses in the physical and material realm. Access to physical/material things or objects count as physical capacity. A few examples of physical and material resources are cash, food, land, properties and tools.

Social /Organizational Capacity When everything physical is destroyed, people still has their skills, experiences and knowledge; they have family and social networks. They have leaders and systems for making decisions. They also have local, collective ‘wisdom’ reflected in their cultural practices that help them reduce or cope with disaster risks.

Attitudinal/Motivational Capacity People also have positive attitudes and strong motivations such as the will to survive and willingness to help each other.

69 Participant’s Course Workbook, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) HAZARD VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY ANALYSIS 40

Capacity Matrix Physical/material Social/organizational Attitudinal/motivational District Sanghar contributes significantly in agriculture sector of Sindh because its climate is suitable for production of various The overall estimated literacy rate food items e.g., maize, rice, for year 2012-13 (for the Advocacy seminars and trainings sugarcane, cotton, wheat etc. population of 10 years and above) regarding disaster risk reduction (DRR) Wheat and maize are cropped in is 54%; for males it is 70 and for are very limited but have been initiated 97% and 34% of the mouzas females it is 35%. For the urban by different NGOs for the mobilization respectively while cotton and rural comparison, urban literacy of vulnerable communities against sugarcane are cropped in 97% rate is higher than the rural. hazards (floods, rainfalls). Literate people can easily be and 86% of the mouzas70. Total mobilized and made aware of the reported area of the district is different disaster risks. 1,017,000 hectares, out of which 457,000 hectares are cultivated71. District Disaster Management District Sanghar has an efficient Authority (DDMA) of Sanghar has canal irrigation system which been established in the DCO’s office The teachers, young educated students helps in agriculture productivity. on a temporary basis. DDMA and youth assist the social workers Out of a total of 362 mouzas, 354 formulates disaster plan for the working in their communities. They are irrigated by canal irrigation district and assigns roles and organize gatherings for mobilization system while 144 mousaz are responsibilities to the local district sessions and act as a catalyst in the departments. DDMA carries out field. irrigated by tube wells72. emergency response and relief activities in the affected areas. After the 2010, 2011 and 2012 District Sanghar has number of floods/rains, different NGOs /INGOs small manufacturing units. These 73 have focused their attentions on industries include Sanghar shelter, wash, and livelihood Female volunteers in the relief camps Sugar Mill, Textile Looms in activities. These organizations carried out commendable services and Tando Adam, and scores of include WFP, ACTED, HANDS, Save facilitated the rest of females under cotton factories in small and big the children, Oxfam GB, WHO, RDF, the supervision of humanitarian and towns of the district. These Muslim Aid and Sanghar NGOs government organizations. They industries are the source of showed good management skills and Council74. They provide funds and employment and are also useful proved useful to their people. relief stuff to the affected people, in the economic uplift of the to enable them to stand on their people. own. Forests help in protection of soil, Community organizations are After experience of the three improve environment by formed by NGOs in the affected consecutives rains/floods disasters,

70 Mouzas Development Statistics of Sindh,2008, Agriculture Census Organization 71 Sindh Development Statistics, (2008), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), pp. 80 72 Mouzas Development Statistics of Sindh,2008, Agriculture Census Organization 73 Report on Tranche Condition (2006), District Government Sanghar, Sindh Devolved Social Services Program (SDSSP), Government of Sindh,http://www.fdsindh.gov.pk/sdssp/DG%20-%20Sanghar%20- %20LSU%20Assessment%20Report.pdf, retrieved on 25/4/2013 74 UNOCHA, Pakistan Floods 2011, Sanghar District Profile, Jan-Feb 2012,www.pakresponse.info, accessed on 3/8/2013

