Raping Like a State
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Jingjiao Under the Lenses of Chinese Political Theology
religions Article Jingjiao under the Lenses of Chinese Political Theology Chin Ken-pa Department of Philosophy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; [email protected] Received: 28 May 2019; Accepted: 16 September 2019; Published: 26 September 2019 Abstract: Conflict between religion and state politics is a persistent phenomenon in human history. Hence it is not surprising that the propagation of Christianity often faces the challenge of “political theology”. When the Church of the East monk Aluoben reached China in 635 during the reign of Emperor Tang Taizong, he received the favorable invitation of the emperor to translate Christian sacred texts for the collections of Tang Imperial Library. This marks the beginning of Jingjiao (oY) mission in China. In historiographical sense, China has always been a political domineering society where the role of religion is subservient and secondary. A school of scholarship in Jingjiao studies holds that the fall of Jingjiao in China is the obvious result of its over-involvement in local politics. The flaw of such an assumption is the overlooking of the fact that in the Tang context, it is impossible for any religious establishments to avoid getting in touch with the Tang government. In the light of this notion, this article attempts to approach this issue from the perspective of “political theology” and argues that instead of over-involvement, it is rather the clashing of “ideologies” between the Jingjiao establishment and the ever-changing Tang court’s policies towards foreigners and religious bodies that caused the downfall of Jingjiao Christianity in China. This article will posit its argument based on the analysis of the Chinese Jingjiao canonical texts, especially the Xian Stele, and takes this as a point of departure to observe the political dynamics between Jingjiao and Tang court. -
Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 104 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION
E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 104 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 141 WASHINGTON, TUESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1995 No. 126 House of Representatives The House met at 9 a.m. and was Mr. Speaker, it is my belief that at tions was an utter and complete fail- called to order by the Speaker pro tem- the current time we have no useful role ure. pore [Mr. CLINGER]. in Bosnia. The fighting is escalating In my view, we must lift the arms f between the various parties. The rel- embargo and encourage the United Na- ative calm in eastern Bosnia has now tions to leave Bosnia. We should take DESIGNATION OF THE SPEAKER become a war zone. The so-called safe every action to limit the fighting in PRO TEMPORE havens have proven to be no such the former Yugoslavia. The United Na- The SPEAKER pro tempore laid be- thing, and only serve to embarrass the tions, NATO, the European Commu- fore the House the following commu- United Nations. Leadership has been nity, and yes, the United States, must nication from the Speaker: completely vacant during this crisis. provide the warring parties every op- WASHINGTON, DC, Machiavelli said that it is better for a portunity to reach a negotiated peace. August 1, 1995. leader to be feared than loved. The I would like to see the fighting I hereby designate the Honorable WILLIAM United Nations has been an utter fail- stopped, but I do not feel it can be F. -
The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles
The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles The Chinese Navy Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles Saunders, EDITED BY Yung, Swaine, PhILLIP C. SAUNderS, ChrISToPher YUNG, and Yang MIChAeL Swaine, ANd ANdreW NIeN-dzU YANG CeNTer For The STUdY oF ChINeSe MilitarY AffairS INSTITUTe For NATIoNAL STrATeGIC STUdIeS NatioNAL deFeNSe UNIverSITY COVER 4 SPINE 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY COVER.indd 3 COVER 1 11/29/11 12:35 PM The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 1 11/29/11 12:37 PM 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 2 11/29/11 12:37 PM The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles Edited by Phillip C. Saunders, Christopher D. Yung, Michael Swaine, and Andrew Nien-Dzu Yang Published by National Defense University Press for the Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Institute for National Strategic Studies Washington, D.C. 2011 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 3 11/29/11 12:37 PM Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Defense or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Chapter 5 was originally published as an article of the same title in Asian Security 5, no. 2 (2009), 144–169. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Used by permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Chinese Navy : expanding capabilities, evolving roles / edited by Phillip C. Saunders ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. -
