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Factors Affecting the Presence of Adequately Iodized Salt at Home in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia: Community Based Study

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Factors Affecting the Presence of Adequately Iodized Salt at Home in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia: Community Based Study Hindawi International Journal of Food Science Volume 2018, Article ID 4394908, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4394908 Research Article Factors Affecting the Presence of Adequately Iodized Salt at Home in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia: Community Based Study Wondimagegn Paulos Kumma ,1 Yusuf Haji ,2 Junayde Abdurahmen,3 and Yohannes Mehretie Adinew 1 1 College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia 2College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia 3College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Madawalabu University, Goba, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Wondimagegn Paulos Kumma; [email protected] Received 3 August 2017; Revised 29 December 2017; Accepted 15 February 2018; Published 22 March 2018 Academic Editor: Amy Simonne Copyright © 2018 Wondimagegn Paulos Kumma et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background. Universal use of iodized salt is a simple and inexpensive method to prevent and eliminate iodine defciency disorders like mental retardation. However, little is known about the level of adequately iodized salt consumption in the study area. Terefore, the study was aimed at assessing the proportion of households having adequately iodized salt and associated factors in Wolaita Sodo town and its peripheries, Southern Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 10 to 20, 2016, in 441 households in Sodo town and its peripheries. Samples were selected using the systematic sampling technique. An iodometric titration method (AOAC, 2000) was used to analyze the iodine content of the salt samples. Data entry and analysis were done using Epi Info version 3.5.1 and SPSS version 16, respectively. Result.Tefemaletomaleratiooftherespondentswas219.Temeanageof the respondents was 30.2 (±7.3 SD). Te proportion of households having adequately iodized salt was 37.7%, with 95% CI of 33.2% to 42.2%. Not exposing salt to sunlight with [OR: 3.75; 95% CI: 2.14, 6.57], higher monthly income [OR: 3.71; 95% CI: 1.97–7.01],and formal education of respondents with [OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.70] were found associated with the presence of adequately iodized salt at home. Conclusion. Tis study revealed low levels of households having adequately iodized salt in Wolaita Sodo town and its peripheries. Te evidence here shows that there is a need to increase the supply of adequately iodized salt to meet the goal for monitoring progress towards sustainable elimination of IDD. 1. Background World Health Organization (WHO) called on all countries to iodize salt, regardless of whether they had a documented IDD Iodine defciency is one of the world’s most important problem or not [1, 2]. Te main driving force for change in the causes of preventable mental retardation [1]. It causes stunted prevalence of iodine defciency disorders is the coverage of growth and other developmental abnormalities, which are iodizedsalt[2].Globally,theproportionofpeopleconsuming largely irreversible [2]. In later life, it reduces intellectual iodized salt rose from less than 20 percent in 1990 to about 70 vigor, educational achievement, and productivity, which can percent by 2000 [2]. Despite the fast global progress made in be improved with increased iodine intakes [1, 2]. It has theproportionofpeopleconsumingadequatelyiodizedsalt symptoms such as goiter and an abnormal enlargement of the (70%) by 2000, the fgure remains stagnant since that date thyroid gland [1]. Tere are almost no countries in the world [2]. Tis lack of change since 2000 reveals the challenges that where iodine defciency was not a public health problem [2]. some countries are facing [1, 2]. According to an estimate Goiter from iodine defciency has been recognized for made by UNICEF, every year in developing countries about centuries and until recently it provided the primary means 38 million newborns remain unprotected from the lifelong of assessing the extent of iodine defciency disorders (IDD) consequences of brain damage associated with iodine def- [1, 2]. In 1994, United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and ciency disorders [2]. Tis shortcoming afects a child’s ability 2 International Journal of Food Science of learning and later life earning; thus, it prevents children, 2.2. Sample Size Determination and Sampling Techniques. communities, and nations from fulflling their dreams [2]. A total of 441 households with adults aged 18 years and Goiter is the most prominent consequence of IDD. In