211 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs chrome plane illuminationintensitythanEktagraphic sign, theEktaproprojectorshaveabout10%greaterfilm standard Kodakprojectorsbyasmucheighttimes. can exceedthelightintensity—andfadingpowerof screens areequippedwithpowerfulxenon-arclampswhich ing. Thefadingofmanyslides inrecentyearshasbeen some combinationofprojector-caused fadinganddarkfad- time, thefadingthattakesplace duringitslifetimewillbe chrome 64. than thepreviousgenerationofProcess Ektagraphic concentrated beamofextremelyintenselight—aKodak which isequivalenttoabout plane ofoveronemillionlux(almost100,000footcandles), tensity ofdirectoutdoorsunlight. sunlight! This canequal EXR year bytheProcess 1961 anddiscontinuedin1974,havingbeenreplacedthat watt jectors equippedwith300-watt tors. KodakCarouselandearliermodelEktagraphicpro- Process color slidefilms.Inprojector-fadingtests,thecurrent reverse, withKodachromerankingtheworstofallcurrent author’s projector-fadingtests,thesituationwasquite any typeofcamerafilmintheworld.However,this Kodachrome filmshavethebestdarkfadingstability of a filmoftenhavelittlerelationtoeachother.Forexample, that colorslideimagesmanagetosurviveatall. relatively short—normallynotexceeding1or2hours total projectiontimeofmostslidesintheirlifetimesis ing takesplaceatarapidrate,anditisonlybecausethe and negativesareneversubjected.Duringprojection,fad- projection isauniquefadingconditiontowhichcolorprints the extremelyintenselightandmoderatelyhighheatof intermittent andrelativelyshorttotalexposureofslidesto projection fromothertypesoflightfading.Theusually to distinguishthedeteriorationofimagescausedbyslide an Ektagraphic have alightintensitythatisonlyslightlylessthanof 7000 and9000projectors,introducedin1992,alsoemploy 6. Some special-purposeprojectorsforlargeauditorium Assuming thataslidereceivesatleastsomeprojection Projecting a35mmcolorslideexposestheimageto “Projector-caused fading” The projector-fadinganddarkfadingcharacteristicsof lamps;however,becauseofanimprovedmirrorde- EXR Projector-Caused Fading of35mmColorSlides the LongestLifeWhenProjected Fujichrome FilmsHave II K- quartz-halogenlamphasalightlevelatthefilm See page213forRecommendations andKodachrome- 14 Kodachromefilmsprovedevenlessstable III III projectorequippedwiththestandard300- 75 .

times K- 14 filmsKodachrome25andKoda- theintensityofdirectoutdoor X 3 ten isatermusedbythisauthor ), whichwereintroducedin ELH

times 1 quartz-halogenlamps TheKodakEktapro theilluminationin- K- 12 films(Koda- III projec- 2 an Ektagraphic contributes almostnothing to slidefading.Forexample, heat forrelativelyshortdurations, projectionheatinitself projected. Becauseslidefilms aresubjectedtoprojection of about130 (see Chapter 5) indicatethatnosignificant fadingcould comes objectionable. of fading originals the be- before duplicates projection fading ratesofslidefilmswillenabletheusertoobtain result inseriousimagedeterioration.Knowledgeofthe quality —especiallyinthehighlightsandeventuallywill quickly becomesufficienttocausesubtlelossesofimage may time projection accumulated the directors, art and overagain,yearafteryear.Inthehandsofeditors ers haveslidesforwhichreproductionrightsaresoldover photograph- stock and photojournalists projection. Most is, themorelikelyitistoreceiverepeatedandextended stance. shown aretypicalforacademicartslidelibraries,in- tion: 5-to10-minuteprojectionperiodseachtimeaslideis likely tosubjectslidesrepeatedandextendedprojec- are lecturers and teachers, libraries, slide academic cies, sideration foramateurs.Ontheotherhand,pictureagen- dark fadingstabilityisgenerallythemoreimportantcon- equate fortheusuallylimitedtotaltimesofprojection; fading stabilityofcurrentslidefilmsappearstobead- color separationsforbookormagazinereproduction. are whentheslidesusedtomakeprintsfordisplayor not nearlyasnoticeablewhenslidesareprojectedthey scratches, surfacedirt,fingerprints,andotherdefectsare they dotheirblack-and-whiteandcolornegatives.Minor tographers handletheircolorslideswithfarlesscarethan scratches anddirtcauseonreversalprints—mostpho- firsthand appreciationfortheexasperatingproblemsthat lost. Unlesstheymaketheirowncolorprints—andhavea slide shouldtheoriginalfade,bephysicallydamaged,or print, thereisnonegativefromwhichtomakeanother is aunique,one-of-a-kindphotograph.Likeaninstantcolor the 1960’suntilaboutendof1983. tional andslidelibrarymarketsintheUnitedStatesfrom 5383 andearlierversions)whichwereprevalentineduca- motion picturefilms(suchasEastmanColorPrintFilm this hasbeenparticularlytrueforslidesmadeonunstable has actuallybeenthepoordarkfadingstabilityoffilm; incorrectly attributedtoprojectionwhentheprimarycause of ColorSlideFadingDuringProjection Light (NotHeat)IsthePrimaryCause It isprimarilylightthatcauses fadingwhenaslideis Generally speaking,themorevaluableaparticularslide For thetypicalamateurphotographer,projector- It shouldneverbeforgottenthatanoriginalcolorslide ° F (55 III ° projectorhasafilm-gatetemperature C ), 4 andaccelerateddarkfading data

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: ever, indirectlyincreasetherateoflightfading, duced darkfadinginconsequential.Highheatmay,how- light fadingwouldbesosevereastomaketheheat-in- jected longenoughforheattohaveaneffect,theresulting normally associatedwithprojection.Ifaslidewerepro- take placeatthattemperatureduringtheshorttotaltimes Chapter6 Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides descent lamp — and,unfortunately,more rapidfadingof light atthefilmplanethandid theprevious500-wattincan- ated opticalsystemsprovided significantlymoreintense step inthisdirection.Thenew 300-wattlampsandassoci- Carousel andEktagraphicprojectors in1971wasamajor The introductionofthe high-velocity coolingsystems tocontrolslidetemperature. reflectors andmirrors,heat-absorbingglassfilters, plane whileemployinginfrared-transmittingdichroiclamp past 20yearstoincreasethelightintensityatfilm red-absorbing glassfiltershouldneverberemoved. systems shouldbeinproperworkingorder,andtheinfra- damage tothefilmbaseandemulsion—projectorcooling open-frame cardboardorplasticmountsandtoavoidphysical this reason—aswelltominimizebucklingofslides in There hasbeenatrendinprojectordesignduringthe editing andhandling,allslidesintheGeographic’sworkinglibraryarekeptKimactransparentcelluloseacetatesleeves. tables andfromroomlightswhenslidessituncoveredondesks.Toprotectfingerprintsscratchingduring are urgedtokeepprojectionaminimum—andavoidexposingslidesunnecessarilylightfromilluminatedediting Hendriks, DirectoroftheConservationResearchDivisionatNationalArchivesCanada.Geographicstaffmembers totaled nearly11millionslides).FerneDame,headlibrarian,describestheGeographic’sslidefilingsystemtoKlausB. collections, housesmillionsof35mmcolorslides(atthetimethisbookwenttopressin1992,Geographic’scollection The NationalGeographicSocietyinWashington,D.C.,likemanyfacilitieswithimportantcommercialandpublicationslide ELH quartz-halogenlampinKodak 5 andfor longer intheoldermodelCarouselprojectorsthatalsohad jected beforeobjectionablefading takesplace: slides aswell.AccordingtoKodak,theEktagraphic Ektagraphic 10% increaseinilluminationintensitycomparedtothat in Ektapro projectorsintroducedin1992provideanadditional sity comparedwiththeEktagraphicmodels.TheKodak tion systems,therebysomewhatreducingtheirlightinten- an illuminationintensitywhichis“25%more” Life ofaProjectedSlide? What IstheUseful ELH ous Ektagraphicmodels Ektagraphic projectorswith last about25%longerwhenprojectedintheoldermodel this meansthatforanygivendegreeoffading,slideswill 1. Three factorsdeterminehow longaslidecanbepro- lar slidefilm. The projector-fadingcharacteristics oftheparticu- lampsbuthaduncoatedcondensersintheirillumina- III projectors. Currentfilms varyagreatdealintheir E -2 through ELH lamps,andabout30% AF -2; innormaluse 6 thanprevi- III has

1979 212

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 213 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs 2. • • • Color SlideFilms • only forprojection, muchgreaterfadingcan usuallybe much fadingcanbetolerated. The intendeduseoftheslide and,subjectively,how ing arealsoimportantconsiderations. to-batch uniformity,andready availabilityofprocess- contrast andcolorreproduction characteristics,batch- many applications.Filmspeed,granularity,sharpness, fading rates;darkstabilityismoreimportantin film usuallycannotbebasedsolelyonitsprojector- projector-fading rates(see and 3 stability areconsideredtogether—bothAgfachrome ity —whenprojector-fadingstabilityanddarkstorage is notavailableandaProcess time-consuming processingrequiredforKodachrome tine duplicationoforiginals—orifthecomplexand is sometimesamustandtimeormoneypreventsrou- projection canbeavoided;butifoforiginals on themarket.Kodachromeisanexcellentfilmif jector-fading stabilityofanycolorslidefilmcurrently dom fromd-minstain,Kodachromehastheworstpro- equaled dark-storagedyestabilityandcompletefree- originals isexpected. Kodachrome isbestwhenlittleornoprojectionof still morestablethanEktachromewhenprojected. than otherFujichromefilms,butVelvianeverthelessis 1990, fadessomewhatmorerapidlyduringprojection sharp, extremelyfine-grain50-speedfilmintroducedin dation. FujichromeVelviaProfessionalFilm,avery 100 films, isrecommendedforduplicatingslides.Forprinting stability characteristicsasregularFujichromecamera which hasthesameprojector-fadinganddark-storage Duplicating films: film suffersfromvariousotherpracticalshortcomings. screen imageswhentheslidesareprojected,and high basedensityofPolaChromeresultsinverydark PolaChrome slideshaveverypoorimagequality,the is essentialtohaveaquicklyprocessedslide. instant colorslidesshouldbestrictlyavoidedunlessit son torecommendtheiruse.PolaroidPolaChrome reproduction; thisauthorcanseenocompellingrea- itself intermsofsharpness,grainstructure,orcolor neither AgfachromenorScotchChromedistinguishes pared withFujichrome,Ektachrome,orKodachrome, chrome andEktachromefilms.Andwhenvisuallycom- E originals isanticipatedorwhenaneasilyprocessed Fujichrome isbestwhensignificantprojectionof Slide filmstoavoid: Fujichrome isrecommended. and the market.Ektachrome(includingPlus significantly morestablethananyotherslidefilmon -6 filmisrequired. X HC , and400 M films,andthenewEktachrome64 ScotchChromefilmsareinferiortobothFuji- X films)isthesecond-choicerecommen- FujichromeDuplicatingFilm Duringprojection,Fujichromeis Intermsofoverallimagestabil- InspiteofKodachrome’sun- Figure 6.1 Iftheslideisintended E -6 filmisneeded— ). Selectionofa Recommendations T, 320 T, CDU 64 X , , Glassmountsoffernoprotectionagainstfadingduring • high- avoid duplicates, expendable showing Unless • Itistheintenselightofaprojectorthatcauses color • Keeptheprojectiontimeoforiginalslidesornonreplaceable • Neverforgetthat • Projection Guidelines the rateoffading. projection; infact,glassmountsmaysomewhatincrease metry suitablefortop-qualityslideduplication. unfortunately notyetavailableinaversionwithsensito- and alsohasrelativelygoodprojector-fadingstability,is in darkstorageistheworld’sonlypermanentcolorfilm, Ilfochrome (formerlyCibachrome)Micrographicfilm,which stability andshouldalsobeavoidedifpossible.Ilford Vericolor SlideFilm5072hasrelativelypoordarkfading dark fadingstabilityandshouldbeavoided.Kodak slides viainternegatives,FujicolorPositiveFilm adhered to(see critical —muchshortertotalprojectiontimesshouldbe particularly importantslides—orwhenimagequalityis hours; withKodachromedonotexceed1hour.For intensity xenon-arcprojectors. damage occurs,however.) never getsohighthatbuckling,blistering,orotherphysical fading. (Thetemperatureattheprojectorfilmgateshould heat initselfmakesanegligiblecontributiontoimage image fading;undernormalcircumstances,projector duplicates wheneverpossible. edly shouldbeespeciallycautious.Projectexpendable important. Lecturerswhoprojectcertainslidesrepeat- time, notthelengthofaparticularprojection,iswhat 5384. Agfa is best.AlsorecommendedEastmanColorPrintFilm not exceed4hours;withEktachromedo2 should notexceed5 the Kodak Ektagraphic,Ektapro,andCarouselprojectors), duplicates toaminimum.Forgeneralapplications(with cal damage,orbecomelost. to gobackshouldanoriginalslidefade,sufferphysi- with daguerreotypesofthe1800’s,thereisnonegative color photographsandshouldbetreatedassuch.As 3. The typeofslideprojector and projectorlamp. for everydaypurposes. reduced oravoidedbymaking expendableduplicates others. Projectionofanoriginal slidecan,ofcourse,be types ofscenesshowfading muchmorereadilythan difference inhowmuchfadingisacceptable—some rial contentofaparticularslidecanalsomakegreat prints orforphotomechanicalreproduction.Thepicto- tolerated thaniftheslideisneededformakingcolor the exception of specialhigh-intensityprojectors, this total accumulated projectiontimewithFujichrome CP 1 andCP2colorprintfilmshaveverypoor Table 6.1 original 1 ⁄ 2

hours; withFujichromeVelviado ). Theaccumulatedprojection colorslidesareone-of-a-kind LP 8816 With 1 ⁄ 2

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: rjco-asdFdn f3m oo ldsChapter6 Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides color balancethatresultfrom theprojectionofslides. applied inthecomputerevaluation offadingandshiftsin and insteadusescyan,magenta,yellowdesignations. eral avoidedreferencetored,green,andbluedensities iar withphotographicdensitometry,thisauthorhasingen- ease ofunderstandingbythereaderwhomaynotbefamil- situations where printsarenottypically made fromthe One setofcriteriaisforgeneral amateurandcommercial Methods ofEvaluatingColor SlideFading low stain,ifany)presentdeterminesbluedensity. absorbs bluelight,andtheamountofyellowdye(andyel- of magentapresentdeterminesgreendensity.Yellowdye Magenta dyeprimarilyabsorbsgreenlight,andtheamount amount ofcyandye(whichabsorbsredlight)present. sorbed bytheimageandisdeterminedprimarily meter. Reddensityreferstotheamountofredlightab- and bluedensities,respectively,asmeasuredbyadensito- yellow dyesareactuallychangesinintegralred,green, understood thatchangesindicatedforcyan,magenta,and This authorhasdeveloped two setsofcriteriatobe In approximately 30%. tion insteadof“High”willslowtheratefadingby jector withthelamp-intensityswitchin“Low”posi- ating aKodakCarousel,Ektagraphic,orEktapropro- related totheprojector,however.Forexample,oper- factors listedhere.Thereareimportantconsiderations is notusuallyassignificantavariabletheothertwo than eitherthecyanoryellowdye.Theverypoorprojector-fadingstabilityofKodachromeisobviousinthiscomparison. Agfachrome, and3 Figure 6.1 Figure 6.1 Fadingofmagentadyefromaninitialneutraldensity1.0inFujichrome,Ektachrome,Kodachrome, andothergraphsthatfollow,itshouldbe M ScotchChromefilms.Withnearlyallofthesefilms,themagentadyeislessstableduringprojection 7 For 8 aging Services,Inc.,Austin, Texas. of thesefilmswereexposed andprocessedbyStokesIm- duction frominternegatives — arelistedin from originalnegatives—or inlarge-quantityslidepro- or years,commonlyexperiencedbyslides.Allofthe intermittent shortprojections,spreadoutovermanymonths day) duringa140-dayperiodinanattempttosimulatethe for 30seconds,sixtimeseachday(atotalof3minutesa films wereprojectedinaKodakEktagraphic in moredetaillater. sen. Thecriteriaandmethodofevaluationarediscussed applications, amorestringentsetofcriteriahasbeencho- ally betolerated.Forcriticalcommercialandmuseum slides andwhereafairlylargeamountoffadingcanusu- Table 6.1 criteria. Theresultsofthesetestsaresummarized in special computerprogramsintermsofthetwosets of lated duringthecourseoftestswerethenanalyzedby respective manufacturers.Densitometricdataaccumu- ence ofprocessingonimagestability). image stability(seeChapter5fordiscussionoftheinflu- poses ofthisstudy,thefilmsareassumedtohaveoptimum replenished-line commercialprocessingand,forthepur- processing isbelievedtoberepresentativeoftop-quality, Kodak ProcessingLaboratory)inFindlay,Ohio.Kodalux the KodaluxProcessingServicesLaboratory(formerly a rent crographic Film (calledCibachromeMicrographic Film, Several negative-positiveprint filmsformakingslides In developingthesecriteria,slidesmadeonavarietyof Older, now-discontinuedfilmswereprocessedbytheir

E -6 andKodachromefilmstestedwereprocessedby . 9 (Continued onpage 219) IlfordIlfochromeMi- Table 6.2. III projector All cur- 214

