Feasibility Study for Cacao Agroforestry Projects Under the Shading of Timber Tree Species (Congo Basin and Côte D’Ivoire)

FOR SUSTAINABLY MANAGED TROPICAL FORESTS

Feasibility study for cacao agroforestry projects under the shading of timber tree species (Congo Basin and Côte d’Ivoire)

FINAL REPORT

Date : May 2018 Report prepared by: Stéphane Rivain – Team leader (Oréade-Brèche) Authors: Nicolas Perthuisot – Forester (Oréade-Brèche) Yohann Fare – Agronomist (Kinomé) 2 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Acronyms

AFD Agence Française de Développement (French Development Agency) Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux (International ATIBT Tropical Timber Technical Association) CADP Commercial Agriculture Development Project CIB Congolaise Industrielle des Bois CIRAD French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development CFI Cocoa and Forests Initiative CNRA National Centre for Agronomic Research CSSV Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus ER-P Emission Reduction Programme FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility FFEM French Facility for Global Environment FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade GHG Greenhouse Gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit ICRAF International Center for Research in Agroforestry IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature NDP National Development Programme PES Payment for Ecosystem Services Programme de Promotion de l’Exploitation Certifiée des Forêts PPECF (Promotional Programme for Certified Forestry Operations) PPP Public Private Partnership RCI Republic of Côte d’Ivoire REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, REDD+ plus the sustainable management of forests, and the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks SPIB Union of Industrial Wood Producers TOR Terms of Reference WCF World Cocoa Foundation WWF World Wildlife Fund

3 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Glossary

Agroforestry Fair trade certification According to ICRAF (International Centre Written assurance (in the form of a certi- for Agroforestry), ‘agroforestry is a dyna- ficate) awarded by a third party that a pro- mic system for the management of natural duct, service or system complies with fair resources based on ecological principles trade requirements (see definition below). which integrates trees in farms and in the rural landscape and makes it possible to Fair Trade diversify and maintain production in order Fair Trade is a trading partnership, based to improve the social, economic and en- on dialogue, transparency and respect, vironmental conditions of all land users’. that seeks greater equity in internatio- Agroforestry refers to all land-use tech- nal trade. It contributes to sustainable niques involving a combination of trees development by offering better trading with multiple uses either with agricultu- conditions to, and securing the rights of, ral crops, or with animal farming, or with marginalized producers and workers – es- both, whilst respecting local traditions (Pi- pecially in the South. Fair Trade organisa- neau W. coord., 2017). tions, backed by consumers, are engaged In Côte d’Ivoire: Agroforestry is a dyna- actively in supporting producers, aware- mic and ecological approach used for the ness raising and campaigning for changes management of natural resources which, in the rules and practice of conventional through the integration of trees in agri- international trade. cultural landscapes, diversifies and increases production whilst ensuring the (Definition of FINE, the coordination of Fair enhancement of social, economic and Trade stakeholders which includes the environmental benefits for land users major international networks of Fairtrade (CNRA, 2013). International, the World Fair Trade Orga- nisation and the European Fair Trade As- Canopy cover sociation) IPCC, 2003: The percentage of the ground covered by a vertical projection of the ou- Permanent Forest Estate termost perimeter of the natural spread FAO: Forest area that is designated by law of the foliage of plants. Cannot exceed or regulation to be retained as forest and 100 percent (also called crown closure or may not be converted to other land use. crown cover). Forest Sustainability certification According to the FAO: Land spanning more Written assurance (in the form of a cer- than 0.5 hectare with trees higher than 5 tificate) awarded by a third party that a metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 product, service or system complies with percent, or with trees able to reach these environmental requirements aimed at im- thresholds in situ. It does not include land proving agricultural practices, banning that is predominantly under agricultural dangerous chemical inputs, protecting or urban land use. The FAO’s definition ex- biodiversity and respecting the fundamen- cludes the tree populations that are part tal conventions of the International Labour of agricultural production systems, such Organization. as fruit tree plantations, palm oil planta-

4 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 tions, olive groves and shaded agroforestry of the growing stock at maturity. This also cropping systems. The FAO suggests the includes coppices from trees that were term ‘other land with tree cover’ for the originally planted or seeded, rubber tree, tree populations that are integrated in cork oak and Christmas tree plantations, agricultural production systems such as but it excludes self-sown trees of intro- fruit tree plantations and shaded agrofo- duced species. restry cropping systems. Private ownership by individuals Primary forest According to the FAO, this refers to forest According to the FAO, this refers to natu- owned by individuals and families. rally regenerated forests of native species, where there are no clearly visible indica- Private ownership by local, tribal and in- tions of human activities and the ecolo- digenous communities gical processes are not significantly dis- According to the FAO, this refers to forest turbed. owned by a group of individuals belonging to the same community residing within Planted forest or in the vicinity of a forest area or forest According to the FAO, this refers to forest owned by communities of indigenous or predominantly composed of trees establi- tribal people. The community members shed through planting and/or deliberate are co-owners that share exclusive rights seeding. The planted/seeded trees are ex- and duties, and the benefits contribute to pected to constitute more than 50 percent the community development.

5 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Acronyms ...... 3

Glossary ...... 4

1. Introduction ...... 8

1.1 - Overall context of the study ...... 7 1.2 - Specific objective of the study on shade-grown cocoa and expected deliverables...... 8 1.3 - Organisation and work method ...... 10

2. The advantages and disadvantages of shaded cropping systems ...... 10

2.1 - The ecology of cacao trees ...... 10 2.2 - Agroforestry and its possible applications to cacao cultivation ...... 11

3. Overview of existing initiatives in terms of shaded CACAO cropping systems...... 14

3.1 - Ongoing projects which integrate shaded cacao cropping systems ...... 14 3.2 - Local initiatives conducted by logging companies...... 18 3.3 - Initiatives led by chocolate companies ...... 20 3.3.1 - Chocolate companies have made many commitments on a global level. . . 20 3.3.2 - Focus on two chocolate company initiatives in Côte d’Ivoire ...... 22 3.4 - Technical approach in some agroforestry systems already implemented ...... 24

4. Analyses from the two missions in Cameroon and CÔTE D’IVOIRE...... 26

4.1 - Strengths and weaknesses of a cacao development project shaded under timber tree species ...... 26 4.2 - Perceptions of involved parties and constraints of each stakeholder ...... 29 4.2.1 - Logging companies ...... 29 4.2.2 - Chocolate companies ...... 30 4.2.3 - Farmers ...... 30 4.2.4 - States ...... 31 4.3 - Technique suggestions and discussions ...... 32 4.3.1 - Structure of shaded plantations ...... 33 4.3.2 - Consideration of specific national contexts ...... 33 4.3.3 - Analysis of working hypotheses and limitations of the exercise ...... 34 4.3.3.1 - On forestry aspects ...... 34 4.3.3.2 - On cocoa aspects ...... 34 4.3.4 - Economic performance compared for the different techniques...... 35 4.3.4.1 - Technical specifications of the different models studied ...... 37 4.3.4.2 - Results for the models studied for Côte d’Ivoire ...... 38 4.3.4.3 - Results for the models studied for the Congo Basin ...... 40 4.3.4.4 - Results summary ...... 43 4.3.5 - Environmental benefits compared for the different techniques ...... 43 4.4 - Discussion on the removal of the difficulties related to the implementation of agroforestry projects focusing on shade-grown cacao ...... 44 4.4.1 - Remuneration systems for tree planters ...... 44 4.4.2 - Strengthen research on cacao grown under the shade of timber species . . 45 4.4.3 - Encouraging logging companies and chocolate companies to work together . . 45 4.4.4 - Experience transfer between the two regions ...... 46

5. Project Ideas ...... 46

6. Conclusions ...... 52

6 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 1. Introduction

Oréade-Brèche and Kinomé have been shortlisted by the ATIBT to conduct a study aimed at examining the ‘Feasibility of shade-grown cocoa agroforestry projects’ within the FLEGT-REDD+ project funded by the FFEM. The contract was signed in December 2018 and a mission in the field was conducted in February 2018 in Cameroon and Côte d’Ivoire.

1.1 - Overall context of the study

In 2013, the ATIBT was allocated a project With regards to the REDD+ mechanism, funded by the French Facility for Global shaded cacao cropping systems do not im- Environment (FFEM) called ‘Integration of mediately appear to be the most efficient the tropical wood industry in Central and way of fighting deforestation (they could Western Africa in the FLEGT and REDD+ even be a factor of forest degradation) or mechanisms’. Within the scope of this of increasing carbon storage (compared project, the theme of forest plantations with the implementation of high density takes on a particular significance insofar plantations). However, shaded cacao crop- as their development would induce both ping systems present extremely important economic and social benefits (these are benefits in terms of social and economic activities which generate a lot of employ- development, they open up significant ment for low-skilled or unskilled workers), agroecological possibilities and appear to the sustainable use of timber resources be a very efficient means to take advan- and carbon storage. The ATIBT therefore tage of existing synergies between the decided to engage in a broad reflection on cocoa and the forestry/timber industries. this topic by commissioning the following Moreover, the study also had to take into studies with three different bidders: account the fact that the cocoa industry is facing difficult challenges. Two relatively • ‘Assessment and analysis of the legal recent reports have had a profound impact context for the integration of plantation on the cocoa industry. and reforestation projects in natural forest concessions’ • A study conducted in 2016 by the BASIC • ‘Capitalising on learning outcomes from cooperative, ‘The Dark Side of Chocolate1’, the experience of timber plantations in states that, because of the poor financial Côte d’Ivoire’ conditions under which the farmers exe- • ‘Feasibility study for shade-grown cocoa cute their work, cacao trees are poorly agroforestry projects’ The latter study is maintained and therefore die off. In order examined in the present report. to maintain their yields and their wages,

1. https://lebasic.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Cocoa-Study_Synthesis.pdf

7 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 producers have extended their farm plots reality, i.e. that climate change seems to towards the forests. Thirteen million hec- already have an impact on Western Africa’s tares of forest have disappeared in Côte cocoa growing territories. For instance, in d’Ivoire since 1960, partly because of co- 2016, a dry episode combined with high coa farming. temperatures led to the withering of many • The 2017 report ‘Chocolate’s Dark Se- Western African cacao trees, in particular crets2’ goes even further by demonstra- in full sun clonal plantations. Moreover, ting, on the basis of field investigation climate change is leading some natural conducted by the NGO Mighty Earth, that predators of cocoa pests to leave these co- part of the chocolate consumed in the coa farming areas. Some farmers have ob- world now comes from protected forests served some resilience in the rare shaded and national parks in Côte d’Ivoire. cacao cropping systems in Ghana or Côte d’Ivoire and therefore would like to go back In their recommendations, the two studies to the agroforestry practices of the past. call for the development of shaded cacao States and chocolate companies are also cropping systems as a way of fostering wondering whether it is beneficial to deve- ecological diversity and enhancing income lop ‘climate smart’ models among farmers diversification. because they do not want to jeopardise the Lastly, we also need to mention another sustainability of cocoa bean supplies.

1.2 - Specific objective of the study on shade-grown cocoa and expected deliverables

The study is part of the First Component of which will help it target agroforestry pro- the project funded by the FFEM and aims jects depending on issues identified and on at bringing a contribution to the following benefits and possible funding schemes. topic: ‘Development of pilot projects for innovative plantations in terms of timber, The particular objective of this study is to firewood and agricultural products needs’. assess the feasibility of agroforestry pro- Beyond the project, it participates in a broa- jects with an objective in terms of timber der reflection which consists in ‘proposing by restoring shaded cash crop systems a way to change the forest concession mo- (such as coffee or cocoa operations) and by del so that tropical rainforests become a addressing the following challenges: what sustainable tool for the development of po- is the technical feasibility of operational pulations and territories’. and efficient models, in which regulatory The aim of this initiative is to enable harves- and institutional contexts should they be ting companies operating in natural forests implemented and what type of economic to implement solutions for diversifying outlook should be expected from them? their activity whilst preserving the natural The study focused on two countries pre- forest area. In order to do this, the private senting different contexts and develop- sector needs to have some tools available ment paths for the cocoa and forest/tim-

2. http://www.mightyearth.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/chocolates_dark_secret_english_web.pdf

8 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 ber industries in order to be able to draw tive (far from it), but aims at summarising as many lessons as possible from the dis- (maybe in a way which is too schematic) the cussions and concrete cases mentioned by main characteristics of the Ivorian and Ca- the different stakeholders that we met. The meroonian contexts before getting into the table below is not intended to be exhaus- details of the study.

