Shall and Will in the Corpus of History English Texts

Home , Shall and will

: modal verbs, modality, Shall modality, verbs, : modal Keywords evident. was future indicate to use periphrastic their if even meanings, modal indeed had forms verbal these show that (1986;Palmer (1998). 2001), Plungian and Auwera der van Hoye and (2008) Conclusions from follows mainly notion of modality Our to meaning. according findings to group and context in verbs two of these senses the order to identify in tools corpus using modals these (1997) (2003). Gotti Fachinetti We and includes study periods historical in verbs on modal Texts English (1700-1900) of History Corpus the in evinced as period, English Este artículo estudia los significados de las formas verbales verbales formas las de significados los estudia artículo Este Resumen shall forms verbal of the meanings the with deals paper This Abstract Palabras clave evidente. era futuro indicar para perifrástico uso si su incluso modales, significados hecho, de tenían, verbales formas (1998). que estas y Plungian muestran conclusiones Las (1986; Palmer en principalmente 2001), basa se Auwera der Hoyeseguimos yvan (2008) que modalidad de concepto El significados. estos con acuerdo de agrupan se análisis este de resultantes datos Los contexto. en verbos dos estos de los sentidos identificar para corpus de herramientas emplean se modales, (1997) estos de (2003). estudio Fachinetti el yGotti Para como inglesa, lengua la de históricos períodos en modales sobre verbos específicos bajos el en aparecen y como tal tardío, Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, 79; November 2019, November 79; pp. 181-191; Ingleses, e-2530-8335 ISSN: Estudios de Canaria Revista Francisco Alonso-Almeida, Francisco J. Francisco Álvarez-Gil, Alonso-Almeida, Francisco : modalidad, verbos: modalidad, modales, SHALL SHALL YWILL and María Sandra Marrero Morales Marrero Sandra María and OF HISTORY TEXTS ENGLISH DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2019.79.11DOI: Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Gran de Palmas Las de Universidad AND WILL AND CORPUS OF HISTORY ENGLISH TEXTS ENGLISH HISTORY OF CORPUS EL EN Corpus of History English Texts English (1700-1900). of History Corpus tra Existen , Will Shall IN THE CORPUS THE IN , late modern English, history texts. history English, modern , late , Will , inglés moderno, textos de historia. de moderno, textos , inglés shall shall and will and y * will

in the late Modern Modern late the in en inglés moderno moderno inglés en . Earlier literature literature . Earlier

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 79; 2019, PP. 181-191 181 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 79; 2019, PP. 181-191 182 gratefully acknowledged. gratefully FFI2016-75599-P. number is hereby grant grant (MINECO), This yCompetitividad Industria about future events. Scholars such as Taavitsainen (2001), as such Scholars events. will about future and shall categorize to talk means deployed a periphrastic as to mainly be appear they as meaning, modal to lack argued have forms been two these ways, many In deonticand senses. future with used often have been they because forms modal two on these focus PDE. We other than periods have in decided to meanings elaboration of modal TextsEnglish the interestin (CHET). Thestudy from presentedgrowing follows a modals modals of two the history and meaning the as well as of modals categories the and modality concept our concerning 2presents information follows. Section as organised, are Contents substance. modal than rather some lexical of preserve their still how they Moskowich (2015). and Crespo (2007), Crespo follows from Moskowich and and contents this and of corpus, the (1997), (2008), description to the Plungian As der and others. Auwera among van and (1986, Palmer as on verbs studies such relies modal and 2001),of modality Hoye notion Our corpus. our in ones obtained the work and order in to these compare Dictionary English (2009), Oxford the Collins we use Besides functions. modal identify due in course. see we shall as stance, to express authors’ to the forms meet demands of these meanings primitive to much be seem more they tosince related primary represent CHET they in on senses conclusion. the we only focus being, For time the influential not and pronounsdevelop as are subjects firm sufficiently tonumerous a as with examples as article, this in but depth in we do path respect, not follow this this however, corpus, Our forms. in verbal shows some two difference of of any these use for the constrain anecessary as of value person marking considers the literature day addition,In uses. Present modal order in disambiguate to confidently also context is of inspection The perspective. attention from ahistorical deserve rich, and are argue, Moskowich 2014; 2015, Alonso-Almeida 2017). verbs, we of modal The meanings 2010; Lareo discourse (cf. and scientific in Crespo feature afundamental is that and propositional verbs, the content by these concerning authors’ framed perspective able the to are indicate they as to show authors’ the used verbs stance, are modal general, In to pre-scientific convey in authority documents. deonticas structures preceding the conclusions. the preceding the subsequent given in is section findings presentation.of discussion The this in shall * The research here reported on has been funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Economía, de Ministerio the Spanish by funded been has on reported here research * The This paper reports on the senses of shall the senses on paper reports This Conclusions will show aspects concerning certain senses of these verbs, and verbs, and of these senses certain concerning show aspects Conclusions will to examination manual tools combines and corpus methodology Our (OED) to verify senses of (OED) shall senses to verify and will and . This is followed by a description of the data and method used used and is followedmethod data by a descriptionthe . This of INTRODUCTION and will and and will and registered in this lexicographical lexicographical this in registered Corpus of History of History Corpus the in

