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Conception D'un Modèle De Visibilité D'étoile À L'oeil Nu. Application À L'identification Des Décans Égyptiens

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Conception D'un Modèle De Visibilité D'étoile À L'oeil Nu. Application À L'identification Des Décans Égyptiens Conception d’un modèle de visibilité d’étoile à l’oeil nu. Application à l’identification des décans égyptiens. Karine Gadré To cite this version: Karine Gadré. Conception d’un modèle de visibilité d’étoile à l’oeil nu. Application à l’identification des décans égyptiens.. Planète et Univers [physics]. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. Français. tel-00361227 HAL Id: tel-00361227 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00361227 Submitted on 13 Feb 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSETHÈSE En vue de l'obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par l'Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier Discipline ou spécialité : Astronomie Présentée et soutenue par Karine GADRE le 21 mai 2008 Titre : Conception d'un modèle de visibilité d'étoile à l'oeil nu. Application à l'identification des décans égyptiens JURY Georges BALMINO, Ingénieur CNES Emérite (Examinateur) Alain BLANCHARD, Professeur UPS (Examinateur) Nicole CAPITAINE, Astronome à l'Observatoire de Paris (Rapporteur) Leo DEPUYDT, Professeur à Brown University (Rapporteur) Daniel EGRET, Président de l'Observatoire de Paris (Président du jury) Sylvie ROQUES, Directrice de Recherche CNRS (Directrice de Thèse) Davis VALLS-GABAUD, Chargé de Recherche CNRS (Rapporteur) Ecole doctorale : Sciences de l'Univers, de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (SDU2E) Unité de recherche : Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Toulouse-Tarbes (UMR 5572) Directeur(s) de Thèse : Sylvie ROQUES, Directrice de Recherche CNRS, Directrice du LATT Rapporteurs : Nicole CAPITAINE, Leo DEPUYDT et David VALLS-GABAUD Remerciements Mon intérêt pour l©archéoastronomie égyptienne est né en 1995, peu après l©obtention de mon Diplôme d©Etudes Approfondies en Astrophysique à l©Université Paul Sabatier de Toulouse. Il s©est tout d©abord traduit par l©acquisition de connaissances égyptologiques (relatives à l©histoire, l©écriture, l©art, etc.) puis par l©établissement de contacts avec divers égyptologues et astronomes parmi lesquels Leo Depuydt, Professeur à Brown University, et Pierre Bretagnon, chercheur à l©Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides. En 1998, les résultats de mes premiers travaux concernant l©orientation astronomique des pyramides d©Égypte faisaient l©objet d©une publication sous forme d©ouvrage1, puis sous forme électronique, sur un site Web disponible en versions française et anglaise. Ces publications visaient principalement à constituer un réseau d©astronomes et d©égyptologues professionnels intéressés par ce domaine d©études et susceptibles d©apporter leur contribution à la résolution de diverses problématiques astro-égyptologiques. Je souhaitais par ailleurs diffuser, au grand public, les résultats obtenus. En 2000, j©ai professionnalisé et étendu cette activité de diffusion à d©autres disciplines scientifiques : astronomie, physique de l©atome, physique nucléaire, environnement, etc. Pour ce faire, j©ai créé l©entreprise Culture Diff© de diffusion de la culture scientifique et le site Web associé : www.culturediff.org. Dans le cadre de l©entreprise Culture Diff©, j©ai retracé l©histoire de quelques sciences, depuis l©Antiquité jusqu©à nos jours, tentant de montrer l©impact décisif des premières découvertes (résultats d©observations) dans l©évolution de la pensée scientifique et de nos connaissances scientifiques au fil des millénaires. A titre d©exemple, les résultats de travaux récents dans le domaine de l©archéoastronomie révèlent que, dès le troisième millénaire avant notre ère, les peuples de l©Antiquité Égyptienne, Mésopotamienne et Chinoise avaient établi les notions de référentiel, de classification et de périodicité sur lesquelles repose l©astronomie moderne et dont le développement fait l©objet de missions spatiales actuelles. Ainsi, la définition des grands cercles que sont l©équateur céleste et l©écliptique, la classification des objets célestes en catégories (étoiles, planètes), la découverte des cycles solaires, stellaires et planétaires, remontent à plus de quatre mille ans. Le développement de l©instrumentation depuis l©époque de Galilée a permis de localiser les cercles de la sphère céleste avec une meilleure précision, d©étendre les catalogues à d©autres catégories d©objets invisibles à l©oeil nu (quasars, galaxies, etc.) et de préciser la durée des grands cycles célestes. Parallèlement, j©ai souhaité préparer une thèse de doctorat sur l©astronomie égyptienne. Ce projet s©est concrétisé en mars 2002 grâce au soutien et à l©appui de Sylvie Roques, Directrice du Laboratoire d©Astrophysique de Toulouse-Tarbes (LATT), et de Dominique Le Quéau, alors Directeur de l©Ecole Doctorale des « Sciences de l©Univers, de l©Environnement et de l©Espace ». 