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Air Command and ~;Taff College _________ .............. c. ! {3 OV TTIiI .AIR COMMAND AND ~;TAFF COLLEGE ----STUDENT REPORT----~ THE IJMUIDEN POWER PLANT RAIDS OF WWII AIRPOWER MISAPPLIED MAJOR JAMES N. OPENSHAW 87-1905 -"insights into tomorrow" ..- -- DISCLAIMER The views and con~lusions expressed in this document are those of the author. They are not intended and should not be thought to represent official ideas, attitudes, or policies of any agency of the United States Government. The author has not had special access tD official information or ideas and has employed only open-source material available to any writer on this subject. This docum~ntis the property of the United States Government. It is available for distribution to the general public. A loan copy of the document may be obtained from the Air University Interlibrary Loan Service (AUL/LDEX, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 36112) or the Defense Technical Information Center. Request must include the author's name and complete title of the study. This document may be reproduced for use in other research reports or educational pu~suits contingent upon the following stipulations: -- Reproduction rights do .not extend to any copyrighted material that may be contained in the research report. -- All reproduced copies must contain the following credit line: "Reprinted by permission of the Air Command and Staff College." All reproduced copies must contain the name(s) of the report's author(s). If format modification is necessary to better serve the user's needs. adjustments may be made to this report--this authorization does not extend to copyrighted information or material. The following statement must accompany the modified document: "Adapted from Air Command and Staff Research Report (number) entitled __Uitle) by (author) " -- This notice must be included with any reproduced or adapted portions of this document. Accession For NTIS GRA&:I·-'---+-.---I DTIC TAB Unannounced [] JUstitloatlo6~ -J By-:-:.-:-------l .. Dhtrlbution/ Availability Codes Avail andjor----f D1st Speclal REPORT NU~,1BER 87-1905 TITLE THE I~rMUIDEN POWER PLANT RAIDS OF WWII, AIRPOVIJER MISAPPLIED AUTHOR(S) MAJOR JAMES N. OPENSHAW FACULTY ADVISOR LT COL JOHN GRUMBLES, ACSC/EDCH SPONSOR L~r COL DAVID L. McFARLAND, ACSC/EDCH Submitted to the faculty in partial fulfillment of requirements for graduation. AIR COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE AIR UNIVERSITY MAXWELL AFB, AL 36112 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ". ....' REPORT OOCUMENTA la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS UNCLASSIFIED 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIElUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT STATEMENT "An 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public release; '':'. .. :. .. 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MON ITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 87-1905 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION j6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NA. ME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION (If <Jpplicable) ACSC/EDCC 6c. ADDRESS (City, State and ZIP Code) 7b. ACt DRE'SS (City, State and ZIP Code) MAXWELL AFB AL 36112-5542 I, Sa. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUFtEMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION (If applicable) ~ ! , 8c. ADDRESS (City. State and ZIP Code) '~:URCE OF FUNDING NOS. PHOG BAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT ELE MENT NO. NO. NO. NO. I II 11. TITLE (Include Security Classification) I, I THE IJMUIDEN POWER PLANT I, ""'--- 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) - ! Onenshaw James N.. Major, USAF II 13a. TYPE OF REPORT I13b. TIME COVERED TE CIF REPORT (Yr., Mo.• Day) 115. PA COUNT ~ FROM . TO ~ '7 Anril 47 'J 16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION ITEM 11: RAIDS OF WWII, AIRPOWER MISAPPLIED (U) 17. COSATICODES 18. SUE3JECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) FIELD GROUP SUB. GR 19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identif)' by block number) "- I-t>' On May 17, 1943, 11 B-26 Marauders of the 322nd Bombardment Group (BG) tookoff for a low altitude bombing mission against the Ijmuiden and Haarlem Power Stations in Holland. With the exception of one aborting aircraft, all were shot down in German 0 ccupied territory. This study examines the men and machinl9 of the 322nd BG and the events which led to this disastrous mission. Also, an analysis of the US strategy, B-26 tactics, and WWII principles of war were done in order to understand why the raid was a failure. 20. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED 0 SAME AS RPT. IZJ OTIC USERS 0 UNc]~ASSIFIED 22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TE LEPHONE NUMBER 22c. OFFICE SYMBOL (Inelude Area Code) (2 It ACSC/EDCC Maxwell AFB AL 36112-5542 05) 293-2483 DO FORM 1473,83 APR SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE PREFACE At exactly 1056 on May 17, 1943, 11 Martin B-26B4 Marauders of the 322nd Bombardment Group (BG) tookoff from Bury St. Edmunds' Airfield, England to attack power stations at IJmuiden and Haarlem in Holland. An hour later, one aircraft would abort the mission and return to base while the remaining 10 aircraft penetrated enemy territory. However, those 10 B-26s would not be as fortunate, as none would return to Bury St. Edmunds that day. (7:56) This work will examine the men and machines of the 322nd BG and the events which led up to that disastrous day in May 1943. In addition, an analysis of the United States' strategy, B-26 tactics, and the principles of war will be made in order to understand and answer why the raid on that day in May 1943 was such an abject failure. This study would not have been possible without the overwhelming cooperation of several men formerly attached to the 322nd BG. Their expertise and insight on the employment of the B-26 in the European Theater of Operation (ETO) during World War II (WWII) gave me the needed perspective books and documents could not do - to them lowe a great deal of thanks and respect. These men of the 322nd BG are as follows: Major General Grover C. Brown, USAF (Ret.) Colonel Raymond D. Stephens, USAF (Ret.) Colonel B. E. Forrest, USAF (Ret.) Colonel J. D. Murfield, USAF (Ret.) Colonel R. Ervin Wursten, USAF (Ret.) Colonel A. K. McDonald, USAF (Ret.) Lieutenant Colonel Roland B. Scott, USAF (Ret.) Lieutenant Colonel Albert P. Winkleman, USAF (Ret.) Mr. Harry W. Smith Mr. Ralph M. Wefe! Furthermore, I would like to give a special thanks to Lt. Col. Scott for his enthusiastic support towards the completion of this project and for the many others he put me in contact with. iii Finally, I would be remiss if I did not also thank the members of my family for their patience and understanding during this task. Also, to my wife, Faye, for her infinite support and demanding typing requirements. Subject to clearance, this manuscript will be submitted '1:0 tLLt1..:tary_.Hi st..Q.r.):~. f I:Jr consi. derat: i em. FLwtI'H2nnore, in that this paper is written for publication, it does not comply ~\Ii th all mi 1 i tar')l formats recommended by J_9_rJ.9...1.,.L~~L..§'DJ;L...Q.!..:li_U..~_ iv ABOUT THE AUTHOR 'I Following graduation from The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina~ in 1973, Major James N. Openshaw completed Undergraduate Navigator Training and Navigator Bombardier Training at Mather Air Force Base, California. After navigator training, Major Openshaw attended the B-52 Combat Crew Training Course (CeTS) at Castle Air Force Base~ California. He was assigned to Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota after completion of eCTS and spent from 1975 to 1980 flying the B-52H as a Stan/Eval Navigator and Instructor Radar navigator accumulating over 1700 hours in the B-52. Major Openshaw was then selected for the Air Staff Training Program (ASTRA) at the Manpower Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas in 1980. In 1981~ he was selected for training in the FB-IIIA eeTS at Plattsburgh Air Force Base~ New York and was subsequently assigned to Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire flying the FB-l1iA asa Radar Navigator. For the period between 1981-1986, he accumulated almost 900 hours in the FB-l1IA and was checked out as an instructor in the aircraft. Major Openshaw holds a Bachelor of Science degree from The Citadel and a Masters in Public Administration from Golden Gate University. His professional military education includes Squadron Officers School by both correspondence and residence, as well as, Air Command and Staff College by seminar. Major Openshaw and his wife, Faye, have two childn",,m. v TABlE OF C()NrTENTS F'r-e·face" .. U A U U. A Ill a a It If It A a II U"". A" III" A A II: a II Dna a a If" 1:1 a l:I II. i:i.i AI::> OLtt the Al.\ thor .... II ..... If .... " II •• If ••1 II .. A II A • II " a n II U 1:1 II II II If III II II .. .. .. \/ CHAPTER OI\!E CH(~PTER TVJD Getting F:ead"'l For~ Combat.DuaNaA""II".""". 3 CHAPTER THREE CH(~PTEF: FOUF:: The Return Trip •...•.•..•.•.•.•...•..••. 10 Cl""-IAPTEF: FIVE Why IjmLliden?.......................... 14 CHAPTER SIX The Marauder Experiment -A Low Altitude Ni 9 h t mare a 1:1 a A •• II a II II II a A. II 1:1 II iii a a a A a 1:1 II U • a a a A tl 1 r~"J CHAPTEF: SEVEN The Final Ingredients Toward Failure•..• 21 CI"-1APTEf~ EIGHT Con c: 1 Ltsi on •• a a a a .. a: II II ... A 1:1 .. II II. A 01 A II " .. Q .... II a til a OGF~AF"-i\l B I BL I .. II U a ... A •• II II a A • a au. &I .... III a II •• a .. " " II a .. u " " .. 1:1 II A a &I 1:1 a vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES Fi gure 1 B-26 On The Ramp.............................
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