Table1: Main characteristics of the Ivorian and Cameroonian contexts

INDUSTRY CÔTE D’IVOIRE CAMEROON

Forest highly degraded by farming which Dense forest with relatively low anthropisa- enables the harvesting of a very limited tion and with forest resources integrating di- number of species mostly used for pee- verse natural species ling (kapok, frake, framire) Logging operation organised within Fo- Forest concession under a sustainable forest rest Exploitation Perimeters (PEFs) wit- management plan with a rotation of 20 to 30 hin which the concessionary cuts the last years (200,000 ha maximum/FMU) isolated trees or trees located in relict groves. Industrial tool capable of utilising logs Industrial tool adapted to heavy timber and FOREST/ with small diameters and high growth big diameters WOOD exotic species Very few certified companies (2 OLB-cer- Good forest certification dynamic (legality tified companies) and sustainable management) since 2005 but with a sharp slowdown since 2010. Logging companies with large experience Some forest concessionaires have developed and skills in terms of reforestation (nurse- plantations of native forest tree species with ry techniques, reforestation modes). Plan- ecological restoration objectives in order to ting of exotic species on a regular basis respond to the planning standards and to (Gmelina, Teak, Cedrela) some requirements of the FSC certification (reforestation of logging gaps or timber yards) First cocoa producer in the world, first Significant cocoa producer but to a lesser source of export income (45%) extent than Côte d’Ivoire, with a more reduced source of export income (20% in good years) Cacao cropping systems and agricultural Complex agroforestry models have remained extension model based on direct expo- rooted in peasant culture. More advanced sure to sunlight. Cacao cultivation was agricultural research regarding shaded ca- one of the main drivers of deforestation. cao cropping systems (CIRAD, IRAD) Very exposed country in terms of risks re- Less exposed country in terms of criticism COCOA lated to cocoa image. During the COP23 with regards to the link between cacao culti- conference, Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana vation and deforestation. made serious commitments towards zero deforestation cocoa. The challenge is to be able to introduce The challenge is to be able to plant more ca- more timber species within cacao crops. cao trees in order to boost economic development around the concessions.

9 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 1.3 - Organisation and work method

The study is based on a significant prior meetings, consultants have always ex- documentary review and on work meetings pressed the desire to collect all relevant conducted with the different stakeholders information but also to test/validate some and resource persons during the field work hypotheses (creation of agroforestry mission organised in Cameroon and in techniques), to diagnose a situation (part Côte d’Ivoire from the 5th to the 16th of Fe- 4 of the report) or to engage in prospective bruary 2018 or during interviews through reflection (project proposal in part 5 of the conference calls. During these working report). 2. The advantages and disadvantages of shaded cropping systems 2.1 - The ecology of cacao trees

The cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.) is a mal production, cacao trees should not be small tree which grows in the undergrowth exposed to daily temperatures higher than and is native to the Amazon rainforest. It 33.5°C for more than one month. In the requires a hot and humid climate, without next few decades, sub-Saharan Africa co- any marked or prolonged dry season. The coa farmers should therefore get support optimal rainfall is of 1,500 to 2,000 mm so that they can adapt their practices to and cacao trees cannot withstand precipi- better anticipate a possible multiplication tation lower than 100 mm/month for more of climate extremes. than three months. The relative humidity rate in the air needs to be high (optimum Being native to the Amazon rainforest, rate: 85%). The soil needs to have a good the tree can tolerate a significant level of water retention capacity whilst having a shade. However, under these conditions, draining effect because the roots should some varieties can be more sensitive to not be asphyxiated. It needs to be slight- brown rot of pods (Phytophthora spp). It ly acidic and its organic matter content was also demonstrated that the produc- needs to be high in the upper layer. Cacao tion of pods can increase with light ex- trees are cultivated within an area located posure if nutrient exports are sufficiently between 20° North and South of the Equa- offset (especially by soil fertilisation) and tor. The optimal annual average tempera- if rainfall is sufficient. Full sun plantations ture is around 25°C (between 18 - 21°C potentially produce more but, depending and 30 - 32°C). The absolute minimum is on the varieties, the yields can quickly go 10°C. In addition, in order to enable opti- down after 20 to 30 years because of tree

10 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 and/or soil exhaustion. In strong sunlight able farmers to benefit from many other exposure conditions, cacao trees are also products and services provided by shade more exposed to insects such as mirids trees (fruits, non-wood forest products, (Sahlbergella singularis and Distantiella medicinal uses, microclimate regulation, theobroma). Complex plantations, which protection against drying winds, better combine one or multiple storeys of crops water retention in soils – if care is taken and trees that are complementary to the to plant species that seek water more cocoa stratum, enable farmers to extend deeply than cacao trees’ roots). Therefore, cacao trees’ lifetime but with a relatively the search for an adequate environment is low yield. Jagoret et al. have observed al- frequently discussed among scientific and most century-old plots in Cameroon. In technical teams. addition, complex cultivation systems en-

In summary: > The cacao tree is a small tree that grows in the undergrowth. It can therefore grow with a certain level of shade but will produce fewer pods. > When the cacao tree is exposed to sunlight, it may produce more pods if soil fertility enables this, but the shrub may become exhausted after a few decades. > In the shade, the cacao tree is exposed to fungi. In the sun, it can be invaded by mirids. > There are intermediary cropping systems which combine acceptable and sustainable production of pods and access to many other products and services.

2.2 - Agroforestry and its possible applications to cacao cultivation

In Central and Western Africa, cocoa far- planting designed to create a mixed or ming employs millions of farmers3 and light shade. encompasses many different practices, • Several observers report that the sys- from the complex multi-storey agrofo- tems originating from forest thinning are restry landscapes in South Cameroon or characterised by the presence of non-hy- Western Togo to the almost exclusive mo- brid varieties such as the Amelonado. noculture systems which predominate in These cropping systems are put in place Côte d’Ivoire or Ghana. These different after having cut the undergrowth and practices have different strengths and li- eliminated some trees considered to be mitations as described above and do not harmful or of low value. In these shaded have the same ecological impact or sus- plantations, we observe a high density of tainability level. large trees which give the plantations a With regards to shaded cropping systems, structure that can be confused with that they can originate from forest thinning or of a secondary forest.

3. In Côte d’Ivoire, there are between 800,000 and 1.3 million farms involved in cocoa production but it is estimated that 8 million people live off cocoa farming. In Ghana, there are an estimated 800,000 cocoa producing farms. In Cameroon, there are about 400,000 to 600,000 cocoa producing farms, and in Nigeria around 300,000 (Hütz-Adams et al, 2016).

11 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 • The systems originating from replanting to ensure the shading and a diversification have initially been implemented by cut- of the sources of income. These systems ting down almost all of the local species are related to the introduction of varieties of trees in order to keep only a few useful of hybrid cacao trees. These systems can species which will support cacao trees in be implemented in old plots cultivated wi- their growth or which are difficult to fell thout shade trees, through the reintroduc- with manual farming tools. This results in tion of trees. a low density of naturally large trees in the The below table attempts to present the plantations in which farmers then intro- benefits of two main types of cacao shaded duce local or exotic edible species in order cultivation systems.

Table 2: Benefits of the shaded cacao cultivation system (according to the research conducted by V. Béligné)

SYSTEM GOALS OBSERVATIONS

• Shade Sustainability factor for the plantation, knowledge of species is • Fertility quite good, both for the shade and the fertilising effect; preservation The density of shade trees is hard to determine because it depends on the tree conformation (height, treetop shape, quality of the shade, pruning etc.); The Rainforest Alliance standard mentions 12 to 18 trees/ ha with a shade rate of 40% in the long run. Other standards Complex provide a range between 7 and over 70 trees/ha. shaded • Production With adapted species according to the objectives chosen by agrofo- (fruits, pharmacopeia, the growers; restry fuelwood, construction For products gathered from naturally regenerated trees systems wood, timber, fodder, (pharmacopeia, fodder), even with growers’ intervention, the etc.) perception of a resource’s collective ownership with more or less free use persists. This can deter growers from preserving certain species (for instance Ficus exasperata); Tree ownership issue with regards to timber species: agricultural extension and enforcement of texts. • Propagation For beekeeping (in the event of an absence of honey plants of pesticides related to a certification). • Delimitation This practice is not very common yet but has a great poten- of a plot or farm tial. It can contribute to stabilising properties but it raises the question of tree management in case there is a common ownership of these trees. • Cordon sanitaire Considered as a way of fighting against the Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus disease (viral disease endemic to Western Africa) Linear if the hedge is relatively wide (forested belt) and composed of agrofo- species which are not potential hosts. restry • Windbreak In multi-storey hedge. systems • Preservation Planted along contour lines, as a partition of water and soils between different plots in a farm. • Production (see above) With adapted species according to growers’ objectives. • Enclosure In order to control the movement of cattle. • Propagation of honey For beekeeping (in the event of an absence plants of pesticides related to a certification).

12 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 In order to process timber species that are • Cacao diseases. In the countries affec- present or planted within cacao crops, two ted by the cocoa swollen shoot virus di- constraints need to be taken into account sease (CSSV), some trees considered to in addition to those mentioned previously be hosts for the virus need to be avoided. about shade quality: An official list exists in Côte d’Ivoire and is disseminated by the CNRA. In addition, as • The difficulty of exploiting large trees. an appendix to the Cacao Planters’ Manual Two options are considered in this report (2015), the institutions in charge of the co- – that of cutting timber at the same time coa industry suggest a list of useful trees as renewing cacao trees (after about 25 because of their shade, the possibility to years) and that of planting trees in a loca- process them as timber or non-wood fo- lised way, along edges or in rows. rest products and soil fertilisation.

In summary: > Shaded cacao cultivation systems offer a large range of economic and environmental benefits (the following Part 3 will give us even more information on the great diversity of possible associations). > The cropping systems that should be recommended depend on farmers’ needs in terms of income, on the social and environmental services provided by agroforestry and on risk management.

13 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 3. Overview of existing initiatives in terms of shaded CACAO cropping systems

Field missions as well as a documentary review have enabled us to appreciate the multiplicity of existing experiences in terms of shaded cacao cultivation. Coming from different starting points, research institutions, environmental programmes, logging companies as well as chocolate companies are all tes- ting ‘agroforestry models’ each at their own level. You will find below a list – by no means complete – of a few initiatives which have been documented:

3.1 - Ongoing projects which integrate shaded cacao cropping systems

Country Republic of Congo Initiative National Development Programme for Cocoa Production Donor Government of Congo Context The objective of the NDP is to contribute to the improvement of the sustainable and goal production of cocoa with a view to increasing producers’ income and enabling the Republic of Congo to become a cocoa producing and exporting country again.

14 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Development A private company, the Congolaise Industrielle du Bois, a subsidiary of the Olam and perspectives group (CIB-Olam) was chosen to be the general contractor for the first phase of the NDP-cocoa programme (2012-2016). This phase, which is currently on hold for lack of funding, is focused on the production of plant material (3 million seedlings were produced in 2.5 years which enabled 500 farmers to plant 2,800 hectares of groves) from genetic resources originating from Cameroon and the centre of Reading (United Kingdom). These seedlings were produced from a 3 ha nursery and a 3 ha timber yard located in Pokola (department of Likouala) within one of the CIB-Olam forest concessions. In Northern Congo (departments of Sangha and Likouala), the planting which took place within the scope of this programme or before the programme existed was in general conducted in ancient forests and a significant number of trees were preserved. As we will see later, the programme aiming at a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (ER-P) fosters complex models within these regions implementing the REDD+ intiative. The Government intends to rely on the new CADP project (World Bank) to fund a part of the second NDP-cocoa programme which is currently being studied. In any case, the AFD is planning on funding a support project for this programme. This project is detailed below.