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 215 al . ComparativeStabilityofProjectedColorSlideFilms Table 6.1 ld imTp n mtu s andMuseumUse andAmateurUse Slide FilmType MSocCrm 0,40 0/20 n 4Tfls3h 0mn(M 1hr20min(–M) 3hr30min(–M) Polaroid PresentationChromeFilm 3M ScotchChrome100,400,800/3200,and640Tfilms Fujichrome VelviaProfessionalFilm Chapter 6 Fujichrome professionalandamateurfilms, The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs oiaCrm -0 -0,R20 n -00fls(datanotavailableforthesefilms) 1hr45min(Y–M) 1hr 5min(–M) 2hr45min(Y–M) 2hr40min(–M) 1hr10min (–M) Konica ChromeR-50,R-100, R-200, andR-1000films 1hr5min(–M) Fujichrome 1hr10min(–M) 2hr40min(–M) 3hr(–M) Ektachrome 64 Ektachrome 100 3hr30min(–M) Ektachrome 100PlusProfessionalFilm Kodak Ektachromeprofessionalandamateurfilms, Fujichrome 400Film Fujichrome 100Film Kodak EktachromeProfessionalFilmEP-120 Kodak Ektachrome-XFilm Kodak HighSpeedEktachromeFilmTypeB Kodak HighSpeedEktachromeFilm 3M Scotch640 [see Note#3](ProcessE-6) in Italybya3Msubsidiary) as “MadeinU.S.A.,”theyareactuallymanufactured (although thesefilmsarelabeledby3MandPolaroid [see Note#2](ProcessE-6) (1990—) [see Note#1](ProcessE-6) (improved types:1988/89/92—) (initial types:1983–88/89) duplicating films [see Note#10](ProcessE-6) (1990—) (generallyavailableonly inJapan) [see Note#9](ProcessE-4) (1968–73) [see Note#8](ProcessE-6) (64 (100 Plusand [see Note#7](ProcessE-6) (1976—) and Ektachromeduplicatingfilms [see Note#6](ProcessE-6) (initial types:1978–84) [see Note#5](ProcessE-3) (120-size transparencies)(1959–77) [see Note#4](ProcessE-4) (1963–77) X and64 R 10Fl r1 i –)1hr5min(–M) 2hr15min(–M) -100 Film T T : 1991—;100 ColorSlideFilm T HC , 320 HC to pressin1992;theotherproductslistedhadbeeneitherdiscontinuedorreplacedwithnewermaterials. Boldface Type dark-storage stabilityofthesefilms.TimesforslidesinKodakEktaproprojectorsaresimilartothoselistedhere. fading morethanmagenta;(–C)meansthecyan-dyelimitwasreachedfirst.SeeChapter5fordataon example, (M–Y)meansthatthecolor-balancecriterionbetweenmagentaandyellowwasreached,with Letters inside()followingprojectiontimeindicatefirstlimitreached:C=cyan,Mmagenta,Yyellow.For GE TypeEXRLamp–Projectoron“High”PositionSlidesinOpen-FrameMounts to ReachSpecifiedLimitsofDensityLossorColorBalanceShift Accumulated TimesofIntermittentProjectioninaKodakEktagraphicIIIProjector : 1988—;50 , 50 (for FujichromeVelviafilm,seebelow) T , 64 HC X , and400 X : 1990—;320 , 100 HC (1981–89) : 1990—;400 indicatesfilmsthatwerebeingmarketedintheU.S.and/orothercountrieswhenthisbookwent X , and400 HC (1988—) (ISO 50) films T and400 HC X Professionalfilms : 1992—) X : 1992—) eea omrilCriticalCommercial General Commercial r2 i –)2hr25min(–M) 5 hr20min(–M) r4 i –)1hr5min(–M) 4 hr45min(–M)

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: A 4 0,ad50fls4 i MC 25min(M–C) 40min(M–C) (developedsevere,irregularstains 20min (C–M) 50min(–C) 30min(C–M) 1hr(C–M) andMuseumUse 1hr35min(–C) 1hr20min(C–M) andAmateurUse PolaChrome InstantColorSlideFilm 20 min(C–M) Chapter6 GAF 64,200,and500films 2hr(C–M) Kodachrome 25,64,and200professional Kodachrome IIProfessionalTypeAFilm Kodachrome IIandKodachrome-Xfilms Agfachrome 64and100films Agfachrome RS50,50Plus,100,100200, Slide FilmType Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides 3. Only 3 Only 3. 2 FujichromeVelviaProfessionalFilmisan 2. 1 OnlyFujichrome 50 1. Notes: [see Note#16](instantprocess) (1983—) [see Note#15](ProcessAR-1) (1969–77) [see Note#14](ProcessK-14) (1974—) and amateurfilms;Kodachrome40TypeA [see Note#13](ProcessK-12) (1961–74) [see Note#12](ProcessAP-41) (1976–83) [see Note#11](ProcessE-6) (improved types:1988/92—) and 1000professionalCTamateurfilms in theworld. considered thesharpestandfinest-graincolorslidefilm to thoseofKodachrome25film,whichhadlongbeen than Kodachrome64and,overall,areapproximatelyequal grain andsharpnesscharacteristicsofVelviaarebetter raphy intendedforreproductioninprintedmedia).The Velvia isincommercial,advertising,andfashionphotog- tone reproduction)and“media”(themainmarketfor words “velvet”(smooth,long-scale,andveryfine-grain fine-grain film.ThenameVelviawasderivedfromthe Velvia isahigh-saturation,verysharp,andextremely tests; however,3 for Process plicating filmsarethisauthor’sprimaryrecommendation lent to here areforthe “improvedtype”filmsintroduced in1988. “Scotch” brand(e.g.,Scotch tapes).Thedatagiven to buildstrongeridentification withthewell-known3 Scotch andthefilmpackaging redesignedinanattempt ColorSlide name.In1986the namewaschangedto ScotchChrome filmsformerlywere called3 all ofthe“newtype” included inthesetests;however,Fujihasindicatedthat Slide films;priortothatthey weresoldunderthe3 films probablyhavesimilarprojector-fading stability.3 cess Kodak Process bility characteristics.Thefilmscanbeprocessedin 1983, havesimilarprojector-fadinganddarkfadingsta- chrome films,thefirstofwhichwereintroducedinearly E M -6 (Fuji E ScotchChrome100filmwasincludedinthese -6). Fujichromeprofessional,amateur,anddu- E -6 compatiblefilms. CR E -6 orFujiProcess -56) filmintroducedinJanuary1990. M D ScotchChrome400and800/3200 E and100 -6 professionalandamateurFuji- D Professionalfilmswere CR -56 (Fuji’sequiva- M ScotchColor ISO -50 Pro- M M M 4 HighSpeedEktachromeFilmwasintroducedinApril 4. 1959 asaProcess Table 6.2). and 6hoursofintermittentprojection(seeNote#1in Eastman ColorPrintFilm5384slidesafterbetween5 heat. Asimilar-appearingsurfaceresiduewasnotedon bined effectsofintermittentprojectorlightand hours. Theexudationseemstobecausedbythecom- was notapparentonslidesprojectedcontinuouslyfor6 coupler solventorotheremulsionaddenda.Theresidue sirable substancehasnotbeenidentified,butitlikelyis parts oftheemulsionsurface.Thenaturethisunde- similar totheimproved1988films;however,640 have projector-fadingcharacteristicsthataregenerally 640 (At thetimethisbookwenttopressin1992,ScotchChrome the previous film, wasmarketedinMarch 1963 asareplacementfor hour intermittentprojectiontestswith3 stability andarenotrecommended.Bytheendof6- Chrome films,theyhavecomparativelypoordarkfading 640 are onlypackagedintheU.S.3 ScotchChrome and3 film isanon-instant pared withthenewfilms.)PolaroidPresentationChrome and 1000filmshaveinferiordarkfadingstabilitycom- are madeinFerrania,Italyby3 the 3 known tophotographers atthetime,these filmshad relatively goodprojector-fadingstabilityof3 Chrome 100Film.Althoughlabeled“MadeinUSA,”3 Presentation ChromeisapparentlyidenticaltoScotch- to Process T T eea omrilCriticalCommercial General Commercial film,a“greasy”surfaceresiduewasobservedon and1000filmswerestillbeingsold.These M Company,St.Paul,Minnesota.Inspiteofthe other thanshort-termapplications) during test–notrecommendedfor E -4 around1966.Ektachrome- ASA 32Ektachromefilm.Although un- E -2 160-speedfilm;itwasconverted M E -6 filmmadeforPolaroidby3 ScotchColorPrintfilmsinreality M M ItaliaS.p.A.Thefilms Italiaisasubsidiaryof M ScotchChrome X , an M Scotch- ASA 64 M M T ; 216

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 217 9 Fujichrome 9. 6 IntroducedbyFujiin1978,Fujichrome100 and400films 6. 5 Introducedin1959,EktachromeProfessionalProcess 5. 0 KonicaChrome“professional” colortransparency films 10. h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs 7 OnlyEktachrome Professional50TungstenandEkta- 7. 8 IntroducedinFebruary1988,Ektachrome100PlusPro- 8. much betterdarkfadingstabilitythantheProcess generally similartothoseofFujichromefilms. films withoverallcolorandtonereproductionthatare and darkfadingstability.EarlyversionsoftheProcess well asotheramateurandprofessionalProcess fessional filmsreplacedtheoriginalProcess 100 Plusfilm.Ektachrome50 duced in1988,istheamateurcounterpartofEktachrome E “new type” small marketintheU.S.Thefilmswerereplacedby were usedprimarilybyamateursandhadarelatively chrome filmsintermsofdarkfadingstability. 1970’s, weremuchsuperiortothe“professional”Ekta- Ektachrome films,availableallthroughthe1960’sand Process sional photographersuntil1977(seeNote#5),whenthe Ektachrome Professionalfilmswidelyusedbyprofes- (see Notes#7and#8). 6 films.Perhapssurprisingly,the“amateur”Process this author.EktachromeProcess stability —theworstofanytransparencyfilmtestedby 3 rollandsheetfilmshaveextremelypoordarkfading were introduced inlate1990.Konicahas sold an United States. from 1968to1973,thefilmwas neverwidelysoldinthe intended mostlyfortheamateur market;manufactured Process well awarebutwhichwaswithheldfromphotographers. far betterdarkfadingstability,afactofwhichKodakwas sheet filmsreplacedKodachromethathad jected using120slideprojectors.TheProcess since transparenciesmadewithitaresometimespro- format. However,thefilmwasincludedinthisstudy sheet filmswerenotsuppliedbyKodakinthe35mm lication tographers untilthefilmswerereplacedwithProcess spread usebycommercial,advertising,andfashionpho- and 320 Ektachrome “ Type chrome filmintroducedin1946(atungsten-balanced Publication chrome 400filmwereincludedinthesetests.Kodak ing Ektachrome100Plus,“ 200, andEktachromeDuplicatingFilms,butnotinclud- (including Ektachrome64,160, professional films.Ektachrome100 chrome 100ProfessionalFilmandotherolderEktachrome fessional FilmhashighercolorsaturationthanEkta- in darkstoragethanlaterversions. chrome 64 100 ProfessionalFilmwillcontinuetobesold.Ekta- 1990. KodakhasindicatedthattheearlierEktachrome -6 Ektachromefilms,introducedin1976,werelessstable B versionwasmarketedin1952).Ektachrome E T E E -106 (May1988)indicatethatthesetwofilmsas (1992—)are“warm-balance,”high-saturation -3 cameraandduplicatingfilmswereinwide- -3 filmswerereplacedbyProcess X E CIS (1991—),100 R -6 compatibleFujichromefilmsin1983. -100 wasaProcess X No.50-45(August1982)andKodakPub- ” films),haveidenticalprojector-fading X (1990—),400 HC filmwasintroducedin E E -3 120rollfilmand HC -4 compatiblefilm film,alsointro- HC X, 400 ” films,and E E HC E E -1 Ekta- -6 films -6 films -3 pro- , 64 ISO E E E E -4 -3 T - - , 2 Agfachrome64and100filmsweredirectdescendantsof 12. 4 ConsideredbyKodakprimarily tobeamateurslidefilms, 14. 1 Process 11. 3 Process 13. with high-humidity acceleratedtests.Agfareplacedthefilms stability inlow-humidityconditionsbutfaderapidly Agfachrome 64and100filmshavegooddarkfading market fortheAgfafilmsbecameevermorelimited. came intoalmostuniversaluseinthelate1970’s, duced inMarch1974asreplacements forProcess proved versionsofAgfachrome films hadcomparativelypoordarkfadingstability.Im- 1988. LiketheirAgfachromecounterparts,theIlfochrome larities andcurve crossoverproblemsofthe amateur professional photographersabout colorbalanceirregu- January 1978.Inresponseto numerouscomplaintsby Process fessionals andamateurs. cember 1962.Thefilmswerewidelyusedbybothpro- speed versionofKodachromeII,wasintroducedinDe- Kodachrome IIandKodachrome- version ofKodachrome40Film, Type same apparently wereidenticaltoAgfachromefilmsofthe These filmsweremadeforIlfordbyAgfa-Gevaertand duced Ilfochrome50,100,and200colorslidefilms. poor darkfadingstability.InMarch1987Ilfordintro- CT papers. focused itseffortsoncolornegativefilmsand tive andcolortransparencyfilms—Konicahaslargely Agfa —allofwhichhavebroadlinesbothcolornega- this bookwenttopressin1992.UnlikeKodak,Fuji,and U.S. andhadnotbeentestedbythisauthoratthetime Chrome “professional”filmsalsoarenotavailableinthe tested thefilmforprojector-fadingstability.TheKonica not beenavailableintheU.S.andthisauthorhas pan andsomeothercountriessince1976;thisfilmhas 100-speed transparencyfilminamateurmarketsJa- versions oftheAgfachrome could beprocessedonlyinAgfaProcess41.Theinitial replacements forAgfachrome64and100films,which ning in1984. Film, Type dom fromstainformation.Kodachrome- fading stability—inadditiontoalmostcompletefree- Kodachrome filmshavehadcomparativelygooddark technique werechangedin1938,andfromthatdateall terms oftheyellowdye;bothfilmandprocessing 1936, hadverypoordarkfadingstability,especiallyin and KodachromeFilm,TypeA,introducedinOctober Kodachrome 35mmfilm,introducedinSeptember1936, films placedonthemarketin1938.Theoriginaldaylight ruary 1961asreplacementsforthemodifiedKodachrome only withAgfaProcess41;whentheKodak 1935). Agfachrome64and100filmscouldbeprocessed Kodachrome filmsintroducedbyKodakayearearlierin color filmandwasmuchsimplertoprocessthanthe in 1936(thiswastheworld’sfirstincorporatedcoupler the originalAgfacolorNeutransparencyfilmintroduced better darkfadingstabilitywereintroducedin1988. amateurfilmswereintroducedbyAgfain1984–85as E ISO -6 compatibleAgfachrome E K- K- ratings.Ilforddiscontinuedsaleofthefilmsin -6 compatibleAgfachrome A 14 Kodachrome25and64films wereintro- 12 KodachromeIIFilmand [3400 K tungsten]wereintroducedinFeb- E -6 compatiblefilmshad X RS RS films.AProcess RS and A and professional and was marketedin CT CT X filmsbegin- E , ahigher- filmswith -6 process K K- -14 12

