8th World Salt Symposium VOLUME 2 Edited by Rob M.GEERTMAN

Akzo Nobel Central Research bv

Arnhem, The Netherlands

Salt processing • Salt sampling and analysis • Salt markets and appli¬

cations • Chlor-alkali markets • Winter road maintenance • Food and

• agriculture • New uses of salt • Salt works as eco-systems Salt and

the environment • Iodized salt for sustaining IDD elimination • Salt

and history • Posters • Late papers

SYMPOSIUM SPONSORS

Akzo Nobel Salt bv, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

European Salt Producers' Association, Paris, France

Solution Mining Research Institute Inc., Encinitas, CA, USA

Novem, Netherlands Agency for Energy and the Environment, Utrecht, The Netherlands

City of The Hague, The Hague, The Netherlands

Netherlands Ministry for Development Cooperation, The Hague, The Netherlands

UNICEF, New York, USA

Deutag Europe bv, Assen, The Netherlands

UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK HANNOVER

TECHNISCHE fTOBMATIONSBIBLlOTHEK 2000 ELSEVIER

- - - - Amsterdam - Lausanne - New York Oxford Shannon Singapore Tokyo xm

VOLUME II

Introduction xxxm

Salt processing and salt sampling and analysis

Particle Destruction in Centrifuges M. Bentz and W. Stahl 661

Determining Precision of ASTM's Rapid Test Method for Sodium Chloride B.M. Bertram and R.D. Pavlovich 667

Fluid inclusion studies in modern halite from the Inagua solar saltwork L.E. von Borstel, H. Zimmermann and H. Ruppert 673

Validation in Analytical Chemistry: Moving Beyond the Laboratory into Industrial Processes and Product Marketing. Illustrated by a Case Study from the Salt Processing Industry W.J.M. Emaus and J. Vink 679

History and improvements on salt processing using fluidbed technology G. Ettel 685

Risk Based Inspection. The cost effective tool to optimise salt plant integrity M.W. J. Hammink and C.W. Borghuis 691

The Applicability of HPLC for the Analysis of Salt Additives A. Koga, Y. Niino and Y. Yoshifuji 695

Superior Characteristics of Flake Salt from a Multi-plate Crystallizer S. Kowaki, A. Otsubo and Y. Kikuchi 701

Automated complex of brine parameters measurement under cavern construction N.N. Pyshkov, A.N. Paramonov, V.A. Liskin and V.L. Parfenov 707

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) in research of microinclusions in halite S .N. Shanina and Ye. A. Gobulev 713

Atomic force microscopic observation of surface processes on salt in humid air H. Shindo, A. Seo, M. Ohashi and K. Iwata 719

On effective Porosity Diagnostics of Rock Salt V.I. Smirnov, V.I. Salokhin, I.I. Zibinov and A.V. Kotov 725

Development of a Preventive Method for Caking at Freezing Temperatures of Road Salt H.To and K. Kagiwada 727

Reactive crystallization of basic magnesium carbonate H. Tsuge, Y. Takahashi and E. Fujiwara 733 XIV

Continuous flow system for simple, rapid and sensitive determination of sulfate in various salts T. Yamane, N. Aoyama and K. Higuchi 739

Method for determining the composition ofaqueous highly concentrated salt mixture solutions by attenuated total-reflectance IR spectroscopy N. Yoshikawa, Y. Ueda and H. Ohya 745

Salt markets and applications

Changes Within the Chloralkali Industry and their Impact on Salt Demand D.J. Hutchison 753

Keynote: Highway Salt: Bargain of the Century R.L. Hanneman 759

Environmental risk assessment of de-icing salts C. Defourny 767

New Experiences with the Use of Salt in Winter Road Maintenance in Germany H.Hanke 771

Reenginecring winter road maintenance A. Mathis 775

The use of magnesium chloride to improve storage and handling properties of deicing salt piles in sub-freezing weather J.L.Poe 781

Road Salting: an inlemational bcncfit/cosl review J.E. Thornes 787

Keynote- The Role of Salt in Food Manufacture D.G. Edwards and R.A. Marsh 793

Use of NaCl to Suppress Root Diseases of Asparagus, Beets and Cyclamens W.H. Elmer 801

Diffusion of sodium chloride in food materials during food processing - Various methods for measuring sodium chloride diffusion coefficients depending on the condition ot the food materials S. Odakc 805

Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Iodized Salt for Lilestock C.S. Pandav, M.G. Karmarkar, R. Sankar and M.G. Venkatcsh Mannar 811

Intense Salt hunger in migratory crossbred sheep at high altitude pastures of North-western Himalayas S.P. Singh, R. Kumar, K,B, Sharma and N. Kumar 817

Sodium deficiency as a possible cause of infertility in diary animals S.P. Singh, I). Rani and N. Kumar 823 XV

New uses of salt

Salt-based Edible Coverings for Hay Bales L.L. Berger 831

Development and Application of Salt Crystal as a Capsulation Agent Y. Yamaguchi, K. Nishioka and M. Chiba 835

Use of sodium chloride as a means of eradication of Caulerpa Taxifolia S. Escoubet, D Dupeux and P. Escoubet 841

Salt and the environment

Keynote: The Role of extreme halophilic Bacteria in Precipitation of Salt J.-P. Perthuisot and S. Castanier 847

Diatoms as indicators ofpond conditions in solar salt works E.E. Campbell and J.S. Davis 855

Solar Salt Works: Purifying systems from undesirable Bacteria S. Castanier, S. Jeanneau, J.-P. Perthuisot 861

Influences of Deep Well Injection of Waste Brine on the Environment in the Werra Potash Region, Germany J.-G. Fritsche 867

The longterm behaviour of cement based backfill materials in salt formations H.-J. Herbert and Th. Meyer 871

Biogeochemical models of solar salterns B.J. Javor 877

Physiology and Ecology of Mangroves S. Kato and S. Aksornkoae 883

Utilization of building brines in the process of creating underground reservoirs using the method of dissolving in rock salt beds V.A. Manoukian, I.I. Koreneva and B.N. Fedorov 889

Contribution to the determination of the halophilic bacteria content of mineral and biological media M. Matrat, N. Bedidi-Madani and H. Lebon 895

Effect of hyper- and hypo-salt stresses on survival of the halotolerant Brevibacterium so. JCM 6894 during the heat treatment H. Mini and S. Nagata 901

Fifty years of changes in the seawead flora of a polluted bay in southeast Brazil E.C. Oliveira, Y.B. Qi. and C.E. Amancio 905

Variations in hatching characteristics of Arlemia cysts of Indian saline ponds in relation to salinity A.A. Rahaman and M. Ambikadevi 909 XVI

Salinas and nature conservation in the Mediterranean N. Sadoul and J.G. Walmsley 915

The distribution of viable microorganisms in Permo-Triassic rock salt H. Stan-Lotter, C. Radax, C. Gruber, T.J. McGenity, A. Legat, G. Wanner and E.B.M. Denner 921

DNA protection ability of intracellular highly concentrated salts on Hahbacterium salinarium, an extremely halophilic bacterium H. Terato, E. Asgarani, H.R. Shahmohammadi, II. Funamizu, T. Saito and H. Ide 927

Iodized salt for sustaining IDD elimination

Iodine content of non iodized and iodized salts obtained from the retail markets worldwide R. Aquaron 935

Iodized salt for sustaining IDD elimination in Nigeria M.N, Asuquo 941

Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) in Nigeria Using Dangote Iodized Edible Salt M.S. Ladan-Baki 945

The Effectiveness of Salt Fluoridation Programs to Prevent Dental Caries in the Region of the Americas E.D. Beltran, R. Baez and S. Estupinan-Day 949

Community trials with iron and iodine fortified salt (Double fortified salt) G.N.V. Brahman, K. Madhavan Nair, A. Laxmaiah, Cli. G. Redely, S. Ranganathan, M.Vishnuvardhana Rao, A. Naclamunt Naitlu, K. Vijayaraghavan, B. Sivakumar, Kamala Krishnaswamy, J. Gowanntb Saslry, M. Mohan Ram, N, Praltlacl Rao and Vinodini Reddy 955

High day-to-day variability of urinary excretion despite almost universal salt iodization in Switzerland II. Bttrgi, B. Bangertcr and L. SiebcnhUncr 961

Development of Rapid Test Kits for Monitoring Salt Iodization L.L. Diosady and M.G. Vcnkatcsh Mannar 965