Country Republic of Congo Initiative Support Project for the Cocoa-NDP Donor AFD Context This project supports the Cocoa-NDP. It focuses on the structuring aspects of and goal the industry (strong regulations, quality genetic material, adapted organisation, sustainable cropping systems) in order to create favourable conditions for relaunching cocoa production (Cocoa-NDP). Therefore, as the AFD project is being implemented, the funding originating from other main programmes could rely on these learnings in order to support the scaling up in terms of provision of seedlings, producers’ funding and infrastructure. The global objective of the Cocoa-NDP is to contribute to the advent of an innovative cocoa ‘from Congo’ with positive impacts on producers and the environment. Development The project is structured around the following four main specific objectives: and prospects • To support the definition and the implementation of an institutional framework for the industry; • To support the restoration of cocoa production in villages and the emergence of a sustainable production system which has a positive impact on forests and local communities; • To support the structuring of the industry with adapted organisational, training, research, funding and sanitary control schemes; • To support innovation in cropping systems as well as the purchase of production, processing and quality control equipment.

15 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Country Republic of Congo Initiative Emission Reduction Programme (ER-P) of the Republic of Congo Donor World Bank / FCPF Context The Republic of Congo’s Emission Reduction Programme (ER-P) aims at imple- and goal menting the low-carbon development vision. This is implemented by demons- trating the feasibility of large scale alternative development approaches aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing the sustainable management of landscapes, improving and diversifying local subsistence means and preserving biodiversity. At the national level, the REDD+ National Committee (CONA-REDD), the higher body for interministerial and cross-sectoral governance, will ensure the supervision and the strategic management of the Emission Reduction Programme. The area covered by the Emission Reduction Pro- gramme includes the Northern part of the Republic of Congo and is delimited by the departments of Sangha and Likouala. Development Shaded cacao cropping systems as part of agroforestry projects is an avenue and prospects worth exploring for the ER PIN (Emission Reduction Programme Idea Note) strategy. The project would target a surface of a little lower than 20,000 ha of degraded forests that need to be restored through cacao agroforestry projects amongst others. The initiation of this phase relies on the Forest and Economic Diversification Project (FEDP) described below.

Country Republic of Congo Initiative Forest and Economic Diversification Project (World Bank/FEDP) Donor World Bank Context The FEDP is a project which is co-funded by the World Bank (10 million USD and goal from the IDA) and the government of the Republic of Congo (22.6 million USD). Approved in May 2012 within the framework of the new ‘Country Assistance Strategy for the period 2013-2016’ and placed under the authority of the Ministry of Forest Economy, Sustainable Development and Environment (MDDEFE), the FEDP aims at ‘reinforcing the capacities of the Forest Administration, of Local Communities and Indigenous Populations in terms of participatory management of forests’. The project includes three components: (i) the reinforcement of the Forest Administration’s capacities (regulatory framework, information/ management system and equipment – 33 vehicles, 118 motorbikes and 30 boats to date); (ii) the involvement of local communities and of indigenous populations in the management of forest resources (development of simple management plans in villages, including community development series, and funding of income-generating projects); (iii) prospective analysis on the forest/environment sector in Congo, coupled with important work on communication and agricultural extension. Development In the second component, 15 simple management plans have been planned in and prospects 13 forest concessions; 885 micro-projects are in the process of being financed in the following environmental services fields: cacao cultivation combined with banana crops, beekeeping and agroforestry. The concept of green jobs is at the heart of these activities which need to be able to improve the standards of living of local communities and indigenous people and also to contribute to the reforestation of degraded areas and the afforestation of savannah areas. More specifically, two partnership agreements have been signed with CIB-Olam within the framework of the FEDP aimed at providing support to local communities and indigenous populations in the field of cacao cultivation. • 1st agreement: already implemented. Cost: 601,484,572 CFA francs. 96 growers were supported in the 3 FMUs. 200 ha of cocoa/banana cropping systems were planted and support was provided to the planters for their maintenance. 160 people were trained. • 2nd agreement: ongoing. Cost: 294,697,201 CFA francs. 100 planters were provided support and trained.

16 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Country Côte d’Ivoire and Togo for cacao cultivation Initiative Programme Équité Donor AFD and FFEM (3.9 million Euros) Context This programme aims at developing fair trade as well as preserving biodiversity. and goal The Équité programme supports the development of fair trade and reinforces the capacities of producer organisations and of their networks in five countries in Western Africa: Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Togo. Development In Côte d’Ivoire, the Équité programme supports five projects of cocoa coopera- and prospects tives which all raise questions that need to be addressed on production, access to the market and environmental performances. Two of these five projects include agroforestry (CAN and CAMAYE). In addition, the Équité programme supports a research-implementation project on a surface of 0.5 ha each time with an assessment of the workload and of economic results. In Togo, the Équité programme also supports the efforts of a cocoa cooperative, the PROCAB, which tests agroecological practices (a combination of cacao crops, fruit trees and fertiliser trees) in the Plateaux Region.

Country Côte d’Ivoire Initiative REDD+ / LAME / Nitidae association (formerly known as Etc Terra) Donor C2D, MINSEDD (project owner), Nitidae (general contractor) Context Côte d’Ivoire has committed to the REDD+ international initiative in order to and goal restore its forest cover and to contribute to the fight against climate change. It implements pilot projects via the support of the REDD+ Executive Secretariate of the Permanent Council. The project is implemented on the border with the Mabi-Yaba classified forests and in the whole region in which initiatives aimed at reforestation and the fight against deforestation are supported. Its goal is to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions originating from deforestation whilst improving the standards of living of people living in these forests. Development This project is based on the strategic priorities of the national REDD+ initiative and prospects and involves a combination of actions on the territorial level as well as on the main drivers of deforestation: support to the development of Local Development Plans, issuance of land certificates, organic cacao cultivation with agroforestry systems (with the development of a payment for environmental services model), reforestation, support for the first operations of thinning, improved carbonisa- tion techniques, etc.

Country Cameroon Initiative IITA Donor GIZ/SNV/IRAD/MINADER Context The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) wishes to intensify and goal sustainable cocoa production and climate-smart agriculture. The aim of the project is to boost cocoa yields and to improve the inputs and the wellbeing of cocoa producers. NB. According to the World Bank, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an integrated approach to landscape management – cultivated land, cattle, forests and fishing – which deals with the interdependent challenges of food security and of climate change. Development The project will deal with producer training, the development of cocoa tree and prospects nurseries and agroforestry schemes, the support to biotechnology development, certifications and market interconnection, amongst other subjects.

17 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Country Cameroon Initiative Common project of the IRAD (Agricultural Research Institute for Development) and FODECC in Cameroon Donor FODECC: 2,889,732 CFA francs MINRESI: 981,300,000 CFA francs Context The overall objectives of the project are to improve producers’ standards of living and goal and income, to increase the quantity and the quality of cocoa and coffee production and to improve the certification of the cocoa and coffee produced. More specifically, this project intends to increase the quantity of enhanced cocoa and coffee seeds. Development The project aims at reinforcing the infrastructure used for the production of ba- and prospects sic seeds, fostering certification initiatives and identifying high potential production basins.

Phase 1 from 2008 to 2012: restoration of the IRAD’s seed fields. Phase 2: extension/creation of new fields, UTZ certification for many groves. Phase 3 is in the process of being identified but will probably be based on the following priorities: creation of seed fields, creation of new varieties more suited to climate change and more productive. The project’s main strategy is to manage to create varieties which are more suited to climate change and to future weather patterns. According to the people we met, agroforestry is for the moment the quickest strategy to implement because of the services provided by the trees (shade, humidity, soil fertilisation), given that the creation of new varieties can take up to several decades.

In seed fields implemented within cooperatives, the following species are observed: • Cocoa, coffee • Fruit trees • Tree species providing temporary shade • Tree species providing definitive shade

It is also important to mention the collabo- Lastly, it is important to mention a general ration between Barry Callebaut and GIZ with reflection undertaken by Patrick Jagoret regards to the Taï forest in Côte d’Ivoire, in (CIRAD) on a multi-country project aimed relation to the PROFIAB 2 programme. at sharing the Cameroon experience of In Cameroon, the PAMFOR project fi- shaded cacao cultivation with a structured nanced by the European Union and ma- and multi-stakeholder approach – with naged by the CTFC (Tropical Forest Tech- the involvement of national research ins- nical Centre) was also mentioned to us but titutions as well as the forestry and cocoa we were unable to obtain any details on it. private sectors.

3.2 - Local initiatives conducted by logging compagnies

The objective of this paragraph is to present some initiatives and projects discussed with logging companies we met during the mission.

18 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Country Gabon Initiative CEB-Precious Wood cacao plantations Context The aim of the project initially launched in 2010 was the planting of cacao/ba- and goal nana crops (simple model) in three villages surrounding the concession, with a view to developing income-generating projects contributing to the reduction of fauna and flora degradation caused by hunting, poaching or illegal sawing and responding to the requirements of the FSC certification. The project falls within the scope of article 251 (mechanisms for the redistribution of the forest rent to the populations). Development Launch in 2010. In 2016, the project was considered to be partly a failure: 2 and prospects plantations were abandoned and burnt down for different reasons (lack of experience of cacao crop maintenance, lack of knowledge of harvesting and post-harvesting techniques, lack of information on cash crops previously cultivated in the province, conception of the project with a ‘Top/Down’ approach and very little collaboration) The first harvest was nonetheless carried out in 2016 which demonstrated the technical feasibility. Resumption of the project in 2017 with an extension of surface areas, formalised support from the CAISTAB and stronger technical support from the CEB, creation of a producer association.

Country Cameroon Initiative Agroforestry project of Ayous plantation (ALPICAM) Context The aim of the company was to fight against the uncontrolled and illegal and goal development of cacao crops and of slash-and-burn farming methods together with Ayous plantations’ farmers in degraded forest areas and in agricultural areas in combination with plantain farming, which is a source of employment and alternative income. Development Creation of a nursery and development of plant cutting and Ayous and prospects seedling production techniques. Planting and technical validation of the first steps (soil preparation, planting, first maintenance operations) The company decided to discontinue the project because of an economic difficulty.

Country Cameroon Initiative Enrichment planting of natural forests (PALLISCO). Context Planting of varied native species in logging gaps, in some timber yards and in and goal degraded areas or in forests, savannahs and Ayous plantations in forested or agricultural areas in combination with plantain trees. Technical support from the University of Gembloux/Nature +. The planting is carried out in order to respond to one of Cameroon’s legal obligations and/or with a view to conducting reforestation with an ecological purpose of restoration as per the FSC require- ment. There is no economic-oriented approach or search for profitability. Development These activities have been conducted over the past 5 to 10 years by many and prospects certified companies in Cameroon, Gabon and the Republic of Congo. Good knowledge of nursery techniques. Good knowledge of planting techniques and of the first maintenance operations.

19 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Country Cote d’Ivoire Initiatives Forest plantations in classified forests4 Context Logging companies holding a “Forest Exploitation Perimeter” (PEF) are obliged and goal by law to engage in reforestation activities: harvesting 250 m3 of timber needs to be compensated by the reforestation of 1 ha of forest. Initially, reforesting was carried out in the rural domain (“domaine rural”) but today it is carried out in the permanent forest estate and it is retroceded to the SODEFOR after one year. Development The SODEFOR does not have the resources available to follow up and maintain and prospects and even to control classified forests, which ruins any prospects and takes away all the benefits of this process. Good command of nursery, transport and planting techniques (cedrela, albizia and gmelina, frake/framire).

3.3 - Initiatives led by chocolate companies

3.3.1 - Chocolate companies have made many commitments on a global level

In the past few years, many cocoa industry stakeholders (bean traders, cocoa grinders and chocolate manufacturers) have launched internal programmes aimed at sustainability with a recent effort towards coordination.