DISTRICT UMERKOT 41

controlling pollution and cause areas to encourage the local people’s perception towards disasters rainfall. Total forest area of the representation. Active people from has been changed. Now, they do not Sindh Province is 1,037,571.36 the community are part of these consider disasters, as an Act of Nature hectares (2006-07) out of which organizations which facilitate the but as unresolved problems of district Sanghar shares an area of humanitarian organization work at development. 9,121.64 hectares75. The the grass root level. increased protection of forests could lead to a decrease in the severity of floods. Road network is considered as a Law Enforcement Agencies are vehicle for economic important stakeholders in relief Indigenous knowledge of the local Jawans (Soldiers) development. The district is well- activities. of communities is a great asset not only connected with other districts Pakistan Army assist the affected for the vulnerable communities but through good quality roads. Total communities directly and help also for the humanitarian good quality roads length is 868 them in search and rescue and organizations. evacuation, by providing transport Humanitarian Organizations do kilometres in this district76. These facilities. Army doctors provide consider suggestions from local roads can be used as evacuation medicines and other health communities and incorporate those in point in flood disaster. Good facilities to the affected people their policies. roads are also helpful in carrying especially to the children and out relief activities. women. The total number of schools in the district is 3,188. Out of which In post flood activities, Psycho-Social 3,000 are primary schools, 108 Union council sectaries are very problems of the people (especially are middle schools, 63 are helpful in risk assessment process. children and women) were addressed secondary, and 17 are higher Because they keep all records of by the psychologists, hired by different secondary schools. These school the union council and even provide organizations. Religious scholars buildings are also used as shelter maps of the relevant union council. (Ulemas) also contribute their part by and evacuation centres in counselling flood affected people. emergency. According to the Health Facility Assessment 2011 (HFA) by Technical Resource Facility (TRF) , total health facilities77 in district PML (F) of Pir Pagaro (spiritual Sanghar are 89. There are four leader) has strong hold in the hospitals, six Rural health centres district. The member of National (RHCs), fifty eight Basic Health and provincial assemblies (MNAs & Units (BHUs), one Mother Child MPAs) highlight and raise problems Health centre (MCH) and twenty of the people on the assembly General Dispensaries (GD). These flours and try to solve them. PPP, health facilities provide health PML (N) and PML (Q) also have services both in rural and urban roots in the district. areas of the district, not only as a routine but also in extreme circumstances.

75 Sindh Development Statistics, (2008), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), pp. 148 76 Sindh Development Statistics, (2008), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), pp. 262 77 Health Facility Assessment 2011 (HFA) by Technical Resource Facility (TRF) http://115.186.137.115/reports/hfa/sindh/HFA-Sanghar.pdf

SECTORAL DRR MITIGATION MEASURES 42

4 Sectoral DRR Mitigation Measures 4.1.1 Education

 The NGOs should work on awareness building programs for encouraging enrollment in schools, by incorporating teachers, students and youth in their community based programs. Increased enrollment would lead to enhanced literacy and literate people can easily be mobilized and made aware of the different disaster risks.  NGOs working in the education sector should organize community-based programs that provide girls with opportunities to develop their skills (i.e., livelihood skills), providing information to parents about their children’s learning or about the benefits of education.  Affected or damaged schools should be repaired and reconstructed on priority basis with DRR principles in view.  Government should introduce disaster risk reduction courses for teachers’ training and should add DRR in the curriculum to support large-scale awareness.  Local Philanthropists should be encouraged to take initiative to raise an emergency fund for immediate repair of infrastructure, support to affected poor students and parents after any disaster.  Government should introduce a ‘School Safety policy’ taking all locally relevant hazards into account and adopting DRR measure for the existing schools and construction of new schools.  From pre-school to secondary school, Integrate DRR trainings into the formal and non- formal education curricula.  NGOs and other organizations working in the education sector should organize workshops to provide teachers with training on disaster preparedness and early warning signs.  Education department should produce support materials linked with disaster risk reduction for teaching and learning.  The Government and NGOs should invest in DRR sector and should corporate DRR measures in improving school buildings as these can be used as shelter and evacuation centers in case of emergency.  Incorporate disaster risk reduction measures i.e, ensure their suitable location and construction while establishing new schools in order to avoid future hazard threats. DISTRICT UMERKOT 43

 Humanitarian organizations should take on board the District Education Department and should provide trainings and necessary skills to the education officials to enable them to prepare School Based Disaster Risk Management Plans (SBDRM-Plan) for each school in the district.

