Society for Research in Child Development Newsletter, 2003. INSTITUTION Society for Research in Child Development
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In Defense of Massive Modularity
3 In Defense of Massive Modularity Dan Sperber In October 1990, a psychologist, Susan Gelman, and three anthropolo- gists whose interest in cognition had been guided and encouraged by Jacques Mehler, Scott Atran, Larry Hirschfeld, and myself, organized a conference on “Cultural Knowledge and Domain Specificity” (see Hirsch- feld and Gelman, 1994). Jacques advised us in the preparation of the conference, and while we failed to convince him to write a paper, he did play a major role in the discussions. A main issue at stake was the degree to which cognitive development, everyday cognition, and cultural knowledge are based on dedicated do- main-specific mechanisms, as opposed to a domain-general intelligence and learning capacity. Thanks in particular to the work of developmental psychologists such as Susan Carey, Rochel Gelman, Susan Gelman, Frank Keil, Alan Leslie, Jacques Mehler, Elizabeth Spelke (who were all there), the issue of domain-specificity—which, of course, Noam Chomsky had been the first to raise—was becoming a central one in cognitive psychol- ogy. Evolutionary psychology, represented at the conference by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, was putting forward new arguments for seeing human cognition as involving mostly domain- or task-specific evolved adaptations. We were a few anthropologists, far from the main- stream of our discipline, who also saw domain-specific cognitive pro- cesses as both constraining and contributing to cultural development. Taking for granted that domain-specific dispositions are an important feature of human cognition, three questions arise: 1. To what extent are these domain-specific dispositions based on truly autonomous mental mechanisms or “modules,” as opposed to being 48 D. -
How Evolution Can Help Us Understand Child Development and Behaviour Annie Swanepoel, Daniela F
BJPsych Advances (2016), vol. 22, 36–43 doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.114.014043 ARTICLE How evolution can help us understand child development and behaviour Annie Swanepoel, Daniela F. Sieff, Graham Music, John Launer, Michael Reiss & Bernadette Wren Annie Swanepoel is a consultant us how, in response to environmental influences, SUMMARY child and adolescent psychiatrist genes are switched on or off. It is also showing in the Hertfordshire Partnership The traditional disease model, still dominant in us that these effects can be transmitted down University Foundation Trust. She psychiatry, is less than ideal for making sense of is interested in the integration of generations. Yet surprisingly few people have psychological issues such as the effects of early body and mind, nature and nurture, childhood experiences on development. We argue asked wider questions such as ‘Why does psychoneuroimmunology, as well as this sensitivity exist?’ and ‘Why does this evolutionary psychology. Daniela F. that a model based on evolutionary thinking can Sieff has a doctorate in biological deepen understanding and aid clinical practice sensitivity sometimes lead to apparently negative anthropology. She is interested by showing how behaviours, bodily responses developmental patterns?’. However, these in the ways that interdisciplinary and psychological beliefs tend to develop for questions can be fruitfully addressed if we turn to perspectives can foster the ‘adaptive’ reasons, even when these ways of being understanding of emotional trauma. an evolutionary perspective. Graham Music is a consultant might on first appearance seem pathological. Such Organisms that are better fitted to their child and adolescent psychotherapist understanding has implications for treatment. It environment (which means better adapted to their at the Tavistock Clinic and an adult also challenges the genetic determinist model, environment) have a greater chance of surviving psychotherapist in private practice. -
King's Research Portal
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by King's Research Portal King’s Research Portal Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Wertz, J., Belsky, J., Moffitt, T. E., Belsky, D. W., Harrington, H., Avinun, R., ... Caspi, A. (Accepted/In press). Genetics of nurture: A test of the hypothesis that parents’ genetics predict their observed caregiving . Developmental Psychology. Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
Same-Sex Marriage, Lesbigay Parenting, and the Psychology of Disgust