Inset 1: Sustainability initiatives and policies implemented by chocolate companies (Hütz-Adams et al., 2016)

‘Chocolate companies’ most significant sustainability programmes include:

• Mondelez’s ‘Cocoa Life’ initiative, launched in 2012 with a budget of USD 400 million over a ten-year period, which targets 200,000 cocoa producers and 1 million people and their communities in six cocoa production regions (Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Indonesia, India, the Dominican Republic and Brazil); • Nestlé’s ‘Cocoa Plan’ with an investment of CHF 110 million for the 2010 to 2019 period which, in addition to Western Africa, Indonesia, Ecuador and Venezuela, also covers Brazil and Mexico. The objective is to look for suppliers of 175,000 tons of cocoa through the Cocoa Plan; • Mars and its ‘Vision for change’ which is progressively developing its projects, step by step, in order to reach 150,000 cocoa farmers; • Lindt & Sprüngli which has combined its efforts within the Lindt Cocoa Foun- dation and works with 48,000 cocoa farmers. The company wishes to extend its programmes; • Barry Callebaut’s ‘Cocoa Horizons’ initiative launched in 2012 for a ten-year period and since then transformed into a foundation. The company spends CHF 40 million and uses the funds of partners and other donors. The programme under its authority targets at least 100,000 cocoa farmers;

4. Please refer to the following study conducted simultaneously by the ATIBT: ‘Capitalising on learning outcomes from the experience of timber plantations in Côte d’Ivoire’, FRMi, May 2018

20 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 • Cargill’s ‘Cocoa Promise’ which reaches at least 116,000 cocoa farmers through different projects; • Olam and its ‘Olam Livelihood’ charter which oversees the projects and works of at least 109,000 cocoa farmers.

Moreover, many other companies, which are part of the value chain, finance various projects in cocoa producing countries.

Most of these projects were launched with a view to increasing cocoa yields and bean quality in order to improve planters’ income and secure cocoa supplies. More recently, some companies have adopted a more global approach and include in their projects elements aiming at community development by reducing child labour, improving women’s conditions, encouraging young planters to keep growing cocoa, supporting producers associations or helping planters diversify their sources of income.’

he organisations that implement official at harmonising approaches in terms of development assistance also operate in childhood protection. Created by compa- the cocoa industry, sometimes with a Pu- nies, the World Cocoa Foundation (WCF) blic-Private Partnership (PPP) approach. is trying to coordinate its members’ pilot These organisations include but are not projects and to harmonise the follow-up limited to: the GIZ, which works on behalf and assessment of existing projects but of the German Federal Ministry for Econo- is encountering many difficulties (Hütz- mic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) Adams et al., 2016). Its members and pro- and the German Federal Ministry for Food ducer countries have therefore launched and Agriculture (BMEL), the Swiss State Cocoa Action in order to adopt a regional Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), approach of challenges and impact as- the Sustainable Trade Initiative (IDH), the sessments. United States Agency for International De- velopment (USAID) as well as the United The Cocoa and Forests Initiative (CFI). This States Department of Agriculture (USDA). is a joint action conducted by the WCF, the Most of the companies, foundations and IDH and the Prince of Wales’ International donors do not directly deal with operatio- Sustainability Unit (ISU) aimed at mobili- nal aspects and entrust these to NGOs, in sing cocoa and chocolate stakeholders, particular those which are already deeply public institutions and NGOs so that they rooted within cacao farming communities, commit to end the deforestation and land i.e. Swisscontact, Technoserve, CARE, So- degradation caused by the chocolate in- lidaridad. dustry, whilst improving farmers’ standards of living. On the1st of December The start of a coordination between diffe- 2017, the governments of Côte d’Ivoire and rent stakeholders. In order to align ap- Ghana together with 22 companies signed proaches on specific subjects, cocoa joint ‘Frameworks for Action’ which were industry stakeholders are starting to officially presented at the COP23 United coordinate their actions. For instance, Nations Climate Change Conference. The the ‘International Cocoa Initiative’ aims commitment of ending the conversion of

21 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 forest areas into cacao crops was at the logging companies already leads to some heart of these Frameworks for Action. concrete partnerships in the field, for example between the Ministry for Water and Interests are converging in Côte d’Ivoire. Forests, the Tranchivoire timber company As we will examine later, in the Republic and the Barry Callebaut chocolate com- of Côte d’Ivoire, the convergence of inte- pany or between Cemoi, partner coopera- rests between chocolate companies and tives and Tranchivoire.

3.3.2 - Focus on two chocolate company initiatives in Côte d’Ivoire

Country Côte d’Ivoire Initiatives Agroforestry Pilot Project Partners SACO, Ivorian subsidiary of Barry-Callebaut Tranchivoire Ministry for Water and Forests Cocoa planters Context The project aims at adapting to the effects of climate change, improving and goal incomes and achieving sustainable cocoa production without deforestation. Concretely, the project intends specifically to manage cacao plantations in a sustainable way and to ensure the viability of reforestation operations within Tranchivoire’s Forest Exploitation Perimeters (PEFs) in the regions of Agné- by-Tiassa, Mé and South-Comoé. In order to do so, an agroforestry system has been developed which integrates reforestation in timber species associated with legume and cacao crops. It was decided to implement a spacing between the lines so that tractors can access the lines in the long run for collection and mechanical harvesting operations. The 4th line is dedicated to timber species, which enables to have an economically sustainable density of timber species, whilst reducing cocoa density to 883 trees/ha: • 833 new trees per ha of ‘Mercedes’ cocoa, • 139 timber tree species per ha (Niangon, Mahogany, Cedrela, Teak, Framire, Frake, Samba/Ayous). • The Gliricidia sepium species can be used with a density of 417 trees/ha intercropped with timber species to quickly obtain the necessary shade for cacao tree recovery and improve fertility. This species will provide firewood to the planters. • At the beginning of the planting, intercropping crops with plantains (417 plantain trees) and maize. Cacao trees and other species of trees are maintained and pruned (with special attention paid to the pruning of tree crowns) so that they don’t hinder one another. This technique was already experimented with by Barry Callebaut. Development The pilot project was launched in the departments of Agboville, Yamoussoukro and prospects and Sinfra. The project aims at contributing to the restoration of the forest cover at the rate of 200 ha of land per year and at increasing the income of the people living in the project area.

22 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Country Côte d’Ivoire Initiatives Transparence Cacao Partners Cemoi, in partnership with cooperatives, the CCC (Coffee and Cocoa Council) and other donors mobilised by CEMOI: IDH, GIZ, AFD (C2D Cocoa Friend of the Forest). Context Cemoi is a large chocolate company with expertise throughout the entire cocoa and goal and chocolate chain. Transparence Cacao is first of all a traceability programme, but it also aims at quality management and respecting the environment. The Transparence Cacao programme chose Côte d’Ivoire as a pilot area because it is the world’s first producer country and it is faced with grove degradation and deforestation. This policy is based on four main priorities: chocolate traceability, aromatic quality, planters’ standards of living and environmental protection. Development 2017: modelling of techniques; and prospects 2018: validation and start of pilot projects (9 plots per cooperative out of 30 cooperatives). Three main association models will officially be proposed to the CCC. There will be over 250 demonstration plots within the scope of the Transparence Cacao programme.

The experts within the Cemoi programme - Timber industry stakeholders in the that we met consider several strategies in context of mandatory compensatory re- order to promote the cacao crop and tim- forestation projects. The planting carried ber species combination: out in the rural domain (“domaine rural”) is often a failure because of farmers’ lack • Support from the cooperatives for the of involvement. This explains the imple- introduction of trees in cacao crops that mentation of three-party agreements like are already in place, with certification the one organised between Tranchivoire, programmes as a motivation driver. In Cemoi and the cooperatives. The model the certification programmes, 18 trees/ promoted is based on 100 trees/ha with a ha from 3 to 5 species are required. Histo- 30% mortality rate which results in a ratio rically, the certification programmes have of 70 trees/ha in the long run. The timber spurred the introduction of more trees. The industry stakeholder provides the seed- cooperatives took the initiative of distribu- lings, carries out the installation and the ting seedlings to producers. The farmers maintenance over a two-year period on a planted trees in light gaps in their groves. pro bono basis. During this two-year period, the farmers are trained in cacao crop • Support by private structures: management (pruning of cacao trees, trim- - Chocolate companies, always within ming of trees etc.). This project started in the scope of certification. The associated 2017. The trees belong to the farmers but trees are mainly frake, framire, niangon the agreement states that Tranchivoire has (Heritiera densiflora), sometimes Glirici- priority for the acquisition of trees and Ce- dia sepium, which are easy to propagate. moi has priority for the purchase of beans.

23 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 3.4 - Technical approach in some agroforestry systems already implemented The objective of this section is to summarise the different «models» of shaded cacao plantations we have read about or heard of in interviews with consultants.

Table 3: Some cacao agroforestry models read about or heard of in interviews

Intermediate Food and fruit Large trees Densities Country Cacao/ha trees/ha (<18 m or trees/ha (>18 m)/ha fertiliser trees) Recommendations cited in literature 8-10 15 Unité 28 (10mx10m) at start 72 (10mx10m) at start Technique 14 (quincunx) 36 (quincunx) at 4-8 Café Cacao at 4-8 years 1,320 plantain years (UTCC) (Coffee Togo 1 320 Final density: 8-10 trees Final density: 15 and Cocoa Species: Terminalia Species: Albizia Technical superba (Limba), adianthifolia, Albizia Unit) Khaya grandifoliola zygia, Samanea saman (Mahogany) 18 to 20/ha max use 5 to 10 different Coffee and species 3 x 5 m Cocoa Council Legume at 3 x 5 m examples: Acacia, Wild mango, (CCC), World Côte- 3 m which is gradually Albizia, Alstonia, plantain Cacao d’Ivoire x 2,5 m eliminated to obtain Coconut, Dacryodes trees, guava Foundation, 20 to 30 plants/ha edulis, palm tree, tree, akpi IDH tiama, rubber tree, gliricidia, hevea, framire, limba, makoré. 1,180 plantain trees CIRAD/IRAD 40 avocado 40 Dacryodes (Bourgoing and Cameroon 972 trees edulis trees Todem, 2010) 81 citrus fruit trees 950 plantain World Bank trees 35 Dacryodes Congo (for Congo 950 35 citrus fruits 123 edulis trees REDD+ area) 35 avocado trees Cocoabod 18 (cited by Asare Ghana (24m x 24m) R., 2016) 30 to 40% shade Unquantified examples: Orange trees, Rainforest 12-18 World mango trees, Alliance max avocado trees, rambutan, mangosteen.

24 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 ISTOM and 1,000 to 1,200 1,666 (CNRA) GIZ (work by 125 ayous Cameroon (CIRAD, 2014) plantain trees Rossignol A., 9 x 9m 3m x 3m 3m x 2m 2014) Ministry of 833 Water and 4.5 m x 2 m 417 plantain Forests, T Côte- 417 gliricidias 139 + 417 food trees ranchivoire and d’Ivoire 4.5 m x 5 m 13.5 m x 6 m crops: spaces 4.5 m x 5 m Barry between lines Callebaut

World 35 Dacryodes Agroforestry 1 111 edulis trees 47 njansangs Center 26 wild mango trees

12 x 12 m Persea americana, Alemagi et al. Dacryodes Cameroon 6 m x 6 m 2015 edulis Mangifera Indica, Cotus snensis, etc.