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: eaoo rn im922h 0mn(–)1hr45min(C–M) 2hr30min(C–M) 2hr15min(C–M) 1hr50min(–M) 3hr30min(C–M) 3hr10min (C–M) 5hr(–M) 4hr20min(C–M) 1hr40min(–M) 7hr(–C) Gevacolor PrintFilm982 Eastman ColorPrintFilm5383 Eastman ColorPrintFilm5384 Vericolor SlideFilm5072 Ilford IlfochromeMicrographicFilm Film Type ComparativeStabilityofProjectedNegative-Positive Slide Table 6.2 Chapter6 Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides 15. 6 PolaroidPolaChromeinstantcolorslidefilm,an 16. [Agfa-Gevaert] [seeNote#4] (ECP-2A motionpictureprocess) [Eastman Kodak][seeNote#3] (ECP-2 motionpictureprocess) [Eastman Kodak][seeNote#2] (ECP-2A motionpictureprocess) [Eastman Kodak](C-41process) [see Note#1](P-5process) (called IlfordCibachrome,1984–1991) film basedontheantiquatedadditive-screenprocess, photographic materialsbusiness.The Aniline andFilmCorporationdecidedtoabandonits were withdrawnfromthemarketin1977whenGeneral until 1969hadbeensoldundertheAnscochromename, GAF ber 1986.AlloftheProcess dachrome 64ProfessionalFilmwereintroducedinOcto- 200 ProfessionalFilmanda120roll-filmversionofKo- Kodachrome 64ProfessionalFilmin1984. processing atKodaklabs)in1983,andfollowedwith chrome 25ProfessionalFilm(andspecial“professional” Kodachrome 25and64films,KodakintroducedKoda- ity andcompletefreedomfromyellowishstain. storage Kodachromefilmshaveoutstandingdyestabil- have identical,poorprojector-fadingstability;butindark be reasonablygood. ever, thedarkfadingstabilityofthesefilmsappearsto ated darkfadingtests.Inlow-humiditystorage,how- type, haveverypoorstabilityinhigh-humidityacceler- type” couplersand,incommonwithotherfilmsofthis tested bythisauthor.Thesefilmsusedtheolder“Agfa- worst projector-fadingstabilityofanytransparencyfilm 35mmslideandroll-filmtransparencyfilms,which to pressin1992;theotherproductslistedhadbeeneitherdiscontinuedorreplacedwithnewermaterials. Boldface Type dark-storage stabilityofthesefilms.TimesforslidesinKodakEktaproprojectorsaresimilartothoselistedhere. fading morethanmagenta;(–C)meansthecyandyelimitwasreachedfirst.SeeChapter5fordataon example, (M–Y)meansthatthecolor-balancecriterionbetweenmagentaandyellowwasreached,with Letters inside()followingprojectiontimeindicatefirstlimitreached:C=cyan,Mmagenta,Yyellow.For GE TypeEXRLamp–Projectoron“High”PositionSlidesinOpen-FrameMounts to ReachSpecifiedLimitsofDensityLossorColorBalanceShift Accumulated TimesofIntermittentProjectioninaKodakEktagraphicIIIProjector Print FilmsandIlfordIlfochromeColorMicrofilm indicatesfilmsthatwerebeingmarketedintheU.S.and/orothercountrieswhenthisbookwent K -14 Kodachromefilms GAF filmshadthe ISO 40 fading andstaining). high basedensity,andadistinctlydifferentmannerof with conventionalfilmsbecausePolaChromehasavery directly theprojector-fadingstabilityofPolaChromefilm similar tothatofFujichromefilm(itisdifficultcompare tor-fading stabilityofPolaChromefilmisinageneralway age). Ifoneweretoignorethestainproblem,projec- measurements madeinlesser-stainedareasoftheim- eral CommercialandAmateurUse”criteria(withdensity given abouta6-hourprojectionlifebasedonthe“Gen- stains notoccurred,PolaChromefilmwouldhavebeen other thanshort-termstability.Hadtheirregularyellow this filmisnotrecommendedforapplicationsrequiring stability inhigh-humidityaccelerateddarkfadingtests, Because ofthestainproblem,coupledwithverypoor worst typesofflawsaphotographicproductcanhave. exposure duringduplicationorprintingandisoneofthe cannot becorrectedbyadjustmentsincolorbalanceor irregular yellowstains;non-uniformstainingofthistype ing tests,PolaChromeinstantslidesdevelopedsevere, cessing unit.Duringthecourseoftheseprojector-fad- processed inabout1minutewithasmalltabletoppro- conventional 35mmcameras,PolaChromefilmscanbe photographs ofgraphs,charts,etc.).Intendedforusein was introducedin1987forspecialapplicationssuchas was introducedin1983(PolaChromeHighContrastfilm eea omrilCriticalCommercial General Commercial n mtu s andMuseumUse and AmateurUse 218

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 219 Fujichrome filmswere slide filmscurrentlyavailable. Whenprojected,standard showed clearlythatFujichrome filmsarethemoststable and morethan films andEktachrome filmshadsimilarstability charac- In thisauthor’sdark-storage tests,standardFujichrome h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs Stability ofAnyColorSlideFilm Fujichrome Film:TheBestProjector-Fading 1984–91), alow-speed(about tional, MidlandPark,NewJersey. teristics. ThisfilmwasprocessedbyMicrocolorInterna- because ofitsessentiallypermanentdark-storagecharac- and slide-duplicatingfilm,wasalsoincludedinthisstudy other documentsbutsometimesalsousedasaslidefilm dye-bleach colormicrofilmdesignedforcopyingmapsand In termsofprojector-caused fading,thisauthor’stests 2 Betweenthefifthandsixthhourofintermittentpro- 2. 1 IlfordIlfochromeMicrographicfilmsaremanufactured 1. Table 6.2Notes: a similarresiduehasbeenseenonlyon3 create problemswithglass-mountedslides.Todate, residue, whichsmearseasilywhentouched,would be couplersolventorotheremulsionaddenda.The substance hasnotbeenidentified,butitappearsto base sideofthefilmwasvisibletothisauthor.The during routinedensitometrywhichonlythe to thefifthhourofprojection,butwasnotnoticed image; theresidueprobablybecameapparentprior of thefilminsectionshigh-densityparts amounts ofa“greasy”residueontheemulsionside Macbeth ColorCheckerwasnotedtohavesignificant jection, theEastmanColorPrintFilm5384slideofa processing ofIlfochromeMicrographicfilms. also offersvariousmicrographicservicesincluding Jersey 07432;telephone:201-445-3450.Microcolor tional, Inc.,85GodwinAvenue,MidlandPark,New films aredistributedintheU.S.byMicrocolorInterna- in IlfochromeProcessP-5.Micrographic duplicating film.Thefilmsareprocessedbytheuser reproducing transparentoriginalsandforuseasa materials, andTypeP,amoderate-contrastfilmfor Type M,ahigh-contrastfilmforcopyingreflection graphic films.Thefilmsaresuppliedintwoversions: proach thedarkstoragestabilityofIlfochromeMicro- staining. Noothertypeofcolorfilmcanevenap- many hundredsofyearswithoutnoticeablefadingor the filmsareessentiallypermanent;theyshouldlast tem, aremadeonapolyesterbase.Indarkstorage, films, whichutilizethesilverdye-bleachcolorsys- chrome Micrographicfilms.Ilfochrome from thatdateuntil1991theywerecalledIlfordCiba- York City).Thefilmswereintroducedin1984,and International PaperCompany,headquarteredinNew accelerated darkfadingtestswiththefilm;resi- Table 6.1).Theresidueon5384wasnotobservedin in Fribourg,SwitzerlandbyIlford Color Slide640 five

times twice T and1000films(seeNote#3in asstableKodachromefilms. asstableEktachromefilms ISO 1),high-resolutionsilver 10 AG (asubsidiaryof M Scotch 4 TheGevacolorPrintFilm982inthesetests(obtained 4. EastmanColorPrintFilm5383hasverypoordark 3. nificantly improvedcomparedwithearlierAgfachrome 1980’s manyexperienced professionalphotographers came roll-film, andsheet-filmformats, with chrome isavailableinacomprehensive lineof35mm,120 professional filmsshouldbe the slidefilmsofchoice.Fuji- in Chapter5.) characteristics ofcolortransparencyfilmsarediscussed projector-fading andindarkstorage.(Thefading films, areinferiortoFujichromeandEktachromeinboth RS than EktachromeorKodachrome.CurrentAgfachrome dard Fujichrome;however,Velviaissignificantlymorestable 1990, issomewhatlessstablewhenprojectedthanstan- user orbyanylaboffering to 1600;Fujichromefilmscan beprocessedeasilybythe and extremelyfine-grain50-speed teristics. FujichromeVelviaProfessionalFilm,averysharp with Agfa same). Thismotionpictureprintfilmwasreplaced Print Film982(thenameoftheproductremained Agfa-Gevaert introducedanewversionofGevacolor in 1983)hadverypoordarkfadingstability.In1984 slides haveverypoordarkfadingstability. for stillcameras.Boththenegativeandresulting 5247 motionpicturefilmrespooledin35mmcassettes low-cost labsofferingEastmanColorNegativeFilm Color 5383waswidelyusedasaslideprintfilmby 5381 (seeNote#2aboveconcerning5384).Eastman has muchbetterdarkfadingstabilitythan5383and and replacedbyEastmanColorPrintFilm5384,which picture printfilm,5381,werediscontinuedin1983 used forthispurpose.5383andasimilarmotion for colorslideproduction,althoughitwasextensively fading stabilityandforthisreasonwasnotsuitable caused emulsionexudationobservedwith5384. slides fromcolornegatives,inspiteoftheprojector- thor recommends5384asabetterfilmformaking stability thanVericolorSlideFilm5072,andthisau- Eastman Color5384hasmuchbetterdarkfading applications isnotrecommendedbythisauthor). cameras (useofthesenegativefilmsinstillcamera picture filmsrespooledin35mmcassettesforstill Eastman ColorNegativeFilm5247and5294motion used asaslideprintfilmbylow-costlabsoffering ment for5381and5383.Eastman5384iswidely Film 5384wasintroducedin1981–82asareplace- produce thesurfaceresidue.EastmanColorPrint tion heat.Continuousprojectionfor6hoursdidnot intermittent exposuretoprojectionlightandprojec- due seemstobecausedbythecombinedeffectsof very poordarkfadingstab tinued 982filmtestedhere.BothCP1andCP2have and CP2films,butitisprobablysimilartothediscon- not availableontheprojector-fadingstabilityofCP1 mented withAgfaCP2filmin1992).Informationis and For mostphotographers,Fujichrome andKodachrome CT professionalandamateurfilms,althoughsig- CP 1 printfilmin1990(whichwassupple- ility andshouldbeavoided. E- 6 processing.Inthelate E- 6 filmintroducedin ISO speedsfrom50 E- 6

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: rjco-asdFdn f3m oo ldsChapter6 Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides sional Film,anditsEktachrome100 come toprefertheFujifilms: reasons whyheandmanyothertopphotojournalistshad Pierce, arecentconverttoFujichrome,citednumberof because theysimplyfeelFujichromegivesbetterresults.” ences, fancypackaging,orexpensiveadcampaigns,but Kodachrome andEktachromenotbecauseofpricediffer- 64T, 100 skin tonereproductionofEktachrome 64 films hasnarrowed,andsomephotographersfeelthatthe scale reproductiongapbetweenFujichromeandEktachrome Fujichrome professionalfilms.Whilethecolorandtone- high-saturation, somewhat“warm”colorrenditionofthe during 1990–92weredesignedtocompetedirectlywiththe color saturation.The“warm-balance”Ektachrome64 terpart, broughtKodakclosertoFujichromeinterms of tige ofKodak’sEktachromeandKodachromeemulsions.” significantly erodedboththeprofessionalsalesandpres- years ago,FujichromeProfessionaltransparencyfilmshave in 1987,said:“SincetheirintroductionAmericajustthree O’Connor, writinginNewYorkCity’s duction thanKodak’sanalogousEktachromefilms.Thom saturation andmorepleasingcolortone-scalerepro- to believethatFujichromefilmshadgenerallybettercolor from originals forprojection,Fujichromefilms aretheob- occur, anditisimpracticalto makeexpendableduplicates to Fujichromefilms.Where extensiveprojectionmight proved, andinthisrespectthey remainmarkedlyinferior stability ofthenewEktachrome filmshasnotbeenim- is superiortothatofFujichrome films,theprojector-fading The 1988introductionofEktachrome100PlusProfes- O’Connor reported,“[P]hotographersareswitchingfrom In thearticle,veteran Fuji hasbecomeabread-and-butterfilm. the picturesthatweweren’tbeingpaidfor.Now important tous—ofourkidsandgirlfriends ginning weallusedFujiforpicturesthatwere cially onovercastdays,itdelivers.Inthebe- ors, itmakesskiesmajesticallyblue.Espe- warmer film,it’spunchier,ithasexcitingcol- Fuji asanalternativetoEktachrome.isa out ofthecountry,photographerswereusing where I’veworkedinthepastfewyears,or film fortheextrabitofspeed.” speed film,althoughIoftenusethe100-speed good withbluesoutdoors.Wepreferthe50- Fuji emphasizesthewarmtones,andit’svery superior enoughtoKodakmakeitourchoice. York, “wetalkaboutFujiasafilmwhichis by Fuji,and boy, Sunday Deutsch, we assignaphotographer,”explainsBob for staffandfreelancephotographers.“When recommend Fujichromeasthe“filmofchoice” X Fujichrome hasamagicalquality.Every- Photographers andeditorsat

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films News X , and PolaChromefilms—much that —atleastforEktachrome,Kodachrome,Agfachrome, E-6 films. behind Fujichrome,Ektachrome,andother tion andprojector-fadingstability,Kodachromehasfallen without significantimprovement.Inbothcolorreproduc- toll. Noothercolorfilmintheworldhasgoneforsolong — andthisresearchdevelopmentneglecthastakenits K-14 processsinceitwasintroducedin1974 Kodachrome vion, Kodakhasmadenosignificantimprovementsinthe an amateurproductthatwasdestinedforeventualobli- stable colorfilmintheworldwhenkeptdark. when projected—andKodachromeisalreadythemost make Kodachromethemoststableofallcolorslidefilms cyan andyellowdyes,asufficientlyimprovedmagentawould fading stability.Giventhegoodstabilityofpresent that wouldproduceamagentadyewithbetterprojector- not bedifficultforKodaktodesignanewmagentacoupler complex Kodachromeprocessingprocedure).Itshould during manufacture(seeChapter1foradescriptionofthe developer solutions,andarenotplacedinthefilmitself color filmsinthatthedye-formingcouplersare ISO Short versusLongProjectionTimes of AnyColorSlideFilm Could HavetheBestProjector-FadingStability With anImprovedMagentaDye,Kodachrome chrome filmsarecurrentlyavailableonlyin35mm,with chrome 64ProfessionalFilm,marketedinearly1987,Koda- the timethisbookwenttopressin1992. no imagestabilitydataonthenewfilmswereavailableat when comparedwiththatofcurrentEktachromefilms,but also willhaveimprovedprojector-fadingcharacteristics via). ItisofcoursepossiblethatthenewEktachromefilms (presumably includingKodachromeandFujichromeVel- grain ratioofanycolortransparencyfilmsintheworld films thatthecompanyclaimswillhavebestspeed/ vious choice. crucial indeveloping meaningfulprojector-fading tests.This Recognition ofthisslideprojection “reciprocityfailure”is films islessvariableunderdifferent projectionconditions). tion time(aswillbediscussed later,fadingofFujichrome long, continuousprojections ofanequivalenttotalprojec- projecting slidesforshort, intermittent periodsthanby tion isapossibility. Duplicating Film,shouldbemadewhensignificantprojec- Kodachrome originals;duplicates,preferablyonFujichrome But onemustbeverycarefultorestricttheprojectionof of anychromogeniccolorfilm—transparencyornegative. chrome filmsalsohavebyfarthebestdarkfadingstability very finegrainandexcellentimagesharpness,Koda- commercial labs.Kodachrome25,40,and64filmshave ried outonlybyKodaluxlabsandaverysmallnumberof 200, andthecomplicatedprocessingprocedurecanbecar- One importantconclusionofthisauthor’sresearchis Apparently believingthatKodachromewasprimarily Kodachrome isuniqueamongtheworld’schromogenic With theexceptionofa120roll-filmversionKoda- In 1993KodakwillintroduceanewseriesofEktachrome speedsrestrictedto25,40(tungstenbalance),64,and more fadingiscausedby 220

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 221 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs and inamoderntypeofplastic-framedglassmount. films weretestedinconventionalopen-frameplasticmounts results. Thelengthofeachprojectionandthetimeinter- the 60%chosenforthesetestsmayalsoshowdissimilar stored ineitherahigherorlowerrelativehumiditythan ferently toprojectioniftheyareinglassmounts,andfilms suggested. Othertypesoffilmspossiblymayresponddif- increase Glass MountsversusOpen-Frame long projectioncausesprematuredyefading. author isthatheatwhich“buildsup”intheslideduring The mostfrequentexplanationforthisbeliefgivento that disproportionatedamageisdonebylongprojections. preted byphotographersandotherusersofslidestomean restrict totalprojectiontime,butithasoftenbeeninter- minute.” Thisadviceisapparentlygiveninanattemptto advised thatslidesnotbeprojectedfor“longerthanone topic isdiscussedinmoredetaillater. What wasclear,however,thatglassmountsdidnot insignificant factorindecidingwhichtypeofmounttouse. to bewithintherangeofexperimentalerrorandarean tween theglassandopen-framemountsweresosmallas mounts (see of filmappearedtohavefadedslightlymoreintheglass ter 6hoursofintermittent30-secondprojections,bothtypes Kodak Ektachrome50TungstenandKodachrome25 Kodak andotherfilmmanufacturershavefrequently intermittent projection. Withbothfilms,slightly greaterfadingtookplacein the glass-mountedslides. Figure 6.2 thelifeofcolorimage,ashassometimesbeen Figure 6.2 ComparisonoffadingEktachrome andKodachromeslidesinglassmountsopen-frame mountsduring ). Thedifferencesinfadingbe- 12 Af- is discussedinAnnexAoftheStandard. Photographic cies) thatisrecognizedinthenew tic oflightfading(andprojector-fadingtransparen- tionate lossofimagedyesinlowdensitiesisacharacteris- tent projectionareillustratedin of aKodachrome64slideafter1and6hoursintermit- sented mostlybymagentadye)throughoutthedensityrange image. Thepercentagelossesofgreendensity(repre- much concentratedinthelower-densityportionsof the densityrange,visualeffectsoflightfadingarevery more orlessequalpercentagelossofdensitythroughout age. Incontrasttodarkfading,whichischaracterizedbya which aremostapparentinthehighlightareasofim- dyes; andinsomecasesdevelopsobjectionableyellowstains equal fadingratesofthecyan,magenta,andyellowimage density; undergoesashiftincolorbalancebecauseofun- semi-sealed slidemount. test periodsrequiredtoaccuratelyevaluatethistypeof gene werenotincludedinthisstudybecauseofthelengthy by ChristineL.SundtoftheUniversityOregonatEu- Polyester-tape-sealed glassmountsofthetypeadvocated val betweenprojectionsareprobablysignificantvariables. Color SlideImages Visual CharacteristicsofProjector-Faded National When acolorslideimagefadesinprojector,itloses