Working Paper Series Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Year 2007 It's Really About Sex: Same-Sex Marriage, Lesbigay Parenting, and the Psychology of Disgust Richard E. Redding Villanova University School of Law, [email protected] This paper is posted at Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository. http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/wps/art92 113495-TEXT .NATIVE .1205175861. DOC 3/10/2008 12:05:16 PM IT’S REALLY ABOUT SEX : SAME -SEX MARRIAGE , LESBIGAY PARENTING , AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF DISGUST RICHARD E. REDDING * TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 102 I. THE STATE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ON LESBIGAY PARENTING .................... 108 A. Early Research Returns: “No Differences” Between Children Raised by Lesbigay Versus Heterosexual Parents...................... 109 B. Critics Take a Fresh Look at the Research: Fatally Flawed or Flawed But Informative?................................................................ 110 C. The Importance of “Getting It Right” ................................................... 116 D. Three Recent Studies............................................................................... 119 II. DOES SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ON LESBIGAY PARENTING PROVIDE A BASIS FOR PROHIBITING LESBIGAY MARRIAGE OR ADOPTION ? .................... 120 A. Are Children Raised by Lesbigay Parents More Likely to Be Homosexual? .................................................................................. -
The Idea of Universality in Linguistics and Human Rights
The Idea of Universality in Linguistics and Human Rights SPEAKER: Noam Chomsky Institute Professor; Professor of Linguistics SPEAKER: Elizabeth S. Spelke Professor of Psychology Co- Director, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Inter-faculty Initiative, Harvard University. The Idea of SPEAKERS: Universality in Noam Chomsky: Institute Professor; Professor of Linguistics Linguistics and Human Rights Elizabeth S. Spelke: Professor of Psychology Co-Director, Noam Chomsky Mind, Brain, and Behavior Inter-faculty Initiative, Harvard March 15,2005 University. Time 00:57:13 ABOUT THE LECTURE: If humans have a common, in-born capacity for language, and Audio Only: for such complex behaviors as morality, might the faculties be QuickTime – 28MB somehow linked? Noam Chomsky perceives a mere thread of MP3 - 70MB a connection. At breakneck speed, Chomsky leads us through Audio and Video: a history of language theory, concluding with the revolutionary QuickTime - 371MB model he championed: a universal grammar underpinning all WindowsMedia - 313MB languages that corresponds to an innate capacity of the human RealVideo - 101MB brain. While scientists may now have a “clearer grasp of the universals of language,” says Chomsky, notions of universality grow murky as we move “into domains of will, choice and judgment.” Chomsky cites the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights as one example of “broad cross-cultural consensus.” But he brandishes examples of how “our moral and intellectual culture….forcefully rejects universal moral judgments” -- such as continued U.S. -
1 December 19, 2019 the Psychology of Online Political Hostility
The Psychology of Online Political Hostility: A Comprehensive, Cross-National Test of the Mismatch Hypothesis Alexander Bor* & Michael Bang Petersen Department of Political Science Aarhus University August 30, 2021 Please cite the final version of this paper published in the American Political Science Review at https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000885. Abstract Why are online discussions about politics more hostile than offline discussions? A popular answer argues that human psychology is tailored for face-to-face interaction and people’s behavior therefore changes for the worse in impersonal online discussions. We provide a theoretical formalization and empirical test of this explanation: the mismatch hypothesis. We argue that mismatches between human psychology and novel features of online environments could (a) change people’s behavior, (b) create adverse selection effects and (c) bias people’s perceptions. Across eight studies, leveraging cross-national surveys and behavioral experiments (total N=8,434), we test the mismatch hypothesis but only find evidence for limited selection effects. Instead, hostile political discussions are the result of status-driven individuals who are drawn to politics and are equally hostile both online and offline. Finally, we offer initial evidence that online discussions feel more hostile, in part, because the behavior of such individuals is more visible than offline. Acknowledgements This research has benefitted from discussions with Vin Arceneaux, Matt Levendusky, Mark Van Vugt, John Tooby, and members of the Research on Online Political Hostility (ROHP) group, among many others. We are grateful for constructive comments to workshop attendees at the Political Behavior Section of Aarhus University, at the NYU-SMAPP Lab, at the NYU Social Justice Lab, at the Hertie School, and to conference audiences at APSA 2019, HBES 2019, and ROPH 2020. -
Download the Language Instinct 1St Edition Free Ebook