Recommendations given orally IITA / 25 (planting of 50 to Cameroon 1000 100 Cameroon obtain 25 in 7 years) Jean Michel Harmand and Cameroon 1000 30-40 10 Alain Tsobeng (CIRAD) Christophe 10 iroko/frake or more 900 (clones, Kouamé (oral Côte because grows high to obtain communication d’Ivoire so little impact on the 1t/ha min.) in 2014) cocoa tree 100 NGO Côte (firewood species, 1200 Impactum d’Ivoire timber, medicinal species) 70 Cemoi, 100 trees at the start, Tranchivoire, and 70 in the long term Côte Cooperative 1200 (niangon or d’Ivoire tripartite Erithera densiflora, projects Khaya anthotheca, frake, framire) RCI Cameroon 1300 16 Recommended species, with a spacing Didier of 10 m x 10 m: Hubert, Cameroon Plantain trees Guarea cedrata, REDD+ sapelli, utile, kosipo, advisor tiama, guibourtia, moabi

25 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 4. Analyses from the two missions in Cameroon and CÔTE D’IVOIRE 4.1 - Strengths and weaknesses of a cacao development project shaded under timber tree species

Different models of cacao plantations graphical scope, necessarily long-term), shaded by forest plantations were dis- the natural context, legal constraints, the cussed and are presented in detail (inclu- socio-cultural situation, etc. ding a technical and economic analysis) in part 4.3 of this report. The purpose of this paragraph is to present an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, Essentially, a «cacao/forestry plantation opportunities and threats for the develop- project» will always be based on an organi- ment of theoretical cacao-timber trees sational, technical and economic exchange agroforestry schemes based on growing and agreement scheme between the far- cocoa plants under the shade of a timber mer (who will plant the cocoa and trees plantation. This analysis is based on dis- and maintain the agroforestry system), the cussions and analyses carried out with the cocoa buyer (industrialists, merchants, tra- various persons interviewed, whether they ding cooperatives, etc.) and the end buyer be producers (farmers and planters), be- of the standing timber (the logging com- neficiaries of agroforestry system products pany). These organisational and financing (logging companies or chocolate compa- schemes must be established or invented nies) or stakeholders (administrations, according to the size of the project (geo- NGOs, institutions and donors).

Advantages Weaknesses

• Both countries have strong technical experience • The project is based on a number of unknown and skills in shaded cacao farming with produ- technical factors: For the native species, there is cers who have technical skills both in production a lack of planting experience (no/little experience and sales (highly developed cooperative system in with native species in CI, plantations mainly for Côte d’Ivoire and Cameroon) ecological restoration in forest concessions in Ca- meroon). Indeed, there are few or no references • This experience and culture is supported by to the volumes of wood expected at the end of the many research centres and organisations specia- rotation (much unknown about low-density planta- lised in technical support as well as cacao tree

26 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Advantages Weaknesses nurseries. These organisations have human and tion growth), wood quality (plantation trees do not financial resources and are recognised. have the same mechanical qualities as trees from natural forests) and harvesting methods (in parti- • On the ground, there is a real cooperative cular about possible crop damage when harvested culture and cooperative knowledge. (volume and final wood quality, tree harvesting • The project answers a need expressed by the methods, damage to cacao trees). main beneficiaries (chocolate and logging com- • Due to the technical uncertainties, it is difficult to panies). establish economic approaches (plantation yields • The cocoa/forestry plantation project encom- and productivity, standing timber value, cocoa pro- passes a multitude of topics and considerations duction, etc.) regarding the Congo Basin (economic and ecolo- • Cacao crops and agroforestry lie outside logging gical sustainability of forest concessions, sche- companies’ core business, which will mean trai- mes to combat deforestation and the REDD sys- ning is needed, as well as increased skills in moni- tem, payment tools for environmental services, toring and evaluation of projects and investments. etc.). In fact, this is a technical approach that may Moreover, this movement away from the core bu- be of interest to many donors. siness can result in a lack of availability and time • In Côte d’Ivoire, there is also a good level of or involvement. technical expertise in terms of the management • The project will not directly affect many ATIBT of nurseries and plantations. members apart from the few innovative companies, driving forces or those that want to diversify their services and resources. FSC-certified companies that are required to carry out income-generating local development projects will also be interested in this type of project. However, there is a risk that the concept of cacao agroforestry under forest plantation may be of little interest in the Congo Basin forest concessions. Concessionaires seem to be quite resistant to change. Neverthe- less, their involvement will probably be greater if they are strongly supported by the chocolate manufacturers and if they play a supporting or endor- sement role in the project (access to land and infrastructure, relations with their concession’s local communities, facilitation, logistical support etc.) • A project that will take time and which involves many prerequisites: law adaptation, implementation of experiments, training, awareness-raising for farmers) • Chocolate companies already have their internal sustainability policies in place, would they be willing to pay producers a higher price for agroforestry cocoa?

27 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Opportunities Threats

• Côte d’Ivoire is facing a climate emergency with • In both countries, the legal corpus is not fully the risk of cocoa systems in full sunlight disap- adapted and does not mention agroforestry pearing (sensitivity to drought). There is also a • The status of the tree and its ownership is a dif- plan to accelerate the renewal of plantations that ficulty for any implementation of agroforestry pro- are outdated or affected by the Cocoa Swollen jects. The owner of the land rights or the usage Shoot Virus Disease. This emergency situation is rights is not necessarily the owner of the tree. Up forcing chocolate producers and manufacturers until 2014 in the RCI if the tree was included in a to find concrete alternatives or adaptation solu- PFE, the operator who owned the PFE had the right tions. Cocoa systems under forest plantations is to exploit it. Since the 2014 law, the tree belongs to one of these solutions the planter holding the deed, but in practice the • Administrations are aware of the difficulties tools to apply the law have not yet been finalised. linked to the legal corpus (see threats) and dis- Obtaining land deeds is an extremely long and cussions on forest codes are currently underway complicated process (several dozen documents). in both Côte d’Ivoire and Cameroon. In addition, In Cameroon, a farmer can use a tree for his own there are already ongoing discussions about consumption (carpentry, construction) with per- listed agroforests in Côte d’Ivoire and about an mission. He cannot sell it. In the non-forest estate, «agroforestry concession» title in Cameroon the farmer has the tree property and usage rights provided that he can demonstrate that he planted • There seems to be an increasing demand from it himself (often complicated). consumers for sustainable and environmentally and socially responsibly produced cocoa. There is • On the other hand, culturally, a cacao planta- therefore a potential growth market for «agrofo- tion gives «land rights» which causes problems/ restry cocoa from positive reforestation» which is conflicts when it comes to «illegal» population possibly certified. planting. There is a social/political problem of le- galisation (the situation is more or less comparable • There is a clear issue of timber scarcity in Côte in Côte d’Ivoire and in some areas of south-eastern d’Ivoire, so all opportunities to increase timber Cameroon bordering the Central African Republic. resources in the medium term (15/20 years for fast-growing species) are interesting. • The availability of land for the implementation of agroforestry projects is not simple in Cameroon. It • Fairly generalised consideration of the forest is not possible to develop agricultural activities in concession model (concession 2.0 in CIRAD, 2nd the permanent forest estate (i.e. in forest conces- generation silviculture in Cameroon) sions) with the exception of those with agroforestry parts (few cases in Cameroon, a little more fre- quent in Congo or Gabon). Moreover, there is no possibility for a logging company to plant or produce crops (unless he applies for a specific professional accreditation) • Risk linked to social and cultural acceptance by farmers who have received the opposite message for decades (growing cacao plantations in full sunlight for better yields, cutting down trees that compete with cacao trees and/or are disease vectors).

28 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 This analysis shows that despite the tech- long term (availability of timber based on nical and economic unknowns of a cocoa/ the selected forest species that grow at forestry plantation model and the lack of different speeds). The social benefits (de- visibility as concerns legal aspects, there velopment of income-generating activi- are many advantages to setting up such ties, employment etc.) and environmental a system. It is a win-win strategy for both benefits specific to agroforestry systems chocolate manufacturers and logging are obvious. In a way, this scheme would companies which favour creation of a re- also enable more direct capture of forest source available in the short term (quality rent by producers (farmers and planters) cocoa production) and in the medium to at the time of standing timber sales.

4.2 - Perceptions of involved parties and constraints of each stakeholder

The purpose of this paragraph is to detail some specific points of the SWOT analysis below, but also to highlight some specific interests or issues for the main parties involved.

4.2.1 - Logging companies

The main interest for Ivorian logging com- about maintaining a good relationship with panies is to effectively contribute to hel- neighbouring communities and providing ping with the recovery of an increasingly alternatives to hunting or poaching. In this rare wood resource. For them, any project type of project, an economic approach and that makes it possible to create perma- profitability are not priorities. nent, productive, maintained and sustainable forest plantations (for which there Logging companies (in both countries) are is hope of a harvest period) is a good ini- also interested in seeing how involvement tiative. This is obviously a long-term vision in other activities (agroforestry in this (15/20 years minimum) that does not fit case) can be an opportunity to diversify into the current system of farms orga- activities and sources of income within nised in the PEFs, which is similar to very the forest concession. The economic mo- short-term harvesting. del based on farming a limited number of native species seems to be increasingly Logging companies in Cameroon (or in challenged by the scientific community other countries in the Congo Basin) en- (Alain Karsenty of CIRAD in particular). It vision this type of initiative on a smaller, is becoming increasingly clear that it will local scale, in their concession (at least be necessary to generate alternative envi- in agroforestry areas) with the objective ronmentally and socially responsible reve- of setting up a local, income-generating nue to ensure the sustainability of conces- development project that fits well with the sions. Cacao/forest plantation agroforestry FSC certification requirements. It is more should be considered alongside other op-

29 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 tions envisaged such as agribusiness, tou- non-conversion of natural forests (over a rism, payment for environmental services, surface area of over 5% of the concession conservation, carbon, etc. Finally, another or in proportions greater than 0.5% of the common interest for both countries is that FMU surface/year). by planting forest species, logging companies could help meet compensatory refo- • In savannah areas or in areas that are restation obligations (reforestation set at already farmed or highly damaged, the 50 ha/year/concessionaire in Cameroon concessionaire could take responsibility and on the basis of an annually calculated for participating in/encouraging cacao/ quota in Côte d’Ivoire). plantation projects, but it would be necessary to carry out a preliminary analysis In interviews with some companies, the (approved by the administration and the question was raised about the compliance main stakeholders) to ascertain the extent of agroforestry with forest certification. of the critical damage to the forest cover. This analysis shows that special attention should be paid by certified companies de- • The use of chemicals to treat the trees pending on their level of responsibility for could also lead to non-compliance risks as the integration of a project and the geo- a large proportion of the products used are graphical location of the plantations. included in the FSC List of “highly hazar- dous” pesticides (FSC-STD-30-001a EN), • Any agroforestry activity should be consi- such as 2,4-D to treat cocoa swollen shoot dered as an agricultural activity and if it virus disease, imidacloprid lamndacyha- takes place in the permanent forest estate lotrine against cocoa mirids (distantiella it is contrary to legal provisions (certifi- theobroma), and chlorpyryfos-ethyl against cate of legality and principle 1 of the FSC). cocoa pod borers (tragocephapa sp), not to In addition, it would also concern crite- mention the range of herbicides that are ria 6.9 and 6.10 of the FSC linked to the also used to control grass coverage.