Electromyography Activity of the Rectus Femoris and Biceps Femoris Muscles During Prostration and Squat Exercise Mohd Safee M
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Bioengineering and Life Sciences Vol:8, No:12, 2014 Electromyography Activity of the Rectus Femoris and Biceps Femoris Muscles during Prostration and Squat Exercise Mohd Safee M. K., Wan Abas W. A. B, Ibrahim F., Abu Osman N. A., Abdul Malik N. A. The salat is a ritual Islamic prayer that's given by all those Abstract—This paper investigates the activity of the rectus practicing the Muslim religion five times a day. The salat femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) in healthy subjects during salat shows an individual’s dedication to God and is considered the (prostration) and specific exercise (squat exercise) using most important act of worship. Salat has precise steps that all electromyography (EMG). A group of undergraduates aged between Muslim all over the world must do it. The various motions of 19 to 25 years voluntarily participated in this study. The myoelectric activity of the muscles were recorded and analyzed. The finding the salat include standing, bowing, prostration, and sitting. indicated that there were contractions of the muscles during the salat The joins that are involved in the movements are the and exercise with almost same EMG’s level. From the result, shoulders, wrists, elbows, metacarphophalangeals (MP), Wilcoxon’s Rank Sum test showed significant difference between proximal interphalangeals, distal interphalangeals, prostration and squat exercise (p<0.05) but the differences was very temporomandibular, vertebral column, hip, knee, ankle, small; RF (8.63%MVC) and BF (11.43%MVC). Therefore, salat may subtalar, metatarsophalangeal, and antanto-axial [3]. -
China's Foundational Thought and Ancient Philosophers
International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 2 March, 2014 China’s Foundational Thought and Ancient Philosophers Xiangshu Fang Deakin University 221 Burwood Highway BURWOOD 3125, VIC Australia Email: [email protected] Abstract China’s Spring and Autumn (770 BC–403 BC) and Warring States (403 BC–221 BC) periods, though marked by disunity and constant warring, witnessed an unprecedented era of cultural prosperity and intellectual activities. This paper takes this political context and intellectual background into consideration when examining the main schools of thought in that era, and argues that the atmosphere of reform and new ideas was attributed to the struggle for survival among warring regional lords, who needed an ever- increasing number of well-educated officials. Key words: Chinese history; ancient Chinese philosophers; the Mandate of Heaven; yin-yang theory 1. Introduction In the Spring and Autumn (770 BC–403 BC) and Warring States (403 BC–221 BC) periods, warring regional lords competed in building strong and loyal armies and in increasing economic production to ensure a broader base for tax collection. To achieve these economic, military, and cultural developments, the regional lords needed an ever-increasing number of skilled literate officials and advisers. Recruitment for these positions was based on merit. Roaming philosophers offered their counsel to any ruler who would listen to them, and besides teaching their disciples, were employed as advisers to various state rulers on the methods of government, war and diplomacy. These wandering scholars proposed widely ranging remedies to social, political, economic and military problems. Their solutions covered extensive spectrums from total authoritarianism to anarchistic individualism, from blatant militarism to radical pacifism, and from support of a relaxed economy to the advocacy of state monopoly. -
'Catastrophe of This New Chinese Mission': the Amherst Embassy To
1 The ‘catastrophe of this new Chinese mission’: the Amherst Embassy to China of 1816. PETER J. KITSON Amherst’s Embassy and Early Nineteenth-Century Sino-British Relations Two hundred years ago in the early hours of the morning 29 August 1816 (Jiaqing 21), William Pitt, Lord Amherst, unrested after travelling overnight, was unceremoniously manhandled in an attempt to usher him physically with his two deputies, George Thomas Staunton and Henry Ellis, into the presence of the Jiaqing Emperor at the Summer Palace of Yuanming Yuan. Exhausted, dirty after a very uncomfortable overnight journey and separated from his diplomatic credentials and ambassadorial robes, Amherst and his two deputies resisted, leaving the palace in anger. It was reported to the emperor that Amherst’s inability to attend the audience was occasioned by an indisposition, as was that of his deputies. The emperor, when discovering the diplomatic nature of this evasion, immediately and perhaps impulsively, dismissed the embassy without granting it an imperial audience and rejected its ‘tribute’ of gifts. Amherst’s party then began their long, overland journey south to Canton (Guangzhou) where the group embarked for home. British accounts, of which they were several, laid this ostensible ‘failure’ of the embassy to secure an imperial audience not on the Jiaqing Emperor, but on the scheming of certain senior court officials who had unwisely assured him that Amherst had practiced and was prepared to perform the ceremony of the full imperial koutou (or ketou both Mandarin) or ‘kowtow’ (anglicised) with three kneelings accompanied by three knockings of the forehead for each prostration. -
