sign in sign up
<<
Home , 9th parallel north, British Togoland, French Sudan, French Togoland, Ivory Coast, Senegambia and Niger

Grids & Datums Togolese by Clifford J. Mugnier, C.P., C.M.S.

“’s name comes from togodo, which means ‘behind the lake’ in delimitation schedule relative to the tripoint was amended Ewe – a reference to Lake Togo. The was once on the fringes in a second Anglo–French exchange of notes on May 24, 1906–July of several great and, when the Europeans arrived in the 16th 19, 1906, which also included the demarcation of the boundary. The century, this power vacuum allowed the slave-traders to use Togo as following is the revised paragraph: a conduit. Following the abolition of , signed a treaty 41. From this point the frontier runs in a straight line across an in Togoville with local king Mlapa. Togoland, as the Germans called uninhabited country, covered by bush, in the direction of the their , underwent considerable economic development, but the point of intersection of the 11th parallel with the road from Togolese didn’t appreciate the Germans’ brutal ‘pacification’ campaigns. Punio (Pounio) to Jebiga (Djebiga) until it reaches the northern When the Germans surrendered at Kamina – the Allies’ first victory in terminal point of the Anglo–German frontier, where it terminates. WWI – the Togolese welcomed the British forces. However, the League Utilizing in part the boundary of the convention of July 23, 1897, of Nations split Togoland between and Britain – a controversial a Franco–German declaration of September 28, 1912, delimited the move that divided the populous of Ewe. Following a 1956 plebiscite, French –Togoland boundary in detail and is the basis of the was incorporated into the (now ). alignment of the present Togo–Upper Volta boundary. Although the gained full in 1960” (Lonely Planet, 2013). term continued in use in official treaties, the Sudan as part of French Bordered by (644 km) (PE&RS, July 2003), (126 West underwent a number of changes in size, administration km) (PE&RS, January 2005), and Ghana (877 km) (PE&RS, June 2000), and names. In 1899 parts of were transferred to French Togo is slightly smaller than West Virginia. The terrain is comprised , Coast, and Dahomey. The remainder of French Sudan was of gently rolling in the north; central hills; southern plateau; organized into the civil of Upper and Middle and and a low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes. The initially into two and later three with headquarters lowest point is the (0 m), and the highest point is at Tombouctou, Bobo Dioulasso, and Zinder. During 1902 Upper Sen- Mont Agou (986 m). ( FactBook, 2013) egal and Middle Niger was renamed and Niger which in “A Franco–German convention of July 23, 1897, delimited a boundary turn was changed to the Colony of in 1904. between German Togoland and the French possessions of Dahomey “By a decree of March 1, 1919, the colony of Upper Volta was consti- and Sudan. The line passed northward from the Atlantic Ocean to the tuted by detaching various circles from Upper Senegal and Niger. The 11th parallel between Togoland and Dahomey. The boundary then remainder of Upper Senegal and Niger was renamed French Sudan extended westward between Togoland and French Sudan as follows: on December 4, 1920. A decree of , 1932, abolished the It shall then run westward along Lat. 11º N. to the White Volta so as colony of Upper Volta and divided it among the of , in any case to leave Pougno to France and Koun–Djari [Koundjouare] Niger, and French Sudan. Following , eastern Togoland to Germany. It shall then run along the thalweg of that to Lat. became a mandate under French administration 10º N., which it shall follow to