4.1.2 Infrastructure

 Awareness programs should be organized by District Disaster Management Authority about the need of land use planning and building codes so that it can be followed by all the stakeholders, to avoid future threats.  The Communication and Works department should utilize the available funds on the maintenance of roads and find alternative routes that can be used in case of emergency.  Road networks should be expanded to each corner of the district so that emergency response could be easily conducted without any hurdle.  Active people from the community can be used for disseminating early warning for the local endangered communities because people have lot of trust in informal and locally influential sources of information; e.g. a religious leaders, a teachers, an NGO worker or a local government official. But firstly these active people should also be trained on EWS.  Organizations that are involved in construction of homes, health, education and other facilities should work with the government to establish and strictly enforce strict construction codes so that of future threats can be mitigated.  DRR Planners, District and Provincial authorities should identify safe land and location for low income citizens who are living near the flood prone areas.  Awareness regarding investment in the DRR sector should be initiated in order to avoid future threats.  Brick lining projects of the canals should be initiated by the government for strengthening the Left Bank Outfall Drain.

4.1.3 Health

 NGOs should encourage the community participation in the awareness sessions, programs and trainings, related to water treatment practices and hygiene practices which will capacitate the vulnerable communities of the area against the communicable diseases.  Health department should take care of establishment of health facilities focused on certain population. All the health related issues should be dealt by them. But the responsibilities have to be identified. SECTORAL DRR MITIGATION MEASURES 44

 Advocacy seminars should be organized at district level for the training of medical staff to implement National Health Programs.  Stabilization centers for the people suffering from acute malnutrition should be established in each small and big hospital.  DDMA should assign the responsibilities of health department to ensure the availability of medical and paramedical personal in hospital, BHU’s, MCHC, and RHC’s. Moreover, mobile health teams should be mobilized so that the health facilitators can visit the local areas to provide basic health care especially for the vulnerable group such as people with disabilities, elderly persons, children, females and those who hesitate to go to the hospitals because of cultural constraint and long distance.

4.1.4 Livelihood

 Fodder stocks should be maintained by the livestock department of the district to cope with emergencies.  Livestock owners should be encouraged to insure their cattle heads.  Capacity can be built through awareness programs on livelihood diversification.  Flood control and salinity control projects can be conceived to make more land available for cultivation  NGO’s organize advocacy seminars, trainings and awareness sessions for improved agricultural practices by incorporating CBOs’ chairmen and presidents as they have great influence over the community members.  Irrigation department should carry out hydraulic studies so that flooding can be avoided and find out catchment areas and water courses for surface run off.

4.1.5 Food

 Stockpiling of essential food items should be encouraged among the community through awareness programs.  Number of Food distribution point should be established in the emergency hit area and should be easily accessible to most of the needy population.  For extremely vulnerable groups such as elderly persons, people with disabilities, female and children, separate desk and queues at food distribution point should be established so that they do not suffer difficulties in attaining food  Civil administration should look after the availability of food. DISTRICT SANGHAR 45

4.1.6 Wash

 Innovative approaches are required to ensure the availability of low-cost, simple, and locally acceptable water and sanitation interventions. Integrating these approaches into existing social institutions such as schools, markets, and health facilities is required.  Tehsil Municipal workers should monitor the quality of pipe water and should distribute chlorine tablets for water purification in order to avoid diseases like cholera and hepatitis etc. Big water tanks/reservoirs should also be cleaned regularly.  DRR measures should be incorporated in the construction of sewerage system in order to minimize the possibility of over flowing of sewage water in rainy days and to mitigate the hygiene issues.

4.1.7 Government and Humanitarian Sector

 District Disaster Management Authority should appeals for assistance through media at the national and international level.  District Disaster Management Authority should coordinate with the NGOs working in different sectors to address the problems of people. The NGOs working on different projects can be invited and can be asked for initiation of DRR projects in the vulnerable areas of the district.  Coordination among key stakeholders should be strengthened for the implementation of disaster risk reduction measures and effective emergency response through assignment of responsibility to each stakeholder. Stakeholders must have joint meetings to address the issues faced by them. COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES 46

5 Coordination and Support Services 5.1 Important Contacts

5.1.1 Departmental Focal Points Office In Telephone Numbers S# Department Designation Location charge Office Mobile Sikandar Ali 0235-541781 DC Sanghar 03008262877 Khush 0235-541844