THE LANGUAGE INSTINCT 1ST EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE BOOK Steven Pinker | --- | --- | --- | 9780688121419 | --- | --- The language instinct Simon Baron-Cohen Justin L. Download for print-disabled. Pinker's assumptions about the innateness of language have been challenged by some; English linguist Geoffrey Sampson has contested some of the claims made in the book about this. Categories : non-fiction books Cognitive science literature English-language books Evolution of language Linguistics books Works by Steven Pinker. You're rating the book as a worknot the seller or the specific copy you purchased! The book has been awarded with William James Book Awardand many others. Includes bibliographical references p. Paperback in English - 1 edition. Loved each and every part of this book. I will definitely recommend this book to non fiction, science lovers. Check nearby libraries Library. He deals sympathetically with Noam Chomsky 's claim that all human language The Language Instinct 1st edition evidence of a universal grammarbut dissents from Chomsky's skepticism that evolutionary theory can explain the human language instinct. Add a review Your Rating: Your Comment:. Fine less some stray publisher's glue on the front and rear gutters in fine dustwrapper with a tiny tear on the front flap fold. We routinely issue extensively illustrated color catalogs, available by subscription. First edition. The main characters of this non fiction, science story are. The The Language Instinct 1st edition Object Pagination p. This edition published in by HarperPerennial in New York. Adaptation Altruism Coevolution Cultural group selection Kin selection Sexual selection Evolutionarily stable strategy Social selection. If your book order is heavy or oversized, we may contact you to let you know extra shipping is required. -
Evolutionary Theory and Reproductive Responses to Father Absence: Implications of Kin Selection and the Reproductive Returns to Mating and Parenting Effort
In Handbook of Father Involvement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, eds. Catherine S. Tamis -LeMonda and Natasha Cabrera. Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. To be published 2001 EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSES TO FATHER ABSENCE: IMPLICATIONS OF KIN SELECTION AND THE REPRODUCTIVE RETURNS TO MATING AND PARENTING EFFORT David Waynforth _________________________________________ Visiting Professor 2000-2001 International Research Center for Japanese Studies 3-2 Oeyama-cho, Goryo Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 610-1192 Japan E-mail: [email protected] Office Tel. (075)335-2119 Home Tel. (075)335-2540 ext 6849 & Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1086 U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Evolutionary theory and father absence David Waynforth INTRODUCTION Evolutionary theorists are in the business of seeking ultimate explanations for behavior. Ultimate explanations concern why a behavior or trait would have evolved by Darwinian natural or sexual selection and would therefore be adaptive in particular environments. This is in contrast to what is termed proximate explanation, which is usually about more immediate types of motivation, an example being understanding the hormonal underpinnings of a behavior. The topic of father absence due to divorce has not escaped the attention of evolutionary theorists seeking ultimate explanation for its patterns and effects, and the first part of this chapter focuses on a particularly influential ultimate explanation for the pattern of events that appear to be typically associated with father absent household structure. After tracing the history of this evolutionary approach to father absence and showing some empirical evidence for and against it, I move on to how father absence can fit into evolutionary ecological approaches to mating strategies more generally, with a view to improving our understanding of its effects. -
Read the Full PDF
The Science on Women and Science The Science on Women and Science Christina Hoff Sommers Editor The AEI Press Publisher for the American Enterprise Institute WASHINGTON, D.C. Distributed to the Trade by National Book Network, 15200 NBN Way, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214. To order call toll free 1-800-462-6420 or 1-717-794-3800. For all other inquiries please contact the AEI Press, 1150 Seventeenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 or call 1-800-862-5801. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The science on women and science / Christina Hoff Sommers, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8447-4281-6 ISBN-10: 0-8447-4281-3 1. Women in science. 2. Sex discrimination against women. 3. Sex differences in education. I. Sommers, Christina Hoff. Q130.S364 2009 2009022004 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5 © 2009 by the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without permission in writing from the American Enterprise Institute except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. The views expressed in the publications of the American Enterprise Institute are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. Printed in the United States of America Contents INTRODUCTION: THE SCIENCE ON WOMEN IN SCIENCE, Christina Hoff Sommers 1 Notes 5 References 6 1WHY SO FEW WOMEN IN MATH AND SCIENCE? Simon Baron-Cohen 7 Sex Differences in the General Population 11 Female Advantage in Empathy 15 Culture and Biology 18 Conclusions 18 Notes 20 References 21 2GENDER, MATH, AND SCIENCE, Elizabeth S. -
Moira Rose (Molly) Dillon