1 Gadré K., « L©orientation astronomique des pyramides d©Égypte. L©ordre céleste recréé », Editions La Maison de Vie, 1998. 1 Dans un premier temps, Sylvie Roques et Robert Nadal, spécialiste des questions relatives à l©astronomie grecque au Laboratoire d©Astrophysique de Toulouse-Tarbes, ont co-encadré ma thèse. Georges Balmino, Ingénieur de Recherches au Laboratoire de Dynamique Terrestre et Planétaire (DTP), Eric Aubourg, Chercheur au Centre d©Etudes Atomiques (CEA), et Joachim Friedrich Quack, Professeur d©égyptologie à l©Université de Heidelberg, ont contribué à enrichir mon travail de leurs remarques et suggestions, tant sur le plan astronomique que sur le plan égyptologique. Après le départ de Robert Nadal à la retraite, Sylvie Roques a encadré, seule, mon travail de thèse, et supervisé toute la phase de rédaction du manuscrit. Frédérique Rémy, Directrice de Recherche au Laboratoire d©Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS) m©a fait part de l©intérêt, pour l©histoire de l©astronomie, de Nicole Capitaine, Astronome à l©Observatoire de Paris et spécialiste des questions astrométriques. Ses nombreux conseils m©ont permis d©étendre le champ de mes connaissances astrométriques et d©apporter des améliorations notables au manuscrit de thèse. La soutenance de ma thèse a eu lieu le 21 mai 2008 au Laboratoire d©Astrophysique de Toulouse-Tarbes. Ce thème de recherche n©aurait pu faire l©objet d©une thèse de doctorat ni donner lieu à soutenance sans le soutien préalable de Dominique Le Quéau, la confiance, la disponibilité, l©écoute et le soutien permanent de Sylvie Roques, enfin, l©appui de Patrick Mascart, actuel Directeur de l©École Doctorale des « Sciences de l©Univers, de l©Environnement et de l©Espace ». A tous trois, je tiens à exprimer ma pleine reconnaissance. Je tiens à remercier l©ensemble des personnes ayant contribué, au travers de leurs conseils, de leurs critiques, à accroître la qualité de mon travail et à améliorer le contenu ainsi que la forme du manuscrit. Je pense tout particulièrement à Sylvie Roques, Robert Nadal, Nicole Capitaine et Georges Balmino, mais aussi à Joachim Friedrich Quack et Eric Aubourg. Je remercie l©ensemble des personnes ayant accepté de faire partie de mon jury de thèse : les rapporteurs : Nicole Capitaine, Leo Depuydt et David Valls-Gabaud et les examinateurs : Georges Balmino, Alain Blanchard et Daniel Egret. Je remercie également Frédérique Rémy pour sa présence, sa confiance et son intérêt vis-à- vis de la thématique abordée. Je remercie Hervé Carfantan, responsable de l©équipe « Signaux, Images et Instrumentation » du Laboratoire d©Astrophysique de Toulouse-Tarbes, d©avoir consacré une partie des crédits de l©équipe au financement de plusieurs missions, en France et à l©étranger, à l©ameublement du bureau et à l©achat de matériel informatique. Je remercie Alain Anselin, égyptologue à l©Université des Antilles-Guyane, rédacteur en chef des Cahiers Caribéens d©Égyptologie et de i-Medjat, pour son intérêt à l©égard de mon travail de recherche et ses témoignages d©amitié, tout au long de mon travail de thèse. Enfin, je remercie mes parents pour leur présence, leur patience et leur confiance. 2 Table des Matières Introduction 11 Chapitre 1 : Prolégomènes 1. Un cycle de soixante-dix jours ........................................................... 15 2. Les constellations égyptiennes ........................................................... 20 3. Les sources archéologiques ................................................................ 21 4. Les travaux antérieurs ......................................................................... 23 5. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 29 Chapitre 2 : Les horloges stellaires et l©année civile égyptienne 1. L©année civile égyptienne ................................................................... 31 2. Description d©une horloge stellaire ..................................................... 32 3. Principe de fonctionnement d©une horloge stellaire ............................ 35 4. Les heures de nuit égyptienne ........................................................... 39 5. Constitution d©une liste d©étoiles à partir d©une horloge stellaire théorique ............................................................................................
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