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This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: rjco-asdFdn f3m oo ldsChapter6 Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides Note: PercentageLossesofGreenDensity(MagentaDye) Table 6.3 est osDniyLoss Density Loss Density tr or%Ls ae+FgSat6Hus%Ls Base+Fog %Loss 6Hours Start Base+Fog %Loss 1Hour Start projection time can resultina causes amarkedcolorshifttoward green.Inthelow,highlight,andnear-highlightdensities, evenarelativelyshort and cyancurvesinthisgraph have beenomittedatthelowestdensity.Thedisproportionate fadingofthemagentadye Figure 6.3 . 00 2 2 .0–.3–8 –19% –23% –30% –18% –42% –21% –57% –27% –0.53 –88% –36% –0.53 –100% –47% –0.54 –62% –100% 3.00 –0.56 2.50 –64% –100% –0.47 2.00 –66% –0.37 1.50 –2% –64% –0.29 –3% 1.00 –0.23 –4% 0.60 –7% –0.16 –2% 0.45 –2% 0.35 –12% –4% –26% 0.25 –6% –0.06 –41% –0.06 –10% –65% –0.07 –18% –0.09 –100% 3.0 –24% –0.10 2.5 –31% –0.11 2.0 –32% 1.5 –0.11 1.0 –0.11 0.6 –0.08 0.45 0.35 0.25 tAtr%Ls iu tAtr%LossMinus After at %LossMinus After at with aMacbeth gray scalewithaminimumdensityof0.21andmaximum3.30.Measurementsweremade These integralgreen-densityvalueswerecomputer-interpolatedbasedondatafroma10-step Fadingofthemagentadyeatselected lowerdensitiesinaprojectedKodachromeslide.For clarity,theyellow Neutral-Gray Patches(Base+FogDensity=0.18) Six 30-Second Projections Per Day — Slide KeptinDarkat75 Six 30-SecondProjectionsPerDay— Ektagraphic IIIProjector–GETypeEXRLamp in Kodachrome64FilmasaResultofFadingKodak TR 924 densitometerequippedwithStatusAfilters. total lossofthemagenta image. ° F (24 ° C ) and60% RH BetweenProjections 222

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 223 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs Multi-image slide shows,inwhichtwoormore projectors appearance oftheimagewould probablynotbenoticed. looked likeintheoriginalslide, thismajorchangeinthe caused fading.Iftheviewer didnotknowwhatthesky later toaslightlygreensky —asaresultofprojector- chrome slidecanveryquickly shifttoaneutralsky—and ately afterthefadedone.A slightlypinkskyinaKoda- unless anunfadedimageisprojectednexttoorimmedi- the viewerthinkinganythingiswrongwithimage— and colorshiftscantakeplaceinaprojectedslidewithout room. Withmanytypesofscenes,fairlysubstantialfading the casewhencolorprintsareviewedinanormallylighted adapt toshiftsincolorbalancemuchmorereadilythan is this typeoffading. cyan dye,Kodachromefilmsareparticularlysusceptible to cause ofthepoorstabilitymagentadyeversus obvious whencomparedwiththehairindarkerareas.Be- color inthelighterportionsofhair,whichcanbevery person withlightbrownorblondehairmayshowashiftin larly sensitivetoprojector-causedfading.Aportraitofa along withdarkerareasofmutedcolorswouldbeparticu- with largeareasoflightsandandagray,overcastsky mostly ofmedium-andhigh-densityareas.Abeachscene effect muchmorethanhigh-contrastsceneswhichconsist the image.Sceneswithlargelow-densityareasshowthis dyes butalsotoaverysignificantdegreeonthenatureof on howmuchfadinghastakenplaceinallthreeimage readily apparentfromthecurvesin the lowerdensitiesasKodachromeprogressivelyfadesare extreme color-balanceshiftstowardgreenthatoccurin jection isrequiredtoreachthebase+foglevel!The 0.25, inthehighlightregion,onlyabout45minutesofpro- tant partsoftheimagewithadensity0.35orless.At slide toreachthebase+foglevel;mostslideshaveimpor- projection isrequiredforthegreendensityofaKodachrome less thantheoriginald-min. projector-caused fadingoftenresultsinadensitythatis to lightfadingjustliketheimageitself,andthisiswhy density). Thedyepresentinthed-minisofcoursesubject particular productisconsideredtobethed-min(minimum sensitizer dyeorotherstain.Thebase+fogdensityofa a dye“fog,”perhapswithsmallofamountresidual base (typicallyabout0.05)withtheremaindercomposedof most colorimagesconsistsoftheopticaldensityfilm genta dyelayerisentirelylost).Thebase+fogdensityof 0.18 (atwhichpointtheimagedetailcontainedinma- densities fadeveryquicklytothebase+foglevelofabout three lowerdensities.Ascanbeseen,thegreen chrome 64startingatanoriginalneutraldensityof0.6and parts oftheimage. out causingundesirablecolorchangesinhigher-density rected bymeansoffilteradjustmentsduringprintingwith- regions ofthecolorimage;shiftscannotbecor- with alossofdetail,occurinlow-densityandhighlight ever moreseriouscolor-balanceshiftstowardgreen,coupled cyan oryellowdyes.Asfadingoftheimageprogresses, magenta dyeissignificantlylessstablethaneitherthe When slidesareviewedinadarksurround,theeyecan How visuallyobviousthesedefectsaredependsnotonly At anoriginaldensityof0.35,alittleover2hours Figure 6.3 In projector-causedfadingofKodachromefilms,the showstheprogressionoffadingKoda- Figure 6.3 . and colorbalance shifttooccurbeforethelimits arereached Wiitala ofEastmanKodakfordark-fadedtransparencies, faded dyes,suchastheproceduressuggestedbyEdwin rective duplicationusingcontrast-adjustingmasksforthe highlight detailcannotberestored.Becauseofthis,cor- greenish cast. Once lostthroughprojector-causedfading, magenta andthehigher-densityimageareaswillhavea have colorimbalances—thehighlightswillbeshiftedto lighter anddarkerportionsoftheimagewillcontinueto selected forlowermid-toneportionsoftheimage,both suffer fromlossofhighlightdetail.Ifthebestcorrectionis ways beimprovedinthismanner,buttheimagewillstill cate madefromafadedKodachromeslidecanalmostal- tion orprintingbyfiltration.Theappearanceofadupli- fading canbepartiallycorrectedinthecourseofduplica- scenes. clearly revealevenslightshiftsincolorbalancesimilar next toeachother,oreveninedge-to-edgecontact,can are operatedsimultaneouslysothatimagesprojected is especiallyimportantifprintsaretobemade. sults, ofcourse,slidesshouldbecorrectlyexposed—this density portionsofthecurve.Forbestphotographicre- has agreaterportionoftheimagecontainedinlow- than darker(underexposed)slides;theoverexposedslide overexposed slidesshowtheeffectsoffadingmorereadily Correctly exposedorslightly tachrome filmswhenprojected. theless, theyarestillnotasstableFujichromeandEk- teristics comparedwithpreviousAgfachromefilms;never- and 1992,havegreatlyimprovedprojector-fadingcharac- chrome filmsintroducedin1984–85,andimproved1988 this study. went topressin1992.TheProcess camera slidefilmsonthemarketattimethisbook projector-caused fadingcomparedwithanyoftheKodak balance incriticallowerdensitiesduringthecourseof improved in1988,showbetterretentionofneutralcolor Fujichrome ity thantheothertwodyes. dyes inmostproductshavemuchbetterdarkfadingstabil- ity comparedwithcyanandyellowdyes;however,magenta and printshavehistoricallyhadinferiorlightfadingstabil- some exceptions,themagentadyesinchromogenicfilms more rapidlythaneitherthecyanoryellowdyes.With the shiftistowardgreenbecausemagentadyefades light andmid-tonecolorshift—withmostcurrentfilms from projector-fadedimagesofmostslidefilmsisahigh- faded transparencies. The generalimpressiononegets fading ismuchmoreproblematicthanrestorationofdark restoration oftransparenciesthatsufferfromseriouslight tem, ortheAgfaDigitalSlidePrinter.Ingeneral,however, Photoshop, theKodakPremierImageEnhancementSys- such asAppleMacintoshcomputersrunningAdobe be hadwithelectronicdigitalimage-processingequipment has onlylimitedeffectivenesswithlight-fadedimages. and LossofDensity Criteria forColorBalance Shift Low-density colorshiftsduetomoderateprojector-caused Two setsofimage-deterioration criteriawereusedin But progressisbeingmade.Thesecond-generation In thehandsofaskilledoperator,bettersuccessmight 16 Onesetallowsafairlylarge degreeoffading E- 6 compatiblefilmsintroducedin1983,and E- 6 compatibleAgfa- 15

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: rjco-asdFdn f3m oo ldsChapter6 Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides ence between the “General”and“Critical” setsofcriteria surement pointinthe“Critical” setofcriteria,thediffer- Color imbalancebetweenmagenta dye(greendensity) Color imbalancebetweencyandye(reddensity) Color imbalancebetweenmagentadye(greendensity) Color imbalancebetweencyandye(reddensity) .20% Loss ofyellowdye(bluedensity) Loss ofmagentadye(greendensity).12% .15% Loss ofcyandye(reddensity) ties of0.45and1.0: determined fromchangesmeasuredingray-scaledensi- been reachedinanyofthefollowingimage-lifecriteria,as Color imbalancebetweenmagentadye(greendensity) Color imbalancebetweencyandye(reddensity) Color imbalancebetweenmagentadye(greendensity) Color imbalancebetweencyandye(reddensity) . 35% Loss ofyellowdye(bluedensity) Loss ofmagentadye(greendensity).20% Loss ofcyandye(reddensity).25% ties of0.6and1.0: determined fromchangesmeasuredingray-scaledensi- been reachedinanyofthefollowingimage-lifecriteria,as jectionable amountwhenthe jected colorslideswillbeconsideredtohavefadedanob- jectionable amountwhenthe jected colorslideswillbeconsideredtohavefadedanob- museum applications. in colorbalance;itisintendedforcriticalcommercialand ria specifiesmuchlessdensitylossandsmallerdeviations practice tomakeprintsfromslides.Theothersetofcrite- and isintendedforgeneralusewhereitnotnormal Critical CommercialandMuseumUse General CommercialandAmateurUse Since 0.45densitywasselected astheprimarymea- .15% and [plusorminus]yellowdye (bluedensity) .15% . and [plusorminus]yellowdye(bluedensity) .10% and [minus]cyandye(reddensity) and [minus]magentadye(greendensity) . .8% .18% and [plusorminus]yellowdye(bluedensity) .18% and [plusorminus]yellowdye(bluedensity) .15% and [minus]cyandye(reddensity) 12% . . and [minus]magentadye(greendensity) For criticalcommercialandmuseumapplications,pro- For generalcommercialandamateurapplications,pro- first first limit(endpoint)has limit(endpoint)has to changesin color balancealongthemagenta/green axis prints clearlydemonstrated that theeyeismostsensitive tor-caused fading. chrome asbeingmorestable thanFujichromeinprojec- ample, norealisticmethod of analysiscouldrankEkta- of thevariousfilmswouldhave beenthesame.Forex- some ofthefilms,butinmostcasesstabilityrankings limit wasreachedwouldprobablyhavebeenshortenedfor theindicatedprojectiontimesbeforefirst analysis, magenta, andyellowcolorpatchesbeenincludedinthe slides withtypicalscenesareprojected.Hadpurecyan, reflection oftheoverallvisualchangesthattakeplacewhen which concernonlychangesinneutraldensity,areagood scene. they areinseparatecolorpatchesis more rapidfadingofthedyesthatcantakeplacewhen tor-faded slides,itisapparentthatthesignificanceof from thelightofprojection.Fromlookingatmanyprojec- certain extentshieldsthemagentaandyellowdyelayers next tothefilmbase,andinprojectioncyandyea one layeronanother. a neutralgray;thisisbecauseoftheprotectiveeffect projection thandidthethreedyeswhencombinedtoform cases, separatemagentaandyellowareasfadedfasterin ingful limitstoeachofthethreeimagedyes.Inmost mean- made onavarietyoffilms—wasneededtoassign study ofavarietyfadedpictorialscenes—withslides the criterialimitsbecausethisauthorfeltthatmuchmore measured, butchangesintheseareaswerenotincluded was notcorrectlyreflectedbyd-minchanges. image areasofEktachromeandanumberotherfilms It wasalsoapparentthatstaingrowthinhigher-density high d-minfoglevelscharacteristicofmostreversalfilms. place frequentlywillbeobscuredbyfadingoftherelatively from projectedslidesisthatwhateverstaindoestake data usedforcolor-balanceanalysis. any eventitisthisauthor’spractice ing thatstainformationusuallyhasthemosteffect),andin the filmswasyellow-dye-limited(itiswithyellow-dyefad- have madelittleifanydifferenceintheresults.Noneof tested here,stain-correctionofthedatawouldprobably films andprintsinChapter5.Inthecaseofslide prints inChapter3andwiththeaccelerateddarkfadingof loss, suchaswasdonewiththeanalysisoflight-fadedcolor correction” ofthefadingdatafordeterminingabsolutedensity minimum densitiesandthuscouldnotbeusedfor“stain- with mostofthesefilmsamplestheareaswerenottrue lowest density,or“clear”gray-scalepatch)weremeasured, “Critical” criteria. cally allowprojectiontwotothreetimeslongerthanthe varies amongthevariousfilms,“General”criteriatypi- relationship ofthefadingtimeswithtwosetscriteria magnified. Thedatain density lossorcolorimbalanceis—percentage-wise down thedensityscalethan0.6,effectofanygiven is greaterthanmightbesupposed.Because0.45further Study bythisauthorofmany fadedslidesandcolor This authorbelievesthatthesetsofcriteriagivenhere, With mostfilms,thecyanlayeriscoatedonbottom Pure cyan,magenta,andyellowcolorpatcheswerealso A furthercomplicationwiththestain-correctionofdata Although changesinnear-minimum-densityareas(the Table 6.1 indicatethatwhilethe very not dependentonthe tostain-correct 224

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 225 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs more ofthelimits specifiedinthisauthor’s “Critical”setof before ithasbeenprojected longenoughtoreachoneor the colorbalanceanddensity oftheselow-densityareas 0.20 to0.35densityrangemay exhibitobviouschangesin is notstrictenough. criteria intendedforcritical commercial andmuseumuse may feelthatinatleastsomerespectseventheset of than theyarewiththeappearanceofprojectedslides— cerned withhowprintsorpublishedreproductionslook some photographers—especiallythosewhoaremorecon- nificantly morefadingcanbetolerated.Ontheotherhand, aesthetics andprecisecolortonereproduction—sig- mation contentofaslideisusuallymoreimportantthan too strictandthatforgeneralpurposes—wheretheinfor- perienced photographers. the bestareusuallysimilartoviewsexpressedbyex- ity, theaverageperson’sopinionsaboutwhichprintslook Presented withaselectionofcolorprintsvaryingqual- than itisanindicationoflackvisualdiscrimination. limited familiaritywithcarefullyprintedcolorphotographs no comparisonisavailablemaybemoreanindicationof son mayacceptasadequateasignificantlyfadedpictureif the samepictureinitsoriginalstate.Thefactthataper- nating whencomparinganevenslightlyfadedprintwith experience thattheaveragepersoncanbequitediscrimi- photographic qualityis.However,ithasbeenthisauthor’s eral publicusuallyhasalessrigorousnotionofwhatgood of slideusers.Casualobservationindicatesthatthegen- with colorstability,thestudiesshouldfocusonthesegroups ally orientedpeoplearethemostlikelytobeconcerned used tomakereflectionprints. to fadedslides—bothprojectedinadarksurroundand more studyneedstobedoneconcerningvisualresponses the pictorialcontentofaparticularphotograph.Much tion, theperceptionoffadingisalsohighlydependenton different responsestotheeffectsofcolorfading;inaddi- fading duetoprojection.Variousindividualshavedistinctly disproportionately rapidlow-densityandhighlight-detail are thisauthor’sattempttotakeintoaccounttheobserved typical visualresponses.Thecriteriachosenhereforslides ues tothecyan,magenta,andyellowimagedyesreflect of theirportraits.Thisisthe“healthytannedlook.” to alesserextent,excessmagenta—inthecolorbalance express apreferencefordecidedexcessofyellow—and, “the patinaofage.”NorthAmericanCaucasiansoften is thusakeycharacteristicofwhatoftenreferredtoas many othermaterialsgraduallyyellowwithage.Yellowing density imageareas,isthatpaper,oilpaintings,wood,and the acceptanceofanexcessyellow,especiallyinlow- Another reasonfor the senseoflightanddarkinascene. of imagedetailandtheimpressioncontrast—or hue oftheimageandcontributesverylittletorendition yellow. Yellowdyeprincipallyinfluencestheyellow/blue blue axis,especiallyifthedirectionofchangeistoward people arequitetolerantofcolorshiftsalongtheyellow/ red aresomewhatlesscriticalinmostscenes,and colors ofhumanflesh-tonereproduction.Changesincyan/ — thisisespeciallytrueinnear-neutralcolorsandthe Indeed, aslidewithimportant areasoftheimagein Some peoplemayfeelthatthecriteriagivenhereare Since photographers,museumcurators,andothervisu- Both setsoffadingcriteriagivedifferent,weightedval- equivalent tolessthanaone that hasreachedthespecifiedlimitswouldtypicallybe here, theincreaseinprojectedbrightnessofafadedslide changes verylittle.Basedonthe“General”criteriagiven teria canbeeffectivelyemployedto “acceptable limitsoffading,”awell-thought-outsetcri- that willbereproducedinprintform. jection generallycantoleratemuchmorefadingthanthose As statedpreviously,slidesthatwillbeusedonlyforpro- important considerationinanydiscussionofslidefading. reproduced inamagazineorotherpublication—isan or notaprintistobemadefromslide—ifit the overallamountoffadingthatcanbetolerated.Whether each dye,thepermissiblecolor-balancedeviations,and different opinionsabouttherelativevaluesassignedto against anyparticularproduct,otherindividualsmayhave of fadingandareofferedingoodfaithwithoutbiasforor after studyofmanyslidesandprintswithknownamounts highlight areasoftheimage. nificant changesthathavetakenplaceinlow-densityand lost muchdensitycaneasilyobscurethemoresig- that thefadedimageasawholedoesnotappeartohave less thanaone-half cial andmuseumlimitswouldtypicallybeequivalentto exposure. Aslidethathasreachedthestrictercommer- never edly overtheyears—itwouldbewisetoadoptapolicyof reproduction —andwhereaslidemaybeprintedrepeat- phy thathaveveryhighstandardsforprintcolorandtone criteria. Inthefineartfieldandotherareasofphotogra- in Chapter2. puter programsandmethods ofdataanalysisarediscussed and neutralcolorbalancethan amateurfilms.Thecom- fessional filmsweremuchbetter intermsofconsistency manufacturers’ processing); asmightbeexpected,thepro- sensitometric characteristics ofmostthefilms(andin author wasindeedsurprised bythegreatirregularitiesin within therangefoundinfilmsthatweretested.This imbalances contrast and color inherent by unaffected which thedatawereanalyzed,aretoasignificantextent The criteriagivenhere,andthecomputerprogramswith of thevariousslidefilmsmarketednowandinpast. vere, theoverallimpressionofits color images. should beinordertoavoidendingupwithunacceptable ticular typeofslidefilm,themorestrictfadingcriteria film/processing/exposure variationsexperiencedwithapar- the problem.Infact,onecouldarguethatgreater color balance.Projector-causedfadingonlyaccentuated was processedbyKodak,resultinginapronouncedgreen tests haddistinctlylowmagenta-dye-layercontrastafterit film usedbythisauthorinpreparingsamplesforthese limits. Forexample,someofthe“amateur”Kodachrome time maybeneededtopushtheimagepastacceptable accentuating thesedefects,onlyaveryshortprojection unfaded condition.Ifprojector-causedfadingresultsin a transparencymaybeonlybarelyacceptableeveninan of film,exposureconditions,and/orprocessingthe Despite thesubjectivenatureofanydetermination While thisauthor’stwosetsofcriteriawerearrivedat Unless projector-causedfadingofaslidebecomesse- Because ofthevagariesaparticularemulsionbatch projectingoriginals,especiallyKodachromeslides. f -stop increaseinexposure.Thefact f -stop increaseincamera brightness compare onthescreen thestability