Double Fortification Of Salt With Iron And Iodine L.L. Diosady and M.G. Venkatesh Mannar 971

Stability of Iodine in Iodized Salt L.L. Diosady and M.G. Venkatesh Mannar 977

Overview of Salt Fluoridation in the Region of the Americas, Part I: Strategies, Cost-Benifit Analysis and Legal Mechanisms utilized m the National Programs of Salt Fluoridation S. Estupinan-Day 983

Sustaining Salt Iodization Program in the Russian Federation G. Gerasimov, B. Apanasenko, V. Kubasov and A. Shishkina 989

The Role of Salt in Global Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis R. Houston, M. Lapointc, P. Lammic, A. Freeman and D. Acldiss 993 xvii

UAE Market May Hamper Universal Salt Iodization programs I.S. Hussein 999

Effects of mandatory iodization on the iodine content of retailer and household salt in South Africa P.L. Jooste 1003

Intensified Iodine Deficiency Control in Indonesia D. Latief, L. Palupi and E.P.L.M. Schoffelen 1009

ANIS: Algae for naturally iodized salt P. Marchal 1015

Salt fluoridation in Europe, comparisons with Latin America T.M. Marthaler 1021

The value of rapid field kits for semiquantitative assessment of the iodine content of salt in monitoring programs A. Melse-Boonstra, M.C.J. Quartaert, C. v.d, Poll, J. Bulux, N.W. Solomons and C.E. West 1027

An Overview of Salt Fluoridation in the Region of the Americas, Part II. The Status of Salt Production, Quality, Marketing and the State of Technology Development for Salt Fluoridation T.A.W. Milner 1033

Field validition of salt iodine spot testing kit using multiple observers to assess the availability of iodised salt: Experience from India C.S. Pandav, N.K. Arora, K. Anand, R. Sankar, S. Pandav and M.G. Karmarkar 1039

Analysis of 1997-98 Salt Iodization Levels in Croatia I. Petrovic, N. Milanovic and Z. Petrovic 1045

A New Process for Stabilizing Iodine in Iodized Salt A. Ranganathan, B.S.N. Rao, V. Reddy, R. Prakash, S. Sundaresan and M.A. Ansari 1051

Quality aspects of the rapid salt test kit in Indonesia E.P.L.M. Schoffelen, D. Latief, L. Palupi and Sunawang 1057

Possible Barriers to Quality Assurance of Iodized Salt in Bangladesh M. Shahjahan, M. Baquer and T.T. Schaetzel 1061

Towards elimination of iodine deficiency Disorders by salt iodization in Cameroon D. Sibetcheu, M. Nankap, M. Gimou and B. Kollo 1067

Bulgarian table salt market and IDD prevention strategy T. Timtcheva, I. Zlatarov 1071

The impact of salt iodisation in Zimbabwe C.H. Todd, J. Mutamba, T. Nyamandi and J. Hasler 1077 Micronutrient laboratory profeciency testing to achieve sustainability of the quality of monitoring data: the Andean countries experience II. Vanhassel 1083 xvm

Salt and History

Salt Production in the Emblems of German Heraldry K.Gappa 1091

History of Research and Development of Improving Productivity of Salt under the Salt Monopoly System T. Hashimoto and M. Murakami 1097

Long-Term Baysalt History Structural Changes in Salt Winning and Production in Western Europe J.C.Hocquet 1103

Innovations in Salt Evaporation Technology: US patents 1795 - 1845 CD. Litchfield 1113

A brief history of salt mining in Romania P.CMiclea 1119

Innovations in Salt Mining Technology in Austria from the 13th to the 18th century R.Palme 1127

The Salt Industry in Europe at the Threshold to the Industrial Era (1780-1880) P. Piasecki 1133

The Neolithic Settlement Pattern and Salt N.N.Tasic 1139

The History ofKNZ (Royal Dutch Saltworks) 1918 - 1940 S.Troosl 1145

Posters

Experimental and prediction studies on the phase equilibrium of the quinary system

Li', Na\ K' / CI", CO,2" - H20 at 298 K T.L. Deng, II,A. Yin and M.L. Tang 1153

Syndepositional textures and depositional settings of Morrocan Early Mesozoic layered halite-rock M. Et-Touhami 1157

Geochemistry of the Huasco Salar's, Chile. Origin of solutes and brine evolution I.Garces 1159

