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Attentional Sub-Processes Involved with Emotional Eating University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations Dissertations and Theses Spring 5-18-2018 Attentional Sub-Processes Involved with Emotional Eating Gregory Denke [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td Part of the Biological Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Denke, Gregory, "Attentional Sub-Processes Involved with Emotional Eating" (2018). University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. 2455. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2455 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by ScholarWorks@UNO with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Attentional Sub-Processes Involved with Emotional Eating A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of New Orleans in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Psychology Biopsychology by Gregory Denke B.A. University of Southern Maine, 2012 M.S. University of New Orleans, 2015 May, 2018 Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................... iii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Method ...............................................................................................................................19 Results ................................................................................................................................26 References ..........................................................................................................................38 Vita .....................................................................................................................................46 ii List of Figures Figure 1 ................................................................................................................................7 Figure 2 ..............................................................................................................................22 Figure 3 ..............................................................................................................................26 Figure 4 ..............................................................................................................................27 Figure 5 ..............................................................................................................................27 Figure 6 ..............................................................................................................................28 Figure 7 ..............................................................................................................................28 Figure 8 ..............................................................................................................................29 Figure 9 ..............................................................................................................................29 Figure10 .............................................................................................................................30 iii Abstract Emotional eating behavior is characterized by eating a large amount of calorie dense sweet and/or high fat foods in an attempt to control, cope with, or avoid negative emotions. Numerous factors are likely to contribute to emotional eating behavior, including attentional factors, such as rumination and avoidance coping. Rumination based emotional eating (attention focused on negative stimuli while mindlessly eating) is often utilized to improve mood while dwelling on problems. However, for those inclined to escape/avoid troublesome thoughts, another type of emotional-eating pattern may be used. By focusing attention on food, emotional eating is believed to distract individuals from negative emotions. However, along with avoiding distressing thoughts, a strong attentional focus on food may also lead to diminished attention resources and subsequently the missing of self-preserving thoughts (e.g. dietary restraint or satiety). While Denke & Lamm (2015) explored neural mechanisms underlying rumination based emotional eating, to the best of our knowledge, no one has investigated the neural correlates underlying avoidance based emotional eating. This study examined how attentional sub- processes contribute to emotional eating behavior among female participants in a task designed to explore escape type emotional-eating behavior. Dense-array EEG and a version of the canonical attentional blink task were used to ascertain the neural correlates underlying the attentional sub-processes and how attentional activation differs for emotional eaters vs. non- emotional eaters. Findings do not support the food fixation escape type emotional-eater hypothesis, but do indicate task validity. Emotional-eating, Event Related Potential, Dense Array EEG, Attentional Blink iv Introduction 1.1 Prevalence and implications of emotional eating Eating as a means to deal with the stress associated with negative emotions is a widespread, maladaptive, emotion regulation/coping behavior that is a momentary fix at best and it often leads to additional problems. According to the American Psychological Association’s (2014) Stress in America survey, 38 percent of adults reported that they had engaged in stress eating within the past month, with 49 percent of them doing it weekly. In general, eating disorders are more prevalent in women than in men (Fairburn & Harrison, 2003; Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, & Kessler, 2007; Woodside et al., 2001), and two studies found binge-eating prevalence was 3.3% among women and .8% among men (Kinzl, Traweger, Trefalt, Mangweth, & Biebl, 1999a; Kinzl et al., 1999b). Striegel‐Moore and colleagues (2009) also found women to be significantly more likely than men to report binge eating and a loss of control while eating. Though this behavior is a means to deal with negative emotions, rather than eliminating problems, it typically results in additional distress. Emotional eaters often feel guilty about their eating behavior, sluggish, and feel bad about their physiques immediately after emotional eating episodes (APA, 2014). Additionally, emotional eating can lead to a clinical level of dysfunction, (i.e. binge-eating disorder, BED; Masheb & Grilo, 2006; Stice, Presnell, & Spangler, 2002). While not the focus of the current study, the next section will briefly outline binge-eating disorder and how it relates to emotional eating. 1.1.1 Binge-Eating Disorder According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), binge-eating disorder (BED) is defined as the recurrence of binge-eating episodes, or a 1 high frequency of binge-eating. A binge-eating episode is characterized by eating a greater amount than most in a discrete amount of time, feeling a loss of control over the binge-eating, and the presence of three of the following criteria. Eating more rapidly than normal, eating until uncomfortably full and feeling self-disgust, eating large quantities of food when not physically hungry and/or eating alone due to embarrassment and/or guilt or depression after binge-eating (APA, 2013). Beyond the presence of a diagnosis, the primary difference between binge-eating and emotional eating appears to be the sense of a loss of control associated with binge eating (Pollert et al., 2013). However, the presence of negative emotions is pervasive in both forms of maladaptive eating behaviors (APA, 2013; Konttinen, Männistö, Sarlio-Lähteenkorva, Silventoinen, & Haukkala, 2010). There have been numerous studies that have shown binge-eating episodes to be triggered by emotion (Arnow, Kenardy, & Agras, 1995; Chua, Touyz, & Hill, 2004; Elmore & De Castro, 1990; Grange, Gorin, Catley & Stone, 2001; Greeno, Wing, & Shiffman, 2000; Grilo, Shiffman, & Carter-Campbell, 1994; Heatherton & Baumeister, 1991; Masheb et al., 2006; Waters, Hill, & Waller, 2001). Lingswiler and colleagues (1989) found stress and negative moods to be precursors to binge-eating episodes. While, Greeno et al. (2000) found that non-BED women who emotionally eat tend to experience worse mood than non-BED women who do not engage in emotional eating, Chua and colleagues (2004) found an effect of mood on amount of food eaten for obese binge-eaters. Interestingly, negative affect has been found to be an antecedent for binge-eating episodes for obese women with and without BED (Grange et al., 2001). It appears that negative emotions are the primary antecedent for binge-eating behavior for those with clinical diagnoses (i.e. BED) as well as those without. Overconsumption of food to combat negative emotions is maladaptive and may lead to other problems.
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