contracted forms for the negative (can’t, for negative forms the contracted won’t, mustn’t), some and of also them presentindicative, present (d) most modals person singular third fordo not inflect verbs (c) meaning, adifferent modal carry contextually may forms past traditional although the majoritythese verbs, in of place takes (b) finite forms, tense-distinction 1993,(Denison as follows: are, verbs Criteriado (a)not 292ff). modal present non- perspective semantic and from amorphological, syntactic, categorized be verbs can verb. one Modal of amodal ways, is of which avariety in manifested formally We present our criteria. not in paper. of refer to any these will cognitive or philosophical/logical pragmatic, established to different according types two than categories include more or modal writer. classifications speaker Other of the on part the ability and it of and involves willingness senses external, are modality, conditions ones. dynamic In internal than rather factors depend on external ofpermission obligation and Senses deonticIn external. modality, conditions are or (reported results). sensory), from reason and evidence or (b) inferred indirect (1988)auditory, Willet evidence to themaccording (visual, direct (a) classified has sensory, and reported and section, both below. be discussion the can in Evidentials see as shall we verbs, of modal classification the in of is importance utmost evidentials given). is of status study shall our In (evidence for factual status), evidential into and epistemic (judgement divides about factual the modality Propositional speaker’sthe or future. writer’s event the in alikely towards attitude is to related orlatter The writer’s proposition the judgment manifested. regarding 2001). (Palmer event and modality the Thespeaker’s former modality concerns (Hoye 1997, future the at some in actions time 43). of obligation for performance and or the permission lays gives speaker the which (Hoyeactions” 1997, of terms 42). in of refer “necessity to the acts Deontic modals events or judgements their about of state affairs, express speakers basis on which (1986, Palmer in 19). or believe “concernedof Epistemic is knowledge matters with of Lyon’s fashion the in into deontic epistemic and modality (1977), put forward as proposition. the speaker’s towards the attitude mayshow that expressionsand includes adverbs related other marking The lexical of modality. marking of grammatical examples as clitics and particles and mood, verbs, Palmer modal describes (1986, grammatical. or 33ff) be lexical can These verbs. modal other than language the in manifested be can modality which in ways (1977, 452) “opinion promising’. is of speaker or the attitude” areseveral There of Lyon’s lines the notion, along ‘something a‘vague’ that but as admits modality of proposition the (1986, Palmer status context. to refers the in modality 2) to refers other words, In proposition the or towards writer’s manifested. attitudes and beliefs As concluded from our working definition of modality, modality can be can concluded definition of modality, modality working from our As deontic dynamic. and twofold distinction: includes afurther Event modality propositional between distinction the is at modality way of looking Another divided be can modality thatagreement be sufficient to Thereseems critical the speaker’sof encoding thelinguistic as defined broadly be can Modality AND WILL AND SHALL MODALITY AND MODAL CATEGORIES. MODAL AND MODALITY IN THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH HISTORY THE IN and will and