Hie sodium sulphate and uleaxitc deposits: salar of surirc, Chile I.Garces 1161

Salt formation in Ukraine: geology, reserves, exploitation and storage projects D, Khruschov, S. Slichunova and V. Kalinin 1163

Simulation of Horizontal Solution Mining Process P. GrfinefeldandT. Pape 1165 XIX

The controlled exploitation ceasing of an unprofitable and destabilised salt deposit in a water saturated massif I. Hadzihrustic, E. Oruc and I. Ibreljic 1167

Geophysical techniques for non-destructive subsurface mapping H.H. Janssen 1169

The Prospects for Using the Underground Cavities of the Jar-Bishkadak Brine Works of Joint Stock Company "Soda" (Bashkortostsan) for Storage of Calcium-Bearing Slime A, Voronin, Ye. Karatygin, L. Markevitch, I. Okrazhnov,, A. Orekhov, V. Podoprigora and V. Starosterikov 1171

Technique for establishing single caverns of underground dissolution in recirculating mode A. Kublanov, B. Glukhov, K. Belosludtsev and Y. Bogdanov 1173

Determination of the levelling frequency by means of dynamic geodetic modelling A.H.J. Mensen and A. van der Sluis 1175

State of the Evaluation of Measurements and Observations in Connection with Cavity Control of Liquid Filled Storage Caverns H.J. Schweinsberg 1179

New visualisation and planning tools for cavern leaching operation W.Thiels 1181

Rock Mechanical Hazard Analysis and Filling for Salt Mines to be Abandoned W. Menzel, W. Minkley and K. Salzer 1183

Geotechnical Investigations on the Backfilling of Workings in the Leine Rock Salt at the Southern Flank of the Asse Research Mine (Na3) M.W. Schmidt, G. Gommlich, N. Stockmann, S. Meuresch, W. Menzel and P. Kamlot 1185

Nucleation and Crystal Growth Phenomena of Sodium Chloride Using Ethanol as an Antisolvent S, Kaneko and I. Hirasawa 1187

Effect on sodium chloride crystal growth of impurities in a concentrated brine obtained from sea water H. Ito and M. Hasegawa 1189

Crystallization behavior of calcium carbonate polymorphs and the effect of magnesium ion M. Kitamura and A. Yasui 1191

Hydrohalite of salt waste piles of the Verkhnekamsky deposit (Ural, Russia) A.V. Rochev 1193

A Study on the Collection of Ca2+ from Seawater Using A Recycling Oleic Acid System K.-H. Yu, M.-S. Tsai, T.-T. Wang and K.-C. Tsai 1195

Basic Concepts of Solar Salt Pond Modeling and their Use in Pond Operation D.S.Butts 1197 XX

Recovery of NaCl from a natural brine (South of Tunesia) A. M'Nif, H. Hamrni and R. Rokbani 1199

Modelling of crystallisation processes in solar evaporation ponds in a quasicontinuously driven small pilot plant H. Scherzberg, J. Bach and B. Schultheis 1201

Following of the seawater evaporation under saltwork and laboratory conditions V. VanCina, M, Zelic and E. Hodzic 1203

Recovery of boron and rare metals from sea water by chemically modified novel chitosan resins K. Kondo and M. Matsumoto 1205

Mine Water Desalination Plant Z. Raczkowski 1207

Potential of Membrane Technology for Improving the Brine Purification Process W,M. Samhabcr and K, Krenn 1209

A Fundamental Study on the Production of Highly Concentrated Sea Water by Ion Exchange Membranes A, Tanioka, T.-J. Chou and R, Yamamoto 1211

Concentration of salts through various polymer membranes by up-hill transport T. Uragami 1213

Hyphenation of chelation ion chromatography and ICP-OES for the determination of elements in salt. R. Bull 1215

Studies on Rock Salt Microstructure In Three Areas of Russia V.l, Smirnov, V.I. Salokhin, I.I. Zybinov and A.V. Kotov 1217

An effective and simple anticorrosivc additive to deicing salts Z. JonuSiene, J. LeiSys and R. Aragas 1219

Relationship between the salty taste and salt content of surimi gel K.Hatae 1221

The Effects of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium Chlorides on the Hardening of Japanese Radish During Preheating M. Kasai and A. Shimada 1223

The Effects of Salt as Enhancer on the Shrinkage of Raw Fish Muscle in Japanese Traditional "Arai" Dish M. Matsumoto and 11. Yamanaka 1225

A natural source of brine and sapropelic mud for therapeutic purposes V.A.C. Bulgareanu 1227

Metabolic Diversity Within the Eilat, Israel Saltern CD. Litchfield, A. Orgy, T. Kis-Papo and A. Own 1229 XXI

Role of forest to the sea K. Matsunaga I231

Soak liquor treatment using Artemia A.A. Rahaman 1233

Assessment of the environmental impact of brine waste on the marine environment S.P. Varnavas and Th. Lekkas 1235

Interrelation between coastal sabkha belts and dune migration (rate and trend): bearing on developing N.Sinai, Egypt A.M.A. Wali, H.M. El-Asmarb and E.M. Assalb 1237

Epidemiological Surveillance System for Salt Fluoridation Programs in the Region of the Americas R.-J. Baez 1239

The Iodized Salt Program Assessment Tool R. Houston, M. Lotfi, K. Sullivan, R. Nathan, C.S. Pandav and J. Cervinskas 1241

The Role of the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) in the Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) as a cause of brain damage by salt iodization B.S.Hetzel 1243

Quality Assurance Procedures in Laboratory Monitoring and Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Quality Assurance in Salt Iodization Programme - Experience from India M.G. Karmakar, K. Anand, A. Sood and C.S. Pandav 1245

Urinary iodine in IDD monitoring in Bulgaria L. Ivanova, B. Lozanov, Zv. Timtcheva, M. Vukov and B. Boeva 1249

Investigation on the stability of Iodide and Iodate in table salts in Iran and the determination of its impurities F. Halek and S. Boghozian 1251

Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) as a stabilizer of double fortified (iron and iodine) salt does not alter the calcium and phosphorous homeostasis K. Madhavan Nair, G.N.V. Brahman, A. Laxmaiah, Ch. Gal Reddy, M. Vishnuvardhana Rao, S. Ranganathan, K. Vijaraghavan, B. Sivakumar and K. Krishnaswamy 1253

The use of the lithium marker technique for assesing the intake of household salt and its required iodine content to control iodine deficiency disorders A. Melse-Boonstra, H. Rexwinkel, J. Bulux, N.W. Solomons and C.E. West 1255

Management information system for monitoring of universal salt iodization programme, a case study from Sikkim India R. Sankar, B. Rai, T, Pulger, T.R. Gyalso, C.S. Pandav and M.G. Karmakar 1257

Dramatic decrease of deaths caused by strokes and heart attacks in Finland: Contribution of factors other than use of drugs and lowering of salt intake E. Mervaala, T. Vaskonen, E. Pihkala and H. Karppanen 1259 xxu

Sodium Intake and Balance in Japanese N. Kodama, M. Nishimuta, E. Morikuni, Y.H. Yoshioka, H. Takcyama, H. Yamada, H. Kitajima and K. Ono 1261

Saltsensitivity in essential hypertension: diagnosis, pathophysiology and associated cardiovascular risk A. de la Sierra, E. Bragulat, V. Giner, M.T. Aguilera, C. Sierra, E. Gomez-Angelats, M.T. Antonio and A. Coca 1263

Beneficial Cardiovascular Effects of the Novel Multi-Bene Food Composition T. Vaskonen, E. Mervaala and II. Karppanen 1265

Late papers

Will Chlorine Demand Set the Table for Salt? R.R.Smith 1269

Contribution to IDD Elimination through food salt iodination in China Dong Zhihua 1275

Brine storages as renewable power's sources. N.M. Sonina, V.l. Salokhin, M.K. Teplov. 1277

Pro Iodized Salt, Contra Iodization of Other Food Stuff R.Gartner 1281

An overview of the world salt industry A, Brown 1283

Maintenance in the Netherlands The progress of weather forecasts on Winter Road M. Noort 1285

Trends in cavern storage of petrochemicals and natural gas in Canada J.S. Manocha, N.G. Crossley and 0. Cicchini 1291

Deep charging of solar crystallisers D.S. Jhala 1293

Salt industry and environment D.S. Jhala 1295

Salt extraction from Lake Qaroun, Egypt as a means to improve the environment A.A. Dardir 1297

Index XLI1I