abovewereselectedforthestudyusingtheassumptionsof Ethiopia, 62% of people are at risk of IDD from which goiter 15.4% proportion of iodinated salt at household level [7], prevalence is estimated between 50% and 95% [3]. In south 95% confdence level, 5% margin of error, design efect of western Ethiopia, the gross goiter prevalence measured by 2, and 10% nonresponse rate. Systematic sampling technique palpation was 27.4% and the rate of cretinism and other was used to enroll households afer 12 (9 rural and 3 towns) milder disorders of IDD were estimated to be one and three kebeles were randomly identifed. Te study kebeles and out of 1000 persons, respectively [4]. Moreover, a study on households were allocated proportionally for each stratum risk factors of goiter in Sodo town, Southern Ethiopia, shows (town and rural residence). Te member of the household that 50.5% of the school children were sufering from goiter who is responsible for purchasing food items and mostly [5]. involved in food preparation in the selected households was Universal salt iodization (USI) remains the key strategy to interviewed. In the absence of the selected households, revisit eliminate IDD. Tat means salt is used universally by all ages, wasarrangedandthenexthousewasconsideredifstill socioeconomic, cultural, and religious groups throughout the absent. year [1, 2]. Iodized salt is both a preventive and corrective measure for iodine defciency and is the most efective, of low 2.3. Data Collection and Quality Control. Data were collected cost and long-term solution to a major public health problem using interviewer administered structured questionnaire. Te [2]. Iodized salt should be used on a daily basis in an iodine questionnaire was translated into local language and then defcient environment and the daily requirement of iodine for back to English by diferent language experts to check for adults is 150 micrograms [2, 6]. internal consistency. Te tool contains sociodemographic In Ethiopia, though iodine is found naturally in top soil section, environmental factors, and availability and acces- areas, in most areas of the country, especially in the highlands, sibility of iodized salt. Six experienced diploma nurses the topsoil has been lost due to diferent factors such as collected the data under supervision of three BSc nurses. deforestation, erosion, and fooding. And thus, food crops Two-day training was given both for the data collectors and lack iodine content which in turn result in the dietary def- supervisors. Te tool was also pretested on adjacent kebele ciency of iodine [3, 7]. According to Ethiopian Demographic and necessary amendments were made. andHealthSurvey,theproportionofhouseholdsinEthiopia using adequately iodized salt is only 15%; this indicates that 2.4. Measurements. Te iodine content of salt was deter- thelargestsegmentofthepopulationisatriskofiodine mined by liberating iodine from salt and titrating the iodine defciencies [3, 7]. Tis study considered demographic and with sodium thiosulphate using starch as an external indi- health survey sites of the country in which our study area was cator. An iodometric titration method (AOAC, 2016) [16] not included. wasusedtoanalyzetheiodinecontentofthesaltsamples Anumberofreasonsareidentifedonwhyinadequately in Ethiopian Public Health Institute Laboratory. Ten grams iodizedsaltisconsumedatthehouseholdlevel.Rural (10g)ofsaltwasdissolvedinapproximately100mlofdistilled residence, illiteracy, lower monthly per-capital income, poor water. Te pH was adjusted to 2.8 using 0.6% hydrochloric socioeconomic status, unavailability of the salt, lack of acid and 30 mg of potassium iodide powder was added to awareness about the risk of IDD, using bulk (unpackaged) convert all the iodate present to free iodine. Te liberated salt, exposing salt to sunlight, expensiveness, and lack of iodine was titrated with freshly prepared 0.004 M sodium knowledge about iodized salt are among the factors asso- thiosulphate solution using starch (freshly prepared) as the ciated with the absence of adequately iodized salt at home endpoint indicator. Te thiosulphate level in the burette was [7–14]. Terefore, the current study aimed at assessing the recorded and iodine content in parts per million (ppm) proportion of households that are having adequately iodized was calculated using standard conversion table for iodine salt and the associated factors in Wolaita Sodo town and its determination. Te mean of the triplicate samples taken from peripheries in Southern Ethiopia. each household was recorded [16]. 2. Methods 2.5. Operational Defnitions. According to WHO, adequately 2.1. Study Design and Setting. Community based cross- iodized salt for the sustainable elimination of IDD is defned sectional study was conducted from March 10 to 20, 2016, in as salt with iodine content of 15 parts per million (ppm) or WolaitaSodotownanditssurroundingruralareas,Southern
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