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REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 79; 2019, PP. 181-191 183 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 79; 2019, PP. 181-191 184 As in the case of shall case the in As 3. with ‘to’: infinitive followedbe by an have been recognised by Taavitsainen (1997) Pahta and recognised have been moment the as the at which Moskowich 2016). and 2008 Parapar and (cf. on observation based Moskowich procedures of methodological new use by the and styles scientific-thought in changes off by marked is period This text. for last the 1704and comprises represented subcorpus the span in text time 1895 for first the Project’, Corpus Coruña presentthe followed the is in work. description The that of Part Texts ‘A paper as their in (CHET) English corpus of History Corpus this Moskowich (2015) and Crespo texts. descriptionhistory of offered a detailed has English compiling Modern at and aims Scientific it ofWriting, English Corpus Texts for shall listed those coincide capacity. with and uses Some expression of of the these potentiality and actions, intended of expression wish, action, habitual the of desire, to senses concern 4. potentiality.indicate The form will to possibility dynamic also and events, fate-based events, conditions, planned necessity,express to used necessary is form this Thus, senses. deontic dynamic and 2. 1. OED: from the taken examples the following in alone,shownas stand or followedbe either infinitive by abare for emphatic polarity’. stressed be and n’t/not,following subject-verb the in part post-verbal inversion, take ellipsis, survive by a be negated can of ‘They set properties: NICE asame (i) share operators, they as and syntagmatically, verb co-occur one modal more than (h)embedded, dialectally, the complete are affect propositionthey which verbs in modal (g) infinitive, bare followedwould, respectively), by are a (e) they show (f) no forms, they imperative and forshow shall/will aphonological ‘d, reduction form of in form aclitic (’ll,

S W S N eþe sculde him undred denera (The Rushworth Gospels ·975).Gospels Rushworth denera (The undred him sculde eþe e ðe wyle soð specan (Beowulf ·c1000). (Beowulf specan soð wyle e ðe (henceforth CHET), which is one of the sub-corpuses within the Coruña Coruña the within one is which of sub-corpuses the CHET), (henceforth u scylun hergan hefænricæs uard (Cædmon ·700). ·Hymn uard hefænricæs hergan u scylun ult þu castles kinedomes (c. 1225 · The English text of the Ancrene Riwle Ancrene (c. the (ed. kinedomes of 1225 text English þu ·Theult castles The end of the sixteenth century and the beginning of the seventeenth century theseventeenthcentury of thebeginning and century The endthe sixteenth of English of History Corpus is The the for used present research corpus The use theof will to associated The OED meanings JohnEric Dobson) edition, 1972 ·EETS (1 vol.) 267)). ·(EETS for Dictionary English the Oxford in registered The meanings The form shall in the same resource. same the in , THE DATA AND THE METHOD DATA THE THE AND will traces back to OE back sceal traces may carry bare infinitive or stand alone, also but stand or could it infinitive bare carry may follow from OE wyllan (pt. sculon (pt. –ppt. sceolde in the history of English of English history the in (pt. wolde (pt. ), it and could , ppt. wolde shall refer to ). ). (5) statements: their concerning in intersubjectiveresponsibility orderan view authorshare to the of offers which (4) (3) (2) (1) shall with person occurring of first the use massive hence the instance, following the shown in as described, events the disposition concerning 71% and authors’ with the lead the showing subjective in stance clearly of cases, the this verb.volitionthese, is have Of been identified for possible Three meanings corpus. the in transcribed verbatim, as excerpted are paper this in evidence given as examples the All text. the found in meanings to the groupedhave according been of shall meanings the categorise and evaluate in order as well to haveperformed been analyses manual Then retrieval. text and Tool Corpus Coruña the we have study used ofFor this purpose the of CHET, size the it covers about words. authors. 400 000 Regarding female and male by both written treatises and textbooks lectures, essays, CHET,in articles, are there representedthe genres As regards communication. scientific in of style importance the and impact accentuating greateron simple a had way clear in a scientific works for presenting 1660 publication in the of guidelines and the Society of Royal the The foundation on observation. based procedures methodological new and of thought by patterns new superseded to gradually be started thought-style scholastic medieval