4.2.2 - Chocolate companies

The main interest of chocolate compa- lability»). These beans must meet other nies is to ensure long-term yields (taking standards such as traceability, social and into account the risks of ageing planta- environmental sustainability and the «zero tions and global warming) so as to have deforestation» criterion. sustainable access to cocoa beans («avai-

4.2.3 - Farmers

By growing cocoa, farmers are main- improve/ensure his yield in the long term. ly looking for a fairly profitable and stable Finally, species associated with cacao trees income. Environmental certification (Rain- provide timber, fuelwood and non-wood forest-UTZ for example) is also of interest forest products useful for healing, eating to them because it allows them to access (fruit) and diversifying income (e. g. moabi, valuable sustainability bonuses. For the akpi, etc.). farmer, agroforestry makes it possible to

30 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 4.2.4 - States

The cacao/forestry plantation strategy has reduce/combat deforestation, while pro- always been welcomed by administration moting an economic model that generates and institution representatives met. It is wealth and development at a very local le- indeed a process that is part of the value vel (income and food security). chain approach that makes it possible to

Table 4: Assistance and Synergy Matrix

Difficultés Interaction possible Acteurs Raison d’être Préoccupations propres / risques avec les autres States • Agricultural • Securing tax • Resources, • Establishment of pu- and forestry revenues skills, socio- blic policy, tax incentive development • Combating political stability schemes, production, illegal activity update and implemen- • Good tation of forest, agricul- governance tural and environmental legislation. Logging • Production of • To be able to • Managing acti- • Cooperation companies timber respond to so- vities which they envisaged with cial development don’t have the chocolate companies requirements skills for related to certifi- • Illegal activities cation due to the pre- • Guaranteed re- sence of local turn on plantation populations. investment • Diversify income Chocolate • Cocoa pro- • Access to zero • Traceability of • Cooperation companies duction deforestation, or legal cocoa pro- planned with positive action for ducts the wood companies forest • Have quality • Ensure the products that sustainability of meet certification supplies standards • Climate change Local • Agricultural • Food security • Access to land • Integrate income-ge- farmers production • Sufficient and and security of nerating and sustainable stable income access value chains (cocoa, • Human • Tree ownership fruit, NTFPs, wood) development • Hazards (climate, (health, prices, yields) education, • Motivating young savings) people Research • Generate • Uncertainties • Partial knowledge • Implementation knowledge related to climate of cocoa/timber and follow-up of change • Have enough experimental cocoa resources over the under the shade long term of timber species

31 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Technical • Provide tech- • The ability of • Financing of • Training and operators, nical support farmers to operations monitoring of farmers extension for agroforestry employ methods workers Microfinance • Facilitate the • Ability to develop • Solvency • Development of institutions financing of activities in the of farmers upstream financing income-gene- field involved in the solutions rating activities • Financial risk microfinance process Environmental • Preservation/ • Deforestation • Financing • Training and monito- NGOs conservation of associated with of operations ring of farmers biodiversity agricultural activity • Impact assessment Development • Representation • Fair share of • Financing • Training and NGO and defence income from of operations monitoring of farmers of local po- agroforestry • Impact assessment pulations and activity indigenous peoples • Development support Donors/ • Financing and • Effectiveness • Allocating • Finance one or more echnical development and lasting impact funding to aspects (nurseries, service technical advi- of projects effective projects research, technical providers sers (agricul- • Combining • Not always easy assistance, training) ture, forestry, forest and to finance social) development integrated projects

4.3 - Technique suggestions and discussions

To be able to respond to the contents of the king hypotheses and (3) compare their Study Terms of Reference, the consultants theoretical economic performance or even designed different theoretical models of (4) their environmental performance. This cacao plantations under forest plantations exercise is of course only theoretical and so as to (1) be able to discuss in more ope- neither technical conclusions nor requi- rational and technical detail with logging rements can be drawn from it, but rather companies and chocolate companies, (2) questions or suggestions raised. establish the technical feasibility and wor-

32 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 4.3.1 - Structure of shaded plantations

In this study, we used a fairly classic four-level structure:

Upper level: timber tree species, long-term shading and income Intermediary level 2: fruit trees, fertiliser trees, temporary shading

Intermediary level 1: Lower level: subsistence crops cacao trees and plantain trees

Regarding food crops, we only used plantains, ensuring the shading of young cacao trees for the first 5 years before being completely removed. The intermediary level 2 (fruit trees) is only applied in one of the scenarios.

4.3.2 - Consideration of specific national contexts

So as to take into account the forest contexts of the 2 countries concerned and their specificities in terms of history, experience, legal context and stakeholders’ expectations, 2 main families of scenarios have been drawn up:

Cameroon scenarios Côte d’Ivoire scenarios

Native forest species Rapidly-growing exotic species

Varied forest species (environmental issue) Limited number of forest species

Processing of heavy timber after longer Possibility of commercial processing rotations (50 years) of small wood

Low cacao density High cacao density

Full sun cacao scenario (for comparison/reference situation)

33 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 4.3.3 - Analysis of working hypotheses and limitations of the exercise 4.3.3.1- On forestry aspects

As mentioned earlier in the SWOT analy- water and soil resources. In addition, there sis, a cacao plantation project under forest are doubts about some combinations and plantation is based on many uncertainties in particular the ayous/cocoa combination, both technically and economically. two species from the same family (ster- culaceae, malvaceae) which could have Data on fast-growing species (teak, euca- common mycorrhizae and therefore could lyptus, gmelina and to a lesser extent ce- compete with each other rather than have drela) is available for planting techniques, a mutually beneficial effect. densities and growth. It is much more fragmented for agroforestry designs. These technical and silvicultural uncertainties obviously cause uncertainty about On the other hand, there is very little in- the economic valuation of the model. To- formation on increases in plantations of day, there is no reference value for na- native forest species, let alone low-density tive species standing timber. There is no agroforestry plantations. It is therefore formal purchasing system for this type of risky to claim to be able to precisely define standing timber in Cameroon either. volumes expected at the end of the rotation or volumes available at the time of The operating costs of an agroforestry thinning. No information was collected in plantation (with available stem densities the literature review on the effectiveness of up to 50 stems/ha) cannot be compared (or even biological feasibility) of pruning, with natural forest operating costs (density on the mechanical quality of the wood of 1 to 2 stems/ha with high road construc- (as increases in low-density plantations tion costs and skidding roads). Similarly, are greater, we should expect - if we risk the impact of logging and timber removal drawing a parallel with temperate agrofo- in agroforestry models is not easy to as- restry, less dense, possibly more delicate, sess, but it is clear that these activities can flexible and poorly shaped wood because cause damage to existing crops. it is less protected by the competition). To limit this uncertainty, the proposed mo- There are also uncertainties about pos- dels systematically present cocoa renewal sible interactions between creeping or periods (25 years) that are consistent with shallow root systems and competition for thinned/cut forest rotations (25/50 years).

4.3.3.2 - On cocoa aspects

The cacao plantation rotation period was is very desaturated and there is lower de- set at 25 years, a figure often mentioned velopment of cacao trees; during interviews. • 3 m x 2.5 m in Côte d’Ivoire, or 1,333 Regarding cacao tree density, planting trees/ha. distances vary according to the nature of (Mémento de l’agronome, 2002). the soil, climatic conditions, cultivation methods and varieties planted. The re- In the techniques studied, the number of commended spacings are: cacao stems/ha is inversely proportional • 2.5 m x 2.5 m in South-Central Came- to the amount of timber-producing trees/ roon, i.e. 1,600 trees/ha because the soil ha. This choice of method can be refined in

34 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 more detailed analyses, because, for exa- capped at 850 kg in year 12, 420 kg/ha on mple, cacao trees could be reintroduced average in Cameroon with 715 kg/ha over during the thinning of timber tree species the 2 years of peaks in performance). using the underplanting technique (this • Decreasing returns afterwards. technique allows cacao trees of different • Renewal of the plot at 25 years and re- ages to be grown in the same plot, the ol- peat of the cycle. dest providing shade for the youngest). The prices per kg of merchantable cocoa Concerning the yields of merchantable are obtained by averaging the minimum cocoa, we have drawn up graphs with the prices guaranteed to the producer during following profile: the main season in Côte d’Ivoire (880 CFA francs/kg) and the average producer price • First harvests around 3 years. in Cameroon (1,150 CFA francs/kg) over 5 • Yield increases then reaches a plateau years. There is a fairly marked difference around 12-13 years (we have had yields because the two countries do not have the of 500 kg/ha on average in Côte d’Ivoire, same pricing systems.

4.3.4 - Economic performance compared for the different techniques

Taking into account the technical and eco- mics, all working hypotheses and cost nomic uncertainties presented above, this data being equal. Figures and absolute performance analysis should be consi- data are not consolidated. dered to be a comparison of the different techniques (that is, assigning a price is The diagram below shows the diversity of used to compare scenarios and does not the farming systems studied according to fix this price), their level and their dyna- the starting landscape:

START LANDSCAPE

Agricultural areas, fallow lands, Existing but ageing savannahs, totally degraded forests cacao plantations

Full sun cacao plantation (not supported in the study)

Cacao trees Cacao trees in full sun already in shade

Cacao plantation Cacao plantation + Cacao plantation + heliophyte fruit trees + helio- + fruit trees forest species phyte forest species

Restoration or Restoration or Native species Native species replanting of the replanting of the cacao plantation cacao plantation + Enrichment of + enrichment heliophyte and fruit of sciaphilous species + fruit species Exotic plantation Exotic plantation species (teak, species acacia, eucalyptus)

35 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 The economic interests common to these But there are risks common to these crop- farming systems are as follows: ping systems: • The progressive management of wides- • The impact of logging that we are trying pread shade (30-40%) while allowing tim- to limit by aligning thinning operations ber harvest by thinning. with cacao tree renewal periods. • The processing of timber which makes • Uncertainties about yields, tree beha- it possible to finance, among other things, viour, final quality of wood products, pos- the renewal of cacao plantations at 25 sible interactions between cacao trees and years and 50 years. Indeed, several studies other trees, impacts of agronomic me- (eg IDH, 2016) have revealed that the ina- thods of cocoa farming (chemical input). bility to finance the replanting of obsolete cocoa farms could push farmers to maintain old, yet unproductive plantations.

36 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 ) ) 3 3 4 4 2 4 3 4 2,5 1,8 Vol. Vol. Unit (m Unit (m CF2 24 30 70 18 30 35 18 48 No. No. stems stems Final cut (CF) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 40 Age Age ) ) 3 3 2 2 2 0,8 0,8 2,5 1,5 0,8 Vol. Vol. Unit (m Unit (m CF1 EC3 34 58 20 98 70 18 35 20 No. No. stems stems 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Age Age ) ) 3 3 1 1 0,4 Vol. Vol. Unit (m Unit (m EC2 EC2 20 20 40 30 No. No. stems stems 18 18 18 18 Age Age ) ) 3 3 0,4 0,4 0,2 0,4 0,2 Vol. Vol. Unit (m Unit (m EC1 60 50 No. No. 100 100 100 stems stems Thinning 1 (EC1) 12 10 10 10 10 Age Age 40 23 84 40 23 84 198 198 124 198 124 Initial Initial density/ha density/ha Exotic Exotic (frake) (frake) (Ayous) (Ayous) Various Various Various Various species species Species Species (gmelina) Heliophyte Heliophyte Heliophyte Heliophyte Heliophytes Heliophytes Heliophytes Heliophytes Heliophytes Heliophytes Exotic (teak) Exotic Exotic (teak) Exotic BOFR BOFR BO3_RCI BO1_RCI BO2_RCI BOCR_teck_RCI Model reference Model reference 4.3.4.1 - Spécifications techniques des différents modèles étudiés modèles différents des techniques Spécifications - 4.3.4.1 BO3_BassinCongo BO1_BassinCongo BO2_BassinCongo BOCR_gmelina_RCI BOCR_Bassin1Congo trees trees plantation plantation plantation plantation plantation plantation Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Congo Basin Dense mixed Dense mixed Dense mixed Dense mixed Côte d'Ivoire Côte growing band growing growing band growing Thinned mixed Thinned mixed Thinned mixed Thinned mixed Thinned mixed Thinned mixed Thinned mixed Thinned mixed Characteristics Characteristics Plantation / fast / fast Plantation Plantation / fast / fast Plantation plantation + fruit plantation plantation + fruit plantation Plantation / band Plantation

37 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 4.3.4.2 - Results for the models studied for Côte d’Ivoire

Annual income compared over 50 years

Techniques including timber make it possible to meet the costs of renewing the cocoa plot at around 25 years, potentially relieving this obstacle preventing many farmers from replacing old cacao trees.

€ 5000

€ 4000

€ 3000

€ 2000

€ 1000

€ 0

€ -1000

€ -2000

Thinned mixed plantation + fruit trees BOFR Dense mixed plantation BO1_RCI Peripheral plantation BO3_RCI Thinned mixed plantation BO2_RCI Plantation / fast growing band BOCR_teak_RCI Plantation / band BOCR_gmelina_RCI Baseline full sun cacao RCI

38 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Cumulative income compared over 50 years

Cumulated, the reference situation (cacao in full sun) brings in significant incomes, given the higher tree density. But it is easy to understand why such techniques have many risks: sensitivity to cocoa prices, sensitivity to global warming. The system that yields the most in terms of cumulated income is that which combines cacao trees + timber species (in medium density) and fruit trees. The quantity of wood harvested is significant (13m3/ha/year on average), with an average income per family worker of €17/ working day (compared to €10/day for cacao in full sun).

€ 35 000

€ 30 000

€ 25 000

€ 20 000

€ 15 000

€ 10 000

€ 5 000

€ 0

€ -5 000

Thinned mixed plantation + fruit trees BOFR Plantation / fast growing band BOCR_teak_RCI Dense mixed plantation BO1_RCI Plantation / band BOCR_gmelina_RCI Peripheral plantation BO3_RCI Baseline full sun cacao RCI Thinned mixed plantation BO2_RCI

39 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 4.3.4.3 - Results for the models studied for the Congo Basin

Annual income compared over 50 years

If the species chosen for the Congo Basin are thinned, as in Côte d’Ivoire, the final harvest takes place for most models after 50 years. Thus, the latter do not make it possible to finance the costs of renewing the cacao plot (25 years). As we will see in the recommendations, it is of great interest to study pre-financing models based on future timber harvesting.

€ 5000

€ 4000

€ 3000

€ 2000

€ 1000

€ 0

€ -1000

€ -2000

Dense mixed plantation BO1_CongoBasin Thinned mixed plantation BO2_CongoBasin Peripheral plantation BO3_CongoBasin Plantation / fast growing band BOCR_CongoBasin1 Thinned mixed plantation + fruit trees BOFR Baseline full sun cacao Cameroon

40 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Cumulative income compared over 50 years

All models studied (except the one incorporating fruit trees) provide an income close to that of cacao trees grown in full sun, while experiencing the benefits of shading. The system that yields the most in terms of cumulated income is the one which combines cacao trees + timber species (in medium density) and fruit trees. The quantity of wood harvested is significant (13m3/ha/year on average), with an average income per family worker of €20/working day (compared to €13/day for cacao in full sun).

€ 45 000

€ 40 000

€ 35 000

€ 30 000

€ 25 000

€ 20 000

€ 15 000

€ 10 000

€ 5 000

€ 0

€ -5 000

Thinned mixed plantation + fruit trees BOFR Thinned mixed plantation BO2_CongoBasin Dense mixed plantation BO1_CongoBasin Plantation / fast growing band BOCR_CongoBasin1 Peripheral plantation BO3_CongoBasin Baseline full sun cacao Cameroon

41 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 4.3.4.4 - Results summary

Average Average average Income/ Cultivation no. man- no. man- average annual man- systems Description days days per annual income days by region annually/ family costs/ha /ha family ha annually/ha Côte d’Ivoire Baseline_RCI Cacao trees in full sun 77 42 € -258 € 414 € 10 1,320 trees/ha BO1_RCI Mixed dense 66 34 € -228 € 405 € 12 BO2_RCI Mixed thinned 68 36 € -231 € 359 € 10 BO3_RCI Peripheral plantation 52 27 € -181 € 278 € 10 BOCR_teck_RCI Fast-growing bands 58 30 € -205 € 286 € 10 BOCR_gmelina_RCI Plantation / band 59 30 € -205 € 313 € 11 BOFR Thinned mixed + fruit trees 70 40 € -221 € 691 € 17 Congo Basin Baseline_Congo Cacao trees in full sun 69 37 € -251 € 488 € 13 1,111 trees/ha BO1_Congo Mixed dense 69 35 € -249 € 506 € 14 BO2_Congo Mixed thinned 72 37 € -259 € 508 € 14 BO3_Congo Peripheral plantation 56 28 € -203 € 394 € 14 BOCR_1Congo Fast-growing band 63 31 € -229 € 472 € 15 BOFR Thinned mixed + fruit trees 75 42 € -248 € 836 € 20

4.3.5 - Environmental benefits compared for the different techniques

The estimate of the expected timber volume (and therefore biomass production, excluding roots and branches) is as follows:

Congo Basin PROD Cultivation system Species Initial density/ha m3/ha/year Dense mixed plantation Various species 84 3.15 Thinned mixed plantation Heliophytes (Ayous) 23 1.44 Peripheral plantation Heliophytes (Ayous) 124 15.77 Plantation/fast growing band Exotic (teak) 198 19.08 Thinned mixed plantation + fruit trees Heliophytes 40 13.33 Côte d'Ivoire PROD Cultivation system Species Initial density/ha m3/ha/year Dense mixed plantation Various species 84 5.60 Thinned mixed plantation Heliophytes (frake) 23 1.80 Peripheral plantation Heliophytes (frake) 124 20.07 Plantation/fast growing band Exotic (teak) 198 18.31 Plantation/band Exotic (gmelina) 198 26.31 Thinned mixed plantation + fruit trees Heliophytes 40 13.33

42 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 These volumes should be compared with vannahs based on agroforestry systems possible needs for the renewal of part (Congo, Cameroon). of the national plantations affected by In addition to these sequestration vo- CSSV or which are ageing (Côte d’Ivoire, lumes, there are naturally savings in pes- Ghana) or the reparation of degraded fo- ticides and reduced sensitivity to drought rest landscapes or the reforestation of sa- due to agro-ecological practices.

4.4 - Discussion on the removal of the difficulties related to the implementation of agroforestry projects focusing on shade-grown cacao

At the end of the field mission phase and late companies so as to meet compensa- after the interviews conducted, it appears tory reforestation obligations rather than that the cacao/forest plantation agrofo- aiming for a return on investment and col- restry model system for timber produc- lection of funds in the long run. tion (aiming for real economic profitability Like any innovative strategy, prerequisites in the two domains) is a very innovative must be met or barriers (usually institu- approach in the Congo Basin but also in tional) must be lifted. The following para- Côte d’Ivoire where logging companies are graphs present these different elements. involved in plantation projects with choco-

4.4.1 - Remuneration systems for tree planters

The subject of one of the proposed pro- tools (location of the tree, number of trees jects is the assessment of interest and on the plot) and tree monitoring (mainte- advance payment terms or payment at a nance and upkeep), to be discussed accor- later date for timber, while maintaining ding to different scales and paid stakehol- a sustainable partnership between cocoa ders (individual farmers, cooperatives?). It farmers and logging companies (see Table will undoubtedly be necessary to set up a 3 and Chapter 5). In all cases, the contrac- monitoring and maintenance logbook to tual and long-term schemes to compen- ensure compliance with certain specifica- sate the planter involve GPS mapping tions.

43 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Table 6: Non-exhaustive list of financial schemes to be studied

Operators, Logging company technical Microfinance Cocoa farmers advisers Less incentive The simplest and mechanism, Final payment safest scheme unless microfinance is involved

Intermediate Technical Intermediate mechanism ensuring follow-up, Can play solution that helps Periodic payment both management support a role in finance large one-off (e.g. 10-15-25 years) of plantation quality and advice advancing expenses without and limited to cocoa funds waiting for the end risk-taking farmers of the cycle

Moderately incentive Annual payment Very complex scheme mechanism because very small amounts

4.4.2 - Strengthen research on cacao grown under the shade of timber species

There are still unknowns about the tree There should be some permanent moni- species planted in cacao plantations. Most toring of plots (monitoring of biomass and of the projects identified are experimental. cocoa production).

4.4.3 - Encouraging logging companies and chocolate companies to work together

While this partnership works well in Côte where land is well-controlled and there is d’Ivoire, it still needs to be built in other the possibility of strong involvement with countries. Seen from the cocoa world, the local communities. combination of cacao + timber species is still too often limited to the need to certify The following diagram, designed for Came- cocoa (regardless of the quality of the tim- roon, for example, brings together in one ber) or to diversify farmers’ incomes in the place (an «agroforestry development site»): short term (profitability calculations are therefore limited to cocoa, fruit and some • Farmers who implement small farmer NTFPs, with no proper assessment of tim- cacao groves ber income being made). Thus, it would be • Logging companies pooling the com- advisable to continue to exchange points pensatory reforestation obligations of of view and combine needs so as to draw several companies and controlling forest up common strategies, while using com- nurseries that are useful to them and to plementary expertise. farmers • Cocoa buyers who have access to tra- The essence of the ideas of projects 2 and ceable cocoa, zero deforestation cocoa, or 3 of Part 5 of the report is precisely to go even cacao crops which benefit the forest beyond experimental frameworks to at- • Support structures: authorities, resear- tempt large-scale collaborations on a site chers, credit organisations.

44 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Communities

Scientific Committee: Authorities: supervises trials, Project owner uses data

Agroforestry projects Private Traders cooperative

Design office / project management

4.4.4 - Experience transfer between the two regions

Cameroon has long-standing experience nies. Undoubtedly an exchange between in cacao agroforestry and in forest nurse- the two countries, and their two regions ry management. Côte d’Ivoire has some would be beneficial, within the framework pioneering initiatives bringing together of multi-country projects (research or de- logging companies and chocolate compa- velopment projects) and thematic forums.

5. Project Ideas

At the end of this overview of the strengths and weaknesses of shaded cacao crops, we were able to identify the project ideas summarised in the table below:

45 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Project 7: Project restry label restry Feasibility study study Feasibility - agrofo of a cacao Objective of further Objective value exploring creation opportunities and/or wood for produced cocoa agroforestry from systems Concessions or Concessions Non-Permanent Estate Forest Economic Option 1: RCI Option 3: Congo Basin all Others: n/a • NGO or company • NGO or company of with experience labels and creating certificates Project 6: Project nurseries Support to Support to Establishment of Establishment the for a strategy of development forest private nurseries n/a Technical and Technical economic Côte d’Ivoire, d’Ivoire, Côte Cameroon Congo • Logging companies • Professional growers, nursery with experience of the species concerned Financing for Ecosystem Ecosystem for Services (PES) Services Project 5: Payment 5: Payment Project - Study of compen sation schemes shade trees for in agroforestry contexts n/a Economic Côte d’Ivoire Côte Congo • Logging companies • Chocolate companies Project 4: Project Research support Research Establishment of Establishment an international of network permanent agroforestry plots cacao Non-Permanent Non-Permanent or Estate Forest domain rural (domaine rural) Scientific Cameroon, Cameroon, d’Ivoire Côte Ghana (RRC), Congo (BM) International and International national research organisations agroforestry project agroforestry Project 3: Support to 3: Support to Project - pro Reforestation agricultural ject for land land or forest by shaded degraded («cacao/ crops cacao afforestation») Non-Permanent Non-Permanent or rural Estate Forest domain (domaine rural) Economic Côte d’Ivoire: d’Ivoire: Côte chocolate company-industrial partnerships Cameroon Tranchivoire-CEMOI GFBC as part of its are forest degraded project plantation degraded forests degraded Project 2: Pilot project project 2: Pilot Project for environmental and environmental for economic restoration of restoration economic Promotion of cacao of cacao Promotion systems agroforestry with participation of populations with local and the aim of economic of restoration ecological forests degraded Degraded forest forest Degraded (Cameroon) concessions agroforests Classified d’Ivoire) (Côte Environmental Cameroon Concessions close to to close Concessions cities (e.g. Libreville) ANAFOR (GIZ) ProPFe companies Chocolate Projet 1 : Social Projet Income-generating Income-generating social development in villages project forest bordering based concessions, on agroforestry systems cacao Non-Permanent Non-Permanent on Estate Forest the periphery of FMUs or Commu - nity development series/ series Agricultural within concessions Social development Cameroon, Gabon Cameroon, Congo Wijma (Cameroon) wood CEB Precious (Gabon) (Congo) IFO Chocolate companies? Title Title Area Area concerned Main focus Direct be - Direct neficiary country Other in country the scope of the project Partners