its intersection with the and became a British mandate. In 1946 the man- 03º52’ west of Paris (01º32’ west of Greenwich). The following dates were made trust territories and continued to year an Anglo–French convention of June 14, 1898, delimited the be administered by France and the , respectively. British Gold Coast–French Sudan boundary eastward from the Black During the mandate and trusteeship periods, French Togo had its Volta to the French Sudan–Togoland boundary. The extreme eastern own governmental structure, but British Togoland was administered sector of the boundary to the Togoland tripoint was as follows: by the United Kingdom as an integral part of the territory under the …and shall then follow the thalweg of this river [Nahau or Nouhao] Government of the Gold Coast. In 1957 British Togoland was merged up or down stream, as the case may be, to a point situated 2 miles with the Gold Coast, including and the Northern Territories, (3,219 metres) eastward of the road which leads from Gambaga to form the new state of Ghana. On October 28, 1956, French Togo to Tenkrugu (Tingourkou) [Tenkodogo], via Bawku (Baukou). voted to become an within the , Thence it shall rejoin by a straight line the 11th degree of north and on , 1960, it became an independent republic. latitude at the intersection of this parallel with the road which is “The tripoint with Dahomey at Point No. 109 of the Franco–German shown on Map No. 1 as leading from Sansanne–Mango to Pama, delimitation of 1912 is by map measurement located at 11º00’ N. via Jebigu (Djebiga) [Diabiga]. After a joint survey in 1901–2, the and approximately 0º55’E. The boundary then extends westward Gold Coast–Togoland boundary was delimited in detail from the along the 11th parallel for about 16 miles to 0º40’E. It continues in 9th parallel northward to the Gold Coast–Sudan–Togoland tripoint a straight line southwestward for 12 miles to the Sansargou river at by an Anglo–German exchange of notes of June 25, 1904. 10º56’N. and then follows the Sansargou northward for 6 miles to “An Anglo–French exchange of notes on March 18, 1904–April 25, 11º30’N. and 0º30’12”E. The remainder of the boundary consists of 1904 redelimited the boundary between the Gold Coast and French a straight line for 44 miles to the Ghana tripoint at pillar 148 of the Sudan, including the extreme eastern sector. Paragraph 41 of the Anglo–French demarcation of 1929 at approximately 11º08’13”N.

Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 2013 987 and 0º08’09”W” (International Bound- ary Study, No. 128 - 29 September Grids & Datums 1972, Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) – Togo ASPRS and Cliff Mugnier have been pleased to be able to provide the Grids Boundary, U.S. Dept. of State). See also & Datums Column that has been so popular over the years. To date*, we IBS Numbers 124 & 126. have published material on the following . We hope you will look The local datum for Togo is considered forward to articles on the remaining countries to be covered. to be Lomé which is referenced to the – Jan 04 Estonia – Aug 07 – Nov 07 – Jul 13 Clarke 1880 where a = 6,378, 249.145 – Jan 12 – Mar 03 – Jun 09 – Sep 07 m and 1/ = 293.145. However, transfor- f – Oct 01 Fiji – Oct 00 – Feb 99 – Feb 12 mation parameters from Lomé Datum to – Mar 01 – Oct 06 – Nov 12 – Jan 06 WGS84 Datum are not available in the /Barbuda– S 03 France – Jan 01 – May 13 – Jul 11 literature. Using GeoTrans, I transformed – Dec 99 – Sep 98 – Jun 11 – Oct 11 the above tripoint coordinates to Clarke Aruba – Jul 02 Gambia – Jan 13 Mongolia – Jan 03 – Oct 13 1880 Geocentric coordinates. I also went – Dec 03 – Jun 12 – Jun 99 – Sep 12 to those same coordinates in Google – Mar 04 Ghana – Jun 00 Moçambique – Sep 99 – Jul 00 ™ and could actually see nearby – Sep 10 – Dec 09 – Aug 06 –Jan 10 where that tripoint apparently is in Google Bahamas – Jul 04 – Dec 02 – Jun 13 – Mar 02 Earth™! I then took those Google Earth – Oct 07 – Feb 05 – Feb 03 – Aug 04 coordinates of the apparent tripoint (j – Mar 08 – Mar 00 New Zealand – May 05 – Aug 01 = 11º 08’ 22.19” N, λ = 00º 08’ 10.42” Barbados – Jun 07 Guatemala – Jul 08 Nicaragua – May 09 – Sep 01 W), and using GeoTrans I transformed Belarus – Feb 13 Guam – Aug 09 Niger – Nov 11 Taiwan – Nov 10 those geodetic coordinates to WGS84 – Oct 98 Guiana – Mar 06 – Feb 09 – Feb 08 Geocentric coordinates. I then com- Belize – Mar 09 Guinea – Jun 02 Niue – Apr 01 – Feb 11 puted the shift parameters from Lomé Benin – Jul 03 Guinea- – Jan 11 – Oct 99 Togo – Nov 13 to WGS84 to be: ΔX = –177 m, ΔY = + – Jul 01 – Apr03 – Mar 07 Trinidad– Nov 00 42 m, ΔZ = +388 m; the accuracy may be Bosnia & Haïti – Sep 11 – Jul 09 – Feb 07 about ± 25 meters. Herzegovina – Mar 13 Honduras – Jul 99 – Jul 07 – Sep 05 The traditional Grids used in this part – May 04 Hong Kong – Jan 98 Papua N.Guinea-Mar 05 – Dec 12 of French Africa include the Lambert – Jan 09 – Apr 99 – Dec 07 – Dec 01 Conformal Conic for Niger Zone (Fu- – Dec 11 Iceland - Dec 04 – May 06 – Aug 12 seau Niger) where: the central meridian – Jan 02 – Oct 09 – Aug 99 – Jun 04 (λ ) = 0º, latitude of origin (j ) = 13º N, o o Burkina Faso – Jan 05 – Aug 13 – Sept 00 U. A. E. – Feb 01 scale factor at origin (m ) = 0.99932, o Burma () – Oct 13 Ireland – Mar 99 – Apr 02 U. Kingdom – Oct 03 False Easting = 1,800 km, and False – Nov 09 – Aug 00 – Jan 08 – Nov 02 Northing = 500 km; and the Guinea – May 08 – Aug 05 – May 01 – Dec 98 Zone (Fuseau Guinea), which has the – May 07 Jamaica – May 03 – Apr 13 – Apr 04 same parameters as the Niger Zone – Dec 97 – Feb 02 St. Kitts & –Feb10 – Dec 00 except that the latitude of origin (j ) = 7º o – Aug 10 – Dec 06 St. Lucia – Nov 04 – May 02 N. The Dahomey (Benin) Transverse Cayman Is. – Nov 98 – Apr 10 St. Vincent & The – Aug 03 Mercator Zone (Fuseau Dahomey) is Cen. Afr. Rep. – Mar 12 – Jun 03 Grenadines – Feb 04 Yugoslavia – Sep 97 where: the central meridian (λ ) = 0º 30’ o – Jan 07 – Aug 02 Samoa – Aug 11 Zaire – Jun 05 E, latitude of origin (j ) = 0º, scale factor o – May 00 Korea – Nov 99 – Aug 08 – Oct 04 at origin (mo) = 0.9990, False Easting = – Nov 97 – Dec 10 Sakhalin I. – Sep 08 – Nov 03 1,000 km, and False Northing = 1,000 – Sep 04 – Apr 07 Senegal – May 10 km. However, all mapping since 1951 Congo (Brazvle)–Mar10 – Sep 02 has been on the UTM Grid. The existing Congo (Kinshas–Jun 05 – Oct 02 Countries Remaining 1:50,000 scale topographic mapping – May 08 – Jun 08 Nauru coverage of the entire country is likely Côte d’Ivoire – Feb 06 – Mar 11 Palau entirely controlled by French IGM Astros. – Jul 12 – Jun 06 Bhutan – Jun 10 – Apr 11 San Marino  – Apr 06 – Dec 08 East Timor São Tomé & Príncipe Czech Rep – Jan 00 The contents of this column reflect the views – Nov 05 of the author, who is responsible for the facts Denmark – Nov 06 Macao – Jun 01 Germany Somalia and accuracy of the data presented herein. – Oct 08 The contents do not necessarily reflect the Macedonia – May 12 Sudan – Apr 12 official views or policies of the American Soci- – Feb 00 Swaziland ety for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Domin. Rep. – Dec 05 – May 11 and/or the State University Center Ecuador – May 99 for GeoInformatics (C4G). – Apr 09 Tonga – Nov 08 – Jul 06 El Salvador – Jul 05 – Oct 10 Vatican City Equat. Guinea – Sep 09 Malta – Jul 10 (*Thru Nov. 2013)

988 November 2013 Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing