Precision Wine: a geographical decision support system for viticulture developed in and France

Vittorio Marletto, Antonio Volta, Gabriele Antolini, Amelia Caffarra, Fausto Tomei, Benjamin Bois, Mario Rega, Valerio Grosso, Stefano Campagnolo, et al. [email protected], ARPAE Bologna. Italy

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Adaptation and innovation

• To properly face and address climate change in agricolture and in particular in viticulture we need research and innovation, both in the farm and around it. • Concerning agrometeorology we need better monitoring, numerical weather forecasts, climatic services (e. g. probabilistic seasonal forecasts) and of course research. • In the farms one must introduce precision technologies and new tools like Precision Wine and the tools you are developing in your project.

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage The PW Dss was deveoped by the FP7 Vintage Partnership (2012-4) 4 relevant European Associations of wine producers

3 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage VINTAGE Project ID card

Full Title: A User friendly Decision Support System for an integrated vineyard management, for addressing quality and quantity production variability optimising the use of resources Funding Scheme: FP7–SME-2011 - Research for SMEs associations Grant Agreement n°: 286608 Start: 01 December 2011, end: 28 February 2015 Consortium: 12 Partners from 5 Countries (4 SMEs associations, 2 SMEs and 6 RTDPs ) Funding: – ca. 2 M€

* The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme managed by REA - Research Executive Agency, FP7/2007 - 2013 under Grant Agreement no. 286608.

4 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Partnership

Electronic design and assembling of the Wireless Monitoring Stations. Implementation of Decision Support System on top of the new models and coordination of the System Integration. Extension of the CRITERIA3D model with satellite and in-field information to implement the new VINTAGE model suite. Developing phytosanitary analysis algorithms, zoning methods for climate data spatialization and climate zoning for viticulture.

Implementation of the algorithms for the monitoring of vineyards and elaboration of geo-referenced prescription map. Integration of satellite images with ground sensors.

Identification of the best suited satellite images and datasets for vineyard monitoring; their downscaling and parameterisation on the basis of the ground data and high resolution DEM. Validation of methodology for vineyard cadastre development.

Implementation of ergonomic HMIs, highly flexible in terms of presentation views, data formats, presented data volumes, etc. based on vineyard cadastre. www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage 5 Business model

6 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Precision Wine DSS overview

DSS models Phytosanitary

Hydropedological Micro-meteo Phenological

7 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage VINTAGE overview

Observations:  FAPAR, FIPAR and GAI from satellite (vegetative growth)  Soil moisture from satellite and in situ sensor  Weather conditions from satellite, sensors and forecasts  Initialization input from wine growers

Computations:  3D soil water availability  Weather conditions – starting from measurements  Plant status (phenology, growth, disease risk, leafiness…)

The systems will allow the users to apply spatially-variable management for:  Fertilization  Pruning  Irrigation  Risk management  Harvesting

8 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Vintage active pilots

Fontanafredda, (Italy) St Romain, Burgundy (France)

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Computational scheme and flow

• Contenuto

10 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage MODULARITY Wireless Monitoring Stations

 Air T, H, R, P, W  Leaf wetness  Soil moisture at 3 depths  Outside and within vines

11 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage MODULARITY Wireless Monitoring Stations

Meteo local Agro local

Meteo main

Agro main

Agro local Meteo local

12 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Spatial interpolation Tair Prec Rel. humidity

Leaf wetness Solar radiation PET www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage MODULARITY Satellite data

14 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage ADDED VALUE SERVICES UAV monitoring

15 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Radiation model

- Sun position

- Potential irradiation

- Transmissivity (from observed data)

- Shadowing

- Global radiation: -Direct -Diffuse -Reflected

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Annual Global Radiation 01.09.2011 – 31.08.2012

[MJ m-2]

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage degree of saturation [0-1] 15 april 2012 30 june 2012

-10cm

-50cm

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage degree of saturation [0-1] 30 june 2012 30 june 2012 with plant transpiration

-10cm

-50cm

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Cultivar: Moscato, July 26, 2012

Phenological stage Leaf area index

76: veraison m2 m-2 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Fruit dry biomass, August 15, 2012

kg DM m-2 Cultivar: Moscato www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Final characteristics (2015)

• Web access and geographical interface (w. password) • Access to detailed meteorological conditions (interpolations and forecasts) • Configuration of vineyards, specific information, alerts, support to treatments and farm operations, phenology, maturity projections, quantity and quality of final product • Soil moisture conditions and irrigation needs

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Water balance model CRITERIA3D - physically based, 3D model of surface and subsurface hydrology

Bittelli M., Tomei F., Pistocchi A., Flury M., Boll J, Brooks E., Antolini G., Development and testing of a physically based, three dimensional model of surface and subsurface hydrology, Adv Water Resour 33 (2010), pp.106–122

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Water balance St Romain (France)

23/08/2013 Degree of saturation [%] 24/08/2013

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Water balance Fontanafredda (Italy)

24/08/2013 Degree of saturation [%] 25/08/2013

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Plant models

Phenological model (Caffarra) LAI model (Bindi and Miglietta) Photosynthesis and transpiration model (Magnani) °Brix accumulation (Caffarra, Pedro Junior, Volta)

Caffarra A., Eccel E., 2010. Increasing the robustness of phenological models for Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay. Int. J. Biometeorol. 54: 255-267.

Bindi M., Miglietta F., Gozzini B., Orlandini S., Seghi L., 1997. A simple model for simulation of growth and development in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Model description. Vitis 36: 67-71

Magnani F., Nolé A., Ripullone F., Grace J., 2009. Growth patterns of Pinus sylvestris across Europe. A functional analysis using the HYDRALL model. iForest 2:162-171.

Mário José Pedro Junior, José Luiz Hernandes, Gabriel Constantino Blain, 2013. SOLUBLE SOLIDS CONTENT AND TITRATABLE ACIDITY ESTIMATES FOR ‘MÁXIMO’ GRAPEVINE AS A FUNCTION OF DEGREE-DAYS FOR SUMMER AND WINTER GROWING SEASONS Atti del XVI convegno AIAM, Firenze 2013 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage phenology

Phase Phase name

0 Endodormancy

1 Ecodormancy

2 Bud burst

3 Flowering (50%)

4 Fruit set (100% flowering) 5 Veraison

6 Physiological maturity

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Plant output examples

19 20 21 phenology transpiration 22 °Brix

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Berry ripening

Starting from Caffarra et al. 2012 we estimate the berry ripening (Brix degree) from veraison to harvest, by means of the following formulas:

Tsum = S 1/{1+exp[-0.26(Tmean-16.06)]}

veraison

Brix = 0.42(Tsum) + 11.5 [°Bx]

Amelia Caffarra, Monica Rinaldi, Emanuele Eccel, Vittorio Rossi, Ilaria Pertot Modelling the impact of climate change on the interaction between grapevine and its pests and pathogens: European grapevine moth and powdery mildew Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 148 (2012) pp.89- 101 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Disease: Powdery Mildew

OUTPUTS • Curve of ascospore maturation • Ascospore discharge events • Primary infection periods and relative severity • Time when secondary infections start  Primary Infection Risk

Caffi T., Rossi V., Legler S.E., Bugiani R., 2011. A mechanistic model simulating ascosporic infections by Erysiphe necator, the powdery mildew fungus of grapevine. Plant Pathology 60: 522–531

www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage results (1) Water stress - Fontanafredda 2012

1 0.9 Fraction of 0.8 0.7 transpirable 0.6 soil water 0.5 Irrigation need 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

15/06/2012 25/06/2012 06/07/2012 17/07/2012 28/07/2012 08/08/2012 19/08/2012 30/08/2012 10/09/2012

ARPA_vineStress_0001_

23/08/2012 - Asti - Economia ASTI - Confagricoltura, segnala che le viti hanno sete - Francesco Giaquinta: "Autorizziamo l’irrigamento in condizioni d’emergenza"

Thanks to Regione Piemonte for weather data! www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Brix degree - Fontanafredda 2013

#2 #3 #4 #5 #6 doy #2 obs chardonnay #3 obs nebbiolo #4 obs nebbiolo #5 obs nebbiolo #6 obs chardonnay 231 15.6 17.5 14.3 14.2 14.4 14.6 13.6 15.0 17 18.3 236 18.3 19.2 20.1 20.0 246 21.5 22.2 18.7 18.9 19.4 19.3 18.3 19.7 21.5 21.9 252 23.1 22.8 20.9 20.9 23 21.3 21.5 21.7 259 22.7 22.6 23.6 23.0 23 23.5 267 23.6 24.1 25.1 24.5 24.5 23.5 273 23.9 24.1 24.8 24.5 24.9 23.5 284 23.4 24.1 24.5 23.5

30 y = 1.0016x R² = 0.9215

25 Brix

° 20

Est. 15 °Brix 10 10 15 20 25 30 Obs °Brix www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage Recent work carried out for the Water Protect project (2019)

23/07/2019 www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintage 34 The Italian Partnership: VAL ACTION LAB

 Specific objective: determine the contribution of viticulture to the general contamination of groundwater by pesticides and nitrates

175 farmers from (50.3 %) Nibbiano Piacentino (16%), (9.7%), Pianello (6.9%), (4.6%) and other regions and municipaltities (12.5).

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintageNo. 727450 The territorial context: VAL TIDONE ACTION LAB Location: Tidone Valley •north-west of Italy in - Region, Province of ; •part of Tidone Torrent catchment, Lora- Carogna catchment and Carona-Boriacco catchment (206.72 Km2) •covers five municipalities: Ziano Piacentino, Castel San Giovanni, Nibbiano Piacentino, Pianello and Borgonovo Val Tidone; •hilly area with elevations ranging between 100 and 350 m above sea level; •main culture is the vineyard, with 2941 ha in 2016; •455 farms: vineyard with cellar (40%) and vineyard without cellar (60%). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintageNo. 727450 WP5 – CRITERIA – Sub area, soils

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintageNo. 727450 Water inflow cumulated/year (confronto anno siccitoso-anno normale)

2017 2018

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintageNo. 727450 CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS

 Presence of nitrates and pesticides in groundwater of Val Tidone;  Except S-metholaclor, all PPs present are used for viticulture;  Feedback from farmers after the presentation of monitoring results indicates the point source contamination as major contamination driver;  Groundwater conceptual model.

 Upstream-downstream criteria must be adjusted based on the monitoring results obtained;  Extend vineyard simulations to other sub-areas (or whole area).

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement www.tinyurl.com/fp7vintageNo. 727450 General message: though a lot of work was carried out there is a strong interest (both Arpae agency and Gaiag company) in cooperating for improvement and application Thank you for your attention

Vittorio Marletto, Arpae Emilia-Romagna [email protected] Stefano Campagnolo, Gaiag srl, Cesena [email protected], https://www.gaiagsat.eu/it/

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