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: age subjected torepeatedandprolongedprojection. commercial, andadvertisingfields—wheretheyareoften have beenconsistentlypreferredinthephotojournalism, to accompanytalksatmeetingsandconferences.Slides quently employedforeducationandtrainingpurposes the audiovisualarea,whereslidepresentationsarefre- during thelastdecade,slideusehasgrownconsiderablyin ence forcolorprintsmadefromnegatives.However, declined, withmostpeoplenowshowingastrongprefer- years thepopularityofslidesamongamateurshassharply few complaintsaboutprojector-causedfading.Inrecent tionable fading,andthecompanyhasprobablyreceived amateurs donotprojecttheirslidesenoughtocauseobjec- life ofcolorslides.Partthereasonforthisisthatmost for SlideProjection Eastman Kodak’sRecommendations Chapter6 Projector-FadingandDarkFadingStabilityDataSuppliedby Table 6.4 Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides The March1973editionofKodakpublication Kodak haspublishedrelativelylittleontheprojection

and ata oo er 400–800times [1hr40minto320min] [1hr15minto38min] 300–750times 500–1000times 5years 375–1000times 300–500times 5–10years 250–500times 5–10years [1hr15minto38min] UntilProjected.. 10–20years Film 5381 atleast Motion PicturePrint Eastman Color 10–20years 50+years Duplicating Film5038 Stablefor.. Ektachrome Slide Print Film5028 Kodacolor Slide Ektachrome-X Film Duplicating Film5071 Ektachrome Slide Kodachrome Film Kind ofFilm use themforprojection purposes. able, makeduplicateslidesof theoriginaland minute. Iflongprojectiontimes areunavoid- encies. Avoidprojectiontimes longerthanone the lifeof,andmayevendistort, thetranspar- high-wattage lampsorarc willshorten total projectiontime.Prolonged projectionwith jection lampfallingontheslideandupon on theamountoflightandheatfrompro-

Care [Process [Process [Process C-41] [Process [Process [Process The projectionlifeofacolorslidedepends

of

Kodak Eastman KodaktotheDunlapSocietyinWashington,D.C.1975 ECP E E E K 6 perhaps -4] -4] -6] -14] -1]

Color

Films, stated: 17 E- 30, h oo hudB theColorShouldNotChange the ColorShouldBe fKp nteDr withaTungsten-HalogenBulb, If KeptintheDark Stor- 20–50 years and thisinformationwasoffered: utes to3hours8minutes) for thethen-newProcess film, and“300to75015-second projections”(1hour15min- same figuresgivenabovefor projectionlifeofKodachrome slide sets(see dak filmstheSocietywasconsidering forproductionof fading andprojector-fadingcharacteristicsofcertainKo- art andarchitectureslidesmicrofiche,withthedark the DunlapSociety,anarchiveandproducerofAmerican projection time. amount to1hour2minuteshours5total fading stabilityofthecompany’svariousfilmswasgiven. no specificinformationabouttheprojector-fadingordark mate wasnot contained inanyregularKodak publication, Ektachrome SlideDuplicating Film5071.Thislatteresti- dak In 1975,aresearcherincolorstabilityatKodaksupplied The Kodakfiguresof250to50015-secondprojections In theJanuary1976editionof In commonwithotherKodakpublicationsoftheperiod,

Color dye fadingresults. in non-arcslideprojectorsbeforesignificant second projections(oneprojectionperminute) but maybeexpectedtowithstand25050015- Kodachrome Filmaresomewhatlessstable, and KodakEktachromeFilms.Slidesmadeon 5028, KodakEktachromeDuplicatingFilm5038, in slidesmadeonKodakEktacolorSlideFilm The dyeimagesmoststabletolightarethose

Films, Table 6.4 Kodak’spolicywaschangedsomewhat If Projectedfor15Seconds [1 hr34minto410min] [2 hr5minto410min] 18 [1 hr2minto5min] ). Thisinformationincluded the Storage

and

Care

of

Ko- E- 6 226

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 227 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs funded bythe NationalEndowmentforthe Humanities; was abouttoembarkonamajor slide-productionprogram of theoriginalslidesinitsarchive. Atthetime,Society Slide DuplicatingFilm5071for makingdistributioncopies 6.4 and hesuppliedherwiththe informationgivenin who “knewaboutcolorfading.” Shecalledhimdirectly name ofamanatthecompanywhoworkedinresearchand tomer servicerepresentativeshetalkedto“letslip”the and generalizedcautionsaboutcolorfading.Butthecus- about thestabilityofvariousfilms,shereceivedonlyvague collections allovertheworld. been soldbySandak,Inc.toartslidelibrariesandother cyan andyellowdyelossonlyafewyearsaftertheyhad (a motionpictureprintfilm),thatsufferedcatastrophic the millionsofslides,printedonEastmanColorPrintFilm have allourslidesturnpink.” Kodak, “Wedidn’twanttorepeattheSandakfiascoand to theSociety’sIsabelLowery,whoobtaineddatafrom breakthrough onthepartofDunlapSociety.According cialized artandarchitectureslidelibraryfield. however, andwasseenbyfewpeopleoutsideofthespe- al . VariationsinProjector Table 6.5 lize about20secondsbeforemeasurementsweremade. intensities directlyinprojectorfilmgate.Lampsallowedtostabi- center offrame.Equipmentwasnotavailabletomeasurelamp mount (withoutfilm)inprojectorfilmgate;measurementsmade f2.8) ofKodakEktagraphicIII Meter, 10feetfromfrontoflens(KodakEktanarCLens,127mm, Intensities ofvariouslampsmeasuredwithaMinoltaIlluminance . Basedonthis,theDunlapSociety selectedEktachrome Lowery saidthatwhenshecalledKodakwithquestions Extracting thisinformationfromKodakwasamajor 1) 1,740lux General ElectricEXYLamp 1) 3,080lux General ElectricEXWLamp 2) 2,440lux andbrightestlamps:12.3% 1) 2,410lux Sylvania EXRLamps Differencebetweenbrightest 6) 2,920lux Average:2,678lux 5) 2,560lux 4) 2,700lux 3) 2,640lux 2) 2,690lux 1) 2,560lux General ElectricEXRLamps Lamp Intensity Average: 2,425lux Difference betweendimmest lamp andaverage:8.3% AT 19 projector.Open-frameslide Lowerywasreferringto Table jector-fading rates ofdifferenttypesslide filmssuchas Kodachrome Films.” . withstandtheeffectsof lightsomewhatbetterthan ther andchangedthesentence toread:“EktachromeFilms the samepublication,Kodak wateredthisdownabitfur- better thanKodachromeFilms.” IntheMay1982editionof that “EktachromeFilms.withstandtheeffectsoflight sheets forEktachrome(notincludingPlus, the sheetsexisted. Very fewphotographersandarchivistswereawarethat and theyarenotlistedintheKodakpublicationscatalog. ability ofthestabilitydatasheetsinanyKodakpublication, has, tothisauthor’sknowledge,neverannouncedtheavail- haps isnotsurprisinginviewofthefactthatcompany receives veryfewrequestsforthisinformation.Thisper- sure time)aregiven. minutes; dataforupto720projections(3hourstotalexpo- second projectioninaKodakCarouselProjectorevery20 prints werediscontinued.Thegraphsarebasedonone15- accelerated darkfadingtests.Aboutayearlater,these prints showingthevisualeffectsofprojector-fadingand eras. time forthecommonslideandprintfilmsstillcam- graphs showingdensitylossasafunctionofprojection the company,Kodakstartedreleasingdatainformof ginning inearly1982,answertoindividualrequests recommendations for“acceptable”projectiontimes.Be- of projector-causedfading. guish betweenKodachromeandEktachromeslidesinterms Documentation Program. this wasoneoftheinitialactivitiesSociety’sVisual been droppedinrecenteditionsof cation Kodachrome filmgiveninthe1976editionofKodakPubli- recommendation onthepermissibleprojectiontimefor chrome filmsintermsofprojector-fadingstability;andthe rather largedifferencesbetweenKodachromeandEkta- tions werenotannouncedandtheysawlittlecirculation. with thedatasheetspublishedin1982,thesenewpublica- HC In theDecember1980editionof addition ofsomeinformationonthecarecolorprints). age dak In 1984,Kodaktookthematter ofthecomparativepro- In 1988Kodakquietlypublishednewimage-stabilitydata A Kodakspokesmanhasindicatedthatthecompany More recentlyKodakhasstoppedpublishingspecific Surprisingly, inthispublicationKodakdidnotdistin- In the1977and1984editionsof Kodak hasapparentlydecidedtopubliclyminimizethe or

and Ektagraphic 22 selector switchsetat tion, eveniftheprojectorisoperatingwith ment lampandhasunrestrictedaircircula- Projector thatisequippedwithatungsten-fila- are usedinanEktagraphicorCarouselSlide projection time.Thisistruewhentheslides will beacceptablethrough3to4hoursoftotal made onproperlyprocessedKodakColorFilms Atfirstthesesheetswereaccompaniedwithcolor E- X

films) For mostviewingpurposes,pictorialslides 30, 30, Care Storage

of 23 andKodachrome,

Slide Kodak

and

Projectors,

Color Care HIGH

of Materials,

. Kodaksaid: 20,21 E- Kodak E- 24 The 30, Kodakstatedonly 30 (nowentitled butaswasthecase

Sourcebook

Color becauseofthe

Films, – Stor- has Ko-

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: Professionals tures.” projector operatingatrelativelynormalroomtempera- nificant difference,assumingproperprocessingandthe jector-fading and darkstoragestabilitydifferences between reasonable careistaken..” usually notprojectionthatcauses imagedeteriorationif All Kodakslidefilmsaremade tobeprojected,anditis cussion bysaying,“Kodaktransparency filmisverystable. occur inacommercialdisplay,” Kodakconcludedthedis- against “prolongedorrepeatedprojectionssuchasmight is muchthesameasforcolornegatives.”Whilecautioning Therefore, thepreservationtechniquesforthesematerials light forseveralsecondsandthenreturnedtostorage. “Color slidesareusuallyprojectedonascreenbybright a photographicfilmwithdyeimages,does rather astonishingstatement,said:“..thefilmtype,ifit is Kodachrome andEktachromeonestepfurtherand,ina Chapter6 Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides of E- Corner In the1986editionof projection time. films proceedsinafairlylinearfashionasfunctionof jector fadingofEktachromefilmandmostotherslide Figure 6.6 here. readings weretakenatthefilm-gatelocationsshown center area.ForthedatareportedinFigure6.5,density and thisresultsincorrespondinglygreaterfadingthe to behigherinthecenterofaslidethanatcorners, Figure 6.4 Lower Left 77 containedasectionthatbriefly discussedthepro- 25 Aftersomefairlyabruptinitialchanges,pro- Lightintensityataprojectorfilmgatetends (KodakPublicationNo. Center Lower Left Kodak Bottom Center Center Center Frame Top of 26

Theprevious,1980edition Color

Films E- Center Right Top 77), Kodaksaid: not

and makeasig-

Papers Corner Right Top

for comparison oftheprojector-fading stabilityof is alsoconceivablethat,fearing theinevitableunfavorable disparage Kodachromeinthe mindsofphotographers.It fessional market,thecompanydoesnotwishinanyway to and Kodak’srenewedemphasisonKodachromeinthepro- with theintroductionofKodachromeProfessionalfilms, tant matterisopentospeculation.Onepossibilitythat in theprofessional market. the principalcompetitionfor Ektachrome andKodachrome discourage thislineofthinking altogether.Fujichromeis chrome andEktachromewith Fujichrome,Kodakwantsto Ektachrome andKodachromefilms. entire sectionwasdeletedfromtheneweditionof relative meritsofEktachromevis-a-visKodachrome,this signal amajorchangeinKodak’sstanceregardingthe Why Kodakwouldchangeitspositiononsuchanimpor- ing normal,intermittentprojection). faded morethanthemagenta(theoppositeoccursdur- projection periodofthisparticulartest,thecyandye massive reciprocityfailureduringthecontinuous5-hour curred aftertheendofprojectionperiod.Because exposure tolightinaprojector;negligiblechangeoc- image fadingoccurredessentiallysimultaneouslywith Figure 6.7 Figure 6.5 of theimageduetofall-offinilluminationintensity. 6.4. Notethereducedfadingthatoccurredatcorners ings weretakenatthefilm-gatelocationsshowninFigure made withnow-obsoleteAgfachrome64film,densityread- slide withauniformneutraldensityofabout1.25and After5hoursofcontinuousprojectiona InthisexampleinvolvingEktachromefilm, 27 Inwhatappearsto both E- Koda- 77. 228

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 229 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs the standard in adarkenedroomattemperatureof75 for eachslide).Duringthetestsprojectorwaslocated were endedafter120days—atotalof6hoursprojection (for thelessstablefilms,suchasKodachrome,tests resulting inatotalprojectiontimeof7hoursforeachslide tion. Thetestswerecarriedoutovera140-dayperiod, each day,withapproximately4hoursbetweenprojec- here, eachslidewassubjectedtosix30-secondprojections Code erally similartothatofEktagraphic are expectedtoproduceratesofslidefadingthatgen- controlled EktaproprojectorsintroducedbyKodakin1992 projectors wereintroducedin1981.Themicroprocessor- Projector-Fading TestProcedures in thetests. gen tungstenlamp(madebyGeneralElectric),wasused slide-change mechanism;theadditional1second author wassetat31secondstocontroltheEktagraphic tary projector. work; aninitialstudywasdonein1979withaSawyerro- in the fadingthattookplaceat eachofthelocationsisgiven slide (see projected foraperiodof6hours. Variouslocationsonthe gate, afull-frame,neutral-density Agfachrome64slidewas riod iftheyhadsurvivedtheinitialcurrentsurge. the lampswouldremainoperationalthroughoutthispe- short projectiontimeof20or30minutesforeachsequence, ently duetotheinitialcurrentsurge.Givenrelatively the endofalamp’slife,filamentsfailsuddenly,appar- fraction ofasecondnewsequencebeingstarted.At lamps burnedout,theydidsowithoutexceptionwithin a jection lampduringthecourseofeachsequence;when rience showedthatitwasunnecessarytomonitorthepro- tion sequencetomakecertainithadnotburnedout.Expe- position andthebulbcheckedatstartofeachprojec- off afteralloftheslideshadbeenprojectedonce. controlled byathirdtimerwhichturnedtheentiresystem hand control).Thesetimersandtheprojectoritselfwere lated amomentarydepressionofthechangebuttonon cause theprojectortomovenextslide(thissimu- provide ashortbutsustainedelectricalcontactclosureto timer controlledasecondarysetat0.1secondto tual projectiontimeof30seconds.Theprimarysequence for theslide-changemechanismtofunction,givinganac- educational andcommercialmarkets.TheEktagraphic projectors haveachievedpracticallytotaldominationin in 1961;theUnitedStates,CarouselandEktagraphic sions ofthepopularKodakCarouselprojectorsintroduced both fairlyquicklyaftereachprojectionperiod. rect aircurrentsovertheprojectorandslidetray,cooling relative humidityof60%;fansintheroommaintainedindi- author hadusedaCarousel750 Figure 6.5 For thetestsconductedbythisauthorandreported A preciseelectronicrepeat-cycletimerdesignedbythis A MacbethColorCheckerwas photographedontothe To determinetheevennessofilluminationatfilm The slidetraywasmanuallyreturnedtothestarting A KodakEktagraphic ELH Figure 6.4 quartz-halogenlampinpreviousexperimental 28 . ANSI Ektagraphicprojectorsareheavy-dutyver- Code ) weremeasuredwithadensitometer; EXR III