Moira Rose Dillon Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003 Email – [email protected] Departmental Website – http://as.nyu.edu/psychology/people/faculty.Moira-Dillon.html Lab Website – https://www.labdevelopingmind.com Employment New York University New York, NY Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences (July 2017-present) Concurrent Positions New York University New York, NY Faculty Affiliate, Institute of Human Development and Social Change, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development (May 2019-present) Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA Invited Researcher, Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL), Foundations of Learning (April 2021-present) Education Harvard University Cambridge, MA (August 2011-May 2017) Ph.D., Psychology (May 2017) A.M., Psychology (May 2014) Yale University New Haven, CT (August 2004-May 2008) B.A., Cognitive Science; Art (May 2008) Funding 2019-2024 National Science Foundation (PI: $1,718,437) CAREER: Becoming Euclid: Characterizing the geometric intuitions that support formal learning in mathematics (PI: $24,671) CLB: Career-Life Balance Faculty Early Career Development Program Supplement 2019-2023 DARPA (Co-PI; to NYU: $1,703,553; to Dillon: $871,874) Cognitive milestones for Machine Common Sense, Co-PI: Brenden Lake 2019-2021 Jacobs Foundation (PI: 150,000 CHF) Early Career Research Fellowship 2018-2019 Institute of Human Development and Social Change at NYU (PI: $14,848) The arc of geometric -
Dark, Beyond Deep: a Paradigm Shift to Cognitive AI with Humanlike Common Sense
Dark, Beyond Deep: A Paradigm Shift to Cognitive AI with Humanlike Common Sense Yixin Zhua,∗, Tao Gaoa, Lifeng Fana, Siyuan Huanga, Mark Edmondsa, Hangxin Liua, Feng Gaoa, Chi Zhanga, Siyuan Qia, Ying Nian Wua, Joshua B. Tenenbaumb, Song-Chun Zhua aCenter for Vision, Cognition, Learning, and Autonomy (VCLA), UCLA bCenter for Brains, Minds, and Machines (CBMM), MIT Abstract Recent progress in deep learning is essentially based on a “big data for small tasks” paradigm, under which massive amounts of data are used to train a classifier for a single narrow task. In this paper, we call for a shift that flips this paradigm upside down. Specifically, we propose a “small data for big tasks” paradigm, wherein a single artificial intelligence (AI) system is challenged to develop “common sense,” enabling it to solve a wide range of tasks with little training data. We illustrate the potential power of this new paradigm by reviewing models of common sense that synthesize recent breakthroughs in both machine and human vision. We identify functionality, physics, intent, causality, and utility (FPICU) as the five core domains of cognitive AI with humanlike common sense. When taken as a unified concept, FPICU is concerned with the questions of “why” and “how,” beyond the dominant “what” and “where” framework for understanding vision. They are invisible in terms of pixels but nevertheless drive the creation, maintenance, and development of visual scenes. We therefore coin them the “dark matter” of vision. Just as our universe cannot be understood by merely studying observable matter, we argue that vision cannot be understood without studying FPICU. -
A Mathematical Model of the Evolution of Individual Differences in Developmental Plasticity Arising Through Parental Bet-Hedging
UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title A mathematical model of the evolution of individual differences in developmental plasticity arising through parental bet-hedging. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4bh108gv Journal Developmental science, 19(2) ISSN 1363-755X Authors Frankenhuis, Willem E Panchanathan, Karthik Belsky, Jay Publication Date 2016-03-01 DOI 10.1111/desc.12309 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Developmental Science 19:2 (2016), pp 251–274 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12309 PAPER A mathematical model of the evolution of individual differences in developmental plasticity arising through parental bet-hedging Willem E. Frankenhuis,1 Karthik Panchanathan2 and Jay Belsky3 1. Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands 2. Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, USA 3. Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, USA Abstract Children vary in the extent to which their development is shaped by particular experiences (e.g. maltreatment, social support). This variation raises a question: Is there no single level of plasticity that maximizes biological fitness? One influential hypothesis states that when different levels of plasticity are optimal in different environmental states and the environment fluctuates unpredictably, natural selection may favor parents producing offspring with varyinglevels of plasticity. The current article presents a mathematical model assessing the logic of this hypothesis – specifically, it examines what conditions are required for natural selection to favor parents to bet-hedge by varying their offspring’s plasticity. Consistent with existing theory from biology, results show that between- individual variation in plasticity cannot evolve when the environment only varies across space.