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brief, and endeavour to sketch his portrait in a slight, aslight, in brief, be portrait endeavour his to and sketch work Ishall n this ſ ut, as it may remind us of our obligations to God, who has often appeared for appeared often who of has to it God, obligations our us ut, remind may as ut what this Year ſ with conclude this hall ese remarkable transactions have been a fruitful source of political discussion; discussion; of political source afruitful have been transactions remarkable ese (Bennett, 1862) enemy? an Irish as used of being uppershave lip, his penalty under the should at held aParliament Trim, in every man that where enacted, it was Second most frequent (17%) possibility, of by means dynamic sense the is offer. now Ishall which observations the in allude, chiefly on French the Revolution; Ishall it that to and them is of Dr. Mr.of Reflections of Price onBurke Love Country, the our the and opposite sermon prominent of the an and as nature, specimens, select shall I constitution of to the England, respect with from them drawn have been that inferences various impossible,indeed refer tothe to it difficult, is as and manner. (Britton, 1814)but faithful decided and 1769) long war. (Adams, that during us, befel which ofſeries calamities, us in in us The results of the corpus enquiry are given in Figure 1 for the case of shall case the 1 for givenin are Figure enquiry corpus the of The results we say of the legislative intermeddling, which occurred in 1447, occurred which intermeddling, we say of legislative the shall ſea ſ ons of peculiar di ons of peculiar SHALL SHALL OF HISTORY ENGLISH TEXTS ENGLISH OF HISTORY AND AND WILL WILL ſ ome Foreign Affairs of Moment. (Tyrrell, (Tyrrell, 1704) Moment. of Affairs Foreign ome tre ſ s, s, I CORPUS THE IN ſ and will and hall give hall . The findings of our analysis analysis our of findings . The you a ſ : ummary view of the view ummary for quantification for quantification .

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 79; 2019, PP. 181-191 185 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 79; 2019, PP. 181-191 186 use of shall use not are present events, sample. The our in fate-based events, conditions, planned (9) (6) text: the in later of must use of epistemic necessity the use the in evinced as of fact, the knowledge author’s event from the of deduced obligation to inner introduce sense an the own really to indicate a planned status of the information framed by the modal. The modal. by the framed of information the status aplanned to indicate really (8) (7) below. instances, these in readers authors the refer to their which way in the It interesting is texts. their in proceed deploy

I Th I B n pro ſ ut, as it may remind us of our obligations to God, who has often appeared appeared often who of has to it God, obligations our us ut, remind may as hall here hall ey were these; and they form a sort of summary of the reign of James II., and II., of and of reign James the of form asort summary they and were these; ey shall shall Clearly, many of the senses recorded in the OED, viz. necessity, necessary necessity, OED, the Clearly, recorded in necessary ofviz. senses the many to you them read Ishall therefore Likewise, a deontic nuance is also perceived in the following instance with with instance following the perceived in also adeontic is nuance Likewise, ſ not, becau was (if time it Ihave ſ were which done ever this at all) the the The authors instances. following the perceived in also is A deontic meaning candour and patience and candour e ſea in for us to know the wonderful a wonderful the to know ince it by related ince Froi is ſ pecially to our young people, to young our who have not con had pecially ecution of this de ſecution of this in this period seems to lie near the sense of intention sense the but to desire, near lie not and seems period this in eries of calamities, which befel us, during that long war. (Adams 1769) long war. (Adams that during us, befel which ofſeries calamities, in these excerpts to indicate and signal the way in which he wants to he wants which way in the signal and to indicate excerpts these in add a Remarkable Tran aRemarkable add Figure 1. The meanings of functions of shall functions of 1. meanings The Figure ſ ons of peculiar di ons of peculiar e our own Hi own ſe our ſ ign ign , hoping Iſ what ſſ ƈ art. (Tyrrell,art. 1704) I ts of the Lord. (Adams 1769). (Adams of Lord. the ts ſ hall hall ſ torians are wholy are torians ſ tre ſ a ſ ƈ tudy ſ . (Smyth 1710).. (Smyth tion, mu which s, s, I ſ all po all hall give you aſ give hall hall hall in the corpus. the in ſ ſſ ay will not unprofitable, be ay will begging your your ible brevity, begging ſ ilent it; in but however, ſ t have been done about ome rea ſ iderable advantages iderable advantages ummary view of view ummary ſ on to doubt it

(12) deontic overtones agreed: be may otherwise if interpretation, do not much give uses room for further these any have found that we and of future, sense the with associated are number of cases of total the quarter volition, will so and will we Iand corpus, the In marking. it person which appear. may Once is context such in of occurrences contexts small of shall cases the to time. happen later in expected something evolve notion depicts from the often of also may volition this as of futurity sense (11) (10) (10) shown in as (11): and

. Other persons fall on side the of will fall persons . Other

A Th I f any onef any ſ s it is impossible for me to detail the history,s it the impossible is incident not for without an me is of to detail which e Particulars of this Emba of this e Particulars if any takes Servants, and keeps them above them Two Days keeps and Servants, Hou the in if any takes imperfe recorded for will Thesenses The results clearly indicate a less restricted selection of contexts for contexts selection willof restricted a indicate less clearly The results 1840). (Smyth was. indictment that what state just Iwill its importance, Hi of Letters ſ ſ tory of the Reformation of the tory uch Things as the Lord Reverend Authorthe of Herbert the as , or Right the Things uch ſ ƈ give Iwill Cardinal, and ent King to the , which seems to have already started into decay as suggested by the by the suggested into as decay started to have already seems , which teal at aFire, you to may teal tly. (Strype 1710). (Strype tly. and shall and in the corpus. the of will in meanings The 2. Figure seem to be functionally and semantically equivalent, equivalent, semantically and to functionally be seem are extensively used with shall with used extensively are are richer than for shall richer than are , have made no, have made mention of, or butand briefly ſſy, divers in Minutes, very Ihave of the which ſ . The cases of I will cases . The s them into it, without more any to do; or ſ ome e of; Account ; actually, will ; actually, in the corpus suggests suggests corpus the in and very few with with few very and outnumbers outnumbers ſe before ſ pecially pecially . A

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 79; 2019, PP. 181-191 187 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 79; 2019, PP. 181-191 188 (16) (17) (14) (13) i.e. assumption, conclusions be inthe bumps of alogical use piece have.of will of The garment of this properties the considering of some cloak inclination the the people to indicate to wear used (13) in examples the in as (14). and results, expected (13), In verb is modal the in (19)in bound to is occur. event that an suggests of will case The afact. as therefore, taken is, this and will (18), in as factuality, (12). in as events, planned to indicate and contribution The of (15) i.e. tell what you will be said of conjectures your event, out described the to carry of speaker desire the the verb indicates modal the (16) example, disposition of subject last on inner to event. the the do the In relies the use of will The text. the in earlier proposition described context the in to true be the of the verb to necessity refers the modal example, first the In brackets. square in (15), given in are compilation. our in Examples (16) (17), and given are senses and in (18) is to make explicit the informational quality of the book in earlier wars, wars, earlier of book in (18) the in quality informational explicit the to make is

Th . I . . ..they are very much troubled with what they call Muskettoes much troubled very ..they call are they what with ..they wear a Cloack, lined with rich Furr, which reaches to their Wa Furr, to their reaches which with rich lined a Cloack, ..they wear ..upon which will us the people found them found people the us the King lived, to be unlawful. (Strype, 1721) (Strype, to unlawful. be lived, King the Prote own his believe bore ſ Cardinal part of them, entirely devoted to the will and plea of them, entirely will and devoted to the part who them. (Justice, 1739). (Justice, them. one not are worth Penny fortho’ give they they of what Money more, than Cap,and Cloack have afine will they and of Silk; made commonly rich outto keep Heat; of but the Opinion Iam it to ſ is and Will Ma the Fine, as regi have them they Finally, a 10% of the cases in even percentages is deployed is to accentuate percentages Finally, even in a10% of cases the by us in England in by us Senses indicating deontic need, disposition and volition are also registered registered deontic volition disposition and need, also are indicating Senses 1739). (Justice, Bumps. results] in be civil and ſ and civil [volition] ſ be you will tell what has been also found productive to indicate dynamic possibility and and possibility found productive dynamic to indicate also been has ſ ſ e arbitrary mea ome will acred, and acred, ſ uch great Alterations afterwards depended; and wherein our and afterwards depended; Alterations great uch

ſ [dynamic possibility] wear them in Summer, as they ſ Summer, in they them as wear possibility] [dynamic o con o ter of Police the ſ ; and when you; and Fle bit are by them, your ſ to pay obliged be will Police, the they tred in ſ ubje ſ ſ ſ ures will [disposition] [disposition] you will if that, And iderable a Part: tations, becau tations, ƈ elves compleatly ſelves ted to a governour and council, as to the ruling ruling to the as toted agovernour council, and [need] dete be hall think fit. (Justice, (Justice, fit.1739). think hall aid of youraid conje e he judged the Marriage, in which which in Marriage, the ſe he judged . ſ tripped of all their privileges, privileges, their oftripped all of context time the in due in ſ ted... (Adams, 1769) (Adams, ted... in example (14) example in introduces . ƈ ſ ure ofure apopi tures (Anderson, 1775) (Anderson, tures how them, they being being they them, how ſ , or named Gnats h will [expected ſ h prince, h prince, ſ uch a uch ſ tes; tes; in in ay, ay,

(19) than than will verbs, and two of these use the in restrictions to some here, be seems there pragmatic suggested As genres. disciplinary various evolution in the of modals to amore analyse towards step ambitious programme first isa This period. the English of Modern writing scientific verbs in of modal to evaluate and date changing patterns of use. patterns changing date and to evaluate English Recipes of Early Corpus from the Texts and Corpus Medical English Middle from the taken evidence with modals two of these meanings the elaborating we are From perspective, team. a diachronic compiled by Taavitsainen texts her and Modern English Late the with and from CC corpora with other compared be will fromCHET The results for this. allow CCT and andCHET criteria, of gender genre-specific terms in and analysed and revised need be to findings These tense. future of codification grammatical indicate which to some evidence according place to taken be seems bleaching of semantic degree interrogation of CHET, will over a roleapparently by to taken be texts, these of in sole shall to the be domain seems which volition,indicate ameaning form to of subjective this the use found is in shall coincidence with Major functional me al with bring all (18)

a I shall nd the Lord Mar nd Lord the ſ h Grace, how the wars were tho led in how wars Grace, the The present paper represents work in progress concerning the meanings the The meanings present paper concerning represents workin progress (Tyrrell,time. 1704) away not made long he was you of after, which will till , and the meanings are virtually identical as those given in the OED. the given in those as identical virtually are meanings the , and ſ hal conveyed him to Calais, where he was kept where Cloſ he was to Calais, conveyed him hal ſ o the book ofo the Froi is indeed a modal verb and so is shall is so verb and amodal indeed is CONCLUSION will Revised paper accepted for publication: 19 2019 July publication: for accepted paper Revised across the next century. Up next the to across present our e days. (Birch, 1760)ſe days. ſſ art, who will art, Reviews sent to author: 20 March 2019 March 20 author: to sent Reviews appears to occur more frequently to occur appears [factuality] hear more in due in hear more , even if some if , even ſ e Pri e hew your your hew ſ oner, oner,