Salik Mirza ADC-I Sanghar 0235-541609 03003041272

Dedar ADC-II Sanghar 0235-542050 03003124877 Baloch Khalil Muhammad AC Sanghar Sanghar 0235-541201 03002527184 Dari 1 Administration Asghar AC Sinjoro Sinjoro 0235-531054 03003422824 Kangkaro Ghulam AC Shahdadpur Shahdadpur 0235-841417 03008255104 Murtaza Ijaz Jatoi AC Tando Adam Tando Adam 0235-571191 03463368987 Haq Nawaz AC Jam Nawaz Ali Jam Nawaz Ali 0334-3638617 Imam Bakhsh AC Diplo Diplo 0235-879401 03063125776 kaka 0235- Captin 2 Police SSP Sanghar 541226/0235- 03009687710 M.Asim 541615 Musthaq 3 Agriculture DO Sanghar 0235-541673 03009319153 Laghari 4 Health Dr shagufta DHO-Health Sanghar 0235-541025 03332911544 M. Hassan 5 Education DO- Education Sanghar 0235-542609 03335400035 khaskheli Ghulam 6 information DO Sanghar 0235-541238 03333792647 abbas Ghulam 0235- 7 Works &Services shabir SE (W&S) Sanghar 03332517555 5543327 solangi Raja 8 Social Welfare DO- Population Sanghar 0235-541415 03342885115 Siddique Amjad 9 Accounts DAO Sanghar 0235-541307 0334-2188730 Mughal DISTRICT SANGHAR 47

Source: DC office Sanghar

5.1.2 Emergency Response S.No Name or Organizations Office Contact 1 Edhi Ambulance 115 2 Electricity Complaint 118 3 Police Emergency 15 4 Telephone (Complaint) 1218 5 Telephone Enquiry 1217 6 Sui Gas Help line 1199 7 PIA Flight enquiry 114 8 TCS Courier 0235-542660

5.1.3 List of NGOs Working in District Sanghar Name Contact CARITAS Pakistan (CP) 042-36315584 Community Research and Development Organization (CRDO) 091-5852202 Health and Nutrition Development Society (HANDS) 0213-4532804 Lead Against Marginality & Poverty - Pakistan (LAMP) 022-3032715 Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum (PFF) 0213-5092862 Al-Mehran Rural Development Organization Sindh 0222-103230 National Trust for Population Welfare (NATPOW) 051-9267004-5 World Health Organization (WHO) 051-9255184-5 Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development (ACTED) 051-2653035 Devcon 022-2650503/0235-5441441 Indus Welfare Association (IWA) 0300-3093616 Sindh Agricultural and Forestry Workers Coordinating Organization (SAFWCO) 022-2650996/0235-841242 The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) 051-2097700 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 051-2829502-6 National Commission for Human Development (NCHD) 051-9216200 Community Development Organization 051-4901011 Plan International Pakistan 051-2609435-40 Citizen Commission for Human Development 042-35889666 Social Watch and Welfare Development 0235-841224 Cavish Development Foundation 051-2212434 Eco-Conservation Initiatives 051-4446362 Association for Health, Education & Agriculture Development 0235-541767 Jakhor Rural Development Organization 0333-2482037 Source: www.pakresponse.info COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES 48

5.2 Health Facilities List of health facilities in district Sanghar are provided by WHO for 2010 Taluka Health Facility Name HF_TYPE