82-volt,300-wattquartz-halo- AT projector,equippedwith H projectorwithan III projectors.This ° F (24 29 ° C allowed ) anda ANSI III By theconclusionofinitial phaseofthisstudy,when lamps usedinthisauthor’s study arelistedin ing toKodakfigures,the — variesconsiderablywiththeoperatingvoltage.Accord- ever, thelamplightintensity—andhencefadingrate operate satisfactorilyintherangeof110to125volts;how- on “High”).KodakstatesthatEktagraphicprojectorswill volts (measuredwiththeprojectorturnedonandlamp frame wereincludedwithsomeofthefilms. with ten-stepgrayscalescenteredinthemiddleof same amountoflightasthecenterframe.Slides on thebottomofimage,theyreceivedessentially steps inthecenterofscale,andeventhoughtheywere ties ofthegray-scaleimagewerecontainedindensity various slidefilmsincludedinthetests.Thecriticaldensi- plained: pected atanygivenvoltage.RobertBeelerofKodakex- volts, andat110thelightlevelisreduced25%. At 115volts,thelightlevelisreduced12%fromthatat120 duces 15%morelightat125voltsthanitdoes120volts. Variations intheintensityof anumberoftheprojector The projectorwasoperatedattherecommended120 Variations fromonelamptoanothercanalsobeex- Figure 6.8 The yellowandmagentadyeswerenotsimilarlyaffected. storage aftera5-hourperiodofcontinuousprojection. “regeneration” wasnotedinthecyandyeduringdark flectors, anditisoftenconsiderable. differences inthelighttransmitted bythere- ably withatungstenlightsource)willshowup Putting thelampsonanilluminator(prefer- evenness ofilluminationattheprojectorgate. even onthereflector,andthismayaffect In addition,thecoatingsareoftennotperfectly perhaps thing else.Thetotalvariationusuallyfallswithin mitting] coatingsonthereflectorsaresome- fairly consistent,butthedichroic[infrared-trans- lamp manufacturerscanmakethefilaments tion fromdifferentlamps.Itappearsthatthe illumination andintheevennessofillumina- . thereisagoodbitofvariationinthetotal Innow-obsoleteAgfachrome64film,some ± 10 percent,butsometimesismore. ELH quartz-halogenlamppro- 31 Table 6.5 30 .

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: after eachhour. For theremainderoftest,measurementsweremade measurements after15minutes,30and1hour. utes ofprojectiontime;thesewerefollowedwithadditional changes, densitymeasurementsweremadeafter6min- are discussedinmoredetaillater.Toobservetheseearly sequence ofthereciprocityfailuresinlightfadingwhich extent, fadingslowsafterearlyprojectionperiodsasacon- stains fromothersourcesmaybethecause.Toacertain paratively quicklyonexposuretolight;however,low-level main inthefilmafterprocessingandthatthesefadecom- not known.Itispossiblethatresidualsensitizerdyesre- sten slide.Thecauseoftheseinitialrapiddensitylossesis low-density, neutral-grayareaofanEktachrome50Tung- tion; one ormoredyesduringthefirst510minutesofprojec- cal” setofcriteria. be about analyzed withthe“General”setofcriteriaisestimated to the samelimit.Thepotentialexperimentalerrorforsamples and 19.8minutesfortheKodachrome64sampletoreach 25 sampletoreachthecyan/magentacolorimbalancelimit, teria programpredicted19.5minutesfortheKodachrome tinctly differentcolorbalance.The“Critical”museumcri- chrome 64weretested,witheachsamplehavingadis- good. Asanexample,samplesofKodachrome25andKoda- tions ofthecriteriaanalysisprogram—wasreasonably repeatability oftheprocedure—includingcomputa- of filmsthesametypewereincludedintests, later analysiswiththesetsoffadingcriteria. out, andsetupdatafilesoncomputerdisksforstorage selected gray-scalestepvalues,providedahardcopyprint- scribed inChapter2,processedthedata,interpolatedpre- yellow dyes,butnotwhendetermining changesincolor ing densitylossesintheindividual cyan,magenta,and metric dataforchangesind-min densitieswhenmeasur- Methods HP Chapter6 Measurement ofDensityChanges tapro projectors,introducedin1992). dard” lampforthisprojectoraswellKodak’snewEk- when itwaspurchasedandisconsideredtobethe“stan- were included.OnlyGeneralElectricType sured veryclosetotheaverageintensityofinitialset lamps wereindividuallytestedandonlythosewhichmea- subsequent testsofmorerecentlyintroducedfilms,the were largelyaveragedoutinthecourseoftests.For that differencesinintensityandevennessofillumination quantity oflampshadbeenconsumed,anditisassumed the majorityoffilmsweretestedasagroup,large Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides aging densitometer wasconnecteddirectlytoaHewlett-Packard Densitometer equippedwithKodakStatusAfilters.The nally suppliedbyKodakwiththeEktagraphic were usedinthesetests(thiswasthetypeoflamporigi- Density measurementsweretakenwithaMacbeth ANSI Many filmsexhibitrelativelyrapidlossesindensityof Judging fromtheinstancesinwhichtwoormoresamples -125 microcomputerwhich,runningtheprogramsde- Figure 6.6

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Im- 924 – failure. uncorrected datafor author feltitwasmoremeaningfulinavisualsensetouse balance. Forthepurposesofthisstudy,however, celerated tests. equivalent amountoflightin short-term,high-intensityac- low-intensity illuminationthan theydowhenexposedtoan color printsfadefasterand stainmoreunderlong-term, proportionally longertime. amount offadingasexposuretoalessintenselightfor a bright lightforashortperiodshouldproducethesame klux-hours ofillumination.Statedsimply,exposureto a months —inbothcasestheprintswouldreceive14,400 to fluorescentilluminationwithanintensityof1kluxfor20 in thesameamountoffadingasifprintwereexposed light withanintensityof20kluxfor1monthshouldresult For example,exposinganEktacolorprinttofluorescent rience inactuallong-term,low-intensitydisplayconditions. short timethefadingandstainingthatprintswillexpe- high-intensity illuminationinanattempttosimulatea days inthedark(75 of anEktachrome50Tungstenslideduringaperiod5 place inaneutral-gray,moderatelyhigh-density(2.0)area projector light. place virtuallysimultaneouslywithexposuretotheintense corrections doesnotapplytoprojector-fadingofcolorslides. this authorfeelsthattheusualrationaleformakingd-min stain thatcanbemeasuredind-minareasand,therefore, jection ofaslidegenerallydoesnotresultinyellowish jection usuallycausesa with mosttypesofcolorphotographsindarkstorage,pro- gradual yellowishstainformation)thattakeplaceovertime changes. Unliketheblue-densityincreases(causedby Projector-Caused Fading Reciprocity Failuresin (24 films thatexhibittheopposite relationship—thatis,fade age period,theslideshadbeenkeptindarkat75 nificant furtherdensitychanges.Duringthe2-yearstor- slides weremeasuredagain;noneofthefilmsshowedsig- chrome 64,Ektachrome50Tungsten,andPolaChromecolor for 120or140days),densitiesofFujichrome100 intermittent projectiontests(3minutesperday prints after(orduring)exposuretointenselight. cyan dyehasalsobeennotedwithsometypesofcolor of thefadedcyandye.Anapparentpartialregeneration hour projectionperiod,suggestinga“regeneration”ofsome crease inreddensityduringdarkstoragefollowingthe5- density of0.6,(see solete filmdevelopedwithAgfaProcess41),aninitial 5 daysindarkstorage. further detectablelossinimagedensitytookplaceduring within 15secondsoftheend5-hourprojection.No continuous projection.Aninitialdensityreadingwasmade Unfortunately, asdiscussedinChapter2,mosttypesof Accelerated lightfadingtestsforcolorprintsemploy For mostfilms,projector-causedfadingappearstotake Two yearsaftercompletionoftheinitial6-or7-hour However, withanAgfachrome64transparency(anob- ° C ) and60% Thereareveryfewexamples ofcolorprintsor RH 33 Figure 6.7 Thisdeviationisknownas . Figure 6.8 both ° F reduction [24 densitylossesandcolorbalance ° showsthechangesthattook C ], 60% ), therewasagradualin- ind-mindensities.Pro- RH ) after5hoursof reciprocity D , Koda- ° F 230

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 231 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs expressed numerically; forexample,ifthe yellowdyeofa reciprocity ER and EktacolorProfessionalpapersareexamples. genta dyesinKonicaColorPaperTypeSR,EktacolorPlus, fading behaviorinhigh-andlow-intensitytests;thema- dyes which,inthisauthor’stests,showedalmostidentical are, however,anumberofprintmaterialswithoneormore more inhigh-intensityteststhanlow-intensitytests.There accelerated tests.Theseprints canbesaidtohavealarge fade significantlyfasterthan predictedbyhigh-intensity tions, oneormoreoftheimage dyesinsuchprintscan failures canbequitelarge.Thus, innormaldisplaycondi- Agfacolor take placeafter6hoursofaccumulatedprojection. many years,itislikelythatevengreaterfadingwould tent projection,whichisusuallyspreadoveraperiodof occurred withcontinuousprojection.Innormal,intermit- more thantwicethemagentadyelossthatwhich tent projectionof30secondsevery4hoursproduced chrome film.Fora6-hourtotalprojectiontime,intermit- Figure 6.9 Figure 6.11 lar tothatofFujichrome. ously concludethatthestabilityofEktachromewassimi- of slidefilms.Withcontinuoustests,onewoulderrone- projection canproducehighlymisleadingcomparisons reflected atd-min).Thesetestsshowthatcontinuous resulted fromacompensatingstainincreasethatwasnot mittent projectionof30secondsevery4hoursprobably failure (thereducedyellowlossmeasuredduringinter- With sometypesofcolorprints—PolaroidPolacolor , Ilford Ilfochrome (Cibachrome), andthenow-obsolete Ilfochrome Ilford , PE

failure, ReciprocityfailureinprojectorfadingofKoda- PaperType589areexamples —reciprocity Fujichromeshowedverylittlereciprocity or RF

Factor. An RF Factor canbe yellow dyesthatmakeupthecolorimageusuallyhave to be1.0. same amountinbothtestconditions,the (for thosetwotestconditions).Iftheyellowdyefades different high-intensity test,the test asitdoesunderthesametotallightexposurein a certain typeofprintfadestwiceasmuchinalow-intensity fails first inahigh-intensitytest canbeexpressedasan fails and that test first in which a low-intensity which fails those usedhere,therelationship betweenthecriterion well. Whenevaluatingprints withasetofcriteriasuchas mination butalsothatthecolor shiftmaybedifferentas may fade illu- faster overall underlong-term,low-intensity of thestabilitybehaviorfilm. presented inthisgraphproduceanincompletedepiction than withdyestabilityperse;forthisreason,thedata to thediscolorationandfadingofsilverimagelayer jection. ThestabilityproblemsofPolaChromerelatemore also sufferedfromreciprocityfailureincontinuouspro- Figure 6.12 newer “Plus,”“ Figure 6.10 fades themost,causinganobviousgreencolorshift. shift. Innormal,intermittentprojection,themagentadye tion, thecyandyefadedmostandcausedaredcolor was notgreatlyaffected.Notethatincontinuousprojec- projection thanwithcontinuousprojection;thecyandye To furthercomplicatematters,thecyan,magenta,and films ), themagentadyefadedfarmoreinintermittent

RF Factors,whichmeansnotonly thattheprint PolaroidPolaChromeinstantcolorslidefilm WithKodakEktachromefilms(includingthe X, ” and“ RF HC ” typefilms,and64 Factor oftheyellowdyeis2.0 RF Factor issaid T and320 T

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: to havealarge intensity tests.Itisofcoursepossibleforaprintmaterial frequently isalsosubjecttoreciprocityfailuresinhigh- density of1.0,Ektachrome film hadan on lossesmeasuredfroma“pure” magentawithaninitial genta dyehadaverylarge and theFujichromemagentadyeexhibitedan jection test! in theintermittenttestthan itdidinthecontinuous-pro- RF cyan, magenta,andyellowareasgenerallyhadevenhigher initial 1.0neutraldensity;lossesmeasuredfrom“pure” RF had an conventional colorfilms,themagentadyeofKodachrome failure variedconsiderablywiththetypeoffilm.Among continuous projectionof6hours.Thedegreereciprocity riods causedgreaterlossesindyedensitythandidasingle ing threeconditions: fading, anumberoffilmswereprojectedunderthefollow- when theintervalsbetweenprojectionsareshort. projections isprobablyalsoanimportantfactor,especially Chapter6 if aprintmaterialhaslarge mal conditionscannotbeobtainedfromhigh-intensitytests estimates offadingbehaviorinlong-termuseundernor- RF Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides a small Ilfochrome isanexample.Likewise,aprintmaterialwith conditions. (versus an “pure” magentainEktachrome filmfaded measured froma1.0neutral density).Inotherwords,the said tohaveacertain relative humidityoftheairsurroundingslides color slides,thelengthoftimebetweenprojections.The more significantintermsoftheusualshortprojectionsfor were thelengthoftimeeachindividualprojectionand, essentially aconstant,however,theimportantvariables case ofslides,wherethelightintensityinprojectoris observed previouslyinthefadingofcolorprints.In ing thatweresomewhatsimilartothereciprocityfailures projected slidesweresubjecttoreciprocityfailuresinfad- stability. only 1.4( )Intermittentprojectionfor30secondsevery4hours, 3) )Intermittentprojectionfor30secondseverymin- 2) Continuousprojectionforatotalof6hours. 1) Factorsunderthesetestconditions.Forexample,based In everycase,projectionforintermittent30-secondpe- To investigatereciprocityfailuresinprojector-caused The significanceofthe Experimental workbythisauthorin1980indicatedthat Factorswerecomputedfromdensitylossesan Factor — theprintmaterialasawholecanthenbe — Factor ent conditionsof75 projections, theslideswerere-equilibratedwithambi- for atotalof6hoursprojectionover120days.Between 60% equilibrated withambientconditionsof75 days. Betweenprojections,theslideswerequicklyre- utes, foratotalof6hoursprojectionoverperiod15 RF RF RH Figure 6.11 Factorof2.5( Factormayneverthelesshavepoorlightfading . RF Factorof4.4whenmagenta losseswere RF Factorandstillberelativelystable— ). Inthecaseofthesethreefilms, RF ° F Figure 6.9 Factor,underthetwogiventest (24 RF RF ° C Factorof4.4( Factoristhatmeaningful ) and60% RF Factor.Stainbehavior ), theEktachromema- RH RF 6.6 Factorof6.6 . Figure 6.10 ° RF F

times (24 Factorof between ° C

more ) and ), stain formationunderallprojectionconditions. slides inthisstudy);Kodachromeappearedtobefreeof was notevidentatthelowestdensityavailableintest any densityduringcontinuousprojection(atleaststain Ektachrome norFujichromedevelopedsignificantstainat did nothaveavailableatthetimeofthisresearch.Neither require theuseofaspectrophotometer,whichthisauthor to beasignificantproblem.Furtherstudyofthiswould sion ofcolorbalanceandisconsideredbythisauthornot the images;stainhadlittleeffectonvisualimpres- ments detectedthestainonlyinhigher-densityportionsof in low-density(e.g.,0.6)ord-minareas.Densitymeasure- The stainformationwasnotobservedineithertypeoffilm similar low-levelstainformationinintermittentprojection. by low-levelyellowstainformation;Ektachromeexhibited chrome filminthe4-hourintermittentconditionwascaused only amoderate tion. ThenowobsoleteAgfachrome 64and100filmshad increase infadingratecompared withcontinuousprojec- Micrographic film( blue additive-screenelementsinthefilm. of thered,green, and fading complementary a to uted the 4-hourintermittentconditioncanprobablybeattrib- yellow stainformation;thattheapparentwasless in served withPolaChromefilmwastheresultofsignificant occurrence related tootheraspectsofthe film’sdesign, Fujichrome film.Eitherby intentionorasafortunate ditions inthisauthor’stests. the conventionalfilms.The neutral densityof1.5,insteadthe1.0selectedfor a at high basedensity(d-min)ofabout0.7,theyweremeasured Kodachrome. BecausePolaChromeslideshaveanextremely speaking, wasnotgreatcomparedwithEktachromeand condition, althoughthetotalamountoffading,relatively marked deviationsinfadingdependingontheprojection PolaChrome instantcolorslides( The apparentlyreducedfadingofyellowdyeinFuji- In intermittentprojection,IlfordIlfochrome(Cibachrome) Of particularnotewastheexcellent testperformanceof to thisauthor’simage-fadingcriteria. more stablethanFujichromewhenevaluatedaccording special-purpose Ilfochromefilmprovedtobesomewhat jection. Whenprojected30secondsevery4hours,the projection comparedwithmorenormal,intermittentpro- color filmsufferedlargereciprocityfailuresincontinuous Figure 6.13 IlfordIlfochrome(Cibachrome)Micrographic RF Factorunderthethreeprojection con- Figure 6.13 increase ) alsoshowedasignificant Figure 6.12 inbluedensityob- ) alsoshowed 232