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 79; 2019, PP. 181-191 189 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 79; 2019, PP. 181-191 190 Moskowich Lareo Gotti, Moskowich Moskowich English Dictionary Oxford Semantics John: Lyons, Lightfoot, David English in modality and Adverbs Leo: Hoye, Facchinetti, Denison, Alonso Alonso Auwera, J. Auwera, Crespo Crespo York: 2009. Rodopi, Amsterdam/New English. in Collins, quasi-modals and Peter: Modals , Inés. (2010). “New Trends Exploring the Language of Science. The Corpus of English Texts English of Corpus The of Science. (2010). Language , Inés. the Trends “New Exploring Maurizio: “ Maurizio: , Begoña and Moskowich and , Begoña Moskowich and , Begoña - - Almeida Almeida M.J. Lorenzo Modia. A Coruña: Universidade da Coruña. 2008. 531-44. 2008. Coruña. da Universidade ACoruña: Modia. M.J. Lorenzo Ed. Conference. the AEDEAN from 31st Proceedings Writing.” Scientific of English 2007. 341-357. Peter Lang. Bern: English Modern Late into Insights New Creed’: Opposing and ‘ Writing.” Scientific of English Study Historical the for of Samples X, 2(1997): X, 377-393. Textus Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 2016. 1-23. Benjamins. John Amsterdam: Texts on Philosophy. English Modern Late Unconditioned: the and Conditioned Moskowich in Texts (CEPhiT)” Philosophy of English oed.com/ 2010. 131-156. Peter Lang. York, New Oxford: Berlin, Bern, M.J. Esteve. and and TranslationComunications in Studies Scientific Linguistic Corpus.” Coruña of the context the in (CCT) tool its (CETA) and on Astronomy in English Contemporary C 1993. (2015): University. State Petersburgh St. 14-23. Petersburgh: St. 33-57. Intercultural papers.” research medical Spanish and English from (Estudios en Lingüística Aplicada 2). Valencia: Universitat Politecnica de Valencia. 2017. Valencia. de Politecnica 2). Universitat Valencia: 1-7. Aplicada Lingüística en (Estudios Stancetaking in Late Modern English Scientific Writing.from The Evidence Coruña Corpus from the Coruña Corpus of English Scientific Token Writing.” Scientific of English Corpus Coruña the from 79-124. David: orpus Project”.orpus Proceedings of the international scientific conference linguistics-2015» «Corpus Van Plungian der, and , Isabel and and , Isabel , Isabel and Crespo and , Isabel Corpus the compiling Age: Modern the from Scientists and “Philosophers , Isabel. Roberta English Historical Syntax: Verbal Constructions. , Francisco: “Introduction. Stancetaking in late Modern English scientific writing.” writing.” scientific English Modern late in Stancetaking “Introduction. , Francisco: , Francisco: “On the mitigating function of modality and evidentiality. Evidence Evidence evidentiality. and of modality function mitigating “On the , Francisco: . W Shall .: : “Modal combinations in Modern English: A socio-historical interpretation.” interpretation.” Asocio-historical English: Modern in combinations : “Modal . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. Press, University Cambridge . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. Press, University Cambridge syntax. diachronic of Principles and will and Parapar . online edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www. Press. University Oxford Oxford: edition. . online in contemporary English: A comparison with past uses.” Modality uses.” past with Acomparison English: contemporary in

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