Sanghar CIVIL HOSPITAL, SANGHAR HOSPITAL Sanghar RHC KANDIARI Rural Health centre Sanghar BHU NIAZ MOHD RAJPAR BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sanghar BHU CHAK NO.8 BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sanghar BHU LANDI BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sanghar BHU MOHIB ALI JUNEJO BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sanghar BHU DHANI PERTO RAJPAR BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sanghar BHU PERUMAL BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sanghar BHU CHAMAN DAS BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sanghar BHU CHUTIARYOON BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sanghar GD CHAK NO.57 DISPENSARY Sanghar GD SOOMAR FAKIR MEHAR DISPENSARY Sanghar GD MEHRAB KHAN LEGHARI DISPENSARY Sinjhoro TALUKA HOSPITAL, SINJHORO HOSPITAL Sinjhoro RHC JAFFER KHAN LAGHARI Rural Health centre Sinjhoro RHC JHOL Rural Health centre Sinjhoro BHU PRITAMABAD BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sinjhoro BHU KHADRO BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sinjhoro BHU KARIM DINO WASAN BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sinjhoro BHU RUKAN BURIRO BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sinjhoro BHU MUHAMMAD KHAN RIND BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sinjhoro BHU DEH-22, JAMRAO BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sinjhoro BHU DEH-30, JAMRAO BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sinjhoro BHU RAHIMABAD BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sinjhoro BHU JIA ABAD BASIC HEALTH UNIT Sinjhoro GD RAWATIYANI DISPENSARY Sinjhoro GD GHUNDAN DISPENSARY Sinjhoro GD MUHAMMAD USMAN NIZAMANI DISPENSARY Sinjhoro GD NASIR KHAN JALALANI DISPENSARY Sinjhoro SHC KURKALI VILLAGE SUB HEALTH CENTRE Shahdadpur TALUKA HOSPITAL, SHAHDADPUR HOSPITAL Shahdadpur RHC SARHARI RURAL HEALTH CENTRE Shahdadpur RHC SHAHPUR CHAKAR RURAL HEALTH CENTRE Shahdadpur BHU GOLO PIR BASIC HEALTH UNIT Shahdadpur BHU LUNDO BASIC HEALTH UNIT Shahdadpur BHU MAHAR ALI TALPUR BASIC HEALTH UNIT Shahdadpur BHU MULLAN HURMAT BASIC HEALTH UNIT Shahdadpur BHU KALO RAJAR BASIC HEALTH UNIT Shahdadpur BHU KHAN SANJRANI BASIC HEALTH UNIT Shahdadpur BHU ALI MURDAN JAMALI BASIC HEALTH UNIT Jam Nawaz Ali RHC JAM NAWAZ ALI RURAL HEALTH CENTRE Jam Nawaz Ali BHU KHAIRO KALOI BASIC HEALTH UNIT Jam Nawaz Ali BHU BERANI BASIC HEALTH UNIT Jam Nawaz Ali BHU ABDULLAH SANGRASI BASIC HEALTH UNIT Jam Nawaz Ali BHU AMIL WASSAN BASIC HEALTH UNIT DISTRICT SANGHAR 49

Taluka Health Facility Name HF_TYPE

Jam Nawaz Ali BHU NAUABAD BASIC HEALTH UNIT Khipro TALUKA HOSPITAL, KHIPRO HOSPITAL Khipro BHU KAZI WALI MUHAMMAD RAJAR BASIC HEALTH UNIT Khipro BHU HAJI HASSAN HINGORO BASIC HEALTH UNIT Khipro BHU MALOOK PAHORE BASIC HEALTH UNIT Khipro BHU KHAHI BASIC HEALTH UNIT Khipro BHU HAJI ISMAIL JO GOTH BASIC HEALTH UNIT Khipro BHU BILAWAL HINGORJO BASIC HEALTH UNIT Khipro BHU HAMZO DARS BASIC HEALTH UNIT Khipro BHU HATHUNGO BASIC HEALTH UNIT Khipro BHU DHILYAR BASIC HEALTH UNIT Khipro BHU YAMIN HINGORJO BASIC HEALTH UNIT Khipro SACHAY DINO DISPENSARY Khipro DIN MOHD KAKEPOTA DISPENSARY Khipro MCHC HINGORNO MATERNAL & CHILD HEALTH CENTRE Tando adam TALUKA HOSPITAL, TANDO ADAM HOSPITAL Tando adam BHU GIDDER APPON BASIC HEALTH UNIT Tando adam BHU KUMB DARHOON BASIC HEALTH UNIT Tando adam BHU BHIT BHAITI BASIC HEALTH UNIT Tando adam BHU MIR HASSAN MARI BASIC HEALTH UNIT Tando adam BHU BAGO WADADANI BASIC HEALTH UNIT Tando adam BHU PIRO FAKIR SHORO BASIC HEALTH UNIT Tando adam GD BAQAR NIZAMANI DISPENSARY Tando adam GD RANA RAJPUT NAGAR DISPENSARY