46 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Project 7: Project restry label restry Feasibility study study Feasibility - agrofo of a cacao There is a need There enhancing the for and of cocoa value originating wood shaded cacao from Se - systems. farming options should veral be evaluated: • Option 1: Create agroforestry a new that system reference - both co integrates and forest wood coa, • Option 2: Integrate into wood agroforest the OLB certification into • Option 3: Take agroforestry account schemes in PAFC (Congo Basin) • Option 4: Integrate - remunera producer timber into tion for payment cocoa • Option 5: Improve - cate the specific tree gory in the UTZ-Rain - repository Forest • Farmers, • Farmers, cooperatives buyers • Wood Project 6: Project nurseries Support to Support to • There will be a high • There native demand for species seedlings forests natural from • Some (certified) have companies experience developed in the and expertise of nurseries creation (seed collection, germination and methods, breeding - replan transport, ting), in particular of University Nature+/ Gembloux is probably • There an opportunity to this service make - com to available panies that do not these skills by have certified producing seedlings • Private parties • Private • Service cooperatives Financing for Ecosystem Ecosystem for Services (PES) Services Project 5: Payment 5: Payment Project - tra • In the most ditional situation, tim - pre-existing trees ber-producing or those which need into be integrated to are farms cocoa new by not considered be income to farmers On the generators. awareness contrary, be needs to still get people to raised the accept at least to benefit agronomic of shading or soil On the improvement. these trees contrary, removed often are farming cacao from areas. • In northern Congo, - conser payments for set out in are vation the ER-P on a carbon by several fund fed (5 years). donors • Farmers Project 4: Project Research support Research • There is a relatively is a relatively • There - abundant bibliogra phy on agroforestry models farming cacao America, South (Africa, this, Asia) but despite certainty is little there a multi - are • There or less tude of more some tests, recent have of which would been conducted by operators directly with the support of producers • National research not have institutes managed the tests periods of long over now time and are with a projects facing short/medium-term approach are • Many questions about the most asked techniques suitable - with both an agrono mic and an economic approach • All stakeholders in • All stakeholders and forest the cocoa as in as well sectors research agroforestry project agroforestry Project 3: Support to 3: Support to Project • In Cameroon, a • In Cameroon, decision ministerial - the reforesta requires tion of 50 ha/year/FMU the to as a contribution - Imple national effort. is difficult mentation are surfaces because not identified within FMUs, and reforestation skills and knowledge - certi in a few exist only companies fied d’Ivoire, • In Côte are companies logging out carry to required - refores compensatory either in clas - tation or in the forests sified domain rural • The economic it make would project evaluate to possible between collaborations notably professionals, of the ATIBT members logging and between - and choco companies companies. late • Logging companies • Logging companies of ATIBT members in this interested approach - com • Chocolate panies: developing a sustainability in new approach countries degraded forests degraded Project 2: Pilot project project 2: Pilot Project for environmental and environmental for economic restoration of restoration economic • There are a number of are • There that are FMUs in Cameroon by agricul - degraded heavily Compen - and logging. ture some has been sation for to => how ANAFOR paid to environmental accelerate of restoration and economic these areas. for • GIZ is responsible financing the development plan to is a tool income • Cocoa - part of the resto pay for in undertaken work ration areas. related of contributing • Possibility status on the reflection to and the of the concession - (agro legislation associated concessions) forestry • State • Neighbouring communities • Logging companies the FMU as bordering part of a PPP Projet 1 : Social Projet • Certified concession • Neighbouring to communities concessions project • Obligation of com - FSC-certified develop panies to income-generating social projects already • Populations of knowledge have there because cocoa in cocoa is already (see Sou - the area Cameroon) th-West of logging • Interest in Congo companies to Basin concessions their activity diversify economic maintain to viability Context Context and challenges Benefi - ciary

47 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Project 7: Project restry label restry Feasibility study study Feasibility - agrofo of a cacao • Feasibility study of study • Feasibility some certification shaded priorities for systems cacao Project 6: Project nurseries Support to Support to • Assess the • Assess model economic and the prospects the development for for of a strategy of the production forest native certified species seedlings t to (according echnical specifications) Financing for Ecosystem Ecosystem for Services (PES) Services Project 5: Payment 5: Payment Project • Find financial compensation schemes that allow trees keep to farmers of their in the middle in the trees cacao term long Project 4: Project Research support Research • Draw up a refined up a refined • Draw analysis bibliographic old and • Evaluate in devices current of interest, terms scien - performance, statistical value, tific representativeness and sustainability • Set up tests knowledge • Organise - sharing in an informa tion management (NTIC), a system platform resource forums/ • Organise sharing experience meetings agroforestry project agroforestry Project 3: Support to 3: Support to Project • Bring agroforestry • Bring agroforestry back in the framework - re of this compulsory in previously forestation identified areas on discussion • Feed of the establishment (Ca - unifying projects meroon) - the condi • Create a win-win tions for between partnership companies, logging companies chocolate based on and producers experience the Ivorian communicate • Better - reforesta about cocoa - compa tion (chocolate nies) and demonstrate of this the feasibility (forestry) innovation degraded forests degraded Project 2: Pilot project project 2: Pilot Project for environmental and environmental for economic restoration of restoration economic • Restore very degraded degraded very • Restore or of FMUs, savannah areas areas agricultural that the • Demonstrate management of sustainable concession the agroforestry both be guaranteed could available still by the wood - and historical on degraded and by forests exploited ly revenues. cocoa Projet 1 : Social Projet Demonstrate the Demonstrate - of an agro feasibility model cacao forestry in villages bordering concessions Objective

48 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Project 7: Project restry label restry Feasibility study study Feasibility - agrofo of a cacao Feasibility study Feasibility Project 6: Project nurseries Support to Support to • Needs and demand assessment of • Identification gaps by technical species of spe - • Creation for the cifications plan forest natural training • Nursery package (collection and provenance area, gua - quality analysis, of recovery) rantee of • Identification carriers potential among logging or beyond companies for model Economic • function the nursery support, (technical etc.) of a • Analysis option vitroplants Financing for Ecosystem Ecosystem for Services (PES) Services Project 5: Payment 5: Payment Project • Analyse the growth the growth • Analyse make to of the tree projections volume of view • Prospective value tree farmer • Establish sche - compensation - the mainte mes for of timber trees nance financing, (PES, tree per hectare) • Contractualisation the mode between and the producer logging industrial (delayed company payment, in advance, etc.) annually, of the • Analysis certi - benefits of the for the tools fication producer • Engagement of cooperatives certified as payment vehicles and training facilitators Project 4: Project Research support Research • Meta-analysis of the • Meta-analysis situation existing • Scientific monitoring of trials in progress fund to • Find tools additional trials 1: focus • Research - scena different Test rios x species 2: focus • Research an analysis Establish of rates of the growth species native planted - as the allome as well - tric equations of agro models cocoa forestry evaluate to in order in of carbon the role detail focus • Research and validate 3: Test pruning systems 4: focus • Research of indus - Modification adapt to to trial tool resulting products new these models from of the • Identification from quality of wood with very plantations wide spacing - and disse • Organise information minate agroforestry project agroforestry Project 3: Support to 3: Support to Project • Meetings between • Meetings between and companies logging companies chocolate • Cameroon 8-008 and (concession xxx land reserve) - Techni • Cameroon: and institutional cal (project study feasibility and project ownership management) provide d’Ivoire: • Côte additional support for ongoing projects degraded forests degraded Project 2: Pilot project project 2: Pilot Project for environmental and environmental for economic restoration of restoration economic Phase 1: Studies planning studies • Through soil study, (inventory, study), socio and economic identify within the FMU shaded cacao where areas be made or can cultivation in plantations agroforestry areas degraded very and institutional • Technical project for study feasibility and project ownership or less management (more of involvement extensive of intervention ANAFOR, of roles subcontractors, - populations, interven local tion of neighbouring logging companies) • Study of financial mana gement schemes Phase 2: Implementation - of planta • Implementation tions and maintenance of see with GIZ extent • To their involvement Projet 1 : Social Projet Phase 1: Feasibility Phase 1: Feasibility (1 year) study description • Detailed areas: of the project of identification on the areas suitable FMUs land (excluding and in in Cameroon - deve the community series within lopment in the concessions Gabon and Congo) study • Feasibility and of microcredit structures service • Sizing of cacao project agroforestry - Phase 2: Implemen (3-4 years) tation • Recruitment of a Assistant Technical of mi - • Installation facility crocredit • Implementation and of plantations maintenance up under • Follow of the the guidance Assistant Technical assessment • Project Action content

49 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 Project 7: Project restry label restry Feasibility study study Feasibility - agrofo of a cacao • If the positioning is there is not clear, a risk of becoming in the logo one more set complex already of labels on chocolate bars. risk of • Similarly, with duplication labels such as the label RainForest To be evaluated be evaluated To the to according of the scope (benchmark study or benchmark plus of a establishment plan) work Project 6: Project nurseries Support to Support to • In the short term: • In the short term: logging for possibility sell to companies seedlings • In the medium Competition term: with seedlings from and diverse very sources untraceable To be evaluated To Financing for Ecosystem Ecosystem for Services (PES) Services Project 5: Payment 5: Payment Project • The ability of employ to farmers methods To be evaluated To • PPECF has a PES provided component - a certi to it is linked company fied Project 4: Project Research support Research - sustaina • Long-term and bility of protocols funding of measures between Competition • companies chocolate them not to may lead results test share Budget to be received be received Budget to CIRAD as a from benchmark • The question of • The question mea - experimental also arises in sures the ER-P Congo > be found to synergies agroforestry project agroforestry Project 3: Support to 3: Support to Project • Temptation to go to go to to • Temptation full sun + cacao/tree trade-offs To be defined To degraded forests degraded Project 2: Pilot project project 2: Pilot Project for environmental and environmental for economic restoration of restoration economic • Technical capacities of capacities • Technical on this innovative ANAFOR subject of stability • Institutional ANAFOR • Definition of an for framework institutional concession agroforestry • Phase 1: with GIZ discuss to • Phase 2: with GIZ discuss to KfW via GIZ Projet 1 : Social Projet • Constancy of dealer of dealer • Constancy commitment of • Acceptance approach for access • Market products agroforestry • Phase 1: € 50,000 expertise (short term PPECF) be • Phase 2: to ( € 2500/ha calculated on basis of 100 ha) • Feasibility study: study: • Feasibility PPECF co-financing • Project: be identified during to study the feasibility Risks Budget Potential Potential donor

50 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018 6. Conclusions

At the end of this study, we can note the following key elements:

• There are a multitude of cacao + timber species combination models that are implemented at the trial stage on a small scale, produced by research actions or as part of local initiatives. The choice of techniques depends primarily on the production goals.

• There is a convergence of interests, and even the beginning of a movement (especially in Côte d’Ivoire) uniting chocolate companies and logging companies on common issues - climate, source sustainability, living conditions of farmers.

• There are uncertainties related to the more or less favourable/secure nature of existing legislation. In all cases, there will be a need to adapt the existing legal framework.

• There are important reflections currently being made on the conditions to be created to support shade-grown cacao systems - access to quality plant materials, technical support for the proper maintenance of forest species, access to adapted financial products, etc.

• The cacao + timber species combination model is a virtuous model that can perfectly meet certain requirements of the FSC/PAFC forest certification, particularly with re- gard to the needs of proposing neighbouring populations integrated income-generating development projects. In the longer term, this reflection and these perspectives are in line with the current concerns raised by the ATIBT on the economic model of logging concessions in the Congo Basin which will undoubtedly be looking for successful economic diversification ideas from an environmental and social point of view.

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54 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SHADE-GROWN CACAO AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS - May 2018

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This study was conducted by the Oréade-Brèche/Kinomé consortium with the assistance of the ATIBT within the framework of the FLEGT – REDD+ project and was financed by the FFEM. Its authors have sole responsibility for its content, which cannot be considered as reflecting the position of the FFEM. The French Facility for Global Environment (FFEM) is a financial instrument of the French cooperation and development policy which is dedicated to the protection of the environment. Its mission is to cofi- nance projects which have a strong environmental component in developing and emerging countries. Since 1994, it intervenes in the following six global environment fields: biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, chemical pollutants and the stratospheric ozone layer. It is stee- red by an interministerial committee (finances, foreign affairs, environment, research, agriculture) and the French Development Agency (AFD). The AFD is in charge of its secretariat and financial management. On the 31st of December 2016, the FFEM has cofinanced 301 projects totalling 355 million Euros, 68% of which are located in Africa and the Mediterranean region.

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