The Meaning of Prostrations
The Mea ning of Prostrations - by Lama Gendyn Rinpoche Why do we do Prostrations? 1.The Purification of Pride First of all, we should know why we do prostrations. We do not do them to endear ourselves to somebody else. We do not do them for the Buddha. Such concepts are completely wrong. The Buddha is not a god of this world. We bow down to purify all situations from the past where we did not respect others. Being interested in our own satisfaction and ourselves we did many negative actions. Prostrations help us realize that there is something more meaningful than ourselves. In this way we purify the pride that we have accumulated through countless lifetimes thinking: "I am right," "I am better than others," or "I am the most important one." During countless lifetimes we have developed pride that is the cause of our actions and have accumulated the karma that is a source of our suffering and problems. The goal of prostrations is to purify this karma and to change our mind set. Prostrations help us rely on something more meaningful than our pride and ego clinging. In this way, through full confidence and devotion, we get rid of everything we have gathered because of pride. 2.The Purification of Body, Speech, and Mind When we do prostrations we act on the level of body, speech, and mind. The result of doing them is a very powerful and thorough purification. This practice dissolves all impurities, regardless of their kind, because they were all accumulated through our body, speech, and mind. -
Medbmed Puja V2 Oct02 Bklt.PMD
20 Medicine Buddha Sutra Ritual Medicine Buddha Sutra Ritual 1 The Concise Essence Sutra Ritual of Bhagavan Medicine Buddha called The Wish-Fulfilling Jewel composed by Panchen Losang Chökyi Gyältsen Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition translated by David Molk Education Services 2 Medicine Buddha Sutra Ritual Medicine Buddha Sutra Ritual 19 Notes regarding this practice: Altar and Gompa Set-up · When performing this puja extensively, it is best to set out 108 sets of offering bowls. If this is not possible, then 8 sets will suffice. The offerings for this puja are set out in a unique fashion: Starting toward the back of the altar and working forward, one places a row of 8 argham, followed by a row of 8 padhyam, then 8 pushpe, and so on, rather Colophon: than consecutive rows of all 8 offerings. Composed by the Omniscient Panchen Lama Losang Chökyi Gyältsen. The original exten- sive Medicine Buddha Sutra came from Shakyamuni Buddha himself. · One should also prepare and offer 8 tormas made from the 3 whites and the 3 sweets (milk, butter, yoghurt, sugar, molasses, and honey) in the shape of tear drops. English translation by David Molk in March 1993, 2537 years since Buddha Shakyamuni’s Other offerings of food, flowers, etc. are optional. parinirvana, in accordance with an explanation by Venerable Geshe Tsülga of Sera Monas- · tery, now resident at Kurukulla Center of Boston, Massachusetts. · It is recommended by Lama Zopa Rinpoche to also have on the altar, if possible, a repre- sentation of the Medicine Buddha mandala (obtainable from FPMT Education Depart- Lightly edited for distribution to FPMT centers and students in May 1998. -
Physiotherapy and Prayer (Salah) Information Leaflet for Muslim Patients
Taking care of your health Physiotherapy and Prayer (Salah) Information leaflet for Muslim Patients “Pray unto me and I will hear your prayer” (Holy Qur’an 40:60) Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust As well as the spiritual benefits of prayer (Salah) it has been widely recognised that the process of praying promotes many physical and psychological benefits. Each position involves the movement of different parts of the human body in ways that encourage health and wellbeing. Islam and Physiotherapy It is a religious obligation to take care of our health. Our bodies and minds are in trust from Allah (God) and this means responsibilities for each of us ourselves. After faith, health and wellbeing are understood to be the greatest blessings to have been given to people and as such they are accountable to Allah. Physiotherapy aims to improve people’s daily life through rehabilitation. Physical rehabilitation involves doing a regular, gentle stretch and strengthen movement programme. This is very important and helps to decrease the stiffness in joints and muscles. It also increases the strength of the muscles, in order to improve physical fitness. This is necessary to be able to return to activities such as, cooking, housework, prayers (Salah) and work. What if I can’t pray in these positions due to my pain? Islam allows flexibility in the positions of prayer during illness. As Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) said, “Pray while standing and if you can’t, pray while sitting and if you cannot do even that, then pray lying on your side”. -