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 233 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs Eastman ColorPrintFilm5384(see increasing therateoffading. the emulsioncannormalizebeforenextprojection,thus conditions, andboththemoistureoxygencontentof tions, theemulsioncanequilibratewithambientatmospheric dyes. that watervaporplaysadirectroleinthefadingofimage projector-caused fadingofslidefilms.Under scores theimportanceoftestmethodinevaluating rate wouldnotbeeven for example,thereisnoreasontoassumethatthefading under thethreeprojectionconditionsinthisauthor’stests, ing fromtheslopeoffadingratesKodachromefilm, or evenyearsbetweenshowingsaremorecommon.Judg- than 4hoursbetweenprojections.Days,weeks,months, nearly everycase,therewillbeagreatdealmoretime may beprojectedfor10,15,or30secondsatatime,butin tion for30secondsevery4hours.Inactualpractice,slides by TuiteofKodakin1979 low chromogenicdyesonoxygenavailabilitywassuggested gen. Thisdependenceoflightfadingmagentaandyel- humidity, whichlowersthepermeabilityofgelatintooxy- tions. Oxygenavailabilitymaybefurtherhinderedbylow ecules, resultinginaslowingofthephotochemicalreac- light fading,oxygenisdepletedatthesitesofdyemol- in thelightfadingofcertaindyes.Duringhigh-intensity ures inprojector-causedfadingisthatoxygenplaysarole would actuallybeexperiencedinnormaluse. Fujichrome —aregreatlyoverratedcomparedwithwhat bilities ofallthefilms—withsingularexception appreciated. Incontinuous-projectiontests,theimagesta- in normal,intermittent-projectionconditionsmightgoun- Ektachrome film,andtheobvioussuperiorityofFujichrome Stability of SlidesinNormalUse Stability Probably Overestimatethe Even theIntermittentTestsReportedHere et films toexhibitsignificant Fuji hasmanagedtomitigatethosefactorsthatcauseother Scotch 640 than fortheotherfilms. der normaluseforthemareprobablymoremeaningful Factors forFujichromefilms,theestimatesofstabilityun- projection, and estimates ofusefullifegivenbythisauthorin and/or longerperiodsbetweenprojections.Therefore,the will dependontheparticularfilm;becauseofsmall the slidesundernormaluse.Themagnitudeoferror more accurately predictthelong-termstability ofslidefilms uct, andforeachtypeofdye of agivenproduct.Inorderto of relativehumidityareprobably differentforeveryprod- tions, theintervalbetweenprojections, andtheinfluence slides weresubjectedto6hours ofcontinuousprojection. of intermittentprojectionwas notfoundwhenidentical

al. By allowingasignificantlengthoftimebetweenprojec- Normal useofaslide,course,doesnotimplyprojec- A possibleexplanationoftheobservedreciprocityfail- The undesirable“greasy”surfaceresiduenotedon3 The relationshipsbetweenlength ofindividualprojec- 6.2 35 andAono almostcertainly Fujichromefadesataratesimilartothatof T ColorSlideFilm(seenotein et

al. ofFujiin1982. overestimate 34 greater andfurtherdiscussedbySeoka RF Factors.Thisalsounder- withshorterprojections Table 6.2 theactualstabilityof 36 Itisalsopossible Table 6.1 ) after6hours continuous Tables 6.1 ) and RF M Method with EktachromefilmsandthedatareportedbyKodakin may accountforthedifferencesbetweenthisauthor’stests in thisstudyaregiven tive humiditywas60%. temperature inthetestroomwas75 total projectiontimeof6hoursforeachslide.Theambient tests werecarriedoutovera120-dayperiod,resultingin with approximately4hoursbetweeneachprojection.The slide wassubjectedtosix30-secondprojectionseachday, neutral-gray densityof0.6wasusedforallthefilms.Each genta dyeappearstohavealarger Ektachrome CIS Eastman Kodak’sTestMethods Projector-Fading CurvesofSlideFilms tions asinthis author’stests;inaddition, the Kodaktests utes) didnotallowasmuchtime toelapsebetweenprojec- Kodak testmethod(one15-second projectionevery20min- ing theslideshasnotbeen revealed.Inanyevent,the low levelthroughouttheduration ofthetest. maintains themoisturecontent ofthefilmemulsionata relative humidityoftheairinvicinityslidesand the entiretrayofslideswarm.Thisinturnreduces tor operatescontinuously,heatfromtheprojectorkeeps continuous operation. 720 projectionsinapproximately240hours(10days) of be projectedonceevery20minutesandwillhaveachieved changing). Asthetraycontinuestorotate,eachslidewill tor timerfor16seconds(whichallows1secondslide ing slidesinan80-slideCarouseltrayandsettingaprojec- Such aprojectionsequencecaneasilybeachievedbyplac- Reference Kodak the magentatofade ure 6.18 significantly fasterthanthecyandye,asillustratedin author’s tests,themagentadyeinaneutralpatchfaded obsolete dure fortestingslide-projectorfadingdescribedinthenow- a Carouselprojector,whichisinkeepingwiththeproce- every 20minutes(720projectionsina10-daytestperiod) caused fadingthaneitherthecyanoryellowdye. low dye(bluedensity)fadedalmostnotatall. similar rateovera3-hourprojectionperiod,whiletheyel- (red density)andmagentadye(greenfadedata of aneutralpatchwithaninitialdensity1.0,thecyandye publications indicatethatduringprojector-causedfading Kodak periods betweenprojections. the futuretopublishresultsfromtestswithmuchlonger all ofthesefactorsiscontinuing,andthisauthorhopesin under typicalintermittent-projectionconditions,studyof Reciprocity failuresasaconsequenceofthetestmethod Projector-fading curvesforsomeofthefilmsincluded Whether Kodakactuallyapplied thismethodofproject- In aprojectionsituationsuchasthis,wheretheprojec- Kodak indicatedthatitusedone15-secondprojection No.50–45,August1982,

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This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: temperature of75 cycle ofa30-secondprojectionevery4hours,withanair cycle usedbyKodakinthepast),andthisauthor’stest Images between theold dard rjco-asdFdn f3m oo ldsChapter6 at 60% author’s longer-termtests,withfullmoistureequilibration ures likelyaccountforthedifferencesinresults.This reduction infadingrates.Theresultingreciprocityfail- moisture betweenprojections,probablycontributingtoa apparently didnotallowthefilmemulsionstoregainmuch Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides the magentaandcyandyes. magenta dyefading,resultinginsimilarfadingratesfor ods employedinthisauthor’stestswouldproduceslower continuous projectionandtheintermittentperi- be seenthataprojectionconditionsomewherebetween a lessnoticeableshifttowardyellow.In color balancetowardgreen,whileKodak’stestsproduced ing ofthemagentadye,leadingtoasignificantshiftin perature of75 tion each24hours),withthesurroundingairhavingatem- jection periodeachhour(atotalof6minutesillumina- ture of75 second projectionevery20minutes,withanairtempera- for Ektachrome Plus, Figure 6.17 The new Figure 6.15

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itcan Stan- minutes. projections) fortotalsof50minutes,100and200 jected forperiodsof2minutes(withbetween which slidecopiesofaClaudeMonetpaintingwerepro- Ektachrome films(andanowobsoleteAgfachromefilm)in a projector-fadingexperimentdonewithKodachromeand partment ofHistoryArt,UniversityMichigan,reported slide attheendof200minutes,butnovisuallydetectable Figure 6.16 films ( Figure 6.18 In 1983PatrickYoung,staffphotographerintheDe- Figure 6.14 40 E -6 filmsintroduced byKodakbeginningin1988). SignificantchangewasnotedintheKodachrome Kodachromefilms(allcurrent Fujichromefilms(exceptVelvia). EktachromePlus, “HC,”

“X,” 64 K T, and -14 types). 320 T 234

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 235 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs which controls lighttransmissionthrough anextremely the colorimageisformedby apositivesilverimagelayer instant moviesystemintroduced in1978.InPolaChrome, the ill-conceived—andquickly abandoned—Polavision continuous-tone subtractive color filmsbecameavailable. processes wereabandonedsoon afterKodachromeandother of problemsinherentinanyadditivecolorsystem,these processes popularintheearlypartof1900’s.Because the additive-screenAutochromeplatesandsimilarcolor after exposure.PolaChromeisamodernreincarnation of mounted andreadyforprojectioninaslittle5minutes Polaroid Autoprocesstabletopprocessor;theslidescanbe laChrome filmisdevelopedinaboutaminuteseparate making high-contrastslidesofgraphs,charts,etc.).Po- film, HighContrastPolaChrome,wasmarketedin1987for slide filmisusedinconventional35mmcameras(arelated PolaChrome Instant ColorSlides Polaroid Problems with degree ofstabilityattributedtotheEktachromeslide. test conditionswereprobablyasignificantfactorinthe of thistime.Favorablereciprocityeffectsaffordedbythese color shiftwasobservedintheEktachromeslideatend Figure 6.19 (obsolete Figure 6.21 PolaChrome utilizesthesame imagingtechnologyas Introduced in1983,PolaroidPolaChromeinstantcolor K -12 types). Agfachrome KodachromeIIandKodachrome- RS filmand CT films( E -6 types). X films the dyedscreenelementsseparately,or complex matterandcaninvolveeitherthesilverlayer the filmbase.DeteriorationofaPolaChromeimageis fine seriesofdyedred,green,andbluelinesimprintedon which haverelatively cleard-minareas,PolaChrome isan two causesofdensitychange. Unlikesubtractivefilms employed inthesetests,cannot distinguishbetweenthese fading ofthebluedye;integral densitometry,suchasthat of theskin-tonepatchshifted markedlytowardyellow. reflecting theformationofyellow stain;thecolorbalance beginning ofthetest,bluedensityincreasedrapidly, in afairlyorderlyfashion,butaftershortdropatthevery PolaChrome slide).Theredandgreendensitiesdropped developed anespeciallyhighstainlevelonthisparticular Macbeth ColorChecker(theareaofthelightskin-tonepatch the changesthatoccurredinalightskin-tonepatchfrom a uniform, overallyellowstaining. regular yellowstains—thiswasinadditiontoamore tests, allofthePolaChromeslidesdevelopedserious,ir- tional slides. images appearmuchdarkeronthescreenthanconven- a verydenseappearance.Whenprojected,PolaChrome is veryhigh(about0.70),andcorrectlyexposedslideshave time. Beinganadditivesystem,thed-minofPolaChrome Figure 6.20 Figure 6.22 The stainformationisprobably accompaniedbysome During thecourseof120-dayintermittentprojection Agfachrome64and100films(obsolete).

3 M ScotchChrome100Film( Figure 6.24 both E -6 type). atthesame illustrates

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: rjco-asdFdn f3m oo ldsChapter6 Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides ture, compressed densityrange(whichreduces thebril- tone image,extremelyhighbase density,largegrainstruc- and otherunusualaspectsofPolaChromeimages. cause ofthehighbasedensity,compresseddensity-scale, teristics ofPolaChromeandotherfilmsaredifficultbe- lematic. Directcomparisonsbetweenthefadingcharac- all areasofthefilm,makinganalysischangesmoreprob- additive filmwithfull-densityred,green,andbluestripsin 90-day, high-humidity(144 images hadessentiallydisappearedbytheendofthisauthor’s occurred inthecourseofprojection,andbecausePolaChrome has notpublisheddatafromintermittent-projectiontests): jector-caused fading(tothisauthor’sknowledge,Polaroid that PolaChromeslideshaveveryhighresistancetopro- serious flawsthataphotographicmaterialcanhave. correct induplicationorprintingandareoneofthemost ity. Irregularstainsofthistypearevirtuallyimpossibleto for anyapplicationrequiringmorethanshort-termstabil- dark fadingtests,PolaChromefilmcannotberecommended skin-tone patchofanimageaMacbethColorChecker. terns. Theexampleshownhereoccurredinthelight stain —generallyinvisuallyobjectionable,irregularpat- instant colorslidefilmdevelopedhighlevelsofyellowish Because ofitspoorimagequality, lackofacontinuous- Figure 6.23 Because ofthe Using continuous-projectiontests,Polaroidconcluded slide shows. Chrome filmisparticularly recommended for tical, unprojectedslide. unnoticed unlessdirectlycomparedtoaniden- hours thechangewasstillsmallenoughtobe subtle visualchangeinsomecolors.After20 for 10hoursina300-wattprojectorshowed fading. slide filmsbeforeexhibitingasimilardegreeof times longerthanconventional(chromogenic) laChrome slidescanbeprojectedtwotofive typical projectionconditionsindicatethatPo- projection willeventuallyfade.Testsunder Because ofthisresistanceto fading,Pola- A PolaChromeslideprojectedcontinuously All colorslidessubjectedtolongperiodsof Duringintermittentprojection,PolaChrome irregular 41 ° natureoftheyellowstainsthat F [62 ° C ], 75% RH ) accelerated liance ofprojectedimages),slowspeed Notes andReferences age conditions,andotherdrawbacks,the stability undercommonlyencounteredprojectionandstor- color separationsforphotomechanicalreproduction,poor fringing withcertaintypesofscenes,difficultymaking ideal storageconditions. age ifbetterstabilityisdesired,especiallyunderless-than- with goldchloridetonerstoprotectthedelicatesilverim- film. minutes —theonlycurrent“instant”35mmcolorslide processed andreadyforprojectioninslightlylessthan5 one wouldwanttousePolaChromefilmisthatitcanbe age inanefforttoimprovethestabilityofproduct. in toningandwashingthefilmspriortoprojectionorstor- that manyphotographerswouldbewillingtogetinvolved .Thisauthordeliveredatalk entitled “Projector-CausedFadingof 3. Theestimatedlightintensityatthefilmplaneoftypicalxenon-arc 2. .EastmanKodakCompany, 1. Polaroid hassuggestedthatPolaChromeslidesbetreated Provide theOnlyAnswer,” Color Slides:DuplicatesforUse, and ColdStorageofOriginals sentation bythisauthorentitled“The StabilityandPreservationof 85, 131.InFebruary1990,further researchwasreportedinapre- Slide Projectors Videodiscs andMagneticMedia and PreservationIssuesBeyond theBook:Slides,Microforms, plane ofanEktagraphicIIIprojectorequippedwith York 14650;telephone:716-724-4000.Thelightintensityatthefilm 153, EastmanKodakCompany,343StateStreet,Rochester,New ity dataforcolorslide filmswereincludedin:BobSchwalberg, with ruary 14,1990.Comparativeprojector-fading anddarkfadingstabil- NewYorkCity,Feb- ety ofNorthAmerica)18thAnnual Conference, date,” nar werereportedbyBobSchwalbergin“ColorPreservationUp- Texas, March27–28,1981.Theproceedingsofthislandmarksemi- and HumanitiesResearchCenterattheUniversityofTexasAustin, cies Production andPreservationofColorSlidesTransparen- reported atthe procity failuresinprojector-causedfading.Additionalresearchwas sota, May5,1980.Thispresentationincludedsomedataonreci- Photographic ScientistsandEngineers,heldinMinneapolis,Minne- 35mm ColorSlides”attheannualconferenceofSociety projectors havenotbeeninvestigated. Reciprocity failuresattheextremeilluminationlevelsofxenon-arc graphic IIIprojector,usingthesamelensandprojectiondistance. centage increaseinscreenilluminationcomparedwithanEkta- expressed thelightintensityoftheirprojectorsintermsper- projectors. Nonehadactualdataonfilm-planelightintensity,but projectors wasbasedondiscussionswiththreemakersofsuch able todirectlymeasuretheprojector-gatelightintensities. jectors. Thisauthordidnothavethenecessaryequipmenttobe plane illuminationintensitycomparedtothatinEktagraphicIIIpro- design intheEktaproprojectorsgivesabouta10%increasefilm discussion withthisauthor,February19,1992),animprovedmirror Technology forKodak’sProfessionalImagingDivision(telephone projectors. AccordingtoJamesParker,CoordinatorofPresentation in 1992,employthesame lenses. KodakEktapro7000and9000slideprojectors,introduced projectors, whichareequippedwithlower-cost,uncoatedcondenser 8% increaseinlightintensityatthefilmplaneoverKodakCarousel The coatedcondensersinEktagraphicprojectorsresultaboutan Reference Guide halogen lamp.The 925 klux(86,000fc)foraKodakCarouselprojectorwithquartz- Company, June1982.Thispublicationgivesafilm-planeintensityof than EktagraphicSlideProjectorModels new EktagraphicIIIprojectorshad“Increasedillumination(25%more dak CurrentInformationSummary ucts, TransparenciesandMoviesonKodachrome[Films] Kodak Company, given as95,000footcandles[1,022,200lux].Seealso:Eastman , sponsoredby theDepartmentofArt,SchoolArchitecture, , Popular Photography Advanced StudiesinVisualResourcesSeminar, , KodakPublicationNo. , Evaluating DyeStabilityofKodakColorProd- , KodakPublicationNo. 1982–1983 KodakPhotographicProducts EXR 42 The SourceBook–KodakEktagraphic ARLIS–VRA However,itishighlyunlikely , Vol.89,No.1, January1982,pp.81– , lampsthatareusedinEktagraphicIII , atthe CIS JointSession, No.50–41,EastmanKodak E R ARLIS -2 through -50, statesthatthethen- S -74, October1984,p. only (ArtLibrariesSoci- ISO reasonany- Conservation AF 40,color- EXR -2)” (p.70). lampis , Ko- 236

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 237 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 6 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs 3 ChristineL.Sundt, “MountingSlideFilmBetweenGlass–ForPres- 13. GepeDoubleGlassSlide-Binderswereusedfortheglass-mounted 12. ThomO’Connor,“ProsWinnersofFilmWars,” 11. MicrocolorInternational,Inc.,85GodwinAvenue,MidlandPark, 10. 4 AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute, 14. 5 EastmanKodakCompany, 15. .StokesImagingServices,Inc.,7000CameronRoad,P.O.Box14277, 9. Asomewhatsimplifiedversionofthecriteriagivenherewasfirst 8. Inpractice,however,cyanabsorbssomegreenlightandcontributes 7. EastmanKodakCompany,seeNoteNo.1. 6. .DavidC.Hubbell,RobertG.McKinney,andLloydWest,“Methods 5. .PeterMoore,“TheGreatCarouselGo-Around,” 4. Practices for Slide and Photograph Collections,” Practices forSlideandPhotographCollections,” 2, Summer1986,pp.14–15;and:ChristineL.Sundt,“Conservation for PhotographicDocumentationoftheVisualArts Sundt, “HowtoKeepSlideMountsClean,” Fall/Winter 1981/Spring1982,pp.37–62.Seealso:ChristineL. ervation orDestruction?” Brook, NewJersey07058;telephone:201-808-9010. are distributedintheU.S.byGepe,Inc.,16ChapinRoad,Pine many othercountries,aremadeinSwedenbyBiWex.Themounts sides ofthemount.Gepemounts,whicharepopularinU.S.and tion thefilminmount,and“anti-Newton’srings”glassonboth which snaptogether,thinaluminummasksthatalsoservetoposi- slides inthetestsreportedhere.Themountshaveplasticframes Vol. VII,IssueII,February1987,pp.1,14,16,18. New Jersey07432;telephone:201-445-3450. Austin, Texas78761-4277;telephone:512-458-2201. servation, Photographic Prints,” also: HenryWilhelm,“MonitoringtheFadingandStainingofColor and Engineers,heldinMinneapolis,Minnesota,May5,1980.See 33rd AnnualConferenceoftheSocietyPhotographicScientists procity EffectsintheLightFadingofReflectionColorPrints”at search bythisauthorwasdescribedinapresentationentitled“Reci- prints, werealsodiscussedduringthepresentation.Furtherre- specific referencetothelightfadingcharacteristicsofPolacolor2 data onreciprocityeffectsinthelightfadingofcolorprints,with tists andEngineers,May1,1978,inWashington,D.C.Preliminary the 31stAnnualConferenceofSocietyPhotographicScien- “Light FadingCharacteristicsofReflectionColorPrintMaterials”at proposed bythisauthorin1978aspartofapresentationentitled have considerableinfluenceonthebluedensityreadings. red, green,andbluedensities.Ifyellowstainsarepresent,theywill graphs andotherdataareoftenexpressedintermsofchanges sity arelossesofmagentadye.Thisistheprincipalreasonthat region. Strictlyspeaking,onecannotsaythatlossesingreenden- losses becauseofthesecondaryabsorptioncyaningreen but lossesinthecyandyemayalsocontributetomeasured of agrayscalepatchiscausedmostlybythefadingmagentadye, well withthevisualperceptionofanimage.Alossingreendensity known as“integraldensity”measurementsandusuallyequatefairly addition togreen.Readingstakenwithanormaldensitometerare to greendensity;magentaabsorbssomeredandbluelightin cies byDuplication (White-LightPrintingMethods) has servedasamemberofthe 10036; telephone:212-642-4900;Fax: 212-302-1286.Thisauthor Standards Institute,Inc.,11West42nd Street,NewYork,York graphic Images–Methodsfor Measuring National StandardforImagingMedia–StabilityofColorPhoto- phone: 212-354-3300.In1990 Institute, Inc.,1430Broadway,NewYork,York10018;tele- Color StabilitiesofPhotographs, 1969, AmericanNationalStandardMethodforComparingthe University ofOregonatEugene. tor oftheslidecollectionarchitectureandappliedartsat continuing theresearchreportedinthesearticles,currentlyiscura- letin No.3 October 1967,p.297.Thisarticlewasthebasisfor graphic for TestingImageStabilityofColorPhotographicProducts,” Stack Up?,” Color FilmsandPapersLastLongest?HowDotheOnesYouUse Henry WilhelmandCarolBrower,“Going!Going!!Gone!!!–Which ANSI IT replaced author hasbeensecretaryofthe subcommittee.ThisStandard standard sincethegroupwasfounded in1978;recentyearsthis phy, book. 37–49, 61.Thestabilitydatainthearticlewerecondensedfromthis Vol. 45,No.10,October1981,pp.128–133,172,176. 9.9-1990

Science ANSI PH Vol. 21, No. 1,Fall1981,pp.49–64. , VisualResourcesAssociation,1989.Sundt,whois Popular Photography (seeNoteNo.14).

1.42-1969 and Journal oftheAmericanInstituteforCon-

Engineering, Visual Resources Restoring FadedColorTransparen- in1990(seeNoteNo.5). ANSI PH ANSI , Vol.97, No.6,June1990,pp. AmericanNationalStandards subcommitteethatwrotethis ANSI IT Vol. 11,No.5,September– 1.42-1969 International Bulletin Photo DistrictNews, , Vol.II,Nos.1–2–3, 9.9-1990, American , AmericanNational , Modern Photogra- VRA wasreplacedby ANSI PH SpecialBul- , Vol.13,No. , CIS No.22, Photo- 1.42- 2 EastmanKodakCompany, 22. 0 EastmanKodakCompany, 20. Isabel Lowery,theDunlapSociety,telephonediscussionwiththis 19. 9 EastmanKodakCompany,seeNoteNo.20. FortheKodakEkta- 29. BecausetheoriginalKodakpatentsforCarouselprojectorand 28. 3 EastmanKodakCompany, 23. 4 EastmanKodakCompany, 24. EastmanKodakCompany, 17. Henry Wilhelm,seeNoteNo.8.Thecriteriaproposedin1978were 16. 8 EastmanKodakCompany, 18. 0 EastmanKodak Company, 30. EastmanKodakCompany, 27. EastmanKodakCompany, 26. EastmanKodakCompany,seeNoteNo.21,p.153. 25. 1 EastmanKodakCompany, 21. Films, data onKodachromefilms; Films Products ( telephone: 716-724-4000. Kodak Company,343StateStreet,Rochester,NewYork14650; Kodak PublicationNo. Projectors, author, February15,1984. York 14650;telephone:716-724-4000. p. 69,EastmanKodakCompany,343StateStreet,Rochester,New graphic Projectors should jamonthewayinoroutof the gate. the projectiongate,andslide canbeseriouslydamagedifit physical damage.Manyotherprojectordesignsforceaslideinto into thegateandisthenusually,butnotalways,ejectedwithout jam, inmostcasesiteitherremainsthetrayslotordropspartway gate. Ifthemountiswarpedorifsomethingelsecausesslideto position forprojection,theslidedropsbygravityintoprojection of theseprojectorsisthatwhentherotatingtraymovesaslideinto trays. Fromaconservationpointofview,noteworthyfeatureall accept thestandardKodak“Carousel”80-or140-slide-capacity and anumberofothercompaniesmarketprojectorsthistypethat jectors), Elmo(OmnigraphicProjectors),Leitz(Pradolux sel design;TelexCommunications[formerlySinger](CaramatePro- tray haveexpired,anyonecanmakeaprojectorbasedontheCarou- 343 StateStreet,Rochester,NewYork14650. mation Summary),KodakPublicationNo. Stability ofKodakColorPhotographicProducts dated 1982.SeeupdatedKodakpublication: Ektachrome andKodachromefilmsreferencedbythisauthorwere reissued (andpossiblyupdated)eachyear.Thedatasheetsfor of interest(seeNotesNo.23and24).Thedatasheetsareusually current imagestabilitydatasheetsfortheparticularKodakproducts films. InquiryshouldbemadetoEastmanKodakCompanyobtain Image StabilityData:KodakEktachromeFilms(Process 14650; telephone:716-724-4000. Eastman KodakCompany,343StateStreet,Rochester,NewYork E dak Company,Rochester,NewYork14650. CIS Image StabilityData:KodachromeFilms, 343 StateStreet,Rochester,NewYork14650. tion wassimilartothatdiscussedhere. specified limitsfordensityloss,colorimbalances,andstainforma- in red,green,andbluedensities;otherrespectstheconceptof for reflectionprintsanddidnotassignweightedvaluestochanges 4000. 343 StateStreet,Rochester,NewYork14650;telephone:716-724- Current InformationSummary,July1979,EastmanKodakCompany, No. Professionals 716-724-4000. Company, 343StateStreet,Rochester,NewYork14650;telephone: tests describedhere. (p. 39).Thisauthorallowed1second forchangingeachslideinthe with theprojectorgateshutterclosed 830millisecondsofthatperiod slide-change mechanismtofunction wasgivenas950milliseconds, 14650. Eastman KodakCompany,343StateStreet,Rochester,NewYork Rochester, NewYork14650;telephone:716-724-4000. (George T.Eaton,editor),KodakPublicationNo. statement wasslightlyrewordedin Projectors, phone: 716-724-4000. dak Company,343StateStreet,Rochester,NewYork14650;tele- -105 (March1988),EastmanKodakCompany,343StateStreet, No.50(1981–1985),CustomerTechnicalService,EastmanKo- E -77, September1980,pp.34–35.EastmanKodakCompany, , KodakPublicationNo. , KodakPublicationNo. KodakPublicationNo. Current InformationSummary),KodakPublicationNo. KodakPublicationNo. , KodakPublicationNo. , E -2 through E -106 (May1988),EastmanKodakCompany, Evaluating DyeStabilityofKodakColor The Sourcebook–KodakEktagraphic Kodak SlideProjector LampDataand The Sourcebook–KodakEktagraphic CIS Reference InformationFromKodak– Reference InformationFromKodak– Kodak ColorFilms Kodak ColorFilmsandPapersfor Storage andCareofKodakColor Storage andCareofKodakColor E No.50–45givesdataonEktachrome -30, January1976,p.5.Thequoted E AF -30, March1973,EastmanKodak S -74, October1984,p.154.Eastman -2, thetotaltimerequiredfor Conservation ofPhotographs S -74, 1977,p.59,EastmanKo- E -77, March1986,p.58. CIS KodakPublicationNo. CIS -130 (March1991), , KodakPublication , Evaluating Image F No.50–41gives -40, March1985, (CurrentInfor- E -6),

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 3 Henry Wilhelm,“ReciprocityFailuresinAcceleratedLightFading 33. American NationalStandardsInstitute,Inc.,seeNoteNo.14. 32. Robert S.Beeler,MotionPictureandAudiovisualMarketsDivision, 31. 6 ToshiakiAono,KotaroNakamura,andNobuoFurutachi,“TheEffect 36. 9 AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,Inc.,seeNoteNo.5,p.11, 39. Joyce H.TownsendandNorman Tennent,“ThePhotochemicaland Etsuo Fujii,HidekoandTeruaki Hisanaga,“EvaluationoftheStabil- Additional References Chapter6 Yoshio Seoka,SeiitiKubodera,ToshiakiAono,andMasatoHirano, 35. Robert Tuite,“ImageStabilityinColorPhotography,” 34. Projector-Caused Fadingof35mmColorSlides 0 PatrickYoung,“AComparisonofColorFilmsUsedtoPhotograph 40. 8 EastmanKodakCompany, 38. EastmanKodakCompany,seeNotesNo.23and24. 37. 2 PolaroidCorporation,seeNoteNo.41,p.99.Illustratedisan 42. PolaroidCorporation, 41. Journal ofImagingTechnology 2, April1988,pp.29–37;seecorrection of2tablesin“Errata,” the SocietyforImagingScienceandTechnology( International SymposiumonImageConservation and Light-InducedStainingofColorPrints,”presentationatthe Eastman KodakCompany,lettertothisauthor,February28,1980. 14650; telephone:716-724-4000. Eastman KodakCompany,343StateStreet,Rochester,NewYork year ina“tropical”environmentwithanaveragetemperatureof80 tioxidants,” Photographic PrintandtheBehaviorofAlkylhydroquinonesasAn- of OxygenInsulationontheStabilityImageDyesaColor room conditions,75 projected for10to20-secondintervals.Theprojectorisoperatedin tungsten lampisaconvenienttypeoftestunit.Eachslide matic slideprojectorwithacylindricalmagazineand500-watt intermittent exposureofthetestspecimensisspecified.Anauto- following test:“A35mmslideprojectorwithcontinuouslyrepeated specifiesthe Sec. 3.4,IntermittentTypeSlideProjector(50,000fc) Company, 343StateStreet,Rochester,NewYork14650. 50–45 (August1982),CustomerTechnicalService,EastmanKodak Light OutputModification, than 160 air aroundtheslideandmaintainafilmtemperatureofless Thermal Stability of ColorTransparencies,” 02139; toll-freetelephone:800-354-3535. roid Corporation,784MemorialDrive,Cambridge,Massachusetts instructions areavailablefromPolaroid:TechnicalAssistance,Pola- to increasetheimagestabilityofPolaChromeslides.Gold-toning than-ideal storageconditions,goldchloridetoningwasrecommended stability ofprocessed[PolaChrome]film.”Especiallyunderless- Polaroid concluded:“Highheatandhumidityadverselyaffectimage sity, withchangestakingplaceinanapparentlyirregularpattern. stored inthewarmandhumidenvironmentlostconsiderableden- Difference in ity ofLightFadedImagesColorReversal FilmsAccordingtoColor of AppliedPhotographicEngineering “Some ProblemsintheEvaluationofColorImageStability,” 200–207. Applied PhotographicEngineering Rochester, NewYork,June17–20,1990. the InternationalMuseumofPhotographyatGeorgeEastmanHouse, tists andEngineers( E. Lee,chairman,sponsoredbytheSocietyofPhotographicScien- tation oftheVisualArts Works ofArt,” area isnotspecified. procity failuresisnotmentioned;therelativehumidityoftest saying theprojectionsare“intermittent,”andpossibilityofreci- not specifythelengthoftimebetweeneachprojection,otherthan Eastman Kodak(seeNoteNo.5).Thisnow-obsoleteStandarddid largely basedona1967articlebyHubbell,McKinney,andWestof (28 Films Color Products–TransparenciesonTheseKodakEktachrome No. 5,October1982,pp.227–231. 1980 InternationalConferenceonPhotographicPapers pp. 79–82.Thisarticlewasbasedonapresentationgivenatthe 74 example ofaPolaChromeinstantcolorslidestoredfor1yearat68– don, England,1985,p.57. Massachusetts, andFocalPress,Boston,MassachusettsLon- Polaroid BookbyLesterLefkowitz,Corporation,Cambridge, ° F ° C (20–23 ) andanaveragerelativehumidityofabout75%.Thefilm (CurrentInformationSummary),KodakPublicationNo. ° F . .”TheStandard,includingtheslide-fadingtest,is Journal ofAppliedPhotographicEngineering ° C CIELAB ) and40–50% International BulletinforPhotographicDocumen- ° , F SPSE Journal ofImagingTechnology

± Polaroid 35mmInstantSlideSystem, 5 ° , Vol.10,No.2,June1983,pp.7–11. , ), HotSprings,Virginia,August11,1980. F Evaluating theDyeStabilityofKodak , whichwillallowtheblowertocirculate RH PublicationNo. , andanidenticalslidestoredfor1 , Vol.14,No.3,June1988,p.93. , Vol.5, No.4,Fall1979,pp. , Vol.8,No.2,April1982, , Colour Imaging Sys- S -80-2, March1979, SPSE , sponsoredby , , Vol.14,No. ) andheldat Journal of , William , Journal , Vol.8, Third CIS A ° F Henry Wilhelm,“ColorPhotographsandColorMotionPicturesinthe Information Science,Urbana-Champaign,Illinois. lished bytheUniversityofIllinoisGraduateSchoolLibraryand Chancellor HotelandConventionCenter,Champaign,Illinois.Pub- of LibraryandInformationScience,heldNovember6–9,1988atthe tute The bookcontainsthepaperspresentedat Henderson andWilliamT.Henderson,editors),pp.105–111,1991. and PreservingMaterialsinNonbookFormats Library: ForPreservationorDestruction?”,chapterin United Kingdom. Society ofGreatBritain,TheOctagon,MilsomStreet,BathBA11DN, tems (No.30),sponsoredbytheUniversityofIllinoisGraduateSchool , pp.117–123,1988.PublishedbytheRoyalPhotographic , Allerton ParkInsti- , (KathrynLuther , Conserving 238

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