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Schluessel, Eric T. 2016. The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493602 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 A dissertation presented by Eric Tanner Schluessel to The Committee on History and East Asian Languages in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April, 2016 © 2016 – Eric Schluessel All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Mark C. Elliott Eric Tanner Schluessel The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 Abstract This dissertation concerns the ways in which a Chinese civilizing project intervened powerfully in cultural and social change in the Muslim-majority region of Xinjiang from the 1870s through the 1930s. I demonstrate that the efforts of officials following an ideology of domination and transformation rooted in the Chinese Classics changed the ways that people associated with each other and defined themselves and how Muslims understood their place in history and in global space. -
Greetings by Arabs and Americans
國立交通大學 英語教學研究所碩士論文 A Master Thesis Presented to Institute of TESOL, National Chiao Tung University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts 阿拉伯人與美國人問候用語之探討 “Hello” or “Salaam?” Greetings by Arabs and Americans 研究生:美麗克 Graduate: Malak Ismail Kirdasi 指導教授:鄭維容 Advisor: Dr. Stephanie W. Cheng July, 2013 Abstract Greetings are often people's first impressions of one another; therefore, learning how to greet someone appropriately is important in making a good first impression and avoiding pragmatic failures. Many studies have been conducted on the speech act of greetings, and greetings in different cultures. However, very few numbers have been examined the relationship between the contextual variables (e.g., gender and social distance) and greeting strategies. Moreover, while previous researches have been done on Arabs greeting strategies or Americans greetings strategies, no previous study put Arabs and Americans greetings in comparison. This study aims to compare between greeting strategies used by Arabs and Americans in terms of oral speech and body language. In addition, some contextual variables, such as gender, social distance, and situations have been put into test in order to examine to what extent these variables could influence the use of greeting strategies. Three different data collection methods have been used in the purpose of achieving the goals of the study. The first one was the natural observation of some occasions and gatherings, where people naturally tend to use greeting strategies. The second data collection method was using the DCT questionnaire, which included 6 situations with different variables. A total of 60 participants of both Arabs and Americans group took part in the questionnaire. -
Selection from Yellow Emperor's Medical Classic (Huang Di Nei Jing)
Selection of Yellow Emperor’s Medical Classic Yu Qi MD (China) Atlantic Institute of Oriental Medicine Course Syllabus Title/ Number of Course: Yellow Emperor’s Medical Classic (Huang Di Nei Jing) Instructor: Yu Qi MD (China) Phone: (954) 763-9840 ext. 205 Contact: http://www.cnacupuncture.com/student-resources.html Course Description: Huang Di Nei Jing is the most original and genuine source of the traditional Chinese medical theories. It involves knowledge from all different scientific fields such as: geography, life sciences, philosophy, cosmology, psychology, medicine, seasonology, Yun Qi, chronology, Yin-Yang theory, Wu Xing theory, and etc. It is impossible to practice Chinese medicine as a professional without a clear understanding of Huang Di Nei Jing. References: 1. Nelson Liaosheng Wu, Andrew Qi Wu: Yellow Emperor’s Canon Internal Medicine, Beijing, China Science & Technology Press, 1997 2. Zhu Ming: The Medical Classic of the Yellow Emperor, Foreign Language Press, Beijing, 2001 Objectives: 1. To introduce historical background, contents, value, time of publication, author and style of Huang Di Nei Jing. 2. To familiarize students with major TCM principles laid down in Huang Di Nei Jing. 3. To make students recite some important original sayings of Huang Di Nei Jing. Learning Outcomes/ Competencies: A student successfully completing Yellow Emperor’s Medical Classic (Huang Di Nei Jing) will acquire basic knowledge of Chinese cultural history, basic theory of TCM, acupuncture theory, herbs and formulas, as well as clinical medicine. Topics and Content: 1. Introduction & Health Preservation: Background, contents, value, written time, author and style of Nei Jing; Yellow Emperor and his men.